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Information for patients
Molar pregnancy
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Weston Park Hospital
Why am I receiving this booklet?
You are receiving this booklet because your gynaecologist has
informed us that you have had a molar pregnancy.
We understand this can be an extremely distressing time for you
and we have a team of staff here to offer help and support.
It is unlikely that you will have heard of this before as it is such
an uncommon condition occurring only once for every 750 live
births. The condition can lead to confusion among patients (and
doctors!) because of the different strange sounding names used
to describe it, for example:
• Hydatidiform mole
• Molar pregnancy
• Partial mole
• Complete mole
• Twin mole
• Invasive mole
• Trophoblastic disease
• Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
• Choriocarcinoma
• Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumour
Another source of confusion is the fact that, after the initial
incident which led to diagnosis, most patients feel perfectly well
unless they are unfortunate enough to have developed
complications. For this reason it may not be clear why we go to
such lengths in monitoring and treatment. Of course, when the
disease is diagnosed, we try to explain everything we have to do
and why.
We hope that this booklet will answer many of your questions
but we do realise you may have some questions and concerns or
you may just wish to talk to somebody following your molar
pregnancy.
In Sheffield at Weston Park Hospital where one of the two
molar pregnancy screening and treatment centres in the United
Kingdom is based we have a team of people trained and
experienced in supporting women following a molar pregnancy.
The team of people includes:
• Professor Rob Coleman, Director of the Treatment Centre
• Mr John Tidy, Consultant gynaecologist,
• Dr Matt Winter, Consultant Oncologist
• Jan Everard, Nurse Consultant
• Annie Hill, Nurse Counsellor
• Jane Cook, Nurse Specialist
• Sarah Gillett, Nurse Specialist
What are Clinical Nurse Specialists and Nurse
Counsellors?
They are nurses who are specially trained to give care and
support, in this case, to patients following a molar pregnancy.
What do I do if I want this support?
You can get in touch with members of the nursing team,
Monday - Friday between 10.00am and 5.00pm.
Telephone: 0114 226 5000 and ask Switchboard to bleep Jane
or Sarah on bleep 3348, or Annie on bleep 3292.
If they are not available please ring the office on:
0114 226 5205.
Alternatively you may prefer to email Annie, Sarah, Jane or Jan
at:
Trophoblastic@sth.nhs.uk
If you wish to meet and talk confidentially about your condition,
Annie holds a 'Drop In' clinic once a month. Please ring the
office on:
0114 226 5205 and speak to Julie or Tracey who will give you
the dates and directions to get here. If the dates are not suitable
we will arrange a date to suit.
You may find the patient support website helpful:
www.molarpregnancy.co.uk
This was designed and launched in April 2007 by a Sheffield
patient.
There may also be trained staff at your local hospital who can
offer support following the loss of your pregnancy.
The miscarriage association can offer support to you and/or your
partner over the phone:
Tel. no. 01924 200799
If English is not your first language and you would like to discuss
your molar pregnancy with our nurse specialist, we can arrange
an interpreter and talk with you on the telephone.
What is Gestational Trophoblastic Disease?
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) is an uncommon
complication of any pregnancy. To understand it we look at a
normal pregnancy, this consists of two 'parts' developing in the
womb: the foetus or developing baby, and the placenta or afterbirth.
The placenta has many functions including the feeding of the
baby and the removal of its waste products (the placenta is
made of millions of cells called trophoblasts). These two parts
normally develop together, the end result being a healthy baby
and a placenta.
In trophoblastic disease there is an abnormal overgrowth of all
or part of the placenta, causing what is called a molar
pregnancy or hydatidiform mole. The term seems strange but is
similar to that used for a harmless growth on the skin, which is
also called a mole.
As with skin moles, a hydatidiform mole is often harmless.
However, it can keep growing and, if left untreated, can bury
itself into the organs around it, including the uterus
(womb) and even spread via the blood to other distant organs
including the lungs, liver or brain. It is once it has reached this
stage that it can have serious effects. Although a hydatidiform
mole is not cancer and rarely becomes cancerous, it can behave
in similar ways. Most of our treatment is aimed at stopping the
progress of the disease long before any of these things happen.
What are the different types of Gestational
Trophoblastic Disease?
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: sometimes called
trophoblastic disease). This is an umbrella term used to cover the
range of disease caused by overgrowth of the placenta.
Hydatidiform mole: The commonest kind of trophoblastic
disease, where the overgrowth of the placenta is not malignant
but it can spread to other parts of the body if not treated. This
is divided into:
Partial mole: Where part of an apparently normal placenta
overgrows and part develops normally. There may be a
developing baby present, but the baby unfortunately cannot
survive.
Complete mole: Where the whole placenta is abnormal and
usually grows very rapidly. There is unfortunately no developing
baby.
Persistent trophoblastic disease: Where part of the mole
remains in the body despite initial treatment by the
gynaecologist. Even a tiny amount of mole in the body can grow
quickly and cause problems, so very close monitoring is very
important.
Choriocarcinoma: A very rare form of cancer where the
placenta becomes cancerous (malignant.) This can arise from a
molar pregnancy or follow an otherwise normal pregnancy or
miscarriage. Choriocarcinoma can also spread to other parts of
the body.
Placental site trophoblastic tumour:
This is also a very, very rare form of cancer associated with a
previous pregnancy.
Who does GTD affect?
GTD only affects women and can occur in anyone of
childbearing age (after the start of periods) until the menopause.
It is very rare for women to experience this condition after the
menopause.
The Sheffield Trophoblastic Screening and Treatment Centre
covers a population of over 22 million from the North of
England and North Wales. Around 600 women each year are
registered in Sheffield following the diagnosis of a molar
pregnancy. Charing Cross Hospital in London and Ninewells
Hospital in Dundee also monitor women with trophoblastic
disease.
How is a molar pregnancy diagnosed?
The diagnosis of a molar pregnancy can be made by the
pathologist when he/she looks at the placenta under a
microscope. This is done routinely after any miscarriage,
termination of pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy. A molar
pregnancy may also be suspected for several reasons during an
ongoing pregnancy, for example if the womb is larger or smaller
than it should be for the stage of the pregnancy, or if you are
being sick more than in a normal pregnancy. Complete moles
can also have a characteristic appearance on an ultrasound scan,
so this and the fact that no developing baby is seen when you
have a scan at the ante-natal clinic, can allow the diagnosis to
be suspected.
What treatment will I have?
You may have a surgical scrape (or evacuation) of the womb to
remove as much of the placenta from your womb as possible.
This is a minor operation which is carried out after most
miscarriages (it may also be called a D&C or ERPC). In most
cases, one or two of these minor operations will be enough to
remove the mole permanently. You may have medical
management of the pregnancy when drugs are given to remove
the placental tissue from the womb, occasionally you may have
been left to miscarry the pregnancy yourself.
What happens after my pregnancy has ended?
In a normal pregnancy the placenta makes many hormones to
support itself, the baby and the mother. One of these hormones
is called human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and in a molar
pregnancy, where there is overgrowth of the placenta, there is a
large amount of this hormone produced.
This hCG circulates in your blood and is excreted in your urine.
This hCG can be easily measured in the laboratory from blood or
urine samples. It is helpful in the diagnosis of trophoblastic
disease, but even more useful in helping us decide when a
patient is cured.
When there is no molar tissue in the body, the level of hCG in
the blood and urine is low. When there is a lot of molar tissue in
the body, the level is very high. Following the end of a molar
pregnancy the levels fall gradually.
How do you measure the hCG in my samples?
Once your diagnosis has been made and you have been
registered with our centre which specialises in monitoring
women after molar pregnancy you will be sent urine sample
bottles in the post, and a stamped, addressed box in which to
post them back. We will request a morning urine sample once
every two weeks.
In our laboratory the level of hCG in your urine and blood will
be measured. All being well, your hCG level will quickly become
undetectable and remain so.
The urine tests are important for you because it means we can
tell how your disease is progressing without having to call you
for frequent examinations.
However, as mentioned earlier, even a tiny amount of mole left
in the body can grow and spread, therefore your disease will be
monitored by regular urine samples plus one blood sample
approximately 12 weeks after the end of your pregnancy.
How long does monitoring last?
If the hCG result from your urine sample returns to normal
within 56 days of the end of your pregnancy, you will be
monitored for 6 months from the end of the pregnancy.
If your urine result does not return to normal within that 56
days, monitoring will continue for 6 months from the date of
your first normal result. However, if the level stays high or starts
to rise, this will be detected at our centre. We will then notify
your gynaecologist, who may contact you, or one of our team
may contact you by telephone (if no phone number available, by
letter.) In around 6% of cases drug treatment is required to
remove any remaining disease. If this is the case we must seek
consent for any treatment beforehand. Staff will explain the
risks, benefits and any alternatives if relevant before they ask for
your consent.
If you are unsure about any of the above, please do not hesitate
to ask us for more information.
When can I get pregnant again?
As we assess your disease by measuring a hormone normally
only seen in pregnancy, if you become pregnant during the
course of your follow-up with urine samples, the healthy
pregnancy will result in the rapid rise of hCG levels in your
urine, which might lead to unnecessary worry and confusion.
Pregnancy following too soon after trophoblastic disease may
also increase the risk of recurrence or re-activation of the mole.
For all these reasons you are advised to avoid pregnancy for the
duration of your sample monitoring.
What method of contraception should I use?
The use of the oral contraceptive pill is not recommended until
the hCG levels are normal. We also advise avoiding 'coil'
contraception until normal periods have recommenced;
condoms are recommended.
Could I have another molar pregnancy?
It is rare to have a second molar pregnancy, the vast majority of
women go on to have normal pregnancies following a molar
pregnancy.
How do I get the results of my urine tests?
We will inform you by letter once your test result has returned
to normal. On average it takes 8 weeks to return to normal
following a pregnancy but can take longer.
You may ring for your results Monday to Friday on:
0114 226 5205 if you wish between 10.00am and 1.00pm.
What happens if I have a new pregnancy?
Please inform our Centre at the end of any future pregnancy as
we like to check a urine sample around
6-8 weeks after the end of the pregnancy (including miscarriage)
to ensure the hCG hormone has returned to normal.
Summary
• Trophoblastic disease, or hydatidiform mole, is a rare
complication of pregnancy, where there is overgrowth
of the placenta or afterbirth.
• In the majority of cases the disease is cured by D & C, a minor
gynaecological operation or medical management of your
miscarriage.
• In around 1 in 15 of patients; where this does not result in a
cure, drug treatment is required to eliminate any remaining
tissue.
• Progress and cure is measured by hCG, a hormone made by
the placenta. hCG appears in the urine and is measured at our
specialist centre, by postal samples.
• During the ‘monitoring’ period, when urine is being tested, if
no drug treatment is required to eliminate the disease, you
are asked to avoid pregnancy until the hCG levels have been
normal for 6 months from either the date of the end of your
pregnancy or from the first normal result.
• The oral contraceptive pill should not be taken until the hCG
levels have returned to normal, we also advise avoiding 'coil'
contraception until normal periods are
re-established.
• If left untreated, trophoblastic disease can spread to any part
of the body, with serious effects. Monitoring is therefore of
vital importance to you.
• After the disease has been cured, expect to conceive a
normal, healthy pregnancy if you wish, and remain free of
trophoblastic disease for the rest of your life.
• Please do inform us of any change of address or telephone
number (including mobiles.)
• As mentioned at the beginning of the booklet we are here to
help and answer your questions and concerns. Please do not
sit at home and worry - do contact us.
• If English is not your first language please ask someone to
contact us, we can arrange an interpreter and speak with you
on the telephone.
Your Trophoblastic Screening and Treatment
Centre is:
Weston Park Hospital,
Whitham Road, Sheffield S10 2SJ
Tel: 0114 226 5205
Fax: 0114 226 5511
Director of Centre: Professor RE Coleman
Consultant Gynaecologist: Mr. JA Tidy
Secretaries: Julie Ford, Tracey Byne Tel: 0114 226 5205
Centre website: www.chorio.group.shef.ac.uk
Patient Support website: www.molarpregnancy.co.uk
© Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 2011.
Re-use of all or any part of this document is governed by copyright and the “Re-use of Public Sector Information
Regulations 2005” SI 2005 No.1515. Information on re-use can be obtained from the Information Governance
Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals. Email infogov@sth.nhs.uk
PD4959-PIL1617v2
Issue date: August 2011. Review date: August 2013.