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International Conference on Aeronautical And Manufacturing Engineering (ICAAME’2015) March 14-15, 2015 Dubai (UAE)
Wind Turbine Powered Car Uses 3 Single Big C-Section
Blades
Youssef Kassem, and Hüseyin Çamur

dry plains of Ivanpah Lake in Nevada, Wind-powered vehicle
or Wind powered Greenbird reached speeds of 126.1 mph
(202.9km/h). [8]
Wind Explorer, Wind-powered car, has created by two
German inventors that recharges the battery through a wind
turbine carried in the car. To test the vehicle, the duo recently
completed a 3,100-mile trek across Australia. [9, 10]
In general, there are two main categories of wind turbines:
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) and Vertical Axis
Wind Turbines (VAWT) [11]. Although HAWT designs are
widely used, they have the disadvantage that they have to be
positioned perpendicular to the wind direction. VAWT has
the advantage that they are independent of wind direction for
their operations. Today researches are stating that the main
types of vertical-axis wind turbine are Savonius turbine, and
Darrius. Savonius turbines are usually mounted on a short
tower, and the generator shaft is positioned vertically with the
blades pointing up. Also, it uses drag, like a cup anemometer,
to produce torque. Whereas, the generator shaft of Darrieus
turbine is positioned vertically with the blades pointing up,
and the blades use the lift design. The aim of this work
presented in this paper is to compare the mechanical power of
single big C-section with the previous work on 3 C-section
and 3 double C-section blades wind car results by using the
wind energy. The data are presented through graphs using
Microsoft Excel.
Abstract— The blades of a wind turbine have the most
important job of any wind turbine component; they must capture the
wind and convert it into useable mechanical energy. The objective
of this work is to determine the mechanical power of single big
C-section of vertical wind turbine for wind car in a two-dimensional
model. The wind car has a vertical axis with 3 single big C-section
blades mounted at an angle of 120°. Moreover, the three single big
C-section blades are directly connected to wheels by using various
kinds of links. Gears are used to convert the wind energy to
mechanical energy to overcome the load exercised on the main shaft
under low speed. This work allowed a comparison of drag
characteristics and the mechanical power between the single big
C-section blades with the previous work on 3 C-section and 3
double C-section blades for wind car. As a result obtained from the
flow chart the torque and power curves of each case study are
illustrated and compared with each other. In particular, drag force
and torque acting on each types of blade was taken at an airflow
speed of 4 m/s, and an angular velocity of 13.056 rad/s.
Index Terms-- Blade, vertical wind turbine, Drag characteristics,
mechanical power
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind energy is playing a critical role in the establishment
of an environmentally sustainable low carbon economy.
Wind energy or wind power describes the process by which
wind is used to generate mechanical or electrical power.
Wind energy is harnessed as mechanical energy to help of
wind turbine [1]. A wind turbine is a device that extracts
kinetic energy which acts on the rotor blade from the wind
and converts it into mechanical energy or torque. Rotational
energy is used either by generating electricity or directly
move machines or equipment such as mills or water pumps or
wind car. [2, 3]
As an example Technical University of Denmark – DTU –
has used wind energy to operate wind car [4]. A team of
German students of Stuttgart University's Team InVentus has
built the Ventomobile, a three-wheeled "car" which features a
2 meter diameter two-bladed rotor mounted on top. [5, 6]
At New Jerusalem in Tracy, California, US, wind powered
car, Faster than the Wind, was constructed by Rick Cavallaro,
an, and which called Blackbird. It reached a top speed of
more than 2.85 times faster than the wind blowing at the time
(13.5 mph) powered by the wind itself. Also, the car has a
passing resemblance to a Formula 1 racing car [7]. Along the
II. Theory
A.
Where FD is the drag force, U∞ is the speed of the fluid; A
is projected area in the direction of U∞, and ρ the density of
the fluid [13]. Drag coefficient for an object depends on the
shape of the object and on the Reynolds number [14]. The
drag coefficients for selected objects are given in table1.
Youssef Kassem is with the Mechanical Engineering, Near East
University, Mechanical Engineering, Engineering, Nicosia, Turkish
Republic Of North Cyprus Via Mersin 10, Zip code: 98000, Turkey (e-mail:
youssef_kassem@ymail.com )
Hüseyin Çamur is with the Mechanical Engineering, Near East
University, Mechanical Engineering, Engineering, Nicosia, Turkish
Republic Of North Cyprus Via Mersin 10, Zip code: 98000, Turkey (e-mail:
Huseyin.camur@neu.edu.tr )
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0315209
Drag force
Drag is the component of force acting on a body that is
projected along the direction of motion [12]. A total drag
force on a body comes directly from the action of pressure
and viscous stresses on the body. The viscous stress,
particularly that part due to viscous shear, is referred to as the
skin friction component of the drag force. The portion due to
pressure is variously referred to as the form drag, shape drag,
or just pressure drag. Particularly when flow separation
occurs, leading to the formation of a wake, the pressure
difference across a body can mean that form drag is the
principle portion of the drag force. The drag coefficient, CD,
for steady flow with no free surface effects was defined as
1
Drag coefficients for two- dimensional shapes (104 < Re < 106). The
drag coefficients in all cases are based on the projected area [13].
42
International Conference on Aeronautical And Manufacturing Engineering (ICAAME’2015) March 14-15, 2015 Dubai (UAE)
B. Mechanical Power
A wind turbine consists of rotor, which catches the energy
from wind and concentrates it on the shaft, and the generator,
which receives the mechanical energy from the shaft (usually
through the gearbox) and converts it to electrical energy.
Mechanical power is “power” defined in terms of mechanical
parameters such as force, speed, torque, and the like.
Compare mechanical power to electrical power, which is
defined in terms of voltage, current and so on.
a. Power in linear motion
Fig. 1 shows an object that is under the effect of a force. It
is assumed that the force passes through the object mass
center and causes the object to move along a straight path
with a constant velocity. In such a case, the object receives
power to maintain its motion. In other words, in order to
maintain the motion at the same speed, some power must be
provided to the object. This power can be defined as
Fig. 3 shows the free stream velocity U∞, the direction of
the speed of the blades (ωR), the position of the blades with
angle γ, and the direction of rotation of the blades for single
big C-section.
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of three-blade rotor for single big
C-section blade.
During the rotation, the free stream velocity ∞ has two
components. First component, it is directed along with the
velocity direction. It is used to calculate the skin friction drag
force. The second component is directed perpendicular to the
velocity direction and used to calculate the pressure drag
force. Since the speed of the blades affects both surfaces of
the C-section, and at the same time we have the free stream
velocity effect on the upper or lower surface which depends
on the location of the profile, the free stream velocity is added
to or subtracted from the speed of the blades (ωR), which
depends on the direction of the velocity as shown in Fig. 4.
This expression for power is in terms of the speed and the
force, both of which are mechanical parameters related t
motion. Note that the force has the same direction as the
motion (velocity). [15]
Fig. 1 An object under the effect of a force
b. Power in rotational motion
The object in Fig. 1 has a translational motion. A turbine
shaft has a rotational motion. Similar to speed and force in
translational motion, in rotational motion one has “angular
speed” and “torque”. [15]
For a shaft that, under the effect of torque, rotates with a
constant angular speed, the power is
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this work, the three blade wind car and the direct
connection is used via various links and gear. A vertical wind
turbine is mounted on the chassis are shown in Fig. 2. The
turbine captures wind and moves due to the presence of
pressure drag force which cause it to rotate about it fix axis.
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of one-blade rotor for single big
C-section
The flow chart of single big C-section blade wind car
below represents the way to calculate the drag force and
torque.
Fig.2 Set up (front view of the wind car with scale is
1mm=10cm).
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0315209
43
International Conference on Aeronautical And Manufacturing Engineering (ICAAME’2015) March 14-15, 2015 Dubai (UAE)
1.2
Torque *
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
𝛄 [°]
D=0.3 m C-section
D=0.15 m double C-section
D=0.3 m double C-section
D=1 m single C-section
Fig.7 Torque*2 plot for different type blades of C-section blades
Mechanical power [kW]
torque [N.m]
Using the flow chart of the single big C-section blade, the
drag force can be calculated for one blade. The total forces
and the torque for three blades can be also calculated using
the same flowchart. Fig. 5 shows the change in torque for a
single big C-section blade of diameter 1 m with angle of
rotation. Also, Fig. 6 illustrates the variation in power of the
single big C-section blade of diameter 1 m with angle of
rotation. It shows the maximum power which produced by
single big C-section blades is just over 11 kW.
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
60
120
180
240
300
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
360
60
120
240
300
360
𝛄 [°]
𝛄 [°]
Fig.5 Torque plot for a single big C-section with diameter 1m.
Mechanical Power [kW]
180
15
power 1
power 2
power 3
power 4
Fig. 8 Power*3 plot for different type blades of C-section blades
where power 1, power 2, power 3 and power 4 produced by
C-section blade of diameter 0.3m, double C-section blade of
diameter 0.15m, double C-section blade of diameter 0.3m and big
single C-section of diameter 1m respectively.
10
5
0
0
60
120
180
240
300
IV. CONCLUSIONS
360
In this paper a model for the evaluation of energy
performance and aerodynamic forces acting on a different
type of blade for vertical axis wind turbine which are
depending on the blade geometrical section has been
developed. This study consists of a detailed analysis of
different blade testing methods and improvements to a novel
concept for vertical-axial testing of wind turbine blades. The
work demonstrated that Double C-section blade of a wind
turbine with diameter 0.3 m can enable to produce more
mechanical power than any other blade in the lower wind
speeds. Mechanical power and torque for single big Csection was calculated and the result was compared with Csection blades. It was revealed that single big C- section has a
𝛄 [°]
Fig.6 Mechanical power plot for a single big C-section with
diameter 1m
Fig. 7 and 8 represent the change in torque and the
producing power for different type blades for the wind car,
C-section blade at the diameter of C-section is equal 0.3m,
double C-section with different diameter is 0.15 and o.3 m for
each and big single C-section of diameter 1 m respectively.
As shown in Fig. 7 and 8, the periodic motion of the graph of
single big C- section with diameter 1m and C- section with
diameter 0.3m is very obvious. The motion repeats itself in a
regular fashion, while in double C-section; the motion is
variable motion and not periodic motion.
2
3
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0315209
44
Torque* is dimensionless. Torque* is based in the maximum torque
Power* is dimensionless. Power* is based in the maximum power
International Conference on Aeronautical And Manufacturing Engineering (ICAAME’2015) March 14-15, 2015 Dubai (UAE)
maximum torque and mechanical power compared to Csection blades.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the Faculty of Engineering
especially the Mechanical Engineering department for
support, and, for help with the work validation of the new
technology.
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Youssef Kassem was born in Saudi Arabia. He
received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. Degree in Mechanical
Engineering from Near East university, North
Cyprus-Turkey, he is currently working toward the
PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering in Near East
University.
Hüseyin Çamur was born in Dali/Nicosia, Cyprus.
After he graduated from Lefkosa Turk Lisesi in 1980,
he went to Germany for higher education. 1980-1981,
he has joined the German Language School,
Goethe-Institute. In 1981 he joined the Technical
University of Braunschweig, Germany (Technische
Universitaet Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig),
Engineering Faculty, Mechanical Engineering
Department. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. Degrees
(Diplom Ingenieur) in Air and Space Technology, in
specialization of Aircraft engineering and Light Structures in 1988. He
received his Ph.D degree in 2000, in the Mechanical Engineering
Department, Engineering Faculty, in the specialization of Thermodynamics
Energy in Fuid Mechanics at Fırat University. He has been awarded the
assistant professorship in 2001.
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