1. technology and computing

International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering
Volume: 1 Special Issue: 1
e-ISSN: 2394-8299
p-ISSN: 2394-8280
Review of Internet of Things (IoT): A vision and future directions
Kalyani C.Badkas 1 , Prof M.R. Shahade 2 , Upendra S.Ramteke 3
1
2
B.E Final year,Department of IT, J.D.I.E.T Yavatmal, kalyani.badkas@gmail.com
Assistant Professor, Department of IT, J.D.I.E.T Yavatmal,makarandr_shahade@rediffmail.com
3
B.E Third year, Department CSE, J.D.I.E.T Yavatmal, upyrocks@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
In these paper we will discuss about the challenges, vision and motivation of Internet of Things. IN a modern day
living Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)technologies cuts across many areas .Fueledby the recent adoption of a
variety of enabling Wireless Technologies such as RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes.It also
represent a cloud centric vision for World Wideimplementation of Internet of Things .In these era we are
introducing a new computing Technology called Internet of Things.Machine to machine, machine to
infrastructure, machine to environment, the Internet of Everything,the Internet of Intelligent Things, intelligent
systems—call it what youwant, but it’s happening, and its potential is huge.For interacting and communicating
with other machines,objects, environments and infrastructures the IoT is comprised to smart machine. The
Internet of Things (IoT)1 is a fast-emerging ecosystem of IP-connected devices with the potential to deliver
significant business benefits valued at trillions of dollars in the coming decade across industries.These paper
concludes with that likely to arise a vision of the Internet of Things becomes the reality of today future.
KeywordsInternetof Things Wireless Communication RFIDSmart Object
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined in many different ways, and itencompasses many aspects of life—from
connected homes and cities to connected cars androads, roads to devices that track an individual‘s behavior and use
the data collected for―push‖ services. Some mention one trillion Internet -connected devices by 2025 and
definemobile phones as the ―eyes and ears‖ of the applications connecting all of those connected―things.‖ By these
internet of things billions objects can communicate over world wide over a public, private internet protocol network
In 2010, the number of everyday physical objects and devices connected to the Internet was around 12.5 billion.
Smart cities, Smart cars, Publicsafety, Smart Industries and Environmental Protection has been given the high
intention for future protection by IoT Ecosystem .For the development the government of Europe, Asia and America
has consider the Internet of Things has area innovation and growth.Many visionaries have seized on the phrase
―Internet of Things‖ to refer to the general idea of things, especially everyday objects, that are readable,
recognisable, locatable, addressable, and/or controllable via the Internet, irrespective of the communication means
(whether via RFID, wireless LAN, wide- area networks, or other means).Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and
sensor network technologies will rise to meet this new challenge, in whichinformation and communication systems
are invisibly embeddedin the environment around us. This results in the generation ofenormous amounts of data
which have to be stored, processedand presented in a seamless, efficient, and easily interpretableform. This model
will consist of services that are commodities anddelivered in a manner similar to traditional commodities. Due to
internet of things hospitals are shifting to remote self-monitoring for patients. Due self-monitoring it gives the
patient greater freedom and independence for their health and free the equipment for emergency propose for
patients.
IJRISE| www.ijrise.org|editor@ijrise.org [129-134]
International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering
Volume: 1 Special Issue: 1
e-ISSN: 2394-8299
p-ISSN: 2394-8280
Fig-1:Remote Patient Monitoring
N
2. RFID
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is primarily used to identify objects from a dista nce of a few meters, with a
stationary reader typically communicating wirelessly with small battery -free transponders (tags) attached to objects.
It also provide two important basic functions for an Internet of Things – identification and communication – RFID
can also be used to determine the approximate location of objects provided the position of the reader is known
.These technology is a major breakthrough in the embedded communication paradigm which enables design of microchips
for wirelessdata communication. The barcode attach to any of the product the RFID recognize to what the product belongs.
To communicate ID to the RFID, the passive RFID tags are not battery powered and uses the power of the reader‘s
interrogation signal. This has resulted in many applications particularly in retail and supply chain managementThese
application can be used in replacement of sticker, registration sticker, for transportation and access control.
The combination of these factors has improved the viabilityof utilizing a sensor network consisting of a large
numberof intelligent sensors, enabling the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of valuable
information, gathered in a varietyof environments .Active RFID is nearly the same as the lower endWSNnodes with
limited processing capability and storage. Thescientific challenges that must be overcome in order to realize
theenormous potential of WSNs are substantial and multidisciplinary in nature. Tags on packages, shelves, and
payment countries also being gradually adopted by businesses to enhance retail experiences,by the use of RFID. 2
billions of phone can also be established in 2015 by the use of these RFID. Virtual shopping carts can be created and
orders placed automatically with warehouses for goods to be delivered to their homes. The development of RFID
over recent years is reflected not only in technical progress but also in cost reductions and standardization . While the
adoption by major retailers represents a remarkable success, the evolution of RFID and its associated infrastructure
technologiesin recent years also highlights challenges involved in realizing an Internet of Thingsin the broader sense
of the term.Forerunners of communicating everyday objects are already apparent, particularlyin connection with
RFID – for example the short-range communication of key cards with the doors of hotel rooms, or ski passes that
talk to lift turnstiles. More futuristicscenarios include a smart playing card table, where the course of play is
monitored using RFID-equipped playing cards. However, all of these applications still involve dedicated systems in
a local deployment; we are not talking about an ―Internet‖in the sense of an o pen, scalable and standardized system.
IJRISE| www.ijrise.org|editor@ijrise.org [129-134]
International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering
Volume: 1 Special Issue: 1
e-ISSN: 2394-8299
p-ISSN: 2394-8280
2.1 Basic Component
- The chip holds information about the object to which it is attached and transfers the d ata to reader wirelessly via an
air interface.
- The antenna allows transmission of the information to/from a reader.
- The packaging encases chip and antenna, and allows the attaching of t he tag to an object for identification.
Fig-2:RFID Communicati on
3 Wireless Communication
Recent technological advances in low power integrated circuitsand wireless communications have made available
efficient, lowcost, low power miniature devices for use in remote sensing applications . These combination factors
has improved the viability of utilizing a sensor network consisting of a large numberof intelligent sensors, enabling
the collection, processing, analysisand dissemination of valuable information, gathered in a varietyof environments
[7].The role of the communication node is to transfer information gathered by the sensing nodesand processed by
local embedded processing nodes to the destinations identified by the localembedded processing nodes. A nd, once
the data is remotely processed and new commandsare generated, the communication node brings back the new
commands to the local embeddedprocessing nodes to execute a task.Sometimes this could be as simple as sensing a
fridge door being left open based on energy use, and after analyzing the data, automatically closing the door via a
mechanical mechanismor generating a warning for the homeowners‘ ―home automation app.‖ Or, it could be
assophisticated as communication to an autonomous vehicle to avoid an accident.Use cases could vary drastically,
but what is common to these command and control communication links is that they typically only need to carry few
kilobytes of data for any givennode, unless high-bandwidth image processing or video data is involved.The IoT will
encompass all aspects of one‘s everyday life, hence there is no limit to the distances for which command and control
communication can/will be used. To get a betterunderstanding of the dynamics of this segment, let‘s take a step back
and look at the variouscommunication topologies that exist today, from wireless body area network (WBAN) towide
area network (WAN), and all of the options in between. If you were to design wired andwireless technologies for the
IoT from the ground up, you may or may not end up with thecommunications landscape as we know it today.
IJRISE| www.ijrise.org|editor@ijrise.org [129-134]
International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering
Volume: 1 Special Issue: 1
e-ISSN: 2394-8299
p-ISSN: 2394-8280
However, many of the companies offeringwireless and wired solutions are positioning their products as ―the
communication engine ofchoice‖ for the IoT market.
Fig-3: Wireless Landscape
4 Applications
There are several application domains which will be impactedby the emerging Internet of Things. The applications
can be classifiedbased on the type of network availability, coverage, scale, heterogeneity,repeatability, user
involvement and impact. Wecategorize the applications into four application domains: (1) Personaland Home; (2)
Enterprize; (3) Utilities; and (4) Mobile.
4.1 Personal and Home
The sensor information collected is used only by the individualswho directly own the ne twork. Usually WiFi is used
as the backboneenabling higher bandwidth data (video) transfer as well ashigher sampling rates (Sound).Ubiquitous
healthcare has been envisioned for the past twodecades. IoT gives a perfect platform to realize this vision usingb ody
area sensors and IoT back end to upload the data to servers.For instance, a Smartphone can be used for
communication alongwith several interfaces like Bluetooth for interfacing sensors measuringphysiological
parameters. So far, there are several applicationsavailable for Apple iOS, Google Android and Windows
Phoneoperating systems that measure various parameters. However, it isyet to be centralized in the cloud for general
physicians to accessthe same.An extension of the personal body area network is creatinga home monitoring system
for elderly care, which allows thedoctor to monitor patients and the elderly in their homes therebyreducing
hospitalization costs through early intervention and treatment.Control of home equipment such as air conditioners,
refrigerators,washing machines etc., will allow better home and energymanagement. This will see consumers
IJRISE| www.ijrise.org|editor@ijrise.org [129-134]
International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering
Volume: 1 Special Issue: 1
e-ISSN: 2394-8299
p-ISSN: 2394-8280
become involved in the IoTrevolution in the same manner as the Internet revolution itself. Social networking is set
to undergo another transformationwith billions of interconnected objects.
4.2 Enterprize
We refer to the ‗Network of Things‘ within a work environmentas an enterprize based application. Information
collected fromsuch networks are used only by the owners and the data maybe released selectiv ely. Environmental
monitoring is the firstcommon application which is implemented to keep track of thenumber of occupants and
manage the utilities within the building(e.g., HVAC, lighting).Sensors have always been an integral part of the
factory setupfor security, automation, climate control, etc. This will eventuallybe replaced by a wireless system
giving the flexibility to makechanges to the setup whenever required. This is nothing but an IoTsubnet dedicated to
factory maintenance.One of the major IoT application areas that is already drawing
attention is Smart Environment IoT.
4.3 Utilities
The information from the networks in this application domainis usually for service optimization rather than
consumer consumption.It is already being used by utility companies (smart meter byelectricity supply companies)
for resource management in order tooptimize cost vs. profit. These are made up of very extensive networks(usually
laid out by large organization on a regional and nationalscale) for monitoring critical utilities and efficient resource
management. The backbone network used can vary between cellular,WiFi and satellite communication.Smart grid
and smart metering is another potential IoT applicationwhich is being implemented around the world.
Efficientenergy consumption can be achieved by continuously monitoringevery electricity point within a house and
using this informationto modify the way electricity is consumed. This information at thecity scale is used for
maintaining the load balance within the gridens uring high quality of service.
4.4 Mobile
Smart transportation and smart logistics are placed in a separatedomain due to the nature of data sharing and
backbone implementationrequired. Urban traffic is the main contributor totraffic noise pollution and a major
contributor to urban air qualitydegradation and greenhouse gas emissions. Traffic congestion directly imposes
significant costs on economic and social activitiesin most cities. Supply chain efficiencies and productivity,
includingjust-in-time operations, are severely impacted by this congestioncausing freight delays and delivery
schedule failures. Dynamictraffic information will affect freight movement, allow better planningand improved
scheduling. The transport IoT will enable theuse of large scale WSNs for online monitoring of travel times, origin–
destination (O–D) route choice behaviour, queue lengths andair pollutant and noise emissions.
5. Challenges to achieve full IOT potential
There are key challenges and implications today that need to be addressed before mass adoption of IOT can occur.
5.1 Cost versus Usability
IOT used the technology to connect all the networking devices and physical devices to the internet. For IOT
adoption to grow widely the cost of the component that are need to support capabilities such as tracking, sensing and
control mechanism need to be available at the cheaper rate in the coming year.It had been absorbed that the most
technology component such as radio,Wi-Fi, sensor and GPS, could see a drop in cost of 15% to 45% from 2010 to
IJRISE| www.ijrise.org|editor@ijrise.org [129-134]
International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering
Volume: 1 Special Issue: 1
e-ISSN: 2394-8299
p-ISSN: 2394-8280
2015. For organisations planning to adopt IOT, the reduction in costs of these components needs to be less than the
increase in revenue margins that can be gained from a better product and service .
5.2 Privacy and Security
As the adoption of IOT becomes pervasive, data that is captured and stored becomes huge and not easy to maintain.
One of the main concerns that the IOT has to address is privacy. The most important challenge in convincing users
to adopt emerging technologies is the protection of data and privacy. Concerns over privacy and data protection are
widespread, particularly as sensors and smart tags can track user movements, habits and ongoing preferences.
Invisible and constant data exchange between things and people, and between things and other things, will take
place, unknown to the owners and originators of such data. IOT implementations would need to decide who controls
the data and for how long. The fact that in the IOT, a lot of data flows autonomously and without human knowledge
makes it very important to have authorisation protocols in place to avoid the misuse of data. Moreover, protecting
privacy must not be limited to technical solutions, but must encompass regulatory, market -based
3. CONCLUS ION
The proliferation of devices with communicating–actuating capabilities is bringing closer the vision of an Internet of
Things, where the sensing and actuation functions seamlessly blend into the background and new capabilities are
made possible throughaccess of rich new information sources. The requirement of specific purpose driven
electronics circuits creates thousands may be millions of jobs. Even at this very moment, Cisco is developing Asia‘s
very first Internet of Things hub in Bangalore. This can resolve the issue of unemp loyment of engineers.The
evolution of the nextgeneration mobile system will depend on the creativity of the usersin designing new
applications.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[7] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor networks: a survey, Computer
Networks 38 (2002) 393–422
[8] L. Atzori, A. Iera, G. Morabito, The Internet of Things: a survey, Computer Networks 54 (2010) 2787–
2805.
M. Yun, B. Yuxin, Research on the architecture and key technology of Internet of Things (IoT) applied on
smart grid, in: Advances in Energy Engineering, ICAEE, 2010, pp. 69–72.
L. Haiyan, C. Song, W. Dalei, N. Stergiou, S. Ka-Chun, A remote markerless human gait tracking for ehealthcare based on content-aware wireless multimedia communications, IEEE Wireless Commu nications 17
(2010) 44–50.
G. Nussbaum, People with disabilities: assistive homes and environments,in: Computers Helping People with
Special Needs, 2006
IJRISE| www.ijrise.org|editor@ijrise.org [129-134]