1. home and garden
2. appliances
3. stoves

Beyond Distribution:
Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption
of Clean Cooking and Its Benefits
Donee Alexander, Program Manager, Environment & Health
Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
1 | JULY 2014
Challenge: Moving Beyond Distribution to Adoption
Yearly
80
New households adopting clean
cooking solutions each year add
together to reach the 100M by
2020 goal.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Clean+Efficient
Efficient
Improved
Business as usual
2 | JULY 2014
250
Stoves/fuels adopted by households (Millions)
Stoves/fuels adopted by households (Millions)
90
Cumulative Over 3 Phases
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
200
150
100
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Efficient
Clean+Efficient
3 | JULY 2014
Techniques & Tools for Measuring
Stove Use & Adoption
How do objectively we measure stove use?
What tools exist to measure stove use?
How do we know which stoves are being used in the homes?
• How often are the clean cooking technologies being used?
• Is stove stacking occurring?
• If so, to what extent?
• Has displacement of other technologies occurred?
What are the benefits and drawbacks to using tools such as Stove
Use Monitors (SUMs)?
• What is the added cost associated with these systems?
• Who analyzes the data?
4 | JULY 2014
Critical Implications of Fuel-Device Stacking
for Initial Diagnosis,
Monitoring and
Evaluation
of Stove Programs
Dra. Ilse Ruiz-Mercado
Innovación y Adopción Ecotecnológica
Ecosystems and Sustainability Research Institute
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
Ruiz-Mercado I, et al.
Critical Implications of Fuel-Device Stacking for Initial Diagnosis, Monitoring
and Evaluation of Stove Programs - Conference Presentation.
in Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption of Clean
Cooking and its Benefits. 4-5 May 2015. Lima, Peru.
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
Roadmap
 Monitoring stacking: Rationale
 Measuring usage in the context of stacking:
The case of rural Mexico
 Critical implications for initial diagnosis,
monitoring and evaluation of stove programs
in the Latin American context
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
Adoption as a Process
Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves.
Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.
Adoption as a Process
Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves.
Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.
INITIAL ADOPTION
ACCEPTANCE
DISPLACEMENT
Adopción Exitosa
Elementos críticos que como mínimo deben
estar presentes en el proceso de adopción
para que las cocinas brinden impactos
1. Las cocinas satisface necesidades/tareas críticas
2. Se incorporan a prácticas diarias y son usadas
3. Se mantiene el desempeño (técnico y de hogares)
para obtener el impacto deseado
4. Se desplazan los impactos negativos de las cocinas
y prácticas contaminantes
Seminario-Taller latinoamericano Sobre Cocinas Limpias. Lima, Perú, Junio 16-18 2014
Stacking Processes
Masera, et al. (2015). Environmental Burden of Traditional Bioenergy Use.
Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Vol. 40. Forthcoming
Stacking
Stacking and, specifically, the residual use of traditional fires have
strong implications for two agendas critical to the cookstove sector:
the implementation of fuel-stove programs that deliver tangible
and sustained benefits and the design of evaluation and
monitoring schemes that effectively and realistically assess these
benefits.
The rationale and implications of stacking hinge on key aspects:
END USES
COOKING TASKS
STOVE NICHES
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
Nuevos enfoques, mismas realidades
End-uses
Tasks
Niches
Adaptation/livelihood strategies
Ruiz-Mercado I and Masera O. (2015). Patterns of stove use in the context of fueldevice stacking: Rationale and implications. EcoHealth
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
1. END USES
Traditional fires satisfy energy uses and
household needs that extend beyond
cooking, and thus, most of the times a
single clean fuel-stove combination
does not cover all end uses, does not
work for all cooking tasks and is not a
perfect substitute for traditional fires.
Imperfect substitution leads to
residual use of traditional fires, whose
impacts can outweigh the benefits of
clean fuel-stoves.
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
2-3. COOKING TASKS & STOVE NICHES
Cooking is a combination of tasks and
techniques. Each task has specific and
often contrasting demands for fuel
rate and type, cooking times,
frequency and temperatures and type
of cooking vessels.
The requirements to fulfill a task
cannot be understood by its technical
specifications alone, but also depend
on the cultural significance of the task
and other social aspects and
household preferences that may vary
from one task to another.
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
4. LIVELIHOOD/ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
Stacking is also a livelihood strategy that allows
households to cope with periods of uncertain income,
fuel prices, access to fuels and stove repairs
Stacking embodies the complex dynamic interplay among
household behavior, culture, energy, environment and
technology. Thus, the factors that affect usage, stacking
and displacement are usually interrelated and depend on
the household and community contexts. It is important to
consider the seasonal patterns of usage, stacking and
displacement and to move from spotting single factors
that enable/prevent adoption to the characterization of
the processes and interaction of factors that regulate the
benefits brought by clean fuel-stoves
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Measuring usage in the context of stacking
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Stove Use Monitors (SUMs)
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2008). Low-cost temperature dataloggers as Stove Use
Monitors (SUMs. Boiling Point 55: 16-18.
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2012). Temperature dataloggers as Stove Use Monitors
(SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 47: 459-468.
Quantitative Metrics
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2013). Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove
Use Monitors (SUMs). Biomass & Bioenergy 57: 136-148.
Stove Use Monitors (SUMs, wSUMs,…)
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2015). Vodafone Project “100 Million Stoves” to develop prototype
Wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) for remotely measure usage levels of Cookstoves.
Project Report to the Vodafone Foundation. 66 p.
Measuring usage in the context of stacking
THE CASE OF RURAL MEXICO
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
STACKING CLUSTERS
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
STACKING, DISPLACEMENT, RESIDUAL USE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: SEASONAL STACKING
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: SEASONAL STACKING
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: TASK-DRIVEN - WEEKLY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: TASK-DRIVEN - WEEKLY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: MULTI-TASKING –DAILY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: MULTI-TASKING –DAILY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
STOVE NICHES: Distribution of tasks
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
STOVE NICHES: Distribution of tasks
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
For further Reading:
 Ruiz-Mercado, I., Masera, O. (2015). “Patterns of use in the context of fuel-device stacking: rationale and
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implications”. Ecohealth 12(1): 42-56.
Masera, O., et al. (2015). “Environmental Burden of Traditional Bioenergy Use”. Annual Review of
Environment and Resources. Vol. 40. Forthcoming.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., E. Canuz, et al. (2013). "Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove Use Monitors
(SUMs)." Biomass & Bioenergy 57: 136-148.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., E. Canuz, et al. (2012). "Temperature dataloggers as stove use monitors (SUMs): Field
methods and signal analysis." Biomass & Bioenergy 47: 459-468.
Ruiz-Mercado, I. (2012). The Stove Adoption Process: Quantification Using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs) in
Households Cooking with Fuelwood. Civil and Environmental Engineering. Berkeley, University of California
Berkeley. Ph.D.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., O. Masera, et al. (2011). "Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves." Energy
Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.
Pine, K., R. Edwards, et al. (2011). "Adoption and use of improved biomass stoves in Rural Mexico." Energy
for Sustainable Development 15(2): 176-183.
Zamora, H. (2010). Impactos Socio-Ecológicos Del uso Sostenido de Estufas Eficientes de leña en
Comunidades de Michoacan. Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. M.Sc.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., N. Lam, et al. (2008). Low-cost temperature loggers as stove use monitors (SUMS). Boiling
Point. 55: 16-18.
Berrueta, V. M., R. D. Edwards, et al. (2008). "Energy performance of wood-burning cookstoves in
Michoacan, Mexico." Renewable Energy 33(5): 859-870.
Troncoso, K., A. Castillo, et al. (2007). "Social perceptions about a technological innovation for fuelwood
cooking: Case study in rural Mexico." Energy Policy 35(5): 2799-2810.
Masera, O. R., B. D. Saatkamp, et al. (2000). "From linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies: A
critique and alternative to the energy ladder model." World Development 28(12): 2083-2103.
GRACIAS
Hogares participantes en nuestros estudios
en Michoacán, por su paciencia y hospitalidad
Equipos de campo y laboratorio
Grupo Interdisciplinario de Tecnología Rural Apropiada
Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas UNAM
Laboratorio de Innovación de Estufas de Biomasa
Red de colaboradores y organizaciones
ilse.ruiz@cieco.unam.mx
1
Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption of Clean Cooking and Its Benefits • 5 May 2015
Extending the Stove Use Monitoring System
Updated hardware & software
Ajay Pillarisetti, MPH
Doctoral Candidate, University of California, Berkeley
2
Motivations
iButtons deployed far and wide
Instrumenting traditional stoves difficult
Not surprisingly, lots of mixed use
almost everywhere
Valid data on traditional stoves is
difficult to obtain
3
Tough
3
4
Tougher
5
Expanding the universe of stove use monitors
6
iButtons
Solid-state
data-logging
thermometer
Commercially
available in
quantity
Easy to place
on some stoves;
rapid download
Max temp
140C
1-year Life
7
Data-logging
Infrared
Thermometer
Commercially
available
100 - 150 USD
Mounted in
homes nearby
open fires
-20 to 250 ºC
8
iButton
250
Stove Use Monitoring
200
iButton and IRT on Open Fire
150
100
50
loc
AMBIENT
STICK
degC
0
STV1
Infrared Thermometer
gadget
250
iButton
Infrared Thermo
200
150
100
50
0
09-03
09-04
09-05
09-06
09-07
09-08
09-09
09-10
8
09-11
09-12
09-13
09-14
09-15
09-16
09-17
09-18
09-19
9
10
Data-logging thermocouple
0 - 1250 Celsius
75 - 100 USD
2-3 month battery life
Rechargeable
10
Programmable
11
300
200
Chula
value
100
v
0
150
Haara
100
50
0
Nov 13 12:00
Nov 13 18:00
dt
Nov 14 00:00
Nov 14 06:00
Nov 14 12:00
12
13
14
iButtons
15 - 120 USD
-40 to 85, 125, 140 ºC
Built-in battery
1 year lifetime
Infrared thermometer
100 USD
-20 to 250 ºC
Replaceable 1/2 AA
Thermocouple
90-100 USD
0 - 1250 ºC
Rechargeable LiPo
Replaceable probes
15
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
16
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
Single file
analysis
Study-wide
analysis
Kirk Smith Research
Group
Danny Wilson
Jeremy Coyle
Upload a file
Optional: Ambient temp data
Upload many files
Visualize Trace
Select algorithm + tweak parameters
Label cooking events on
subset of data
Submit to machine learning
Data labeled for entire study
Download Summary
17
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
Single file
analysis
Study-wide
analysis
Kirk Smith Research
Group
Danny Wilson
Jeremy Coyle
Upload a file
Optional: Ambient temp data
Upload many files
Visualize Trace
Select algorithm +
tweak parameters
Label cooking events on
subset of data
Submit to machine learning
Data labeled for entire study
Download Summary
20
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
Single file
analysis
Study-wide
analysis
Kirk Smith Research
Group
Danny Wilson
Jeremy Coyle
Reduce the complexity to get metrics
from raw data
Facilitate site / study / goal-specific
customization & output
21
Open questions & future directions
How much monitoring is
enough monitoring?
Secondary stoves? Tertiary stoves?
Dictated by study aims, personnel, budgets
"Instant" processing
A Wireless Sensor to Understand
and Improve Stove Usability
Contact: Tara Ramanathan
tara@nexleaf.org
StoveTrace is a wireless thermal sensor that demonstrates the usability of any stove.
Real-Time Data
House 1
House 2
House 3
House 4
House 5
House 6
Stove Usage Patterns Over Time
Wireless Stove Usage Data from 130 Homes
Odisha, India
Installation
Period
Forced Draft Stove Usage Data from 1,059 Households by District
Grouping Households by Usage
Sharing Usage Data with Households
to get real answers
Monthly Usage (Hours)
Exported from StoveTrace
Website
House 1:
Dropped User
Low User
Medium User
High User
Before and After Field Visits
Field Visit
Field Visit consisted of:
Surveyed Homes in Odisha
N=40
1. Inquiring about reasons
behind stove use behavior
2. Showing homes their
Forced Draft usage for
past 4 months
3. Sharing the statistic of
4 million people dying
globally from mud stoves
Understanding the behavior
before trying to change it
StoveTrace Results
135 Households in the State of Odisha
6 months
 1.14 Hours = Average Daily Stove Usage
(St Dev 0.86)
 16.29% (of 135 hh) using stove more than
2 hours per day
 65 Tons of CO2 equivalent
 $388 Earned
13
StoveTrace can identify the most
usable stoves
Front Feed
TERI Improved Mud Stove
Forced Draft
Double Burner
Experimental Prototype
TBD
Top Feed
TERI Improved Steel Stove
Forced Draft
Provide Chopped Wood
Implementation
Wireless Device Sensor Connector
Sim Card
Data & Analytics
Dashboard
Power Source
Provided by
Nexleaf?
Unit Cost ($)
75-100
<1
1-2 per month
4-6
1-5 per month
Installation Time
5-10
2
2
5-10
<1
Nexleaf provides all necessary guides, in country connections and remote support
Scaling Up Stove Usage Data
TERI Forced Draft Stove
(Odisha & UP, India)
Kopernik Natural Draft
(Indonesia)
Envirofit Natural
Draft Stove
(Pune, India)
InStove Rocket
Stove
(TBD)
Approaching the Challenges of Wireless
• What if the phone or sim card gets stolen?
• We are designing a wireless device without phone
• Can you lower the cost?
• Working on building thermistor directly into the stove will not only lower cost
but also make installation simpler
• What kind of maintenance is required?
• Need somebody who is dedicated and knowledgeable about the sensors
nearby as part of the field team
• What about areas with poor or no connectivity?
• The data gets stored on the phone until connectivity is available, so need not
have 24/7 connectivity. Looking into moving to a smaller box with an
embedded solution which will strengthen connectivity, but if there is 0
connectivity, this will not work
We thank all of our partners!
Stove Manufacturers
Telecom Providers
Public Sector Partners
Charlie & Ellen Kennel
Supporting program
implementation and evaluation
with stove usage data
Michael Johnson
Berkeley Air Monitoring Group
mjohnson@berkeleyair.com
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop
Lima, May 2015
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 20151
Overview
 Connecting stove usage
and programmatic impacts
 Integrating stove usage
with additional data
sources
 Coordinating
programmatic needs and
stove use monitoring.
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Fuel savings
80%
70%
 Multiple pathways to
achieve substantial
fuel savings.
 Balancing usage and
performance key to
maximizing
household-level
impact.
60%
Fuel savings
 Stoves with highest
lab performance may
not provide the best
fuel savings.
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0%
25%
50%
75%
Percent displacement TSF by new stove
100%
Johnson and Chiang, in press
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Air quality
 Only ultra-low indoor
emissions stoves are
likely to reduce
concentrations to
WHO PM targets.
 Multiple pathways to
achieve less
ambitious air quality
goals.
 What about health?
24 hour PM2.5 concentation (μg/m3)
800
Particulate Matter
700
600
500
400
300
50% reduction
relative to TSF
200
100
WHO Interim 1 Target
0
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Percent TSF displacement by new stove
Johnson and Chiang, in press
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Health
Going from here
to here still has
meaningful
benefits (RR 3→2)
We want everyone
to be here
Difficult to rapidly
transition here for
many populations
Johnson and Chiang, in press
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Integrating usage
with other data
 Combining with survey data
can inform on:

Stove-task associations

Person-stove task
associations

Ergonomics, user
perceptions/qualitative data
etc….
 Combine with performance
or air quality data

Segregate emissions or fuel
use contributions by stove

Analyze impact of stove use
on air quality or exposure
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Usage and air quality
10
 Segregate impacts of specific
stoves or combination of
stoves.
 May be able to identify tasks
which are causing high
concentrations.
PM (mg/m3)
 Identify potential with
increased displacement of
new stove.
8
Particulate matter
New stove is on
Traditional stove is on
6
4
2
0
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Matching usage measurement and program needs
Tools for perceived usage
- Surveys, cooking diaries,
focus groups, etc…
- Concerns: reliability and
bias
Devices that measure proxy
for usage
- Temperature
- Concerns: technical,
physical, and cost barriers
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Matching usage measurement and program needs
Study type
Considerations
Stove types /
locations
Initial R&D
Initial scale-up
Mature program
Pilots for feasibility/
compatibility
Feedback on
implementation
M&E, Impact
evaluations
- Low initial costs.
- Quick snapshots are
OK
- Generally want
relatively rich data on
what is working and
what is not working.
- Network for
relatively long-term
measurements in
representative
sample.
- Usage sensors need to be compatible with stove types (portability,
stove temperature, stove material/structure).
- How difficult is it to reach houses? Can you get reliable mobile
connections?
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Thanks!
mjohnson@berkeleyair.com
www.berkeleyair.com
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015