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International Journal of Digital Communication and Networks (IJDCN)
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015
Secure Data Retrival in Disruption Tolerant
Military Networks using Attribute Encryption
Standard
K.Siva Sankari ,V.Ramesh
Abstract-In general,mobile nodes are possible to
affect by some of interference or illegal elements in
military environments.To access the information
between soldiers as confidential,distruption tolerant
network solution are considered for wireless devices
with each other.The most important confidential
thought in this progress is secure retrieval of data.To
access with control issues and authorization
policies,cipher-text policy attribute based encryption
is accurate solution. This Cryptrographic solution in
DTNs introduces some problems such as privacy and
security with attribute revocation.Multiple key
authorities
administrates
their
attributes
independently using CP-ABE for decentralized
DTNs.In disruption-tolerant military networks,
proposed technique distributed data as secure and
effectively with confidential manner.
1. INTRODUCTION
In numerous military system situations,
associations of remote gadgets conveyed by troopers
may be briefly separated by sticking, natural
variables, and mobility,especially when they work in
threatening situations. Interruption tolerant system
(DTN) innovations are getting to be fruitful
arrangements that permit hubs to speak with one
another in these compelling systems administration
situations. Typically,when there is no limit to-end
association between a source and a destination
combine, the messages from the source hub may need
to hold up in the middle of the road hubs for a
significant measure of time until the association
would be inevitably settled.
Manuscript received March, 2015
K.Siva Sankari, PGStudent,Kalasalingam Institute of Technology.
V.Ramesh., Assistant Professor,Kalasalingam Institute of Technology
Roy and Chuah presented capacity hubs in DTNs
where information is put away or reproduced such
that just approved versatile hubs can get to the vital
data rapidly and productively. Numerous military
applications require expanded insurance of secret
information including access control systems that are
cryptographically upheld. Much of the time, it is
attractive to give separated access administrations
such that information access strategies are
characterized over client traits or roles,which are
overseen by the key powers. Case in point, in an
interruption tolerant military system, an administrator
may store a secret data at a stockpiling hub, which
ought to be gotten to by individuals from "Regiment
1" who are partaking in"Region 2." For this situation,
it is a sensible suspicion that numerous key powers
are liable to deal with their own particular element
properties for fighters in their conveyed locales or
echelons,which could be every now and again
changed. We allude to this DTN structural planning
where numerous powers issue and deal with their
own quality keys freely as a decentralized DTN.The
idea of characteristic based encryption (ABE) is a
guaranteeing approach that satisfies the necessities
for secure information recovery in DTNs. ABE
characteristics an instrument that empowers a right to
gain entrance control over scrambled information
utilizing access strategies and attributed qualities
among private keys and ciphertexts.Especially,
ciphertext-approach ABE (CP-ABE) gives a versatile
method for encoding information such that the
encryptor characterizes the characteristic set that the
decryptor needs to have to decode the ciphertext.
Consequently, diverse clients are permitted to decode
distinctive bits of information every the security
strategy.It may result in bottleneck during rekeying
procedure, or security degradation due to the
windows of vulnerability if the previous attribute key
is not updated immediately.Another challenge is the
key escrow problem. In CP-ABE,the key authority
generates private keys of users by applying the
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJDCN
International Journal of Digital Communication and Networks (IJDCN)
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015
authority’s master secret keys to users’ associated set
of attributes.Thus, the key authority can decrypt
every ciphertext addressed to specific users by
generating their attribute keys.
The last challenge is the coordination of
attributes issued from different authorities. When
multiple authorities manage and issue attribute keys
to users independently with their own master secrets,
it is very hard to define fine-grained access policies
over attributes issued from different authorities. For
example,suppose that attributes “role 1” and “region
1” are managed by the authority A, and “role 2” and
“region 2” are managed by the authority B. Then, it is
impossible to generate an access policy ((“role 1” OR
“role 2”) AND (“region 1” or “region 2”)) in the
previous schemes because the OR logic between
attributes issued from different authorities cannot be
implemented.This is due to the fact that the different
authorities generate their own attribute keys using
their own independent and individual master secret
keys. Therefore, general access policies, such as “ out-of- ” logic, cannot be expressed in the previous
schemes, which is a very practical and commonly
required access policy logic.
A
Retalted Work
ABE comes in two flavors called key-arrangement
ABE (KP-ABE) and ciphertext-approach ABE (CPABE). In KP-ABE, the en- cryptor just gets to mark a
ciphertext with a set of characteristics. The key
power picks an approach for every client that figures
out which ciphertexts he can unscramble and issues
the way to every client by implanting
the
arrangement into the client's key. In any case, the
parts of the ciphertexts and keys are turned around in
CP-ABE. In CP-ABE, the ciphertext is scrambled
with a right to gain entrance strategy picked by an
encryptor, however a key is essentially made as for a
qualities set. CP-ABE is more fitting to DTNs than
KP-ABE on the grounds that it empowers encryptors,
for example, an officer to pick a right to gain entrance
arrangement on credits and to encode confi- dential
information under the right to gain entrance structure
by means of encoding with the relating open keys or
characteristics1)
Attribute Revocation: Bethencourt et al. and
Boldyreva et al. [16] first suggested key revocation
mechanisms in CP-ABE and KP-ABE, respectively.
Their solutions are to append to each attribute an
expiration date (or time) and dis- tribute a new set of
keys to valid users after the expiration. The periodic
attribute revocable ABE schemes have two main
problems.
The first problem is the security degradation in terms
of the backward and forward secrecy . It is a
considerable sce- nario that users such as soldiers may
change their attributes fre- quently, e.g., position or
location move when considering these as attributes .
Then, a user who newly holds the attribute might be
able to access the previous data encrypted before he
obtains the attribute until the data is reencrypted with
the newly updated attribute keys by periodic
rekeying (backward secrecy).
The other is the scalability problem. The key
authority pe- riodically announces a key update
material by unicast at each time-slot so that all of
the nonrevoked users can update their keys. This
results in the “1-affects” problem, which
means that the update of a single attribute affects
the whole nonrevoked users who share the attribute
[19]. This could be a bottleneck for both the key
authority and all nonrevoked users.
2) Key Escrow: Most of the existing ABE
schemes are con- structed on the architecture
where a single trusted authority has the power to
generate the whole private keys of users with its
master secret information. Thus, the key escrow
problem is inherent such that the key authority can
decrypt every ciphertext addressed to users in the
system by generating their secret keys at any time.
Chase et al. presented a distributed KP-ABE
scheme that solves the key escrow problem in a
multiauthority system. In this approach, all (disjoint)
attribute authorities are participating in the key
generation protocol in a distributed way such that they
cannot pool their data and link multiple attribute sets
belonging to the same user. One disadvantage of this
fully distributed ap- proach is the performance
degradation. Since there is no cen- tralized authority
all attribute
with master secret information,
authorities should communicate with each other in
the system to generate a user’s secret key. This
commu- nication overhead on the
results in
system setup and the rekeying phases and requires
each user to store
additional auxiliary key
is
components besides the attributes keys, where
the number of authorities in the system.
3) Decentralized ABE: Huang et al. and Roy et
al. proposed decentralized CP-ABE schemes in the
multiauthority network environment. They achieved
a combined access policy over the attributes issued
from different authorities by simply encrypting
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJDCN
International Journal of Digital Communication and Networks (IJDCN)
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015
data multiple times. The main disadvantages of this
approach are efficiency and expressiveness of
access policy. For example, when a commander
encrypts a secret mission to soldiers under the
policy (“Battalion 1” AND (“Region 2” OR
‘Region 3”)), it cannot be expressed when each
“Region” attribute is managed by different
authorities, since simply mul- tiencrypting
approaches can by no means express any general “
-out-of- ” logics .
B
Contribution
In this paper, we propose a quality based
secure information re - trieval plan utilizing
CP-ABE for decentralized DTNs. The star
postured plan offers the accompanying
accomplishments. In the first place, imme diate
characteristic
denial
improves
regressive/forward
mystery of private
information by decreasing the windows of
defenselessness.
Second, encryptors can
characterize a fine -grained access approach
utilizing any monotone access structure under
properties issued from any picked set of
powers. Third, the key escro w issue is re comprehended by a without escrow key
issuing convention that adventures the
normal for the decentralized D TN structural
engineering. The key issuing convention
produces and issues client mystery keys by
every structuring a protected two -gathering
reckoning (2PC) convention among the key
powers with their o wn expert insider facts.
The 2PC master
tocol deflect s the key
powers from getting any expert mystery data
of one another such that none of them could
gen- erate the entire set of client keys alone.
Accordingly, clients are not re - quired to
completely believe the prevailing voices to
secure their informatio n to be imparted. The
information privacy and protection can be
crypto- graphically upheld against any
inquisitive
key po wers or information
stockpiling hubs in the proposed plan.
2
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
In this section, we describe the
architecture and define the security model.
DTN
Fig
1.Architecture of Security Data Retrival in Disruption
Military Networks
A System Description and Assumption
Fig. 1 shows the architecture of the DTN. As
shown in Fig. 1, the architecture consists of the
following system entities.
1)
Key Authorities: T h e y a r e k e y e r a
er ate
f o c u s e s that ge no p e n / m y s t e r y p a r a m e t e r s for CP AB E. The key au thorities
co mpr ise o f a fo cal po wer and
d i ff e r e n t n e a r b y p o we r s . We
e x p e c t that th er e are sec ur e and
so lid c o r r e s p o n d e n c e c h a n n e l s
b e t we e n a fo ca l p o we r and eve r y
n e i g h b o r h o o d po wer a mi d the
s t a r t i n g key set up and g e n - e r a t i o n
s t a g e . Ever y n e i g h b o r h o o d po wer
o v e r s e e s d i v e r s e at- t r i b u t e s and
i s s u e s c o m p a r i n g c r ed it keys to
c l i e n t s . T he y s t i p e n d d i f f e r e n t i a l
acce s s r i g h t s to i n d i v i d u a l c l i e n t s
in li g ht of the c l i e n t s '
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The key p o we r s are
as- su med f r a n k l y yet i n q u i s i t i v e .
T hat is, they will s i n c e r e ly e x e c u t e
the r e l e g a t e d e r r a n d s in the
fr a me wo r k, h o we v e r they mi g h t
want to lear n d ata of s c r a m b l e d
s u b s t a n c e h o we v e r mu ch as co u ld
be e x p e c t e d .
2) Storage node: This is an element that stores
information from senders and give relating
access to clients. It might be mo- bile or
static [4], [5]. Like the past plans, we
likewise expect the stockpiling hub to be
semitrusted, that is fair however
inquisitive.
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJDCN
International Journal of Digital Communication and Networks (IJDCN)
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015
that any user who comes to hold an attribute
(that satisfies the access policy) should be
pre- vented from accessing the plaintext of
the previous data exchanged before he holds
the attribute. On the other hand, forward
secrecy means that any user who drops an
attribute should
be prevented
from
accessing the plaintext of the subsequent
data exchanged after he drops the attribute,
un- less the other valid attributes that he is
holding satisfy the access policy.
3) Sender: This is an element who claims private
messages or information (e.g., an administrator)
and wishes to store them into the outer information
stockpiling hub for simplicity of imparting or for
solid conveyance to clients in the great systems
administration envi- ronments. A sender is in
charge of characterizing (quality based) access
approach and upholding it all alone information by
scrambling the information under the arrangement
before putting away it to the capacity hub.
4) User:.
Since the key powers are semi-believed, they
ought to be de-terred from getting to plaintext of
the information in the stockpiling hub; in the
interim, they ought to be still ready to issue
mystery keys to clients. The 2PC convention
keeps them from knowing one another's expert
privileged insights so that none of them can
produce the entire set of mystery keys of clients
exclusively. Therefore, we take a presumption
that the focal power does not plot with the
neighborhood powers.
B Thread Model and Security
Requirments
1)
Data confidentiality: Unauthorized users
who do not have enough credentials
satisfying the access policy should be
deterred from accessing the plain data in the
storage node. In addition, unauthorized
access from the storage node or key
authorities should be also prevented.
2)
Collusion-resistance: If multiple users
collude, they may be able to decrypt a
ciphertext by combining their attributes even
if each of the users cannot decrypt the
ciphertext alone. For example, suppose
there exist a user with attributes {”Battalion
1”, “Region 1”} and another user with
attributes {”Battalion 2”, “Region 2”}. They
may succeed in decrypting a ciphertext
encrypted under the ac- cess policy of
(“Battalion 1” AND “Region 2”), even if
each of them cannot decrypt it individually.
We do not want these colluders to be able to
decrypt
the secret informa- tion by
combining their attributes. We also consider
collu- sion attack among curious local
authorities to derive users’ keys.
3) Backward and forward Secrecy: In the
context of ABE, backward secrecy means
3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
In this section, we provide a multiauthority CP-ABE
scheme for secure data retrieval in decentralized
DTNs. Each local authority issues partial
personalized and attribute key components to a user
by performing secure 2PC protocol with the central
authority. Each attribute key of a user can be updated
individually and immediately. Thus, the scalability
and security can be enhanced in the proposed
scheme.
Since the first CP-ABE scheme proposed by
Bethencourt et al. [13], dozens of CP-ABE schemes
have been proposed. The subsequent CP-ABE
schemes are mostly motivated by more rigorous
security proof in the standard model. However, most
of the schemes failed to achieve the expressiveness of
the Bethencourt et al.’s scheme,which described an
efficient system that was expressive in that it allowed
an encryptor to express an access predicate in terms
of any monotonic formula over attributes. Therefore,
in this section, we develop a variation of the CP-ABE
algorithm
partially based on (but not limited to) Bethencourt et
al.’s construction in order to enhance the
expressiveness of the access control policy instead of
building a new CP-ABE scheme from scratch
A
Access Tree
1) Description: Let be a tree representing an access
structure.Each nonleaf node of the tree represents a
threshold gate.If is the number of children of a node
and is its threshold value, then 0<=km<=numx. Each
leaf node of the tree is described by an attribute and a
threshold value denotes the attribute associated with
the leaf node in the tree. represents the parent of the
node in the tree. The children of every node are
numbered from 1 to num. The function returns such a
number associated with the node .The index values
are uniquely assigned to nodes in the access structure
for a given key in an arbitrary manner.
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJDCN
International Journal of Digital Communication and Networks (IJDCN)
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015
2) Satisfying an Access Tree: Let be the subtree of
rooted at the node . If a set of attributes satisfies the
access tree , we denote it as . We compute recursively
as follows. If is a nonleaf node, evaluate for all
children of node . returns 1 iff at least children return
1. If is a leaf node, then returns 1 iff .
proposed plan is exhibited in the system reproduction
as far as the correspondence cost. We likewise
examine its effectiveness when actualized with
particular parameters and contrast these outcomes
with those acquired by alternate plans
Efficiency
B
Scheme Construction
Let be a bilinear group of prime order , and let be a
generator of . Let denote the bilinear map. A security
parameter, , will determine the size of the groups.We
will also make use of Lagrange coefficients for any
and a set, , of elements in : define .We will
additionally employ a hash function to associate each
attribute with a random group element in , which we
will model as a random oracle
C
Alogrithm
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, included
in a large number of cipher suites and encryption
products. Blowfish has a 64-bit block size and a
variable key length from 32 bits up to 448 bits.[2] It is
a 16-round Feistel cipher and uses large keydependent S-boxes. In structure it resembles CAST128, which uses fixed S-boxes. The algorithm keeps
two subkey arrays: the 18-entry P-array and four 256entry S-boxes. The S-boxes accept 8-bit input and
produce 32-bit output. One entry of the P-array is
used every round, and after the final round, each half
of the data block is XORed with one of the two
remaining unused P-entries. Decryption is exactly the
same as encryption, except that P1, P2,..., P18 are
used in the reverse order. This is not so obvious
because xor is commutative and associative. A
common misconception is to use inverse order of
encryption as decryption algorithm. Blowfish is a fast
block cipher, except when changing keys. Each new
key requires pre-processing equivalent to encrypting
about 4 kilobytes of text, which is very slow
compared to other block ciphers. This prevents its use
in certain applications, but is not a problem in others.
Blowfish was one of the first secure block ciphers not
subject to any patents and therefore freely available
for anyone to use. This benefit has contributed to its
popularity in cryptographic software.
4
Table I shows the authority architecture, logic
expressive- ness of access structure that can be
defined under different dis- joint sets of attributes
(managed by different authorities), key escrow, and
revocation granularity of each CP-ABE scheme.
ANALYSIS
In this segment, we first break down and analyze the
productivity of the proposed plan to the past
multiauthority
CP-ABE plots in hypothetical
viewpoints. At that point, the proficiency of the
Table 1
EXPRESSIVENESS, KEY ESCROW,
AND
REVOCATION
ANALYSIS
In the proposed scheme, the logic can be
very expressive as in the single authority system like
BSW such that the access policy can be expressed
with any monotone access structure
under attributes of any chosen set of authorities;
while HV and RC schemes only allow the AND gate
among the sets of attributes managed by different
authorities. The revocation in the proposed scheme
can be done in an immediate way as opposed to
BSW. Therefore, attributes of users can be revoked at
any time even before the expiration time that might
be set to the attribute. This enhances security of the
stored data by reducing the windows of vulnerability.
In addition, the proposed scheme realizes more finegrained user revocation for each attribute
rather than for the whole system as opposed to RC.
Thus,even if a user comes to hold or drop any
attribute during the service in the proposed scheme,
he can still access the data with other attributes that
he is holding as long as they satisfy the access policy
defined in the ciphertext. The key escrow problem is
also resolved in the proposed scheme such that the
confidential data would not be revealed to any
curious key authorities.
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJDCN
International Journal of Digital Communication and Networks (IJDCN)
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015
Table II
Efficiency Analysis
Table II summarizes the efficiency comparison
results among CP-ABE schemes. In the comparison,
rekeying message size represents the communication
cost that the key authority or the storage node needs
to send to update nonrevoked users’ keys for an
attribute. Private key size represents the storage cost
required for each user to store attribute keys or
KEKs. Public key size represents the size of the
system public parameters. In this comparison, the
access tree is constructed with attributes of different
authorities except in BSW of which total size is equal
to that of the single access tree in BSW.
B
Simulations
In this simulation, we consider DTN applications
using the Internet protected by the attribute-based
encryption. Almeroth and Anmar demonstrated the
group behavior in the In- ternet’s multicast backbone
network (MBone). They showed that the number of
users joining a group follows a Poisson distribution with rate , and the membership duration time
follows an exponential distribution with a mean
duration
. Since each attribute group can be
shown as an independent network mul- ticast group
where the members of the group share a common
attribute, we show the simulation result following
this proba- bilistic behavior distribution.
Fig
2. Number of users in an attribute group.
Fig. 3. Communication cost in the multiauthority CPABE systems.
We suppose that user join and leave events
are independently and identically distributed in each
attribute group following Poisson distribution. The
membership duration time for an attribute is
assumed to follow an exponential distribution. Fig. 2
represents the number of current users and revoked
users in an attribute group during 100 h.
Fig. 3 shows the total communication cost
that the sender or the storage node needs to send on a
membership change in each multiauthority CP-ABE
scheme. It includes the ciphertext and rekeying
messages for nonrevoked users.
5
SECURITY
A
Collusion Resistance
In CP-ABE, the mystery imparting must be
inserted into the ciphertext rather to the private
keys of clients. Like the past ABE plans , the
private keys of clients are randomized with
customized arbitrary qualities chose by the such
that they can't be consolidated in the proposed
plan. Keeping in mind the end goal to decode a
ciphertext, the conspiring aggressor ought to
recuperate . To recoup this, the assailant must
match from the ciphertext and from the other
plotting clients' private keys for a trait (we
assume that the aggressor does not hold the
characteristic ). Notwithstanding, this outcomes
in the worth blinded by some arbitrary quality,
which is interestingly alloted to every client,
regardless of the fact that the property gathering
keys for the properties that the client keeps are
still legitimate. This quality can be blinded out if
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International Journal of Digital Communication and Networks (IJDCN)
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015
and if the client has the enough key parts to
fulfill the mystery imparting plan installed in the
ciphertext. An alternate agreement assault
situation is the conspiracy between disavowed
clients keeping in mind the end goal to acquire
the substantial characteristic gathering keys for a
few qualities that they are not approved to have
(e.g., because of disavowal).
B
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Data Confidentiality
In our trust show, the numerous key powers are no
more completely trusted and the stockpiling hub
regardless of the fact that they are fair. Accordingly,
the plain information to be put away ought to be kept
mystery from them and also from unapproved
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6
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CONCLUSION
DTN advancements are getting to be effective
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