1. No category

AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With
Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update: A Guideline From
the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation
Sidney C. Smith, Jr, Emelia J. Benjamin, Robert O. Bonow, Lynne T. Braun, Mark A. Creager,
Barry A. Franklin, Raymond J. Gibbons, Scott M. Grundy, Loren F. Hiratzka, Daniel W. Jones,
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Margo Minissian, Lori Mosca, Eric D. Peterson, Ralph L. Sacco, John
Spertus, James H. Stein and Kathryn A. Taubert
Circulation. published online November 3, 2011;
Circulation is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231
Copyright © 2011 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
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AHA/ACCF Guideline
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction
Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update
A Guideline From the American Heart Association and American College
of Cardiology Foundation
Endorsed by the World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association
Sidney C. Smith, Jr, MD, FAHA, FACC, Chair; Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, ScM, FAHA, FACC;
Robert O. Bonow, MD, FAHA, FACC; Lynne T. Braun, PhD, ANP, FAHA;
Mark A. Creager, MD, FAHA, FACC; Barry A. Franklin, PhD, FAHA;
Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FAHA, FACC; Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD, FAHA;
Loren F. Hiratzka, MD, FAHA, FACC; Daniel W. Jones, MD, FAHA;
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM, FAHA, FACC; Margo Minissian, ACNP, AACC, FAHA;
Lori Mosca, MD, PhD, MPH, FAHA; Eric D. Peterson, MD, MPH, FAHA, FACC;
Ralph L. Sacco, MD, MS, FAHA; John Spertus, MD, MPH, FAHA, FACC;
James H. Stein, MD, FAHA, FACC; Kathryn A. Taubert, PhD, FAHA
S
ince the 2006 update of the American Heart Association
(AHA)/American College of Cardiology Foundation
(ACCF) guidelines on secondary prevention,1 important evidence from clinical trials has emerged that further supports and
broadens the merits of intensive risk-reduction therapies for
patients with established coronary and other atherosclerotic
vascular disease, including peripheral artery disease, atherosclerotic aortic disease, and carotid artery disease. In reviewing this
evidence and its clinical impact, the writing group believed it
would be more appropriate to expand the title of this guideline to
“Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients
With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease.”
Indeed, the growing body of evidence confirms that in patients
with atherosclerotic vascular disease, comprehensive risk factor
management reduces risk as assessed by a variety of outcomes,
including improved survival, reduced recurrent events, the need
for revascularization procedures, and improved quality of life. It
is important not only that the healthcare provider implement
these recommendations in appropriate patients but also that
healthcare systems support this implementation to maximize the
benefit to the patient.
Compelling evidence-based results from recent clinical trials
and revised practice guidelines provide the impetus for this
update of the 2006 recommendations with evidence-based results2–165 (Table 1). Classification of recommendations and level
of evidence are expressed in ACCF/AHA format, as detailed in
Table 2. Recommendations made herein are largely based on
major practice guidelines from the National Institutes of Health
and updated ACCF/AHA practice guidelines, as well as on
results from recent clinical trials. Thus, the development of the
present guideline involved a process of partial adaptation of
other guideline statements and reports and supplemental litera-
The American Heart Association makes every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an outside
relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the writing panel. Specifically, all members of the writing group are required
to complete and submit a Disclosure Questionnaire showing all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest.
This document was approved by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee on October 5, 2011, and by the
American College of Cardiology Foundation Board of Trustees on September 29, 2011.
The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows: Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA,
Franklin BA, Gibbons RJ, Grundy SM, Hiratzka LF, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones DM, Minissian M, Mosca L, Peterson ED, Sacco RL, Spertus J, Stein JH,
Taubert KA. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011
update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124:●●●–●●●.
Copies: This document is available on the World Wide Web site of the American Heart Association (my.americanheart.org). A copy of the document
is available at http://my.americanheart.org/statements by selecting either the “By Topic” link or the “By Publication Date” link. To purchase additional
reprints, call 843-216-2533 or e-mail kelle.ramsay@wolterskluwer.com.
Expert peer review of AHA Scientific Statements is conducted at the AHA National Center. For more on AHA statements and guidelines development,
visit http://my.americanheart.org/statements and select the “Policies and Development” link.
Permissions: Multiple copies, modification, alteration, enhancement, and/or distribution of this document are not permitted without the express
permission of the American Heart Association. Instructions for obtaining permission are located at http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/General/
Copyright-Permission-Guidelines_UCM_300404_Article.jsp. A link to the “Copyright Permissions Request Form” appears on the right side of the page.
(Circulation. 2011;124:00-00.)
© 2011 American Heart Association, Inc.
Circulation is available at http://circ.ahajournals.org
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318235eb4d
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November 29, 2011
Table 1. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic
Vascular Disease: 2011 Update: Intervention Recommendations With Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence
Area for Intervention
Recommendations
Smoking
Goal: Complete cessation. No
exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke
Blood pressure control
Goal: ⬍140/90 mm Hg
Class I
1. Patients should be asked about tobacco use status at every office visit.2,3,4,5,7 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. Every tobacco user should be advised at every visit to quit.4,5,7,9 (Level of Evidence: A)
3. The tobacco user’s willingness to quit should be assessed at every visit. (Level of Evidence: C)
4. Patients should be assisted by counseling and by development of a plan for quitting that may include pharmacotherapy
and/or referral to a smoking cessation program.4–9 (Level of Evidence: A)
5. Arrangement for follow up is recommended. (Level of Evidence: C)
6. All patients should be advised at every office visit to avoid exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work, home,
and public places.10,11 (Level of Evidence: B)
Note: The writing committee did not think that the 2006 recommendations for blood pressure control (below)
should be modified at this time. The writing committee anticipates that the recommendations will be reviewed
when the updated JNC guidelines are released.
Class I
1. All patients should be counseled regarding the need for lifestyle modification: weight control; increased physical
activity; alcohol moderation; sodium reduction; and emphasis on increased consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, and
low-fat dairy products.12–16 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. Patients with blood pressure ⱖ140/90 mm Hg should be treated, as tolerated, with blood pressure medication, treating
initially with ␤-blockers and/or ACE inhibitors, with addition of other drugs as needed to achieve goal blood
pressure.12,17,18 (Level of Evidence: A)
Lipid management
Goal: Treatment with statin
therapy; use statin therapy to
achieve an LDL-C of ⬍100
mg/dL; for very high risk*
patients an LDL-C ⬍70 mg/dL
is reasonable; if triglycerides
are ⱖ200 mg/dL, non–HDL-C†
should be ⬍130 mg/dL,
whereas non–HDL-C ⬍100
mg/dL for very high risk
patients is reasonable
Note: The writing committee anticipates that the recommendations will be reviewed when the updated ATP
guidelines are released.
Class I
1. A lipid profile in all patients should be established, and for hospitalized patients, lipid-lowering therapy as
recommended below should be initiated before discharge.20 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. Lifestyle modifications including daily physical activity and weight management are strongly recommended for all
patients.19,29 (Level of Evidence: B)
3. Dietary therapy for all patients should include reduced intake of saturated fats (to ⬍7% of total calories), trans fatty
acids (to ⬍1% of total calories), and cholesterol (to ⬍200 mg/d).21–24,29 (Level of Evidence: B)
4. In addition to therapeutic lifestyle changes, statin therapy should be prescribed in the absence of contraindications or
documented adverse effects.25–29 (Level of Evidence: A)
5. An adequate dose of statin should be used that reduces LDL-C to ⬍100 mg/dL AND achieves at least a 30% lowering
of LDL-C.25–29 (Level of Evidence: C)
6. Patients who have triglycerides ⱖ200 mg/dL should be treated with statins to lower non–HDL-C to ⬍130
mg/dL.25–27,30 (Level of Evidence: B)
7. Patients who have triglycerides ⬎500 mg/dL should be started on fibrate therapy in addition to statin therapy to
prevent acute pancreatitis. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIa
1. If treatment with a statin (including trials of higher-dose statins and higher-potency statins) does not achieve the goal
selected for a patient, intensification of LDL-C–lowering drug therapy with a bile acid sequestrant‡ or niacin§ is
reasonable.31–33 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. For patients who do not tolerate statins, LDL-C–lowering therapy with bile acid sequestrants‡ and/or niacin§ is
reasonable.35,36 (Level of Evidence: B)
3. It is reasonable to treat very high-risk patients* with statin therapy to lower LDL-C to ⬍70 mg/dL.26–28,37,38,166 (Level
of Evidence: C)
4. In patients who are at very high risk* and who have triglycerides ⱖ200 mg/dL, a non–HDL-C goal of ⬍100 mg/dL is
reasonable.25–27,30 (Level of Evidence: B)
(Continued)
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Smith et al
Table 1.
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention: 2011 Update
3
Continued
Area for Intervention
Lipid management cont’d
Recommendations
Class IIb
1. The use of ezetimibe may be considered for patients who do not tolerate or achieve target LDL-C with statins, bile
acid sequestrants,‡ and/or niacin.§ (Level of Evidence: C)
2. For patients who continue to have an elevated non–HDL-C while on adequate statin therapy, niacin§ or fibrate储
therapy32,35,41 (Level of Evidence: B) or fish oil (Level of Evidence: C) may be reasonable.
3. For all patients, it may be reasonable to recommend omega-3 fatty acids from fish¶ or fish oil capsules (1 g/d) for
cardiovascular disease risk reduction.44–46 (Level of Evidence: B)
Physical activity
Goal: At least 30 minutes, 7
days per week (minimum 5
days per week)
Class I
1. For all patients, the clinician should encourage 30 to 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, such as brisk
walking, at least 5 days and preferably 7 days per week, supplemented by an increase in daily lifestyle activities (eg,
walking breaks at work, gardening, household work) to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and move patients out of the
least fit, least active high-risk cohort (bottom 20%).54,55,58 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. For all patients, risk assessment with a physical activity history and/or an exercise test is recommended to guide
prognosis and prescription.47–52,58 (Level of Evidence: B)
3. The clinician should counsel patients to report and be evaluated for symptoms related to exercise. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIa
1. It is reasonable for the clinician to recommend complementary resistance training at least 2 days per week.59 (Level
of Evidence: C)
Weight management
Goals:
Body mass index: 18.5 to
24.9 kg/m2
Waist circumference: women
⬍35 inches (⬍89 cm), men
⬍40 inches (⬍102 cm)
Class I
1. Body mass index and/or waist circumference should be assessed at every visit, and the clinician should consistently
encourage weight maintenance/reduction through an appropriate balance of lifestyle physical activity, structured
exercise, caloric intake, and formal behavioral programs when indicated to maintain/achieve a body mass index
between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2.60–62,65–70 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. If waist circumference (measured horizontally at the iliac crest) is ⱖ35 inches (ⱖ89 cm) in women and ⱖ40 inches
(ⱖ102 cm) in men, therapeutic lifestyle interventions should be intensified and focused on weight management.66–70 (Level
of Evidence: B)
3. The initial goal of weight loss therapy should be to reduce body weight by approximately 5% to 10% from baseline.
With success, further weight loss can be attempted if indicated. (Level of Evidence: C)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
management
Note: Recommendations below are for prevention of cardiovascular complications.
Class I
1. Care for diabetes should be coordinated with the patient’s primary care physician and/or endocrinologist. (Level of Evidence: C)
2. Lifestyle modifications including daily physical activity, weight management, blood pressure control, and lipid
management are recommended for all patients with diabetes.19,22-24,29,56,58,59,62,66,74,162 (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
1. Metformin is an effective first-line pharmacotherapy and can be useful if not contraindicated.74–76 (Level of Evidence: A)
2. It is reasonable to individualize the intensity of blood sugar–lowering interventions based on the individual patient’s risk
of hypoglycemia during treatment. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIb
1. Initiation of pharmacotherapy interventions to achieve target HbA1c may be reasonable.71,72,74-80 (Level of Evidence: A)
2. A target HbA1c of ⱕ7% may be considered. (Level of Evidence: C)
3. Less stringent HbA1c goals may be considered for patients with a history of severe hypoglycemia, limited life
expectancy, advanced microvascular or macrovascular complications, or extensive comorbidities, or those in whom the
goal is difficult to attain despite intensive therapeutic interventions. (Level of Evidence: C)
Antiplatelet
agents/anticoagulants
Class I
1. Aspirin 75–162 mg daily is recommended in all patients with coronary artery disease unless contraindicated.64,81,82,116
(Level of Evidence: A)
● Clopidogrel 75 mg daily is recommended as an alternative for patients who are intolerant of or allergic to aspirin.117
(Level of Evidence: B)
2. A P2Y12 receptor antagonist in combination with aspirin is indicated in patients after ACS or PCI with stent
placement.83–85 (Level of Evidence: A)
● For patients receiving a bare-metal stent or drug-eluting stent during PCI for ACS, clopidogrel 75 mg daily, prasugrel 10
mg daily, or ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily should be given for at least 12 months.84,86,113,114 (Level of Evidence: A)
(Continued)
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Table 1.
November 29, 2011
Continued
Area for Intervention
Antiplatelet
agents/anticoagulants cont’d
Recommendations
3. For patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, aspirin should be started within 6 hours after surgery to
reduce saphenous vein graft closure. Dosing regimens ranging from 100 to 325 mg daily for 1 year appear to be
efficacious.87–90 (Level of Evidence: A)
4. In patients with extracranial carotid or vertebral atherosclerosis who have had ischemic stroke or TIA, treatment with
aspirin alone (75–325 mg daily), clopidogrel alone (75 mg daily), or the combination of aspirin plus extended-release
dipyridamole (25 mg and 200 mg twice daily, respectively) should be started and continued.91,104,116 (Level of
Evidence: B)
5. For patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease of the lower extremity, antiplatelet therapy with
aspirin (75–325 mg daily) or clopidogrel (75 mg daily) should be started and continued.92,107,116,117 (Level of Evidence: A)
6. Antiplatelet therapy is recommended in preference to anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or other vitamin K
antagonists to treat patients with atherosclerosis.93,94,105,110 (Level of Evidence: A)
● If there is a compelling indication for anticoagulant therapy, such as atrial fibrillation, prosthetic heart valve, left
ventricular thrombus, or concomitant venous thromboembolic disease, warfarin should be administered in addition to
the low-dose aspirin (75–81 mg daily).95,99–102 (Level of Evidence: A)
● For patients requiring warfarin, therapy should be administered to achieve the recommended INR for the specific
condition.81,96 (Level of Evidence: B)
● Use of warfarin in conjunction with aspirin and/or clopidogrel is associated with increased risk of bleeding and
should be monitored closely.97,98,110 (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
1. If the risk of morbidity from bleeding outweighs the anticipated benefit afforded by thienopyridine therapy after stent
implantation, earlier discontinuation (eg, ⬍12 months) is reasonable. (Level of Evidence: C) (Note: the risk for serious
cardiovascular events because of early discontinuation of thienopyridines is greater for patients with drug-eluting stents
than those with bare-metal stents.)
2. After PCI, it is reasonable to use 81 mg of aspirin per day in preference to higher maintenance doses.84,85,118–122
(Level of Evidence: B)
3. For patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, clopidogrel (75 mg daily) is a reasonable alternative in
patients who are intolerant of or allergic to aspirin. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIb
1. The benefits of aspirin in patients with asymptomatic peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities are not well
established.108,109 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. Combination therapy with both aspirin 75 to 162 mg daily and clopidogrel 75 mg daily may be considered in patients
with stable coronary artery disease.112 (Level of Evidence: B)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system blockers
ACE inhibitors
Class I
1. ACE inhibitors should be started and continued indefinitely in all patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ⱕ40%
and in those with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, unless contraindicated.124,125 (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
1. It is reasonable to use ACE inhibitors in all other patients.126 (Level of Evidence: B)
ARBs
Class I
1. The use of ARBs is recommended in patients who have heart failure or who have had a myocardial infarction with left
ventricular ejection fraction ⱕ40% and who are ACE-inhibitor intolerant.130–132 (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
1. It is reasonable to use ARBs in other patients who are ACE-inhibitor intolerant.133 (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
1. The use of ARBs in combination with an ACE inhibitor is not well established in those with systolic heart failure.132,134
(Level of Evidence: A)
Aldosterone blockade
Class I
1. Use of aldosterone blockade in post–myocardial infarction patients without significant renal dysfunction# or
hyperkalemia** is recommended in patients who are already receiving therapeutic doses of an ACE inhibitor and
␤-blocker, who have a left ventricular ejection fraction ⱕ40%, and who have either diabetes or heart failure.136,137
(Level of Evidence: A)
(Continued)
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Smith et al
Table 1.
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention: 2011 Update
5
Continued
Area for Intervention
␤-Blockers
Recommendations
Class I
1. ␤-Blocker therapy should be used in all patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction ⱕ40%) with
heart failure or prior myocardial infarction, unless contraindicated. (Use should be limited to carvedilol, metoprolol
succinate, or bisoprolol, which have been shown to reduce mortality.)138,140,141 (Level of Evidence: A)
2. ␤-Blocker therapy should be started and continued for 3 years in all patients with normal left ventricular function who
have had myocardial infarction or ACS.139,142,143 (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
1. It is reasonable to continue ␤-blockers beyond 3 years as chronic therapy in all patients with normal left ventricular
function who have had myocardial infarction or ACS.139,142,143 (Level of Evidence: B)
2. It is reasonable to give ␤-blocker therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction ⱕ40%)
without heart failure or prior myocardial infarction. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIb
1. ␤-Blockers may be considered as chronic therapy for all other patients with coronary or other vascular disease. (Level
of Evidence: C)
Influenza vaccination
Class I
1. Patients with cardiovascular disease should have an annual influenza vaccination.144–147 (Level of Evidence: B)
Depression
Class IIa
1. For patients with recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery or myocardial infarction, it is reasonable to screen for
depression if patients have access to case management, in collaboration with their primary care physician and a
mental health specialist.148–152 (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
1. Treatment of depression has not been shown to improve cardiovascular disease outcomes but may be reasonable for
its other clinical benefits. (Level of Evidence: C)
Cardiac rehabilitation
Class I
1. All eligible patients with ACS or whose status is immediately post coronary artery bypass surgery or post-PCI should
be referred to a comprehensive outpatient cardiovascular rehabilitation program either prior to hospital discharge or
during the first follow-up office visit.55,154,161,163 (Level of Evidence: A)
2. All eligible outpatients with the diagnosis of ACS, coronary artery bypass surgery or PCI (Level of Evidence: A),55,154,155,161
chronic angina (Level of Evidence: B),161,163 and/or peripheral artery disease (Level of Evidence: A)158,164 within the
past year should be referred to a comprehensive outpatient cardiovascular rehabilitation program.
3. A home-based cardiac rehabilitation program can be substituted for a supervised, center-based program for low-risk
patients.153,159,160 (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
1. A comprehensive exercise-based outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program can be safe and beneficial for clinically
stable outpatients with a history of heart failure.159,159a–159c (Level of Evidence: B)
JNC indicates the report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High
Blood Pressure guidelines; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ATP, Adult Treatment Panel; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA, transient ischemic attack; INR,
international normalized ratio; and ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
*Presence of established CVD plus (1) multiple major risk factors (especially diabetes), (2) severe and poorly controlled risk factors (especially continued cigarette
smoking), (3) multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome (especially high triglycerides ⱖ200 mg/dL plus non–HDL-C ⱖ130 mg/dL with low HDL-C ⬍40 mg/dL),
and (4) patients with ACSs.
†Non–HDL-C⫽total cholesterol minus HDL-C.
‡The use of bile acid sequestrants is relatively contraindicated when triglycerides are ⱖ200 mg/dL and is contraindicated when triglycerides are ⱖ500 mg/dL.
§Dietary supplement niacin must not be used as a substitute for prescription niacin.
㛳The combination of high-dose statin plus fibrate (especially gemfibrozil) can increase risk for severe myopathy. Statin doses should be kept relatively low with this combination.
¶Pregnant and lactating women should limit their intake of fish to minimize exposure to methylmercury.
#Estimated creatinine clearance should be ⬎30 mL/min.
**Potassium should be ⬍5.0 mEq/L.
ture searches. The recommendations listed in this document are,
whenever possible, evidence based. Writing group members
performed these relevant supplemental literature searches with
key search phrases including but not limited to tobacco/smoking/
smoking cessation; blood pressure control/hypertension; choles-
terol/hypercholesterolemia/lipids/lipoproteins/dyslipidemia;
physical activity/exercise/exercise training; weight management/overweight/obesity; type 2 diabetes mellitus management; antiplatelet agents/anticoagulants; renin/angiotensin/
aldosterone system blockers; ␤-blockers; influenza vaccination;
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Table 2.
November 29, 2011
Applying Classification of Recommendation and Level of Evidence
A recommendation with Level of Evidence B or C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in the guidelines do not
lend themselves to clinical trials. Although randomized trials are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a particular test or therapy is useful or effective.
*Data available from clinical trials or registries about the usefulness/efficacy in different subpopulations, such as sex, age, history of diabetes, history of prior
myocardial infarction, history of heart failure, and prior aspirin use.
†For comparative effectiveness recommendations (Class I and IIa; Level of Evidence A and B only), studies that support the use of comparator verbs should involve
direct comparisons of the treatments or strategies being evaluated.
clinical depression/depression screening; and cardiac/cardiovascular rehabilitation. Additional searches crossreferenced these topics with the subtopics of clinical trials,
secondary prevention, atherosclerosis, and coronary/cerebral/peripheral artery disease. These searches were limited to studies,
reviews, and other evidence conducted in human subjects
and published in English. In addition, the writing group
reviewed documents related to the subject matter previously published by the AHA, the ACCF, and the National
Institutes of Health.
With regard to lipids and dyslipidemias, the lipid reduction
trials published between 2002 and 200618,25,166 –168 included
⬎50 000 patients and resulted in new optional therapeutic
targets, which were outlined in the 2004 update of the National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)
III report.169 These changes defined optional lower target cholesterol levels for very high-risk coronary heart disease (CHD)
patients, especially those with acute coronary syndromes, and
expanded indications for drug treatment. Subsequent to the 2004
update of ATP III, 2 additional trials26,27 demonstrated cardiovascular benefit for lipid lowering significantly below current
cholesterol goal levels for those with chronic coronary heart
disease. These trials allowed for alterations in the 2006 guideline, such that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
should be ⬍100 mg/dL for all patients with CHD and other
clinical forms of atherosclerotic disease, but in addition, it is
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Smith et al
reasonable to treat to LDL-C ⬍70 mg/dL in patients at highest
risk. The benefits of lipid-lowering therapy are in proportion to
the reduction in LDL-C, and when LDL-C is above 100 mg/dL,
an adequate dose of statin therapy should be used to achieve at
least a 30% lowering of LDL-C. When the ⬍70 mg/dL target is
chosen, it may be prudent to increase statin therapy in a graded
fashion to determine a patient’s response and tolerance. Furthermore, if it is not possible to attain LDL-C ⬍70 mg/dL because
of a high baseline LDL-C, it generally is possible to achieve
LDL-C reductions of ⬎50% with either statins or LDL-C–
lowering drug combinations. For patients with triglyceride levels
ⱖ200 mg/dL, non– high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values
should be used as a guide to therapy. Although no studies have
directly tested treatment to target strategies, the target LDL-C
and non–HDL-C levels are derived from several randomized
controlled trials where the LDL-C levels achieved for patients
showing benefit are used to suggest targets. Thus, references for
the studies from which targets are derived are listed and targets
are considered as level of evidence C. Importantly, this guideline
statement for patients with atherosclerotic disease does not
modify the recommendations of the 2004 ATP III update for
patients without atherosclerotic disease who have diabetes mellitus or multiple risk factors and a 10-year risk level for CHD
⬎20%. In the latter 2 types of high-risk patients, the recommended LDL-C goal of ⬍100 mg/dL has not changed. Finally,
to avoid any misunderstanding about cholesterol management in
general, it must be emphasized that a reasonable cholesterol
level of ⬍70 mg/dL does not apply to other types of lower-risk
individuals who do not have CHD or other forms of atherosclerotic disease; in such cases, recommendations contained in the
2004 ATP III update still pertain. The writing group agreed that
no further changes be made in the recommendations for treatment of dyslipidemia pending the expected publication of the
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s updated ATP guidelines in 2012. Similar recommendations were made for the
treatment of hypertension by the writing group pending the
publication of the updated report of the National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute’s Joint National Committee on Prevention,
Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
guidelines, expected in the spring of 2012.
Trials involving other secondary prevention therapies also
have influenced major practice guidelines used to formulate the
recommendations in the present update. Thus, specific recommendations for clopidogrel use in post–acute coronary syndrome
or post–percutaneous coronary intervention stented patients
were included in the 2006 update, and recommendations regarding prasugrel and ticagrelor are added to this guideline on the
basis of the results of the TRITON-TIMI 38 trial (Trial to Assess
Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet
Inhibition With Prasugrel–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) and PLATO (Study of Platelet Inhibition and Patient
Outcomes). The present update continues to recommend lowerdose aspirin for chronic therapy. The results of additional studies
have further confirmed the benefit of aldosterone antagonist
therapy among patients with impaired left ventricular function.
The results of several trials involving angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitor therapy among patients at relatively low risk
with stable coronary disease and normal left ventricular function
influenced the current recommendations.32 Finally, the recom-
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention: 2011 Update
7
mendations for ␤-blocker therapy have been clarified to reflect
the fact that evidence supporting their efficacy is greatest among
patients with recent myocardial infarction (⬍3 years) and/or left
ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction
ⱕ40%). For those patients without these Class I indications,
␤-blocker therapy is optional (Class IIa or IIb).
The writing group confirms the recommendation introduced
in 2006 for this guideline with regard to influenza vaccination.
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended
for individuals who have chronic disorders of the cardiovascular
system because they are at increased risk for complications
from influenza.147 Additionally, the writing group added new
sections on depression and on cardiovascular rehabilitation.
The writing group continues to emphasize the importance of
giving consideration to the use of cardiovascular medications
that have been proven in randomized clinical trials to be of
benefit. This strengthens the evidence-based foundation for
therapeutic application of these guidelines. The committee acknowledges that ethnic minorities, women, and the elderly are
underrepresented in many trials and urges physician and patient
participation in trials that will provide additional evidence with
regard to therapeutic strategies for these groups of patients.
In the 15 years since these guidelines were first published,
2 other developments have made them even more important
in clinical care. First, the aging of the population continues to
expand the number of patients living with a diagnosis of
cardiovascular disease (now estimated at 16.3 million for
CHD alone)170 who might benefit from these therapies.
Second, multiple studies of the use of these recommended
therapies in appropriate patients, although showing slow
improvement, continue to support the discouraging conclusion that many patients in whom therapies are indicated are
not receiving them in actual clinical practice. The AHA and
ACCF recommend the use of programs such as the AHA’s
Get With The Guidelines,171 the American Cancer Society/
American Diabetes Association/AHA’s Guideline Advantage
Program,172 and the ACC’s PINNACLE (Practice INNovation And CLinical Excellence) program173 to identify appropriate patients for therapy, provide practitioners with useful
reminders based on the guidelines, and continually assess the
success achieved in providing these therapies to the patients
who can benefit from them. In this regard, it is important that
the healthcare provider not only implement the therapies
according to their class of recommendation but also assess for
and assist with patient compliance with these therapies in
each patient encounter. Discussion of the literature and
supporting references for many of the recommendations
summarized in the present guideline can be found in greater
detail in the upcoming ACCF/AHA guideline for management of patients undergoing PCI,174 ACCF/AHA guideline
for management of patients with peripheral artery disease,175,176 the AHA effectiveness-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women,46 and in the AHA/
American Stroke Association guidelines for the prevention of
stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack.123
Finally, the practitioner should exercise judgment in initiating the various recommendations if the patient has recently
experienced an acute event.
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on September 9, 2014
8
Circulation
November 29, 2011
Disclosures
Writing Group Disclosures
Writing Group
Member
Employment
Research Grant
Other Research
Support
Speakers’ Bureau/
Honoraria
Expert
Witness
Ownership
Interest
Consultant/Advisory
Board
Other
Sidney C. Smith,
Jr
University of North
Carolina
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Emelia J.
Benjamin
Boston University
School of Medicine
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Northwestern
University
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Lynne T. Braun
Rush University
Medical Center
NIH-Coinvestigator,
Reducing Health
Disparity in African
American Women:
Adherence to Physical
Activity*
None
None
None
None
None
None
Mark A. Creager
Brigham and Women’s
Hospital
Merck†; Sanofi
Aventis†
None
None
None
None
Pfizer*; Sanofi
Aventis*; Merck (via
TIMI group)*;
AstraZeneca*
None
Barry A. Franklin
William Beaumont
Hospital
None
None
I receive honoraria
throughout the year
for talks to hospitals
(ie, medical grand
rounds) and cardiac
rehabilitation state
associations*
None
None
Smart Balance
Scientific Advisory
Board*
None
Mayo Clinic
King Pharmaceuticals†;
TherOx†; VeloMedix†
None
None
None
None
Cardiovascular Clinical
Studies*; Medscape
(heart.org)*; Molecular
Insight
Pharmaceuticals*;
TherOx*; Lantheus
Medical Imaging*
None
UT Southwestern
Medical Center
Sankyo†
Perot Foundation†
None
None
None
AstraZeneca*; Merck*;
Merck/ScheringPlough*; Pfizer*
(Relationships ended
3 years ago)
None
Cardiovascular and
Thoracic Surgeons/
Tri-Health Inc
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Daniel W. Jones
University of
Mississippi
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Donald M.
Lloyd-Jones
Northwestern
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Margo Minissian
Cedars Sinai Medical
Center
RWise Study,
Co-Investigator, Gilead
Sciences†
None
None
None
None
None
None
Lori Mosca
Columbia University
NIH*
None
None
None
None
Advise & Consent, Inc.*;
Gilead Science*; Rowpar
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.†;
Sanofi-Aventis*
None
Eric D. Peterson
Duke University
Medical Center
Bristol-Myers
Squibb/Sanofi†; Eli Lilly†;
Merck/Schering-Plough†;
Johnson & Johnson†
None
None
None
None
None
None
Ralph L. Sacco
University of Miami
NINDS–Northern
Manhattan Study*
None
None
None
None
Boehringer Ingelheim*
(ended March 2009);
GlaxoSmithKline
(ended March 2009)*;
Sanofi Aventis*
(ended March 2009);
DSMB (Atrial
Fibrillation
Trial–institutionally
sponsored by
Population Health
Research Institute at
McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario)*
None
Robert O. Bonow
Raymond J.
Gibbons
Scott M. Grundy
Loren F.
Hiratzka
(Continued)
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on September 9, 2014
Smith et al
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention: 2011 Update
9
Writing Group Disclosures, Continued
Writing Group
Member
Other Research
Support
Speakers’ Bureau/
Honoraria
Expert
Witness
Ownership
Interest
Consultant/Advisory
Board
Amgen†; Bristol-Myers
Squibb/Sanofi†; Eli
Lilly†; Cordis†; NIH†;
ACCF†; AHA†
Atherotech†; Roche
Diagnostics†
None
None
Holds copyright to
Kansas City
Cardiomyopathy
Questionnaire†;
holds copyright to
Peripheral Artery
Questionnaire*;
holds copyright to
Seattle Angina
Questionnaire†
St. Jude Medical*;
United HealthCare*;
Amgen*
None
University of Wisconsin
School of Medicine
and Public Health
Sanofi-Aventis† (ended
July 2009); Siemens
Medical Solutions†
(ended July 2009);
SonoSite† (ended
September 2009)
None
Abbott* and Takeda*
(no permanent
remuneration; all
money to charity.
Both were terminated
December 2008)
None
None
Abbott,* Lilly,* and
Takeda* (research
trial DSMBs)
Takeda* (training grant
to institution ended
June 2009); Wisconsin
Alumni Research
Foundation* (royalties
related to carotid
ultrasound and
cardiovascular disease
risk prediction)
World Heart Federation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Employment
Research Grant
Mid America Heart
Institute
James H. Stein
Kathryn A.
Taubert
John Spertus
Other
This table represents the relationships of writing group members that may be perceived as actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest as reported on the Disclosure
Questionnaire, which all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit. A relationship is considered to be “significant” if (1) the person receives $10 000
or more during any 12-month period, or 5% or more of the person’s gross income; or (2) the person owns 5% or more of the voting stock or share of the entity, or owns
$10 000 or more of the fair market value of the entity. A relationship is considered to be “modest” if it is less than “significant” under the preceding definition.
*Modest.
†Significant.
Reviewer Disclosures
Employment
Research Grant
Other
Research
Support
Consultant/Advisory Board
Other
Elliott M. Antman
Brigham & Women’s
Hospital
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Jeffrey L.
Anderson
Intermountain Medical
Center
None
None
None
None
None
AstraZeneca*
None
Gary J. Balady
Boston Medical Center
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Eric R. Bates
University of Michigan
None
None
None
None
None
AstraZeneca*; Daiichi
Sankyo*; Eli Lilly*; Merck*;
Sanofi Aventis*
None
Vera Bittner
University of Alabama at
Birmingham
Clinical site PI for multicenter
trials funded by:
Roche/Genentech†; Gilead;
GSK†; NIH/Abbott†; NIH/Yale†
None
None
None
None
Roche/Genentech*; Amarin*;
Pfizer*
None
Ann F. Bolger
University of California,
San Francisco
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
University of
Pennsylvania
None
None
None
None
None
Board of Trustees, Society
for Cardiovascular Magnetic
Resonance (no monetary
value)*; Editorial Board,
Journal of Cardiovascular
Magnetic Resonance (no
monetary value)*
None
Department of Veterans
Affairs and University of
Washington
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Gregg Fonarow
UCLA
NHLBI†; AHRQ†
None
None
None
None
Novartis†; Medtronic*
None
Federico Gentile
Centro Medico
diagnostic, Naples-Italy
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Larry B.
Goldstein
Duke University
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Jonathan
Halperin
Mount Sinai Medical
Center, New York, NY
None
None
None
None
None
Boehringer Ingelheim†;
Astellas Pharma, US*;
Bristol-Meyers Squibb*;
Daiichi Sankyo*; Johnson &
Johnson*; Pfizer, Inc*;
Sanofi-Aventis*
None
Reviewer
Victor A. Ferrari
Stephan Fihn
Speakers’ Bureau/Honoraria
Expert
Witness
Ownership
Interest
(Continued)
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ by guest on September 9, 2014
10
Circulation
November 29, 2011
Reviewer Disclosures, Continued
Employment
Research Grant
Other
Research
Support
Consultant/Advisory Board
Other
Courtney Jordan
University of Minnesota
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Noel Bairey Merz
Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center
Gilead†
NHLBI†
Mayo Foundation*; SCS
Healthcare†; Practice Point
Communications*; Inst for
Professional Education*;
Medical Education Speakers
Network*; Minneapolis Heart
Institute*; Catholic Healthcare
West*; Novant Health*;
HealthScience Media Inc*;
Huntsworth Health*;
WomenHeart Coalition*; Los
Robles Medical Center*;
Monterrey Community Hospital
(honorarium, donated to
ACC)*; Los Angeles OB-GYN
Society*; Pri-Med*; North
American Menopause Society*
None
Medtronic†
UCSF*; Society for Women’s
Health Research*;
Interquest*; Dannemiller*;
Navvis & Co*; Springer SBM
LLC*; Duke*; NHLBI*; Italian
National Institutes of Health*;
Gilead*
None
Reviewer
L. Kristin Newby
Patrick O’Gara
Thomas W.
Rooke
Vincent Sorrell
Speakers’ Bureau/Honoraria
Expert
Witness
Ownership
Interest
Duke University
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Brigham & Women’s
Hospital
None
None
None
None
None
Lantheus Medical Imaging*
None
Mayo Clinic
None
None
None
None
None
Merck–Adjudication (Event)
Committee*
None
University of Arizona
None
None
Lantheus Medical Imaging†
None
None
None
None
This table represents the relationships of reviewers that may be perceived as actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest as reported on the Disclosure
Questionnaire, which all reviewers are required to complete and submit. A relationship is considered to be “significant” if (1) the person receives $10 000 or more
during any 12-month period, or 5% or more of the person’s gross income; or (2) the person owns 5% or more of the voting stock or share of the entity, or owns
$10 000 or more of the fair market value of the entity. A relationship is considered to be “modest” if it is less than “significant” under the preceding definition.
*Modest.
†Significant.
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KEY WORDS: AHA Scientific Statements 䡲 secondary prevention
coronary disease 䡲 vascular disease 䡲 risk factors
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