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American Journal of Fluid Dynamics 2015, 5(1): 17-22
DOI: 10.5923/j.ajfd.20150501.02
Numerical Simulations of Co- and
Counter-Taylor-Couette Flows: Influence of the Cavity
Radius Ratio on the Appearance of Taylor Vortices
Nabila Ait-Moussa1, Sébastien Poncet2,*, Abdelrahmane Ghezal3
1
National Computer Sciences Engineering School, Algiers, Algeria
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitéde Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
3
Faculty of Physics, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
2
Abstract Taylor-Couette flows in the annular region between rotating concentric cylinders are studied numerically to
determine the combined effects of the co - and counter-rotation of the outer cylinder and the radius ratio on the system
response. The computational procedure is based on a finite volume method using staggered grids. The axisymmetric
conservative governing equations are solved using the SIMPLER algorithm. One considers the flow confined in a finite
cavity with radius ratios  = 0.25, 0.5, 0.8 and 0.97. One has determined the critical points and properties for the bifurcation
from the basic circular Couette flow (CCF) to the Taylor Vortex Flow (TVF) state. Indeed, the results are presented in terms
of the critical Reynolds number Rei of the inner cylinder that depends on the rotational Reynolds number of the outer cylinder
Reo and. To show the capability of the present code, excellent quantitative agreement has been obtained between the
calculations and previous experimental measurements for a wide range of radius ratios and rotation rates.
Keywords Taylor-Couette flow, Rotating cylinders, Taylor vortex, Finite volume method
1. Introduction
In recent years, the Taylor vortex flow pattern has been
applied intensively to enhance thermal exchange in food
processing industry or mixing in bio-industry and medical
field such as catalytic chemical reactors, dynamic ﬁltration
devices and cell culture bioreactors. This flow is induced by
the force balance between the centrifugal force and the
pressure gradient in the radial direction within the gap of two
concentric rotating cylinders. If the outer cylinder is held
stationary and the inner one rotates at low angular velocities,
the flow is steady and purely azimuthal (circular Couette
flow CCF). Taylor [1] showed that when the angular velocity
of the inner cylinder is increased above a certain threshold,
CCF becomes unstable and is replaced by a series of
axisymmetric counter-rotating toroidal vortices known as
Taylor Vortex Flow (TVF). A further increase in the rotation
rate of the inner cylinder gives rise to series of fluid
transitions with following flow modes, Wavy Vortex Flow
(WVF), Modulated Wavy Vortex Flow (MWVF) and ending
with featureless turbulence.
After a brief review of the previous works focused on the
* Corresponding author:
Sebastien.Poncet@USherbrooke.ca (Sébastien Poncet)
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/ajfd
Copyright © 2015 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved
stability of Taylor-Couette flows in Section 2, the numerical
method is presented in Section 3. The influence of the radius
ratio for the co- and counter-rotating cases on the appearance
of the TVF regime is discussed in detail in Section 4, before
some concluding remarks in Section 5.
2. State-of-Art
In most of the cases, rotation is not limited to the inner
cylinder. In fact, many investigations have been carried out
where both cylinders rotate. Andereck et al. [2] have well
examined this problem in the small gap size and shown
experimentally that the simplest flow CCF can bifurcate out
to the three flow modes, Taylor vortex flow (TVF), spiral
vortices (SPI) and interpenetrating spirals (IPS) in the case of
counter-rotating cylinders. On the other side, when the
cylinders rotate in the same direction, more complex flow
patterns appear only for high values of angular velocities.
The wide gap case was addressed indetail experimentally by
Schulz et al. [3, 4] and numerically by Hoffmann et al. [5, 6].
For a radius ratio η = 0.5, they have determined the
spatio-temporal properties and the bifurcation behaviour of
TVF and SPI states that bifurcate out of CCF. Recently,
Khali et al. [7] have studied this problem in the case of
non-Newtonian fluids using the Lattice Boltzmann Method
(LBM) and Viazzo and Poncet [8] investigated the influence
of a radial temperature gradient on the stability of enclosed
18
Nabila Ait-Moussa et al.: Numerical Simulations of Co- and Counter-Taylor-Couette Flows:
Influence of the Cavity Radius Ratio on the Appearance of Taylor Vortices
Taylor-Couette flows using high-order methods. A large
number of flow parameters control the stability of
Taylor-Couette flows, such that the reader should refer to the
review of Fénot et al. [9] for a more exhaustive state-of-art.
The present paper deals with the numerical examination of
the structure and the dynamic properties of the Taylor vortex
flow (TVF) that bifurcates out of the base state of circular
Couette flow (CCF). To our knowledge, little attention has
been paid to the influences of the gap width and rotational
Reynolds number of the outer cylinder on the transition to
the TVF regime. A particular emphasis has been then placed
on the gap width effects on this transition for radius ratios
covering the wide-gap, mixed-gap and narrow-gap cavities
in the co- and counter-rotating cases.
3. Numerical Modeling
3.1. Geometrical Configuration
One considers the flow confined between two concentric
cylinders of radii Ri and Ro respectively and height h, as
shown in Figure 1. The working fluid is assumed to be
incompressible and Newtonian of density  and kinematic
viscosity. Both cylinders can rotate independently around
their common axisz at the rotation rates i and o
respectively, while the top and bottom end-walls are kept
stationary.
The system is characterized by two geometric parameters:
the radius ratio =Ri/Ro and aspect ratio =h/d, where
d=Ro-Ri is the gap width. Four values of have been here
investigated: η=0.25 (large-gap), 0.5 (middle-gap) and η=0.8
and 0.97 (small-gap). In order to minimize the influence of
the bottom and top disks, a sufficiently large aspect ratio of
=20 has been chosen.
In enclosed systems, the stability of the isothermal flow
depends mainly on two other parameters: the inner and outer
Reynolds numbers, Rei = Ωi Ri d/ νand Reo = Ωo Ro d/ ν
respectively, also referred as Taylor numbers in the
literature.
3.2. Numerical Method
The flow pattern is described by the balance equations for
mass and momentum equations, written in cylindrical
coordinate system (r,,z). To solve this set of coupled
equations numerically, one uses an in-house axisymmetric
code based on the finite volume method using staggered
grids in a (r,z) plane fully described by Elena [10]. The
numerical procedure is based on the SIMPLER algorithm to
solve the velocity-pressure coupling. A (40200) mesh in the
(r,z) frame has proved to be sufficient to get grid independent
solutions for both configurations (Reo = 0 and Reo  0). For
this grid, the size of the thinner mesh is 1r/h = 6.2 10-4 and
1z/h = 1.8510-3 in the radial and axial directions
respectively. It will be used for all cases considered in the
following. About 3.104 iterations are necessary to obtain the
numerical convergence of the calculations.
3.3. Basic Flow State and Validation
The steady base ﬂow solution for diﬀerentially- rotating
cylinders is described by:
u  w  0, v(r )  Ar 
B
r
(1)
where u,v,w are the velocity components (m/s). The
constants A and B are chosen to satisfy the no-slip
conditions, which gives:
A  (   2 )i /(1   2 ), B  Ri2i (1   ) /(1   2 ) (2)
where κ=Ωo/Ωi is the rotation rate ratio. The associated
pressure field P is given by:

P(r )   A2r 2 / 2  2 AB ln( r )  B2 /(2r 2 )

(3)
with a constant axial pressure gradient.
Figure 2. Radial distribution of the mean azimuthal velocity component
for z/h=0.1, Rei=50, Reo=0, =20 and =0.5
Figure 1. Sketch of the Taylor-Couette system with relevant notations
To validate the present flow solver, the first state to be
computed was that of circular Couette flow (CCF). In this
sense, Figure 2 shows the tangential velocity profile along
American Journal of Fluid Dynamics 2015, 5(1): 17-22
the radius for Rei=50, Reo=0 and =0.5. It can be observed
an excellent agreement between the calculated solution and
the analytical one for circular Couette flow. The radial
distributions of the radial and axial velocity components (not
shown here) are zero, as expected, except from some flow
regions very close to the end-walls.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Case “Reo=0” – Stationary Outer Cylinder
One first focuses on the middle-gap case with the outer
cylinder keeping at rest (Reo=0). For  = 0.5, the critical
inner Reynolds number Reic for the onset of Taylor vortices
is 68.4. This value perfectly agrees with that obtained by Di
Prima and Swinney [11].
Figure 3 shows some typical maps of the azimuthal
velocity, pressure and stream function for two values of the
19
inner Reynolds number, representing the base flow
(Rei=50<Reic) and the first bifurcation to Taylor vortices
(Rei=72>Reic). From the azimuthal velocity contours, one
can locate inflow and outflow regions with respect to the
walls of the inner cylinderand see the direction of rotation of
the cell. From the streamlines, one can clearly see the
classical axial periodicity of the flow, characterized by a
number of vortices fixed by the value of the aspect ratio Г =
20.
In the case of a stationary outer cylinder and for the four
values of the radius ratio considered here, the critical inner
Reynolds number Reic for the onset of Taylor vortices is
compared with values given by the linear stability of
Gebhardt and Grossmann [12] on Figure 4. One can note that
the numerical values agree particularly well with the linear
stability analysis for all types of cavity (wide-, mixed- or
narrow gap cavities as 0.25≤η≤0.97), which continues to
valid the present numerical flow solver.
Figure 3. Contours of the azimuthal velocity v, pressure P and stream function Ψ in the meridional planes for  = 0.5,  = 20 and Reo = 0: Rei = 50 for the
upper plot and Rei = 72 for the lower one. The whole fluid is shown with the inner cylinder being at the bottom of each subfigure
20
Nabila Ait-Moussa et al.: Numerical Simulations of Co- and Counter-Taylor-Couette Flows:
Influence of the Cavity Radius Ratio on the Appearance of Taylor Vortices
Figure 4. Transition between the CCF and TVF regimes for =20 and
Reo=0. The solid line represents the values given by the linear stability
analysis of Gebhardt and Grossmann [12] and the symbols represent the
present calculations
(Rei=2Reo) asymptote of the stability threshold of Couette
ﬂow at large and positive Reo values. All the results being
above this line, the flow is always unstable regarding the
centrifugal instability in an unbounded domain.
One has examined also the effects of the outer cylinder
rotation rate on the development of the vortices within the
gap. Figure 7 shows the numerical streamline contours. In
the case where the cylinders rotate in the same direction
(Figure 7a), 18 vortices appear instead of 20 and the size of
the Ekman vortices increases. This phenomenon can be
explained by some end-wall influence. However, when the
cylinders rotate in opposite directions (Figure 7b), the
number of vortices increases from 20 to 22 and the Ekman
vortices size decreases. Similar observation has also been
made by Khali et al. [7]. One can note that increasing the
co-rotation has a more stabilizing effect compared to the
counter-rotation case.
4.2. Case “Reo≠0” – Rotating Outer Cylinder
The transition from circular Couette flow (CCF) to Taylor
vortex flow (TVF) is considered when the outer cylinder
may also rotate. It is located by fixing Reo and slowly
increasing Rei. In Figure 5, one examines the effect of the
outer cylinder rotation in a Taylor-Couette apparatus of
small (=0.25) intermediate (η=0.5) and large (=0.8 and
0.97) radius ratio. The base flow is unstable to axisymmetric
Taylor vortex flow. Indeed, for a given radius ratio, one can
see that the rotation of the outer cylinder in opposite
direction is at first weakly destabilizing before getting
stabilizing for co-rotation of the cylinders. As an example,
for a radius ratio = 0.5, the minimal value of the transition
point is for an outer Reynolds number Reo=−15 and Rei=66.3,
which is close to the point found by Schulz et al. [3]
(Reomin=-15.26, Rei=66.05). Beyond this value, the inner
Reynolds number Rei increases monotonically as Reo
increases. However, the co-rotation stabilizes the symmetric
flow and the vortices appear for relatively high values of
angular velocities of the inner cylinder and the delay of the
transition is more marked. It can be seen that the rotation of
the outer cylinder has the same qualitative effect as the
imposed axial through flow. In fact, an axial flow stabilizes
the circular Couette flow and delays the transition to TVF,
which appears in a very narrow range of the parameters [13].
One can also see that the transition behaviour is found to
depend strongly on the gap size. Indeed, for wide- and
middle-gap cavities <0.5, increasing the radius ratio has a
destabilizing effect on the circular Couette flow. Beyond this
value, as the annular gap decreases, the critical inner
Reynolds number increases and the flow gets stable.
Figure 6 presents some comparisons with published
results, the measurements of Schulz et al. [3] and the
analytical data of Hoffmann et al. [5] for a radius ratio of
=0.5. One can first observe a very good agreement
concerning the onset of the first instability for outer
Reynolds numbers –77.5Reo 0. In this graph, the Rayleigh
criterion is also plotted and corresponds to the straight-line
Figure 5. Stability diagram for the primary bifurcation to the TVF regime:
Rei versus Reo for four values of η and =20
Figure 6. Comparison of the critical inner Reynolds number for =20 and
=0.5 with different works
American Journal of Fluid Dynamics 2015, 5(1): 17-22
21
(a) Co-rotating case for Reo=+40
Reo=80
Reo=90
Reo=100
Reo=120
(b) Counter-rotating case for Reo=-40
Rei=60
Rei=68,4
Rei=75
Rei=85
Figure 7. Streamline patterns in a meridional plane for =20, =0,5 and (Rei, Reo) as indicated. The whole fluid is shown with the inner cylinder being at
the bottom of each subfigure
5. Conclusions
The effects of the radius ratio and the inner Reynolds
number on the transition between the circular Couette flow
regime (CCF) and the axisymmetric Taylor vortex flow
(TVF) has been investigated numerically. An excellent
quantitative agreement has been obtained between
finite-volume calculations with previous experimental and
analytical studies for a wide range of radius ratios and
rotation rates.
It has been found that the size of the annular gap plays an
important role on the stability threshold of circular Couette
ﬂow. In the wide- and middle-gap cases, as the radius ratio
η  0.5 is decreased, the critical inner Reynolds number
increases contrary to the small gap case (η  0.5), for which
the critical inner Reynolds number is increased as the radius
ratio is increased.
In addition, one can note that for a given radius ratio, the
rotation of the outer cylinder in co- or counter direction
delays the transition from the CCF to the TVF regimes. The
flow in the co-rotating case is more stable than in the
counter-rotating case. In the co-rotating case, the number of
vortices is decreased from N to N-2. On the other hand, the
number of vortices increases from N to N+2 in the case
where the cylinders rotate in opposite directions.
Some calculations have been performed to investigate
successively the influence of an axial Poiseuille flow then a
radial temperature gradient on the stability of the circular
Couette flow regime. These preliminary simulations confirm
the results of Altmeyer et al. [14] and Viazzo and Poncet [8]
respectively: both effects destabilize the CCF regime leading
to 3D instability patterns even for weak values of the
parameters, such that the TVF may be observed in a narrow
range of the parameters. The present solver will be then
extended into three-dimensions in a very close future.
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Influence of the Cavity Radius Ratio on the Appearance of Taylor Vortices
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