PRIVATE CIRCULATION B/558_14_0047 For comment - Action Due Date: 2014/07/01 Sustainability of construction works CEN/TC 350 Date: Doc. Number: 2014-05-15 N 0592 Assistant: Melissa JEAN Direct line : melissa.jean@afnor.org Your contact: Francois BOUCHER Direct line : +33 1 41 62 81 95 francois.boucher@afnor.org ISO CD 21930 Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Core rules for environmental declaration of construction products and services used in any type of construction works COMMENTARIES / Dear member DECISIONS Please find attached the committee draft version of ISO 21930 developped by ISO/TC59/SC17/WG3 for information and comment. Please note that comments should be made to ensure consistency with EN 15804+A. Best regards François Boucher CEN TC350 Secretary FOLLOW UP SOURCE Comments before 2014-07-01 ISO Association Française de Normalisation 11, rue Francis de Pressensé F-93571 La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex http://www.afnor.fr SIRET 775 724 818 00205 ISO/TC 59/SC 17/WG 3 ISO/TC 59/SC 17/WG 3 Environmental declaration of products Email of secretary: hgw@standard.no Convenorship: SN (Norway) ISO/CD 21930 Document type: Committee draft Date of document: 2014-05-14 Expected action: VOTE Action due date: 2014-07-14 Background: Please find commettee draft ready for voting. Committee URL: http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/open/tc59sc17wg3 N 73 ISO/CD 21930 ISO TC 59/SC 17/WG 3 Secretariat: AFNOR Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Core rules for environmental declaration of construction products and services used in any type of construction works CD stage ISO/CD 21930 © ISO 2013 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyright@iso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland. Contents Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................................7 1 Scope ..........................................................................................................................................................................9 2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................... 10 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 10 4 General aspects ................................................................................................................................................... 18 4.1 Objectives of the core PCR (General) ................................................................................................................. 18 4.2 PCR hierarchy and EPD types ............................................................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 Core PCR structure........................................................................................................................................... 19 4.2.2 Relation between Core PCR and sub-category PCR............................................................................ 20 4.3 4.3.1 Types of EPD with respect to Life Cycle Stages covered .................................................................. 23 4.3.2 Average EPD for groups of products ........................................................................................................ 26 4.4 2 Life cycle stages and their information modules .......................................................................................... 21 Development and use of PCR and PCR for a product sub-category ...................................................... 26 4.4.1 Development of PCR ........................................................................................................................................ 26 4.4.2 Development of PCR for a product sub-category ................................................................................ 26 4.4.3 Use of PCR and PCR for a product sub-category .................................................................................. 27 4.5 Use of EPD for construction products ............................................................................................................... 27 4.6 Comparability of EPD for construction products.......................................................................................... 28 4.7 Documentation and communication .................................................................................................................. 28 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 5 Product Category Rules for LCA .................................................................................................................... 29 5.1 Product category ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 5.2 Methodological framework .................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2.1 Declared unit ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2.2 Functional unit................................................................................................................................................... 31 5.2.3 Reference service life requirement ........................................................................................................... 31 5.2.4 System boundaries and technical information (for scenarios) ..................................................... 32 5.2.5 Criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of inputs and outputs ..................................................... 55 5.2.6 Selection of data and data quality requirement................................................................................... 56 5.2.7 Units ....................................................................................................................................................................... 58 5.3 5.3.1 Data collection ................................................................................................................................................... 59 5.3.2 Calculation procedures .................................................................................................................................. 59 5.3.3 Allocation of input and output flows ........................................................................................................ 59 5.3.4 Accounting of biotic carbon during the life cycle ................................................................................ 61 5.3.5 Accounting of delayed emission of biotic carbon – biotic carbon sinks .................................... 61 5.3.6 Land use change ................................................................................................................................................ 61 5.3.7 Calcination and carbonation of pozzulane materials ........................................................................ 62 5.3.8 Inventory indicator describing energy resource use ........................................................................ 62 5.3.9 Inventory indicator describing net use of fresh water ..................................................................... 63 5.3.10 Environmental information describing waste categories and outflows derived from LCA 63 5.4 6 Impact assessment; Parameters describing main environmental impacts derived from LCA .. 64 Environmental information not derived from LCA ............................................................................... 64 6.1 7 Inventory analysis...................................................................................................................................................... 59 Release of dangerous substances to indoor air during the use stage ................................................... 64 6.1.1 Volatile, semi-volatile and very volatile organic compounds ........................................................ 65 6.1.2 Particulate matter ............................................................................................................................................ 66 6.2 Release of dangerous substances to soil and water during the life cycle ........................................... 66 6.3 Substances of very high concern ......................................................................................................................... 68 Content of EPD..................................................................................................................................................... 68 7.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................ 68 7.2 Declaration of general information .................................................................................................................... 69 7.3 Declaration of the methodological framework .............................................................................................. 70 7.4 Declaration of reference service life, technical information and scenarios ....................................... 71 7.5 Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA ................................................................. 71 © ISO #### – All rights reserved 3 ISO/CD 21930 7.5.1 LCA results from life cycle impact assessment – LCIA ...................................................................... 71 7.5.2 LCA results from life cycle inventory ....................................................................................................... 72 7.6 Declaration of environmental information not derived from LCA ........................................................ 72 7.7 Declaration of additional information ............................................................................................................... 73 7.8 References ..................................................................................................................................................................... 73 8 Communication formats .................................................................................................................................. 73 9 Project report ...................................................................................................................................................... 74 9.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................ 74 9.2 LCA-related elements of the project report .................................................................................................... 74 9.3 Rules for data confidentiality ................................................................................................................................ 76 9.4 Documentation on additional information ...................................................................................................... 77 9.5 Data availability for verification .......................................................................................................................... 77 10 Verification and validity of an EPD ......................................................................................................... 77 Annex A (normative) Requirements and guidance on the reference service life ............................... 79 Annex B (informative) Relation between resource use, CED and ADP ................................................... 83 Annex C (normative) Master ITM.......................................................................................................................... 84 Annex D (normative) Lowest concentration of interest values (LCIi) ..................................................... 92 Bibliography (to be completed) ............................................................................................................................ 93 4 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 59/SC 17/WG 3. This international standard replaces ISO 21930:2007. In this second edition of ISO 21930 the following main changes have been made with respect to the previous edition: This second edition is the core set of product category rules (PCR) for Type III environmental declarations for any construction products and services used in any type of buildings and civil engineering works This second edition is applicable for all construction products and services used in any type of buildings and civil engineering works This second edition includes a generic template to present environmental information in a structured and consistent way and in a common format by Information Transfer Matrix (ITM) This second edition provides guidance on product category rules for sub-categories of construction products This second edition gives specific requirements how to define system boundaries and specifies activities to be included in information modules This second edition includes framework for documentation of technical data and subjects for defining scenarios This second edition includes a new information module stage D, which includes LCA based information that describes environmental benefits and loads if the analysed product is reused, material recycled or energy recovered © ISO #### – All rights reserved 5 ISO/CD 21930 This second edition specifies how to develop average EPD for groups of products This second edition specifies data requirements and data quality This second edition includes methods for reporting product VOC emissions to indoor air during the use stage This second edition includes methods for reporting product emissions to water and soil during the life cycle This second edition enables accounting and reporting of biotic carbon during the life cycle This second edition enables accounting and reporting of delayed emission of biotic carbon – biotic carbon sinks This second edition enables accounting and reporting of carbonation This second edition include the impact category abiotic depletion potentials 6 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Introduction Designers of constructions, manufacturers of construction products, users of constructions, owners of constructions and others active in the building and construction sector are increasingly demanding information that enables them to make decisions to address environmental impacts of buildings and other construction works. These demands are currently being addressed only through various national initiatives applying a variety of approaches. It is essential that there be uniformity in the means of expressing environmental product declarations. This includes having a consistent way of arriving at the declaration that is based on basic life-cycle inventory data and additional information not based on life-cycle assessment (LCA). The user expects non-biased information, which is expected be consistent with the best current practice and understanding over the lifetime of the standard. According to the set of four International Standards dealing with environmental labelling, (ISO 14020, ISO 14021, ISO 14024 and ISO 14025), environmental labels and declarations are divided into three principal types: General principles: ISO 14020; Self-declared environmental claims, type II environmental labelling (ISO 14021); Principles and procedures of environmental labels and declarations, types I and III environmental labelling (ISO 14024 and ISO 14025). This International Standard is one in a suite of International Standards dealing with sustainability in building construction that includes the following: a) ISO 15392 Sustainability in building construction — General principles; b) ISO 21932 Buildings and constructed assets — Sustainability in building construction — Terminology; c) ISO/TS 21929-1 Sustainability in building construction — Sustainability indicators — Part 1: Framework for development of indicators for buildings; d) ISO 21930 Sustainability in building construction — Environmental declaration of building products; e) ISO/TS 21931-1 Sustainability in building construction — Framework for methods of assessment for environmental performance of construction works — Part 1: Buildings. Unlike the International Standards listed in a), b), c) and e), ISO 21930 (this International Standard) deals only with environmental impacts and aspects and excludes consideration of the social and economic aspects of sustainability. The relationship among the International Standards is elaborated in Figure 1. © ISO #### – All rights reserved 7 ISO/CD 21930 Construction products ISO 21930: Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Core rules for environmental declaration of construction products and services used in any type of construction works Figure 1 — Suite of related International Standards for sustainability in building construction and construction works The purpose of this International Standard is to describe the core set of products category rules (PCR) for Type III environmental declarations for construction products and services used in any type of buildings and civil engineering works, including consideration of the reference service life of the construction products, seen over the life cycle. 8 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Core rules for environmental declaration of construction products and services used in any type of construction works 1 Scope This International Standard provides the principles and requirements for Type III environmental declarations (EPD) for construction products and services used in any type of buildings and civil engineering works. In this International Standard, unless otherwise designated, the term construction product is used for any goods or service related to buildings and civil engineering works. This International Standard contains specifications and requirements for the EPD of construction products and services used in any types of construction works. Where this International Standard contains more specific requirements, it complements ISO 14025 for the EPD of construction products and services used in any type of construction works. This International Standard contains core set of product category rules (PCR) for Type III environmental declarations for any construction products. This International Standard, as the core PCR document: 1. includes the mandatory requirements (elements) that may not be altered in any PCR based on this International Standard; 2. describes which stages of a construction product's life cycle are considered in the EPD and which processes are to be included in the life cycle stages, and how the stages are subdivided into information modules; 3. includes the rules for calculating the life cycle inventory (LCI), environmental indicators and the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) result reported in the EPD; 4. defines rules for the development of scenarios; 5. includes the rules setting indicators, etc., for relevant environmental and technical information that is not covered by LCA; 6. defines the core elements of EPD content; 7. defines the generic template to present environmental information in a structured and consistent way and in a common format; 8. establishes the structure of a project report; 9. defines the conditions under which construction products can be compared based on the information provided by an EPD; 10. provides guidance on product category rules for sub-categories of construction products. Environmental declarations for construction products, as described in this International Standard, are primarily intended for use in business-to-business communication, but their use in business-toconsumer communication under certain conditions is not precluded. This International Standard specifies certain methodological aspects for inclusion in business-toconsumer communication, but refers to ISO 14025:2010 for further requirements. Requirements for © ISO #### – All rights reserved 9 ISO/CD 21930 Type III environmental declaration programmes that are verified by a third party and based on LCA are found in ISO 14025 and are followed in this standard. The safety of the working environment is not included in this International Standard. The assessment of social and economic impacts at the product level is not covered by this International Standard. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and procedures ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines ISO 6707-1, Building and civil engineering — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms ISO 14001, Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use ISO 14020:2000, Environmental labels and declarations — General principles ISO 14050, Environmental management — Vocabulary ISO 15392, Sustainability in building construction — General principles ISO 15686-1, Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 1: General principles ISO 15686-8, Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 8: Reference service life and service-life estimation ISO/TS 21931-1, Sustainability in building construction — Framework for methods of assessment for environmental performance of construction works — Part 1: Buildings 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6707-1, ISO/TR 21932, ISO 14050, and the following apply. 3.1 EPD Type III environmental declaration environmental product declaration environmental declaration (ISO 15392:2008, 3.11) providing quantified environmental data using predetermined parameters and, where relevant, additional environmental information Note 1 to entry: The predetermined parameters are based on ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. 10 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Note 2 to entry: The additional environmental information may be quantitative or qualitative. [SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.2, modified – with the addition of two additional preferred terms shown, with the initialism EPD being indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept.] 3.2 EPD programme Type III environmental declaration programme voluntary programme for the development and use of Type III environmental declarations (3.1), based on a set of operating rules [SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.3, modified – with the addition of the preferred term, EPD programme, which is indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept.] 3.3 programme operator body or bodies that conduct a Type III environmental declaration programme (3.2) Note 1 to entry: A programme operator can be a company or a group of companies, industrial sector or trade association, public authorities or agencies, or an independent scientific body or other organization. [SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.4] 3.4 PCR product category rules set of specific rules, requirements, and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations (3.1) for one or more product categories (3.12) [SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.5, modified – with the initialism, PCR, being indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept.] 3.5 PCR review process whereby a third party (3.6) panel verifies the product category rules (3.4) 3.6 third party person or body that is recognized as being independent of the parties involved, as concerns the issues in question Note 1 to entry: “Parties involved” are usually supplier (“first party”) and purchaser (“second party”). Note 2 to entry: An individual or institution carrying out the LCA (3.20) modelling and calculation (i.e., LCA practitioner) for an EPD (3.1) is not considered an independent party in the context of verification (ISO 9000:2000, 3.8.4) of the respective EPD. [SOURCE: ISO 14024:1999, 3.7, modified – Note 2 to entry added.] 3.7 construction works everything that is constructed or results from construction operations © ISO #### – All rights reserved 11 ISO/CD 21930 [SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.1.1] 3.8 construction product item manufactured or processed for incorporation in construction works (3.7) Note 1 to entry: Construction products are items supplied by a single responsible body. [SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.1.2, modified – with ‘construction product’ being indicated, instead of ‘product’ as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept and Note 1 to entry added.] 3.9 construction service activity that supports the construction work (ISO 6707-1:2014, 7.1.1) or subsequent maintenance (ISO 6707-1:2014, 7.1.41) [SOURCE: EN 15804:2012, 3.6, modified – reference to construction work inserted.] 3.10 construction element part of a construction (ISO 6707-1:2014, 5.5.6) containing a defined combination of construction products (3.8) [SOURCE: EN 15804:2012, 3.9] 3.11 building integrated technical systems installed technical equipment to support the operation of a building (ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.1.3) Note 1 to entry: This includes technical building systems (ISO 16818:2008, 3.225) for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, lighting and electricity production, and other systems for sanitation, security, fire safety, and internal transport. [SOURCE: ISO 16818:2008, 3.225, modified - with the compound term building integrated technical systems being indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept, the concept expanded to include all equipment used to support building operations, and the addition of Note 1 to entry.] 3.12 product category group of construction products (3.8) for which the same rules are valid when assessing their environmental performance (3.19) within an EPD (3.1). EXAMPLE: Product category for solid wood (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.3.1), where EPDs based on the same PCR (3.4) are published for a number of different timber (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.3.2) construction products (3.8), e.g. softwood plywood (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.3.29), sawn timber (sawn lumber) (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.3.18), oriented strandboard (ISO 16894:2009, 3.1.1), etc.. Note 1 to entry: This definition differs from ISO 14025 as it does not include the necessity of common functionality within a product category. [SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.12, modified – the critical characteristic for establishing the product category and basis for assessment was changed from equivalent function to equivalent rules.] 12 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 3.13 information module compilation of data to be used as a basis for a Type III environmental declaration (3.1), covering a unit process (3.37) or a combination of unit processes that are part of the life cycle (ISO 14040:2006, 3.1) of a product (ISO 14050:2009, 3.2) [SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.13] 3.14 functional equivalent quantified functional requirements and/or technical requirements for a building or a construction (ISO 6707-1:2014, 5.5.56) (part of works) for use as a basis for comparison [SOURCE: ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.7, modified – with reference added to indicate that a construction (part of the works) can also be assigned a functional equivalent.] 3.15 functional unit quantified performance (3.17) of a product system (ISO 14040:2006, 3.28)for a construction product (3.8) or construction service (3.9) for use as a reference unit in an EPD (3.1) based on LCA (3.20) [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.20, modified – reference to construction product or service inserted and need for a LCA basis added.] 3.16 declared unit quantity of a construction product (3.8) for use as a reference unit in an EPD (3.1), based on LCA (3.20), for the expression of environmental information needed in information modules (3.13) EXAMPLE Mass (kilogram), volume (cubic metre). Note 1 to entry: The declared unit is used where the function (ISO 15686-10:2010, 3.10) and the reference scenario (3.18) for the whole life cycle (ISO 14040:2009, 3.1), on the building (ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.1.3) level, cannot be stated. 3.17 performance ability of a construction product (3.8) or service (3.9) to fulfil required functions under intended use conditions. 3.18 scenario collection of assumptions and information concerning an expected sequence of possible future events [SOURCE: EN 15804:2012, 3.27] 3.19 environmental performance performance (3.17) related to environmental impacts (ISO 15392:2008, 3.13.2) and environmental aspects (ISO 15392:2008, 3.10) [SOURCE: ISO 15392:2008, 3.12] © ISO #### – All rights reserved 13 ISO/CD 21930 3.20 LCA life cycle assessment compilation and evaluation of the inputs (ISO 14040:2006, 3.21), outputs (ISO 14040:2006, 3.25) and the potential environmental impacts (ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.4) of a product system (ISO 14040:2006, 3.28) throughout its life cycle (ISO 14040:2009, 3.1) [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.2, modified – with the initialism ‘LCA’ being indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept.] 3.21 LCI life cycle inventory analysis phase of life cycle assessment (3.20) involving the compilation and quantification of inputs (ISO 14040:2006, 3.21) and outputs (ISO 14040:2006, 3.25) for a product (ISO 14050:2009, 3.2) throughout its life cycle (ISO 14040:2009, 3.1) [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.3, modified – with the initialism LCI being indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept.] 3.22 life cycle inventory analysis result LCI result outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis (3.21) that catalogues the flows crossing the system boundary (3.24) and provides the starting point for life cycle impact assessment (3.23) [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.3.] 3.23 LCIA life cycle impact assessment phase of life cycle assessment (3.20) aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts (ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.4) for a product system (ISO 14040:2006, 3.28) throughout the life cycle (ISO 14040:2009, 3.1) of the product (ISO 14050:2009, 3.2) [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.3, modified – with the initialism LCIA being indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept.] 3.24 system boundary set of criteria specifying which unit processes (3.37) are part of a product system (ISO 14040:2006, 3.28) Note 1 to entry: The term "system boundary" is not used in this International Standard in relation to LCIA (3.23). [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.3.] 3.25 reference service life RSL service life (ISO 6707-1:2014, 9.3.83) of a construction product (3.8) which is known to be expected under a particular set, i.e., a reference set, of in-use conditions (ISO 15686-1:2011, 3.10) and which can form the basis for estimating the service life under other in-use conditions 14 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Note 1 to entry: The reference service life is applied in the functional unit (3.15). [SOURCE: ISO 15686-1:2011. 3.22, modified – specific reference to construction product inserted.]: 3.26 RSL data reference service life data information that includes the reference service life (3.25) and any qualitative or quantitative data describing the validity of the reference service life EXAMPLE Typical data describing the validity of the RSL include the description of the component (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.1.3) for which it applies, the reference in-use conditions (ISO 15686-1:2011, 3.10) under which it applies, and its quality. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-8:2008, 3.8, modified - with RSL data being indicated as the primary preferred term used to designate this concept and Note1 was deleted.] 3.27 additional technical information information (ISO 6707-1:2014, 7.2.1) that forms part of the EPD (3.1) by providing a basis for the development of scenarios (3.18) [SOURCE: EN 15804:2012, 3.1] 3.28 average data data representative of a construction product (3.8), product category (3.12) or construction service (3.9), provided by more than one supplier Note 1 to entry: The product category or construction service can contain similar construction products or construction services. [SOURCE: EN 15804:2012, 3.3, modified – reference to product group changed to product category and specific reference made to construction product.] 3.29 characterization factor factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert an assigned life-cycle inventory analysis result (ISO 14040:2006, 3.24) to the common unit of the impact category indicator (ISO 14040:2006, 3.40) [SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.37, modified – note was removed.] 3.30 gate point at which the construction product (3.8) or material (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.1.1) leaves the factory before it becomes an input into another manufacturing process or before it goes to the distributor, a factory or building (ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.1.3) site (ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.1.6) 3.31 renewable primary energy energy (ISO 16818:2008, 3.74) from renewable non-fossil sources © ISO #### – All rights reserved 15 ISO/CD 21930 EXAMPLES Wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases. Note 1 to entry: Adapted from the definition in Directive 2009/28/EC. 3.32 secondary fuel fuel recovered from previous use or from waste (3.38) Note 1 to entry: Processes providing a secondary fuel are considered from the point where the secondary fuel enters the product system (ISO 14040:2006, 3.28) from the previous product system. Note 2 to entry: Any combustible (ISO 13943:2008, 4.43) material (ISO 5659-2:2012, 3.6) recovered from previous use or from waste from the previous product system and used as a fuel in a following system is a secondary fuel. Note 3 to entry: Examples for secondary fuels recovered from previous use or as waste are: solvents, wood (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.3.1), tyres, oil, animal fats. [SOURCE: EN 15804:2012, 3.28, modified – reference to substituting primary materials was deleted and the Note 3 to entry was deleted.] 3.33 secondary material material (ISO 5659-2:2012, 3.6) recovered from previous use or from waste (3.38) Note 1 to entry: Secondary material is measured at the point where the secondary material enters the product system (ISO 14040:2006, 3.28) from another product system. Note 2 to entry: Materials recovered from previous use or from waste from one product system and used as an input (ISO 14040:2006, 3.21) in another product system are secondary materials. Note 3 to entry: Examples for secondary materials [to be measured at the system boundary (3.24)] are recycled scrap metal, crushed concrete (ISO 6707-1: 2014, 6.4.15), glass cullet (ISO 7248:1992, 01.02.01), recycled wood chips (ISO 24294:2013, 4.19), recycled plastic (ISO 472:2013, 2.702). [SOURCE: EN 15804:2012, 3.29, modified – reference to substituting primary materials was deleted.] 3.34 specific data data representative of a construction product (3.8), product category (3.12) or construction service (3.9), provided by one supplier 3.35 upstream process process (ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.11) that is carried out before the designated process in the stream of relevant processes [SOURCE: ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.15] 3.36 downstream process process (ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.11) that is carried out after the designated process in the stream of relevant processes [SOURCE: ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.2] 16 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 3.37 unit process smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis (3.21) for which input (ISO 14040:2006, 3.21) and output (ISO 14040:2006, 3.25) data are quantified [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.34] 3.38 waste substances or objects which the holder intends or is required to dispose of Note 1 to entry: The definition is taken from the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (22 March 1989) but is not confined in this International Standard to hazardous waste. [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.35] 3.39 land use change change in human use or management of land at the location of the production, use or disposal of raw materials (ISO 14050:2009, 6.12), intermediate products (ISO 14050:2009, 6.2.1) and final products (ISO 14050:2009, 3.2) or wastes (3.38) in the product system (ISO 14040:2006, 3.28) being assessed [SOURCE: ISO/TR 14067:2013, 2.1.12] 3.40 building envelope elements of a building (ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.1.3) that enclose conditioned spaces (ISO 13789:2007, 3.1.3) through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from unconditioned spaces (ISO 13789:2007, 3.1.3) [SOURCE: ISO/TR 16344:2012, 2.1.12] 3.41 VOC volatile organic compound any organic liquid and/or solid that evaporates spontaneously at the prevailing temperature and pressure of the atmosphere with which it is in contact [SOURCE: ISO 12944-5:2007, 3.17] 3.42 technosphere all technical energy systems (ISO 13600:1997, 2.24) and products (ISO 13600:1997, 2.19) produced by them, to the extent that they have not been discarded as release (ISO 13600:1997, 2.22) [SOURCE: ISO 13600:1997, 2.25] 3.43 backfill material (ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.1.1) used to fill an excavation (ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.2.2) © ISO #### – All rights reserved 17 ISO/CD 21930 [SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2014, 6.4.11] 3.44 landfill deposition of waste (3.38) into or onto the land (ISO 6707-1:2014, 10.1) as a means of disposal [SOURCE: ISO 10381-7:2005, 3.11] 3.45 landfill waste (3.38) disposal site for the deposit of waste on to or into land (ISO 6707-1:2014, 10.1) under controlled or regulated conditions [SOURCE: ISO 472:2013, 2.1694] 4 General aspects 4.1 Objectives of the core PCR (General) An EPD provides quantified environmental information for a construction product or service on a harmonized and scientific basis. The purpose of an EPD in the construction sector is to provide the basis for assessing buildings and other construction works, and identifying those, which cause less stress to the environment. The EPD may also provide additional information on aspects such as emissions to indoor air and to local environment (air, soil and water). The PCR provides the set of rules, requirements and guidelines that shall be applied to the development of an EPD In addition to the requirements of this International Standard, the principles and procedures set out in ISO 14025, ISO 21931-1 and ISO 15392 shall apply. This International Standard contains additional specifications and requirements for the EPD of construction products. Where this International Standard contains more specific requirements, it seeks to complement ISO 14025 for the EPD of construction products. However, where the requirements of this standard conflict with the requirements of ISO 14025 for the development of PCR for construction products the, requirements of this standard shall apply. In addition, the principles of environmental declarations as described in ISO 14020 apply. EPD of construction products are based on LCA and reported divided in common generic information modules. Relevant environmental aspects that have not been covered by LCA are addressed as additional environmental information; see 8.2.4. Thus, the objective of this core PCR is to provide consistent rules to: provide verifiable and consistent data for an EPD, based on LCA and additional information; ensure EPD provide verifiable and consistent product related technical data and subjects for scenarios for the assessment of the environmental performance of construction works; ensure EPD provide verifiable and consistent product data related to release of dangerous substances to indoor air in the use stage, to air, soil and water during the life cycle and substances of very high concern; 18 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 explain how EPD can be used for comparison of construction products in the context of construction works; enable the communication of the environmental information of products from business to business by EPD; ensure the basis, subject to additional requirements, for the communication of the environmental information of construction products to consumers; provide guidance on the development of specific rules for sub-categories of products within the product category of construction products. 4.2 PCR hierarchy and EPD types 4.2.1 Core PCR structure The core PCR includes all the rules for the development of EPD that can be equally applied to any construction product i.e. on a horizontal level. In addition, general rules for developing sub-category PCR are described. Any sub-category PCR shall include the following list of those elements of the core PCR that may not be changed in any way: 1. Methodological framework shall include: definition of system boundaries (e.g. allocation of processes to modules); additional technical information (as basis for scenario); criteria for cut off; selection of data; data quality requirements; units; requirements for comparability. 2. Inventory analysis shall include: collection of data; calculation rules for the inventory (i.e. allocation of flows to processes); data quality. 3. Impact assessment shall include: definition of characterisation factors. 4. Content of EPD shall include: © ISO #### – All rights reserved 19 ISO/CD 21930 declaration of general information; declaration of the methodological framework; declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA: declaration LCA results from life cycle impact assessment; declaration LCA results from life cycle inventory. declaration of environmental information not derived from LCA; declaration of additional information. 5. Communication formats – ITM; 6. Project report. 4.2.2 Relation between Core PCR and sub-category PCR The core PCR provides all horizontal requirements for any PCR for construction products. However, for some subcategories among the overall product category of construction products, horizontal requirements might have to be specified further. The main purpose of the sub-category PCRs is to develop rules for scenarios for all information modules, except A1 to A3, see Figure 2. For such product subcategories, this includes for instance: more precise product descriptions; definition of the type of EPD and any information modules to be assessed; detailed definition of technical information and/or scenarios to be provided for specific information modules; provision of specific scenarios for information modules beyond the gate; i.e. for the construction stage, use stage, end-of–life stage, for recycling or reuse scenarios; detailed descriptions of the end-of-waste state for the specific product subcategories; detailed description of which processes belong to which modules in the end of life stage; additional requirements for descriptions of the specific technical information that should be provided for the product, transparency about constituents and/or descriptions of manufacturing processes. Such additional requirements or further specifications for sub-categories of construction products will result in a sub-category PCR document that includes: a) the same structure and text as in the core PCR and then the additional elements specifications valid for the sub-category PCR, or alternative b) just the headings from and referring to the core PCR and the text describing the additional elements and specifications. 20 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 It is important to recognise that requirements and descriptions from the core PCR shall be followed by for any sub-category PCR. These are the horizontal rules, which are needed to safeguard the principles of the EPD development as well as consistency of data among the overall category of construction products. Figure 2 illustrates which elements of the core PCR can include additional elements or specifications to meet the needs of product sub-categories and which shall stay unaltered. Complete set of PCR for product sub-category Core PCR Sub-category PCR Core indicators Core calculation rules + Specific calculation rules Core additional information elements + Specific additional information elements Core elements of EPD content + Specific content of EPD Structure of the project report Verification Figure 2 — Elements of the core PCR and expansions leading to a PCR for a product sub-category The definition of the product category within PCRs should be valid over a reasonable period to improve market acceptance; see ISO 14025. 4.3 Life cycle stages and their information modules The LCA in the EPD is dived in four life cycle stages and a number of information models, see Figure 3. These life cycle stages describe the entirely life cycle of any construction product. As a supplement, the information stage D is added, and address loads and benefits beyond the discard products end of life. Stage D deals with potential future use of the material when the construction product is recycled in future and its environmental consequences. © ISO #### – All rights reserved 21 ISO/CD 21930 Building and construction work assessment information Supplementary information beyond the life cycle Building and construction work life cycle information Scenario Scenario B2 B3 Scenario Scenario B6 B4 B5 Scenario Scenario Scenario C1 C2 C3 D Future reuse, material recycling and energy recovery C4 Disposal B1 Waste processing A5 Transport A4 De-construction / Demolition A3 Refurbishment (incl. production and transport of necessary materials) A2 Construction installation A1 Replacement (incl. production and transport of necessary materials) END OF LIFE stage Repair (incl. production and transport of necessary materials) USE stage Maintanance (incl. production and 1,transport of necessary materials) CONSTRUCTION PROCESS stage Use PRODUCT stage Transport to Site C1-4 Manufacturing B1-7 Transport to Factory A 4 -5 Extraction and upstream production A 1 -3 RU – Reuse CR – Cascade recycling ER – Energy recovery MR – Material recycling Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Operational energy use Scenario B7 Operational water use Scenario Figure 3 — Different common life cycle stages and their information modules for construction products and construction works. 22 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 The environmental information of an EPD shall be subdivided into the information module groups A1A3, A4-A5, B1-B5, B6-B7, C1-C4 and the different modules listed in section 5.2.4.6 valid for different options for stage D. An EPD shall as a minimum comprise the product stage modules, A1-A3, to comply with this International standard. For products where operational energy and/or water use are significant or if other resources are consumed during the operation of the product, module B6 and B7 are mandatory with respect to technical information, see Table 10. As for products that their performance at use stage are important, the assessment of use stage shall be mandatory. Information modules within any of the life cycle stages are communicated depending on the types of EPD as specified in 4.3.1. The modular set up of the LCA underlying an EPD (see Figure 2) allows easy organisation and expression of data packages throughout the life cycle of the product. This approach requires that the product system boundaries for the life cycle stages and the information modules included are transparent, well defined and applicable to any construction product. The setting of the product system boundaries follows the two principles: a) The “modularity principle”: Where processes influence the product’s environmental performance during its life cycle, they shall be assigned to the module of the life cycle where they occur; all environmental aspects and impacts are declared in the life cycle stage where they appear. b) The “polluter pays principle”: Processes of waste processing shall be assigned to the product system that generates the waste until the end-of-waste state is reached. 4.3.1 Types of EPD with respect to Life Cycle Stages covered An EPD of a construction product (goods and services), as defined here, provides information modules for the assessment of the environmental performance of buildings; see ISO21931-1, and civil engineering works. The information modules can be used to combine the environmental impacts from materials, products, components or services to an assessment on construction or civil engineering works or a part of such works over its life cycle. The LCA based information in an EPD may cover different combinations of modules i.e. cover different life cycle stages or parts thereof. The following different types of EPD are defined and illustrated in Figure 4: Cradle to gate: Covers the mandatory production stage e that is divided into the information modules extraction and upstream production (raw material supply), transport to factory and manufacturing. The LCA result is reported based on a declared unit. Cradle to gate with options: Covers the mandatory production stage and optional modules from the construction, use and end-of-life stage. The LCA results are reported based on a declared unit unless the use stage is completely included. In that case a functional unit may also be defined. Modules beyond the gate are based on scenarios. Examples for cradle to gate with options are: Cradle to central warehouse: Covers the mandatory production stage and the distribution to a central warehouse in the given country or region as well as the storage processes (A4). The LCA result is reported based on a declared unit. The transportation to the central warehouse module is based on scenarios. 23 ISO/CD 21930 Cradle to site: Covers the mandatory production stage and transportation to construction site. The LCA result is reported based on a declared unit. The transportation to site module is based on scenarios. Cradle through construction: Covers the mandatory production stage and both transport to site and construction installation on site. The LCA result is reported based on a declared unit. Modules beyond the factory gate are based on scenarios. Cradle to gate and maintenance Covers the mandatory production stage and maintenance processes of the product during its service life (B2). Cradle to gate and end of life: Covers the mandatory production stage and the relevant end of life modules of demolition or extraction from the building (C1), transportation from the building site to the site for the end of life processes (C2), any waste management processes up to the end of waste status e.g. scrap collection (C3) and/or final deposition of wastes e.g. deposition of waste on landfill site (C4). Cradle to grave: Covers the mandatory production stage and any of the information modules from the construction, use and end-of-life stage. The LCA results are reported based on a functional unit. Modules beyond the gate are based on scenarios. Stage D includes supplementary information on environmental burdens and benefits when some or the entire product is recovered, recycled or reused for a new product system. Stage D is voluntary information and may be reported in any EPD for any of the different EPD types given above. 24 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Building and construction work assessment information Building and construction work life cycle information A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1-B7 C1-C4 D Extraction and upstream production Transport to factory Manufacturing Transport to site Construction installation Use End of life Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary EPD cradle to gate EPD cradle to gate with options EPD cradle to grave Examples of EPD cradle to gate with options: EPD cradle to warehouse EPD cradle to site EPD cradle through construction Figure 4 — Type of EPDs and the construction works life cycle information modules they cover including three examples of EPD cradle to gate with options. For the development of sub-category PCR, the programme operator shall be responsible to define any default types of EPD describing the information modules where technical information or scenarios shall be provided. NOTE 1 Information modules can supply information for processes for which there is no EPD available, e.g. a cleaning process. NOTE 2 An information module may contain: the values of the pre-determined parameters and the technical information underlying their quantification, relevant technical information for further calculation of the environmental performance, scenarios for further calculation of the environmental performance. NOTE 3 It is possible to have an EPD for a substance or preparation (e.g. cement), for a product (e.g. window), for a construction service (e.g. cleaning service as part of maintenance) and for a construction (an assemblage of products) and/or a building element (e.g. wall) or for technical equipment (e.g. lift). 25 ISO/CD 21930 4.3.2 Average EPD for groups of products EPD may be developed for similar products from the same manufacturing plant and company using data specific to that product. EPD may also be developed for groups of products using averaged environmental performance data. Such average EPD may in practice significantly reduce the effort associated with producing separate EPDs for similar products, or gives an EPD that is representative market. Similar products included in the average EPD should not differ in their environmental impacts by more than +/-10% from the reported average value for each impact category. In the case where this rule is not met, it is still possible to include these products in the same EPD e.g. as separate elements in a table. In case where a typical representative value is chosen for each impact category for a product group (resulting in a reference average), the value reported shall be the worst-case performance within the range of variation. For all types of average EPD, the declaration shall include a description of what the EPD represents. The description shall at least include; a technical description of the average product group(such as density or a property like U-value); a description of number of manufacturing plants included in the EPD, and a description of number of manufacturing companies included. If the EPD includes data from more than one company it becomes a sector representative EPD and a description of the market representation shall therefore be stated (e.g. the EPD represent more than 75% of the products sold on the North American market). 4.4 Development and use of PCR and PCR for a product sub-category 4.4.1 Development of PCR Any stakeholder may develop a PCR, but the process shall be managed by a programme operator and include an open, participatory consultation with interested parties. Thus, any organization that wishes to create a PCR needs to identify a programme operator first. 4.4.2 Development of PCR for a product sub-category 4.4.2.1 Development of PCR for a product sub-category, general aspects The requirements of 4.2 apply. The PCR review shall be conducted per ISO 14025. For a PCR for a product subcategory to conform to this International Standard, the review shall not alter the core rules. 4.4.2.2 Determine the product subcategory to which the PCR will be applicable The PCR shall clearly define the product subcategory for which the rules apply. It is important to define precisely the product sub-category. ISO 14025 states that a product category is a group of products that perform the same function. Product sub-categories shall be primarily defined by product functionality. This includes a product description, functions, and the use of the products in the category. This description should also state which products are not covered by the PCR if there is potential ambiguity in the product subcategory. 26 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 4.4.2.3 Perform a thorough search for product specific PCRs that belong to the same subcategory. Programme operators can facilitate harmonisation when developing PCR for a product category by considering readily available PCR documents in the same product category and in the appropriate market area. Justification for not using readily available PCR shall be based on the content of existing PCR documents with respect to this Core PCR and not, for example, on the origin of any particular PCR. The efforts undertaken, the outcome and if relevant the explanations for not using readily available PCR shall be reported in the sub-category PCR document. 4.4.3 Use of PCR and PCR for a product sub-category All PCRs for construction products shall meet the requirements in the core rules according to this standard. They are intended to ensure consistent assessment at the building level and comparability where the requirements of ISO 14025:2006 clause 6.7.2 are met. Four approaches can be taken to develop a sub-category PCR they are as follows: a) Single PCR without sub-category PCR: When referencing these Core Rules in a PCR it shall be stated in the EPD that the requirements of this standard are followed. b) Single PCR, product specific guidelines: An EPD programme may cover all construction products with a single PCR and optional subcategory PCR. In this case the EPD shall use these core rules as the basis of any PCR for sub-categories, but additional information must be provided Sub-category PCR can be PCR for a smaller product category which is part of the larger product category PCR for construction products. For example: the requirements for provision of additional environmental information, including any methodological requirements (e.g. specifications for the assessment of eco-toxicological aspects); detailed description of the materials and substances to be declared (e.g. information about product content, including specification of materials and substances that can adversely affect human health and/or the environment, in all stages of the life cycle). c) Overarching guidelines and sub-category PCR: An EPD programme can reference these core rules and provide product-specific PCR that each act as a PCR to ISO 14025. The product-specific PCR can provide more detail of the application of the rules for the specific product, for example the specific application of the general system boundaries for that product, the technical information to be provided for the product. d) Product Specific PCR: An EPD programme can use these core rules as the basis of PCR, which only cover one or more subcategories of construction products. 4.5 Use of EPD for construction products The environmental information on construction products is intended mainly for business-to-business communication and its prime purpose is to provide measurable and verifiable input for the assessment 27 ISO/CD 21930 of the environmental performance of buildings and civil engineering works. However, some EPD may be used in the business-to-consumer marketplace and the user of this International Standard shall follow the provisions of ISO 14025:2006, Clause 9. The users of this International Standard are both the information providers and information users, including those setting up Type III environmental declaration programmes. The manufacturer, or group of manufacturers, of the building product is the sole owner of the data and takes liability and responsibility for the EPD of the building product, according to the PCR. Apart from these manufacturers, no one is authorized to declare the environmental performance of the building product. 4.6 Comparability of EPD for construction products Comparison of construction products using an EPD is preferable to be carried out in the context of different construction works and different intended use applications. Consequently, comparison of the environmental performance of construction products using the EPD information shall be based on the product’s intended use in and its impacts on the environment as part of a building over the full life cycle, and shall consider all relevant information modules. Such a comparison requires scenarios in the building context. Comparisons are possible at the sub-building level, e.g. for assembled systems, components, services, or products for one or more life cycle stages. In such cases, the principle that the basis for comparison of the assessment is the entire building, shall be maintained by ensuring that the same functional requirements are met, such comparison has to be based on a functional unit the environmental performance and technical performance of any construction (assembled systems, components, or products) excluded are the same, and the amounts of any material excluded are the same, and excluded processes or life cycle stages are the same, and the influence of the product systems on the operational aspects and impacts of the building are taken into account or are the same. NOTE 1 EPD that are cradle to gate are tool to compare construction products and construction services only if the scenarios are identical. The information provided for such comparison shall be transparent to allow the purchaser or user to understand the limitations of comparability. NOTE 2 The difference between two products may be insignificant in the building context. 4.7 Documentation and communication The result form an EPD project shall be reported on three different levels as given in Figure 5; a project report, an Information Transfer Matrix and an EPD. 28 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Project report (LCA) (clause 9) Communication format – information transfer matrix (ITM) EPD (Clause 7) (clause 8) Figure 5 — Documentation from an EPD-project. The project report is the systematic and comprehensive summary of the project documentation supporting the verification of an EPD. The project report shall record that the LCA based information and the additional information as declared in the EPD meet the requirements of this International Standard. The project report should contain any data and information of importance for the data published in the EPD and as required in this European Standard. Special care is necessary to demonstrate in a transparent way in which the data and information declared in the EPD results from the LCA study and how the reference RSL has been established. The project report shall be made available to the verifier with the requirements on confidentiality stated in EN ISO 14025:2006. The project report is not part of the public communication. The requirement for the project report is given in clause 9. An Information Transfer Matrix (ITM) a generic template to present environmental information in a structured and consistent way and in a common format. It is relevant to the use of the EPD in the construction work chain where materials and products are assembled into new products and assemblies, each with their own EPD. This International Standard will improve handling of the data from EPD at the construction works level and the assessment of environmental performance of construction works. The communication format is presented in clause 8. In clause 7 the content of an EPD in accordance with this International standard is presented. 5 Product Category Rules for LCA 5.1 Product category At the highest level, all products used in buildings and other types of construction works belong to the overall product category of construction products. More specific sub-categories may be defined for 29 ISO/CD 21930 certain groups of construction products to address additional environmental information not based on LCA and provide more specific rules for implementation of these core rules. The product category referred to in this standard includes all construction products and construction services for buildings and other construction works. 5.2 Methodological framework 5.2.1 Declared unit The declared unit is used instead of the functional unit when the precise function of the product or scenarios at the building or construction work level is not stated or is unknown. The declared unit provides a reference by means of which the material flows of the information module of a building material or component are normalised mathematically. The declared unit provides the reference for combining the material flows attributed to the product and the relevant environmental impacts, taking into account the selected stages of the product’s incomplete life cycle; see Figure 2. It shall relate to the typical applications of products and their product categories. The declared unit in the EPD shall be one of the following: an item, an assemblage of items, e.g. 1 brick, 1 window (dimensions to be specified); mass (kg), e.g. 1 kg of cement; length (m), e.g. 1 metre of pipe, 1 metre of a beam (dimensions shall be specified); area (m2), e.g. 1 square metre of wall elements, 1 square metre of roof elements (dimensions shall be specified); volume (m3), e.g. 1 cubic metre of timber, 1 cubic metre of ready-mixed concrete. A different unit may be declared for reasons that shall be explained and in such cases information shall be provided on how to convert this unit to one or more of the required unit types. EXAMPLE 1 If an EPD for an insulation material is declared in units of thermal resistance R D (m2K/W) in the building, then a conversion factor, e.g. to 1 kilogramme of material is required. For the development of, for example, transport and disposal scenarios conversion factors to mass per declared unit shall be provided. NOTE 1 Reasons for declaring units other than those listed include the need to use units normally used for design, planning, procurement and sale. The following information is the minimum that shall be provided together with the declared unit for the building material or component: intended application; life-cycle stages that are included (information modules); reference service life of the product (only required for “use” and “maintenance” information module); 30 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 statement regarding the limitations of comparability. If a product’s performance in any of the omitted life-cycle stages is relevant for its overall environmental performance, the omission of this information shall be declared and justified. This approach is also shown in Figure 3. Information provided using a declared unit shall not be used for comparison unless their scenarios are identical. 5.2.2 Functional unit The functional unit defines the way in which the identified functions or performance characteristics of the product are quantified. The primary purpose of the functional unit is to provide a reference by which material flows (input and output data) of construction product’s LCA results and any other information are normalised to produce data expressed on a common basis. NOTE 1 Comparisons of construction products with the same functional unit follow the rules in 4.6. The functional unit, used as the denominator provides the basis for the addition of material flows and environmental impacts for any of the life cycle stages and their modules for the construction product or construction service. The functional unit of a construction product is based on: the quantified, relevant functional use or performance characteristics of the construction product when integrated into a building, taking into account the functional equivalent of the building; the product’s reference service life (see 5.2.3) or required service life of the building or construction work under defined in-use or use conditions. Thus, quantification of both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the function in relation to end use in a building context e.g. ‘what’, ‘how much’, ‘how well’ and ‘for how long’ has to be performed. NOTE 2 Guidance on the development of a functional unit is given in ISO 14040:2006, 4.2.2. NOTE 3 Guidance on describing in-use conditions is given in Product Standards and ISO 15686-1,-2, -7, -8. 5.2.3 Reference service life requirement RSL information to be declared in an EPD covering the use stage shall be provided by the manufacturer. The RSL shall refer to the declared technical and functional performance of the product within a building. It shall be established in accordance with any specific rules given in product standards and shall take into account ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8. Where product standards provide guidance on deriving the RSL, such guidance shall have priority. Information on the product’s RSL requires specification of compatible scenarios for the product stage, construction process stage and use stage. RSL is dependent on the properties of the product and reference in-use conditions. These conditions shall be declared together with a RSL and it shall be stated that the RSL applies for the reference conditions only. The RSL shall be verifiable. 31 ISO/CD 21930 The description of the reference service life (see also Annex A) may be based on data collected as average data or at the beginning or end of the service life. The reference conditions for achieving the declared technical and functional performance and the declared reference service life shall include the reference service life data as described in Table 1, where relevant: Table 1 — Reference Service Life Unit (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Parameter Reference Service Life Years Declared product properties (at the gate) and finishes, etc. Units as appropriate Design application parameters (if instructed by the manufacturer), including the references to the appropriate practices and application codes Units as appropriate An assumed quality of work, when installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions Units as appropriate Outdoor environment, (for outdoor applications), e.g. weathering, pollutants, UV and wind exposure, building orientation, shading, temperature Units as appropriate Indoor environment (for indoor applications), e.g. temperature, moisture, chemical exposure Units as appropriate Usage conditions, e.g. frequency of use, mechanical exposure Units as appropriate Maintenance e.g. required frequency, type and quality and replacement of components Units as appropriate Requirements and guidance on the estimation of service life are given in normative Annex A. 5.2.4 System boundaries and technical information (for scenarios) 5.2.4.1 System boundaries and technical information (for scenarios), general The LCA is divided in a number of information modules. Scenarios and technical information are necessary for the application of EPD in building assessment. Therefore, EPD should when relevant, include information about reference service life of the product, as given in Table 2, modules transportation, construction, use, operation, maintenance and replacements based on the reference service life. When an information module in the LCA is included it shall follow the scope as defined in this clause. 5.2.4.2 A1-A3 Product stage A1-A3 is required to be included in the EPD independent of type of EPD as stated in clause 5.3.1. The system boundary with nature is set to include those processes that provide the material and energy 32 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 inputs into the system and the following manufacturing, and transport processes up to the factory gate as well as the processing of any waste arising from those processes. The product stage includes the following three information modules (processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues including any packaging not leaving the factory gate with the product): A1, raw material extraction and processing, processing of secondary material input (e.g. recycling processes): A1 Extraction and processing of raw materials (e.g. mining processes) and biomass production and processing (e.g. agricultural or forestry operations); A1 Reuse of products or materials from a previous product system; A1 Processing of secondary materials used as input for manufacturing the product, but not including those processes that are part of the waste processing in the previous product system; A1 Generation of electricity, steam and heat from primary energy resources used for extraction and processing of raw materials, also including their extraction, refining and transport; A1 Energy recovery and other recovery processes from secondary fuels, but not including those processes that are part of waste processing in the previous product system; A1 Waste processing of the waste from raw material packaging and raw material wastage including transport, up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues (see 5.2.4.5). A2, transport of raw materials up to the factory gate and internal transport as given in Table 2; A3, manufacturing: A3 Production of ancillary materials or pre-products; A3 Generation of electricity, steam and heat from primary energy resources used in manufacturing, also including their extraction, refining and transport A3 Manufacturing of products and co-products; A3 Manufacturing of Packaging; A3 Waste processing of the waste from manufacturing packaging and manufacturing wastage including transport, up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues (see 5.2.4.5). 33 ISO/CD 21930 Table 2 — A2 Transport of raw materials up to the factory gate and internal transport Description of A2 for all raw materials Module Parameter Units (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) A2 Transport of Vehicle type used for transport raw materials up to the factory Vehicle load capacity gate and Fuel type and consumption internal transport e.g. long distance truck, boat Value kg or m3 per vehicle Litre of fuel type per distance Distance to central warehouse or storage km Distance to construction site km Capacity utilisation (including empty returns) % Bulk density of transported products kg/m3 Volume capacity utilisation factor (factor: = 1 or < 1 or ≥ 1 for compressed or nested packaged products) Not applicable In the case of input of secondary materials or energy recovered from secondary fuels, the system boundary between the system under study and the previous system (providing the secondary materials and secondary fuels) is set where outputs of the previous system, e.g. materials, products, building elements or energy, reach the end-of-waste state (see 5.2.4.5). Flows leaving the system at the end-of-waste boundary of the product stage (A1-A3) shall be allocated as co-products (see 5.3.3.2). Loads and benefits from allocated co-products shall not be declared in stage D (see 5.3.3.3). If such a co-product allocation is not possible, other methods may be chosen and shall be justified. Therefore, as a general rule, potential loads or benefits from A1-A3 do not appear in stage D. NOTE 1 The output of waste during this life cycle stage may reach the end-of-waste state when it complies with the conditions described in 5.2.4.5, end-of-life stage. They are then allocated as co-products as 5.4.3.2. 5.2.4.3 A4-A5, Construction process stage, information modules The construction process stage includes the following two information modules: A4, Distribution, and A5, installation into any type of construction or civil engineering works. 34 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 These information modules include provision of all materials, products and energy, as well as waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during the construction process stage. They also include all impacts and aspects related to any losses during this construction process stage (i.e. production, transport, and waste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials). A4, Distribution: A4 Storage of products, including the provision of heating, cooling, humidity control, etc. if relevant; A4 Transportation from the production gate to the central warehouse or storage site if relevant; A4 Transportation to the construction site. The following information given in Table 3 shall be provided to specify the transport scenarios used or to support development of the scenarios at the building level: Table 3 — A4 Transport to the construction site Additional technical information Scenario title A4 Transport to site NOTE 1 Parameter Units (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Description of scenario 1 Text Description of scenario n Text Vehicle type used for transport e.g. long distance truck, boat Vehicle load capacity kg or m3 per vehicle Fuel type and consumption Litre of fuel type per distance Distance to central warehouse or storage km Distance to construction site km Capacity utilisation (including empty returns) % Bulk density of transported products kg/m3 Volume capacity utilisation factor (factor: = 1 or < 1 or ≥ 1 for compressed or nested packaged products) Not applicable Value As an alternative to the bulk density the weight and volume of transported products may be specified. 35 ISO/CD 21930 NOTE 2 With the bulk density and the volume capacity utilisation factor, (complex) logistic scenarios (e.g. taking onto account the type of vehicle, transport distance, empty returns) at the building level can be considered. NOTE 3 Transport distance shall be as specific as possible. If the market varies, the distance to the construction site can be estimated based on weighted average distance to the market of the product. NOTE 4 For the assessment at the building level more complex logistics may have to be considered. A5, installation into any type of constructions or civil engineering works A5 Wastage of construction products including transport (additional production processes to compensate for the loss of wastage of products); A5 waste processing of the waste from product packaging and product wastage including transport during the construction processes up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues; A5 If building; Installation of the product into the building including manufacture and transportation of ancillary materials and any energy or water required for installation or operation of the construction site. It also includes on-site operations to the product A5 Site preparation for installation specific for the declared product; including explosives, excavation and transport of soil for reuse or disposal if relevant A5 If civil engineering works; Installation of the product into the construction including manufacture and transportation of ancillary materials and any energy or water required for installation or operation of the construction site. It also includes on-site operations to the product If additional technical information is provided in the EPD for installation in the construction, the following information given in Table 4 shall be provided to specify the product’s installation scenarios or to support development of the scenarios describing the product’s installation at the level of the building assessment: Table 4 — A5 Installation of the product Additional technical information for all scenarios Module A5 Installation of the product 36 Parameter Unit (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Description of scenario 1 Text Description of scenario n Text Ancillary materials for installation (specified by material); kg or other units as appropriate Water use m3 Other resource use kg Value © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Quantitative description of energy type and consumption during the preparation and installation process kWh or MJ Direct emissions to ambient air, soil and water kg Waste materials on the building site, generated by the product’s installation; specified by type (to be reported in Table 17 and C.6) kg Output materials (specified by type) as result of waste processing at the construction site e.g. of collection for recycling, for energy recovery, disposal; specified by route (to be reported in kg Table 18 and Table C.7) Vehicle type used for transport specified for all waste and output material types e.g. long distance truck, boat Vehicle load capacity kg or m3 per vehicle Fuel type and consumption Litre of fuel type per distance Distance to central warehouse or storage km Distance to construction site km Capacity utilisation (including empty returns) % Bulk density of transported products kg/m3 Volume capacity utilisation factor (factor: = 1 or < 1 or ≥ 1 for compressed or nested packaged products) Not applicable 5.2.4.4 Use stage The use stage includes the information modules covering the period from the handover of the building or construction works to when it is deconstructed or demolished. The duration of the use stage of products may be different from the required service life of a construction. The use stage includes the use of construction products, equipment and services in their proper function. It also includes their use for protecting, conserving, moderating or controlling a construction, e.g. modules describing the building operation through building related services such as heating, cooling, lighting, water supply and internal transport (provided e.g. by lifts and escalators). It also includes maintenance (including cleaning), repair, replacement and refurbishment. It is recognised that it may be difficult to separate all use stage processes and the connected aspects and impacts into these separate modules. However, any deviation from the categorisation of aspects and impacts into Modules B1-B5 and B6-B7 shall be transparently reported and justified. 37 ISO/CD 21930 Flows leaving the system at the end-of-waste boundary of the product stage (B1-B7) shall be allocated as co-products (see 5.3.3.2). Loads and benefits from allocated co-products shall not be declared in stage D (see 5.3.3.2). If such a co-product allocation is not possible, other methods may be chosen and shall be justified. Therefore, as a general rule, potential loads or benefits from B1-B7 do not appear in stage D. B1-B5, Use stage, information modules related to the building fabric or construction work The use stage includes the following five information modules: B1, use or application of the installed product; B2, maintenance; B3, repair; B4, replacement; B5, refurbishment; including provision and transport of all materials, products and related energy and water use, as well as waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during this part of the use stage. These information modules also include all impacts and aspects related to the losses during this part of the use stage (i.e. production, transport, and waste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials). B1 Use of the installed product in terms of any emissions to the environment (not covered by B2-B7) The module “use of the installed product” covers environmental aspects and impacts connected to the normal (i.e. anticipated) use of products, not including those related to energy and water use, which are dealt with in B6 and B7) e.g. release of substances from the facade, roof, floor covering, walls and different surfaces (interior or exterior) are reported as additional information (see 6.1). B2 Maintenance The module “Maintenance” covers the combination of all planned technical and associated administrative actions during the service life to maintain the product installed in construction, in a construction works or its parts in a state in which it can perform its required functional and technical performance, as well as preserve the aesthetic qualities of the product. This will include: B2 Preventative and regular maintenance activity such as cleaning, and the planned servicing, replacement or mending of worn, damaged or degraded parts B2 The production (A1-A3) of any component and ancillary products used for maintenance, e.g. cleaning agents B2 The transportation (A4) of any component and ancillary products used for maintenance B2 Use of related energy and water; including generation and distribution 38 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 B2 Transportation of any waste from maintenance processes or from maintenance related transportation; B2 The end-of-life processes of any waste from transportation and the maintenance process, including any part of the component and ancillary materials removed NOTE 1 Water and energy usage (incl. production and distribution) required for cleaning, as part of maintenance shall be included in this module, and not in modules B6 and B7. NOTE 2 Maintenance, repair and replacement of a whole section of the construction as part of a concerted programme for the construction would be considered as refurbishment. EXAMPLE 1 Painting work on window frames, doors, etc. as well as the annual inspection and maintenance of the (oil or gas) boiler, replacement of filters in the heat recovery or air conditioning system. The following information given in Table 5 shall be provided to specify the scenarios or to support the development scenarios of this module at the construction level. Table 5 — Use stage; B2 Maintenance Additional technical information for all scenarios Module Unit Parameter B2 Maintenance Value (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Description of scenario 1 Text Description of scenario n Text Maintenance process Description or source where description can be found Maintenance cycle Number per RSL or year* Ancillary materials for maintenance (e.g. cleaning agent, specify materials) kg / cycle Quantitative description of energy type and use during maintenance (e.g. vacuum cleaning), energy carrier type e.g. electricity, and amount, if applicable and relevant kWh or MJ Net fresh water consumption m3 Direct emissions to ambient air, soil and water kg 39 ISO/CD 21930 Waste material resulting from maintenance; specified by type (to be reported in Table 17 and C.6) kg Output materials (specified by type) as result of waste resulting from maintenance e.g. of collection for recycling, for energy recovery, disposal; specified by route (to kg be reported in Table 18 and Table C.7) Vehicle type used for transport specified for all waste and output material types e.g. long truck, boat Vehicle load capacity kg or m3 per vehicle Fuel type and consumption Litre of fuel type per distance Distance to construction site km Capacity returns) utilisation (including empty distance % Bulk density of transported products kg/m3 Volume capacity utilisation factor (factor: = 1 or < 1 or ≥ 1 for compressed or nested packaged products) Not applicable B3 Repair The module “repair” covers a combination of all technical and associated administrative actions during the service life associated with corrective, responsive or reactive treatment of a construction product or its parts installed in the building or construction works to return it to an acceptable condition in which it can perform its required functional and technical performance. It also covers the preservation of the aesthetic qualities of the product. Replacement of a broken component or part due to damage should be assigned to “repair”, whereas replacement of a whole element due to damage should be assigned to the module ”replacement”. This will include: B3 Repair process of the repaired part of a component including; B3 The production (A1-A3) of any component and ancillary products used for repairing; B3 The transportation (A4) of any component and ancillary products used for repairing; B3 Use of related energy and water; including generation and distribution; B3 Transportation of any waste from repair processes or from repair related transportation; 40 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 B3 The end-of-life processes of any waste from transportation and the repair process, including any part of the component and ancillary materials removed. EXAMPLE 3 For a window with broken glass, this includes the production and transportation of new glass and packaging, and all impacts due to the repair process (rubber seal, water for cleaning, etc), and the end-of-life stage of the glass waste and any related packaging. The following information shall be provided to specify the scenarios or to support the development scenarios of this module at the building level. Information given for Table 6 shall be consistent with the reference service life data given in Table 1: Table 6 — Use stage; B3 Repair Additional technical information for all scenarios Module Parameter B3 Repair Unit (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Description of scenario 1 Text Description of scenario n Text Inspection process Description or source where description can be found Value Repair process Repair cycle Number per RSL or year Ancillary materials for repair; specify materials kg / cycle Quantitative description of energy type and use during repair (e.g. crane activity), energy carrier type e.g. electricity, and amount, if applicable and relevant kWh or MJ Net fresh water consumption m3 Direct emissions to ambient air, soil and water kg Waste material resulting from repair; specified by type (to be reported in Table 17 and C.6) kg Output materials (specified by type) as result of waste resulting from repair e.g. of collection for recycling, for energy kg 41 ISO/CD 21930 recovery, disposal; specified by route (to be reported in Table 18 and Table C.7) Vehicle type used for transport specified for all waste and output material types e.g. long distance truck, boat Vehicle load capacity kg or m3 per vehicle Fuel type and consumption Litre of fuel type per distance Distance to construction site km Capacity returns) utilisation (including empty % Bulk density of transported products kg/m3 Volume capacity utilisation factor (factor: = 1 or < 1 or ≥ 1 for compressed or nested packaged products) Not applicable B4 Replacement The module “replacement” covers the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions during the service life associated with the return of a construction product to a condition in which it can perform its required functional or technical performance, by replacement of a whole construction element. Replacement of a broken component or part due to damage should be included as “repair”, but replacement of a whole construction element due to damage should be considered as “replacement”. Replacement of a whole construction element as part of a concerted replacement programme for the building should be considered as “refurbishment”. This will include: B4 The production (A1-A3) of any component and ancillary products used for replacement, B4 The transportation (A4) of any component and ancillary products used for replacement B4 Use of related energy and water; including production and distribution B4 Transportation of any waste from replacement processes or from replacement related transportation; B4 The end-of-life processes of any waste from transportation and the replacement process, including any part of the component and ancillary materials removed. EXAMPLE 4 For a carpet being replaced at the end of its service life, this includes the production and transportation of the new carpet and packaging, and all impacts due to the replacement process (adhesive, 42 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 vacuum cleaning etc), and the end of life stage of the original carpet, any waste from the installation of the replacement carpet, packaging waste and adhesive. The following information shall be provided to specify the scenarios or to support the development scenarios of this module at the building level. Information given for Table 7 shall be consistent with the reference service life data given in Table 1: Table 7 — Use stage; B4 Replacement Additional technical information for all scenarios Module Parameter B4 Replacement Unit (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Description of scenario 1 Text Description of scenario n Text Replacement cycle Number per RSL or year Exchange of worn parts during the product’s life cycle, (e.g. zinc galvanised steel sheet), specify materials kg Quantitative description of energy type and use during replacement (e.g. crane activity), energy carrier type e.g. electricity, and amount, if applicable and relevant kWh or MJ Net fresh water consumption m3 Direct emissions to ambient air, soil and water kg Waste material resulting from repair; specified by type (to be reported in Table 17 and C.6) kg Output materials (specified by type) as result of waste resulting from repair e.g. of collection for recycling, for energy recovery, disposal; specified kg Value by route (to be reported in Table 18 and Table C.7) Vehicle type used for transport specified for all waste and output material types e.g. long distance truck, boat Vehicle load capacity kg or m3 per vehicle Fuel type and consumption Litre of fuel type per distance Distance to construction site km 43 ISO/CD 21930 Capacity utilisation (including empty returns) % Bulk density of transported products kg/m3 Volume capacity utilisation factor (factor: = 1 or < 1 or ≥ 1 for compressed or nested packaged products) Not applicable B5 Refurbishment The module ‘refurbishment’ covers the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions during the service life of a product associated with the return of a building or other construction works or their parts to a condition in which it can perform its required functions. These activities cover a concerted programme of maintenance, repair and/or replacement activity, across a significant part or whole section of the building. Restoration activities should be included within refurbishment. This will include: B 5 The production (A1-A3) of any component and ancillary products used for refurbishment; B5 The transportation (A4) of the component and ancillary materials used for refurbishment, including production aspects and impacts of any losses during transportation; B5 Use of related energy and water; including generation and distribution; B5 Transportation of any waste from refurbishment processes or from refurbishment related transportation; B5 The end-of-life processes of any losses suffered during transportation and the refurbishment process, including the components and ancillary materials removed. The following information shall be provided to specify the scenarios or to support the development scenarios of this module at the building level. Information given for Table 8 shall be consistent with the reference service life data given in Table 1: Table 8 — Use stage; B5 Refurbishment Additional technical information for all scenarios Module Parameter B5 Refurbishment 44 Unit (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Description of scenario 1 Text Description of scenario n Text Value © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Refurbishment process Description or source where description can be found Refurbishment cycle Number per RSL or year Material input for refurbishment (e.g. bricks), including ancillary materials for the refurbishment process (e.g. lubricant, specify materials) kg or kg / cycle Quantitative description of energy type and use during refurbishment (e.g. crane activity), energy carrier type e.g. electricity, and amount, if applicable and relevant kWh or MJ Net fresh water consumption m3 Direct emissions to ambient air, soil and water kg Waste material resulting from repair; specified by type (to be reported in Table 17 and C.6) kg Output materials (specified by type) as result of waste resulting from refurbishment e.g. of collection for recycling, for energy recovery, disposal; specified by route (to be reported in Table 18 and Table C.7) kg Vehicle type used for transport specified for all waste and output material types e.g. long truck, boat Vehicle load capacity kg or m3 per vehicle Fuel type and consumption Litre of fuel type per distance Distance to construction site km Capacity utilisation (including empty returns) % Bulk density of transported products kg/m3 Volume capacity utilisation factor (factor: = 1 or < 1 or ≥ 1 for compressed or nested packaged products) Not applicable distance B6-B7, use stage, information modules related to the operation of the building 45 ISO/CD 21930 These information modules include provision and transport of all materials, products, as well as energy and water provisions, waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during this part of the use stage. The use stage related to the operation of the building and constriction works includes the following two information modules: B6, operational energy use (e.g. operation of heating system and other building related installed services); B7, operational water use. B6 Energy and water use to operate building integrated technical systems Building integrated technical systems are installed technical equipment supporting operation of a building or construction works. This includes technical building systems for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, domestic hot water and other systems for sanitation, security, fire safety, internal transport and building automation and control and IT communications. The boundary of the module “Energy use to operate building integrated technical systems’’ shall include: B6 Generation, distribution and use of energy during the operation of the product (the building integrated technical system), together with its associated environmental aspects and impacts including processing and transportation of any waste arising on site from the use of energy. If relevant for the product group, aspects related to the production, transportation and installation of building integrated technical systems equipment shall be assigned to Modules A1-A5; e.g. radiators, boiler, ventilation system. Energy use during maintenance, repair, replacement or refurbishment activities for the equipment shall be assigned to Modules B2-B5. Aspects related to the waste processing and final disposal of equipment shall be assigned to Modules C1-C4. The module "Operational water use by building integrated technical systems" covers the period from the handover of the building or construction works to when the building is deconstructed or demolished. The boundary of the module ‘operational water use by building integrated technical systems’ shall include: B7 Water use during the operation of the product (the building integrated technical system), together with its associated environmental aspects and impacts considering the life cycle of water including production and transportation and waste water treatment. If additional technical information is provided in the EPD for building integrated technical systems for using energy or water related to operation of the building, the information in Table 9 shall be provided to specify the energy and water use scenarios or to support development of the energy and water use scenarios at the level of the building assessment. Table 9 — Use of energy and use of water Additional technical information 46 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Scenario title Parameter B6 and B7 Use of Description of scenario 1 energy and use of water Description of scenario n Unit (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) Results Text Text Ancillary materials specified by material kg or units appropriate Net fresh water consumption m3 as Type of energy carrier (e.g. electricity, kWh natural gas, district heating) Power output of equipment kW Characteristic performance (e.g. energy units as appropriate efficiency, emissions, variation of performance with capacity utilisation) Further assumptions for scenario units as appropriate development, (e.g. frequency and time period of use, number of occupants) 5.2.4.5 C1-C4 End-of-life stage The end-of-life stage includes the following information modules: C1, de-construction, demolition; C2, transport to waste processing; C3, waste processing for reuse, recovery and/or recycling; C4, disposal. including provision and all transport, provision of all materials, products and related energy and water use. The end-of-life stage of the construction product starts when it is replaced, dismantled or deconstructed from the building or construction works and does not provide any further functionality. It can also start at the end-of-life of the building, depending on choice of the product’s end-of-life scenario. During the end-of-life stage of the product or the building, all output from dismantling, deconstruction or demolition of the building, from maintenance, repair, replacement or refurbishing processes, all debris, all construction products, materials or construction elements, etc. leaving the building, are at first considered to be waste. This output however reaches the end-of-waste state when it complies with all the following criteria: the recovered material, product or construction element is commonly used for specific purposes; 47 ISO/CD 21930 a market or demand, identified e.g. by a positive economic value, exists for such a recovered material, product or construction element; the recovered material, product or construction element fulfils the technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to products; the use of the recovered material, product or construction element will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impacts. NOTE 1 The "specific purpose" in this context is not restricted to the function of a certain product but can also be applied to a material serving as input to the production process of another product or of energy. The criterion for "overall adverse environmental or human health impacts" shall refer to the limit values for pollutants set by regulations in place at the time of assessment and where necessary shall take into account adverse environmental effects. The presence of any hazardous substances exceeding these limits in the waste or showing one or more properties as listed in existing applicable legislation, e.g. in the European Waste Framework Directive, prevents the waste from reaching the end-of-waste state. The end-of-life system boundary of the construction product system to stage D is set where outputs, i.e. secondary materials or fuels, have reached the “end-of-waste” state. The end-of-life stage includes modules: C1 deconstruction, including dismantling or demolition, of the product from the building and energy use for this work, including initial on-site sorting of the materials; C2 transportation of the discarded construction product as part of the waste processing, e.g. to a recycling site and transportation of waste e.g. to final disposal; C3 waste processing e.g. collection of waste fractions from the deconstruction and waste processing of material flows intended for reuse, recycling and energy recovery. Waste processing shall be modelled and the elementary flows shall be included in the inventory. Materials for energy recovery are identified based on the efficiency of energy recovery with a rate higher than 60 % without prejudice to existing legislation. Materials from which energy is recovered with an efficiency rate below 60% are not considered materials for energy recovery. NOTE 2 Only when materials have reached the end-of-waste-state can they be considered as materials for energy recovery, provided the energy recovery process has an energy efficiency rate higher than 60%. C4 waste disposal including physical pre-treatment and management of the disposal site. NOTE 3 In principle waste processing is part of the product system under study. In the case of materials leaving the system as secondary materials or fuels, such processes as collection and transport before the end-of-waste state are, as a rule, part of the waste processing of the system under study. However, after having reached the “end-of-waste” state further processing may also be necessary in order to replace primary material or fuel input in another product system. Such processes are considered to be beyond the system boundary and are assigned to stage D. Loads, (e.g. emissions) from waste disposal in module C4 are considered part of the product system under study, according to the “polluter pays principle”. The following information shall be provided for all construction products to specify the end-of-life scenarios used or to support development of the end-of-life scenarios at the building level. Scenarios 48 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 shall only model processes e.g. recycling systems that have been proven to be economically and technically viable. Table 10 — C End-of-life Additional technical information Module Parameter C1 Deconstruction Collection process specified by type C3 Waste processing for reuse, recovery, and/or recycling Potential future recycling Description on current practise of reuse Description on current practise of material recycling Unit (expressed per functional unit or per declared unit) kg collected separately kg collected with mixed construction waste kg for re-use kg for material recycling kg for energy recovery Text Results Text Description on current practise of energy recovery Text C4 Waste disposal Disposal specified by type kg product or material for final deposition 5.2.4.6 Future reuse, material recycling and energy recovery Stage D includes LCA based information that describes environmental benefits and loads if the analysed product is reused, material recycled or energy recovered. The result from stage D shall not – if not else is said in this standard – be compared to the result from stage A to C and shall therefore be reported separately. The environmental performance reported in stage D shall be used to give information on different handling options of the recovered material. The environmental performance reported in stage D goes beyond the initial discard products lifecycle (reported in stage A to C). Stage D gives information to support a resource efficient use of natural resources and reduced environmental impact when handling the scraped product. The inventory flows reported in Table 10, module C3, constitute the source information used as input for the LCA calculations in life cycle stage D. Different LCA approaches may be used in life cycle stage D. On a generic level different LCA approaches may be divided in two system perspectives namely: attributional LCA and consequential LCA. Modules in A to C follows an attributional approach, which is a system perspective where all products is assign to the direct environmental burden that is allocated to the product from the different involved processes in the products life cycle. In theory, following the attributional approach all products environmental impact may be added up and corresponds then to the resulting global impact (sometimes referred to as the 100% rule). A consequential LCA, on the other hand, also includes indirect environmental effects as consequence of a change, which is typically handled with a process system expansion. A consequential LCA expand the product cradle to-grave investigated and describes ‘what happens if’ in related product systems, why the 100% rule is not valid in this system perspective. A challenge with consequential LCA is to define these changes and its effect on the expanded product system. Both system perspectives are applicable in stage D according to this standard. Stage D may therefore include a mix of these approaches or just one system perspective. 49 ISO/CD 21930 As reported in Table 10, stage C3, different handling options of the discard product may be valid for the very same product. These different alternatives and its consequences may be reported in Stage D on voluntary basis. Stage D is designed to follow the same requirements concerning transparent and modularity as applied the initial lifetime of the product (stage A to C). Stage D includes the following options; Attributional LCA; Reuse (RU) of the same product Material cascade recycling (CR) Consequential LCA; Future material recycling (MR) Future energy recovery (ER). If any of these options is accounted for, the following information applied shall be reported to specify the scenarios and divided in a modular way as described in Table 11 to Table 14. Reuse is an applicable method for recycling of the same product in a new context where the physical shape of the product is essentially the same, but its intended use might differ from the original use (external doors might be used as a table or as inside doors etc). Open loop recycling might be handled with material recycling or cascade recycling and the latter alternative is also applicable for close loop recycling. Energy recovery is in stage D handled with system expansion. D-RU, Ruse Reuse is in this standard handled as additional information compared to the initial use of the construction product and reported separately in different modules in stage D. Reuse means that the, more or less same physical product, is used at least once more. Due to the long lifetimes valid for most construction products, a scenario setting where the initial product is used once more has to be based on assumptions. The Reuse option shall account for a full life cycle, where these downs stream relevant parts of the forthcoming life cycle follows the same scope as already defined in the modules in stage A to C. The historical environmental impact related with the processing of the initial product will be allocated to the initial product, which means that a secondary use will only account for the environmental impact appearing after the initial products end of life (stage C). The information to be reporting for reuse includes the following information modules: D-RU1 Upgrading, treatment; includes all processing performed that is made before the product is put on the market again. This module continues where stage C ends. This module also includes distribution and installation of the product with the same scope as described in stage A4 and A5. The transport includes the average transportation of the product until it reaches the average new construction site. D-RU2 Reuse route alternative A accounts for the same life cycle stages from module B and C that are valid from the initial usage stage D-RU3 Reuse route alternative B. If optional reuse routs appears for instance on different markets or for different intended use in any construction works, additional scenarios may be included named A, B and so on. Total impact D-RU-route A. The summed environmental impact covering the entirely reused products life cycle according to scenario A etc. may be reported. 50 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 The environmental ‘Total impact D-RU-route A’ may be compared with the summed environmental impact for the initial product if they fulfil the same functional performance. In practice, a physical reuse of a product might be combined with additional LCA based information in stage D. NOTE 1 Reuse shall not be mixed up with close loop recycling where the material is processed to a likewise product (like melting the steel reinforcement to new reinforcement) or a complete new product in the case of open loop recycling. Such handling alternatives may be in an LCA be treated either as ‘Material cascade recycling’ or the ‘Material recycling* alternative (as listed above). The latter alternative includes system expansion and the first alternative accounts for a number of recycling loops where the environmental impact is shared typically even across all products in the overall recycling cascade scenario described. Table 11 – Reuse and its modules Module Specification; reuse of the same product D-RU1 Upgrading, treatment D-RU2 Reuse route alt. A D-RU3 Reuse route alt. B etc. Total impact route A D-CR, Cascade recycling Material from a scraped product that is processed and used in one or more future products, i.e. open loop recycling, constitute a common chain of product system using the same basic material. According to an attributional LCA it is possible to account for the full cascade chain and where common parts, like raw material extraction, may be dived to all products. This environmental impact shall according to this standard be dived evenly between all products in the cascade chain. This cascade recycling has to be scenario based and therefore includes uncertainties. It is recommended to include more than one such scenario in stage D. Compared to the LCA methodology applied in module A to C the environmental impact is in that case allocated temporally (and spatial) correctly. In the case of cascade recycling the environmental impact will be (re-)allocated to other products in the defined cascade inapproachable when they didn’t appeared temporally. This kind of LCA result does not follow a physical correct allocation approach, but do instead reflect the environmental burden in a value chain where all product share common processed equal. This kind of LCA result from stage D therefore gives an alternative view of the environmental impact reported in stage A to C, and is comparable in that sense that they follow the same system perspective. This means that the numerical figures reported in stage A to C is comparable with the figures reported in stage D, but following two different allocation approaches. The information given in stage D is therefore complementary for the same product analysed in the EPD. The cascade recycling stage option accounts for a full life cycle and therefore includes the following modules: 51 ISO/CD 21930 D-CR1 upgrading, treatment; includes all processing performed that is made before the product is put on the market again. This module continues where stage C ends. This module also includes distribution and installation of the product with the same scope as described in stage A4 and A5. The transport includes the average transportation of the product until it reaches the average new construction site. D-CR2 Reuse route alt. A accounts for the same life cycle stages from module B and C that are valid from the initial usage stage D-CR3 Reuse route alt. B. If optional reuse routs appears for instance on different markets or for different intended use in any construction works, additional scenarios may be included named A, B and so on. Average impact from route A. The average environmental impact from A to C and CR1 to CR3 covering relevant modules and where common processes are allocated evenly in the recycling cascade according to scenario A etc. Table 12 – Cascade recycling and its modules Module Specification; material cascade recycling D-CR1 Upgrading, treatment D-CR2 Cascade route alt. A D-CR3 Cascade route alt. B etc. D-CR Average impact from cascade route alt. A etc. D-MR, Material recycling The Material recycling stage option accounts for all necessary life cycle stages and processes so it – as a minimum – can replace an alternative material used on the market. This (traditionally limited) life cycle scope might be expanded if other aspects that appear downstream shall be part of the LCA and wants to be reported in the EPD. This LCA calculation option, therefore, does not at a mandatory state include a full life cycle, but cradle to gate inventory. The ‘cradle’ in this case starts where the inventory from stage C ends and the ‘gate’ represents at least the manufacturing site, where the material from the initial product ends up after have been processed so it can replace another raw material. Note that this is aiming at a raw material and have therefore not to be a finished product. Different materials are handles as raw material in different forms on the trading market and also several forms as raw material might be relevant. The specific material form of recycled material shall be described in the EPD. And if a downstream life cycle after the raw material stage is accounted for in the LCA shall these stages be reported in the EPD and documented according to Table 13. The Material recycling alternative includes an assessment where the recycled (secondary) material displaces the use of an alternative (marginal) material. This is in LCA referred to as system expansion and the LCA results depend on which marginal material that is assumed to be displaced. To give the user of the EPD an understanding of the consequences on different recycling options and the relative difference between these, it is mandatory to report at least three scenario options. These options are; 52 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 current practice; worst case; best case. The current practice describes the replaced material on the representative market for the EPD. The current practice is normally based on verifiable information. If such current practice cannot be established a conservative approach shall be used. In this case, it shall be stated in the EPD that current practice could not be defined and a description on the assumptions made shall be given briefly. Details shall be reported in the LCA report and ICT/BIM communication format as defined in Table 13. Besides current practice, a realistic worst case and best case shall be reported. The user of the EPD will then understand the potential savings between reported alternatives. This scenario matter could also be handled within a sub-oriented PCR and submitted for open consultation to branches outside the own. The Material recycling option for stage D includes the following modules: D-MR1 Upgrading, treatment; includes all processing performed that is made before the upgraded product is put on the market again where it replace a primary alternative material. This module continues where stage C ends and might include additional transportation and several manufacturing sites and processes; D-MR2 Displacement – current practice describes the environmental impact related to the displaced material following the same life cycle scope as used in D-MR1; D-MR3 Displacement – best case current practice describes the environmental impact related to the displaced material following the same life cycle scope as used in D-MR1; D-MR4 Displacement – worst case current practice describes the environmental impact related to the displaced material following the same life cycle scope as used in D-MR1; D-MR Net impact – current practice. The net summed environmental impact from MR1 minus MR2, covering the defined products life cycle according to the current practice scenario. If this option for material recycling is chosen module D-MR1 to D-MR4 are mandatory and D-MR5 is voluntary. It is also voluntary to give complementing scenarios, to the current practice scenario listed above, in the EPD. LCA methods used for this life cycle stage shall be reported separately in public available literature and referred to in the EPD. Different methods might be used why comparison between different EPD might not be applicable and shall be stated in the EPD. If a method is used established in a Sub-oriented PCR it shall be added in the EPD that comparison between individual EPD concerning stage D-MR is possible for the EPD following the same PCR or harmonised PCRs. Table 13 – Material recycling and its modules Module Specification; Future material recycling D-MR1 Upgrading, treatment D-MR2 Displacement – current practice D-MR3 Displacement – best case D-MR4 Displacement – worst case 53 ISO/CD 21930 Module Specification; Future material recycling D-MR Net impact – current practice D-ER, Energy recovery The energy recovery option accounts for all necessary life cycle stages and processes so the discard product, or parts of it, can replace an alternative energy carrier used as fuel on the market. This option follows the same approach as described above for material recycling including a cradle to gate inventory scope. In this case, the 60% energy efficiency for the combustion process has to be fulfilled to include the benefits with energy recovery in stage D. Else; the combustion will be regarded as an incineration of the product and shall be accounted for as an environmental burden in stage C. The energy recovery alternative includes an assessment where the marginal fuel that else would be used on the market. This is in LCA referred to as system expansion and the LCA results depend on which marginal fuel that is assumed to be displaced. To give the user of the EPD an understanding of the consequences on different energy recovery options and the relative difference between these, it is mandatory to report at least three scenario options. These options are; current practice; worst case; best case. The current practice describes the marginal fuel on the market that the EPD shall be representative for. The current practice is normally based on verifiable information. If such current practice cannot be established a conservative approach shall be used. In this case, it shall be stated in the EPD that current practice could not be defined and a description on the assumptions made shall be given briefly. Details shall be reported in the LCA report and ICT/BIM communication format as defined in Table 14. Besides current practice, a realistic worst case and best case shall be reported. The user of the EPD will then understand the potential gains between reported alternatives. This scenario matter could also be handled within a sub-oriented PCR and submitted for open consultation to branches outside the own. The energy recovery option for stage D includes the following modules: D-ER1 Upgrading, treatment; includes all processing performed that is made before the discard product may be sold as a fuel on the market, which may is defined by the current market for which the EPD shall be representative for. This module continues where stage C ends and might include additional transportation and several manufacturing sites and processes; D-ER2 Displaced fuel – current practice describes the environmental impact related to the displaced fuel following the same life cycle scope as used in D-MR1; D-ER3 Displaced fuel – best case current practice describes the environmental impact related to the displaced fuel following the same life cycle scope as used in D-MR1; D-ER4 Displaced fuel – worst case current practice describes the environmental impact related to the displaced fuel following the same life cycle scope as used in D-MR1; D-ER Net impact – current practice. The net summed environmental impact from ER1 minus ER2, covering the defined products life cycle according to the current practice scenario. 54 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 If this option for energy recovery is chosen module D-ER1 to D-ER4 are mandatory and D-ER5 is voluntary. It is also voluntary to give complementing scenarios, to the current practice scenario listed above, in the EPD. LCA methods used for this life cycle stage shall be reported separately in public available literature and referred to in the EPD. Different methods might be used why comparison between different EPD might not be applicable and shall be stated in the EPD. If a method is used established in a Sub-oriented PCR it shall be added in the EPD that comparison between individual EPD concerning stage D-ER is possible for the EPD following the same PCR or harmonised PCR:s. Table 14 – Energy recovery and its modules Module Specification; future material recycling D-ER1 Upgrading, treatment D-ER2 Displaced fuel – current practice D-ER3 Displaced fuel – best case D-ER4 Displaced fuel – worst case D-ER Net impact – current practice 5.2.5 Criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of inputs and outputs Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs (cut-off rules) in the LCA and information modules and any additional information are intended to support an efficient calculation procedure. Cut-off rules shall be defined in a way that has the minimum influence on the result obtained. They shall not be applied in order to hide data. Any application of the criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs shall be documented. When impacts are assessed and reported, the cut-off rules shall be based on the environmental impacts related to the respective material flows. The cut-off rules shall be justified and documented in the PCR. The following procedure shall be followed for the inclusion and exclusion of inputs and outputs: All hazardous and toxic materials and substances shall be included in the inventory and the cut-off rules do not apply; All inputs and outputs to a (unit) process shall be included in the calculation, for which data are available. Data gaps may be filled by conservative assumptions with average or generic data. Any assumptions for such choices shall be documented; In case of insufficient input data or data gaps for a unit process, the cut-off criteria shall be 1 % of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1 % of the total mass input of that unit process. The total of neglected input flows per module, e.g. per module A1-A3, A4-A5, B1-B5, B6-B7, C1-C4 and modules in stage D (see Figure 3) shall be a maximum of 5 % of energy usage and mass. Conservative assumptions in combination with plausibility considerations and expert judgement can be used to demonstrate compliance with these criteria; 55 ISO/CD 21930 Particular care should be taken to include material and energy flows known to have the potential to cause significant emissions into air and water or soil related to the environmental indicators of this standard. Conservative assumptions in combination with plausibility considerations and expert judgement can be used to demonstrate compliance with these criteria. 5.2.6 Selection of data and data quality requirement The data quality has an influence on the content of an EPD. As a general rule, specific data derived from specific production processes or average data derived from specific production processes shall be the first choice as a basis for calculating an EPD. In addition, the following rules apply: An EPD describing a specific product shall be calculated using specific data for at least the processes the producer of the specific product has influence over. Generic data may be used for the processes the producer cannot influence e.g. processes dealing with the production of input commodities, e.g. raw material extraction or electricity generation, often referred to as upstream data (see Table 15); A specific EPD covering all life cycle stages (cradle to grave) may be calculated using generic data for some downstream processes e.g. waste incineration. For the sake of comparability the calculation of the use stage shall be based on the same additional technical information as is required in 4.6; An EPD describing an average product shall be calculated using representative average data of the products declared by the EPD, see Table 16; The additional technical information for the development of scenarios of the building’s life cycle stages shall be specific or specific average information, when an average product is declared; Documentation of technological, geographical and time related representatives for generic data shall be provided in the project report; Measured emission data – use foreground and background; For all types of average EPD the declaration shall include a description of what the EPD represents: Similar products included in the calculation of a manufacturer declaration (see 4.3.2.3: 1c1d) should not differ in their environmental impacts by more than +/-10% from the reported average value for each impact category. In the case where this rule is not met, it is still an option to include these products in the same EPD e.g. as separate elements in a table. In case where a typical representative value is chosen for each impact category for a product group (Reference EPD), the value reported shall be the worst-case performance within the range of variation. ) Table 15 — Application of generic and specific data Module A1-A3 Modules Process 56 A4 and A5 B1-B7 Production of commodities, raw materials Product manufacture Installation processes Use processes Upstream processes Processes the manufacturer has Downstream processes C1-C4 End-of-life processes © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 type Data type influence over or information modulesc) Generic data Manufacturer’s average or specific data Scenario based generic data based on technical information given in Table 4 – Table 11. See Table 16. NOTE 1 For upstream processes specific information modules e.g. from other EPDs are preferable, Table 16 — Data requirements for different average EPDs Type of EPD Type of average 1.Manufacturer 1a) Declaration of one declaration specific product from one manufacturer’s plant. 2.Sector EPD Examples Data requirements EPD for a specified density of insulation material from a specific plant of one manufacturer. Manufacturing specific for foreground data 1b) Declaration of a specific product as an average of production at several plants of one manufacturer. EPD of an average across a range of different densities of insulation material from the plant of one manufacturer. This can include different sites of one company with the same production processes Manufacturing specific for foreground data as basis for estimating average. A typical or representative manufacturer may be used as data source if the manufacturing process and technology are the same. 1c) Declaration of a product average of several similar products from one manufacturer’s plant. EPD of adhesive having a composition that is an average of all compositions produced in the plant of one manufacturer. This can include different sites with the same production processes Manufacturing specific for foreground data. If relevant, allocation shall be stated in accordance with clause 5.3.3. 1d) Declaration of a product average from several similar products from several plants of one manufacturer. EPD of adhesive having a composition that is an average of all compositions produced in the plant of one manufacturer. This can include different sites with different production process Manufacturing specific for foreground data as basis for estimating average. A typical or representative manufacturer may be used as data source if the manufacturing process and technology are the same. Composition specific data must be used to estimate the average product. 2a) Declaration of a specific Declaration of a specific product as product as an average an average from plants of several from plants of several manufacturers manufacturers Manufacturing specific for foreground data as basis for estimating average. A typical group of representative manufacturers may be used as data source if the manufacturing process and technology are the same. 2b) Declaration of an average of different products from several manufacturers’ plants Manufacturing specific for foreground data as basis for estimating average. A typical group of representative manufacturers may be used as data source if the manufacturing process and technology are the same. Composition specific data must be EPD for an average across a range of different densities of insulation material averaged across all products produced by a defined number of members of an association of insulation 57 ISO/CD 21930 3. Reference 3 EPD Declaration of worst case values for a defined typical average product manufacturers used to estimate the average product. EPD for an adhesive where the calculation is based on a typical composition representative for a relevant part of the market (Will be specified after the CD) The quality of the data used to calculate an EPD shall be addressed in the project report (see Clause 9 and EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.3.6). In addition the following specific requirements apply for construction products: Data shall be as current as possible. Data sets used for calculations shall have been updated within the last 10 years for background data and within the last 5 years for producer specific (foreground) data; Manufacturer specific data (foreground data) sets shall be based on 1 year averaged data; deviations shall be justified; The time period over which inputs to and outputs from the system shall be accounted for is 100 years from the year for which the data set is deemed representative. A longer time period shall be used if relevant; technological coverage shall reflect the physical reality for the declared product or product group; Data sets shall be complete according to the system boundary within the limits set by the criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs, (see 5.2.5). 5.2.7 Units SI units shall be used. Basic units are metre (m), kilogram (kg), molecular weight in grams (mol). With the exceptions noted below, all resources are expressed in kg. Exceptions are: Resources used for energy input (primary energy), which are expressed as kWh or MJ, including renewable energy sources e.g. hydropower, wind power; Water use, which is expressed in m3 (cubic metres); Temperature, which is expressed in degrees Celsius; Time, which is expressed in practical units depending on the assessment scale: minutes, hours, days, years. 58 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 5.3 Inventory analysis 5.3.1 Data collection Data collection shall follow the guidance provided in EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.2. 5.3.2 Calculation procedures The calculation procedures described in EN ISO 14044 shall apply. The same calculation procedures shall be applied consistently throughout the study. When transforming the inputs and outputs of combustible material into inputs and outputs of energy the net calorific value of fuels shall be applied according to scientifically based and accepted values specific to the combustible material. 5.3.3 Allocation of input and output flows 5.3.3.1 General Most industrial processes produce more than the intended product. Normally, more than one input is needed to produce one product and sometimes products are co-produced with other products. As a rule the material flows between them are not distributed in a simple way. Intermediate and discarded products can be recycled to become inputs for other processes. When dealing with systems involving multiple products and recycling processes, allocation should be avoided as far as possible. Where unavoidable, allocation should be considered carefully and should be justified. In this standard, the rules for allocation are based on the guidance given in EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.3.4. However, the basic procedures and assumptions used in EN ISO 14044 have been refined in order to reflect the goal and scope of this standard. The use of upstream data, which does not respect the allocation principles described in this standard shall be clearly stated and justified in the project report. These data shall be in line with EN ISO 14044 allocation rules. The principle of modularity shall be maintained. Where processes influence the product’s environmental performance during its life cycle, they shall be assigned to the module in the life cycle where they occur (see Figure 3). The sum of the allocated inputs and outputs of a unit process shall be equal to the inputs and outputs of the unit process before allocation. This means no double counting or omission of inputs or outputs through allocation is permitted. 5.3.3.2 Co-product allocation Allocation shall be avoided as far as possible. This may be done by dividing the unit process in a given information module to be divided into different sub-processes that can be distributed to the coproducts. If a process can be sub-divided, but respective data are not available, the inputs and outputs should be partitioned between its different products or functions in a way which reflects the underlying physical relationships between them; i.e. they shall reflect the way in which the inputs and outputs are changed by quantitative changes in the products or functions delivered by the system. In the case of joint co-production, where the processes cannot be sub-divided, allocation shall respect the main purpose of the processes studied, allocating all relevant products and functions appropriately. 59 ISO/CD 21930 The purpose of a plant and therefore of the related processes is generally declared in its permit and should be taken into account. Processes generating a very low contribution to the overall revenue may be neglected. Joint co-product allocation shall be allocated as follows: Allocation shall be based on physical properties (e.g. mass, volume) when the difference in revenue from the co-products is low; In all other cases allocation shall be based on economic values; Material flows carrying specific inherent properties, e.g. energy content, elementary composition (e.g. biogenic carbon content), shall always be allocated reflecting the physical flows, irrespective of the allocation chosen for the process. NOTE 1 Contributions to the overall revenue of the order of 1% or less is regarded as very low. A difference in revenue of more than 25 % is regarded as high. NOTE 2 A common position on the definition on the most appropriate allocation rule needs to be defined together with other relevant sectors. NOTE 3 Products and functions are the outputs and/or services provided by the process, having a positive economic value. NOTE 4 In industrial processes there may be a wide variety of different types of materials produced in conjunction with the intended product. In business vocabulary, these may be identified as by-products, coproducts, intermediate products, non-core products or sub-products. In this International Standard, these terms are treated as being equivalent. However, for the allocation of environmental aspects and impacts a distinction between co-products and products is made in this standard. 5.3.3.3 Allocation procedure for reuse, recycled material and energy recovery Historical loads and benefits from recycled material used as input to any process in stage A to C shall not be allocated to the current product system. Inherent properties shall, however, not be allocated away. Consequently, no bonus from such future material recycling, beyond the product system under study, is accounted for in stage A to C. Reuse is not included in stage A to C. Reuse is accounted for in stage D and handled in the same manner in stage A to C as material recycling described above. This means that impact from the first use of the product will not be allocated to downstream future use of the product. Energy recovery is handled as co-product allocation in stage A to C. Materials for energy recovery are identified based on the efficiency of energy recovery with a rate higher than 60 % without prejudice to existing legislation. Materials from which energy is recovered with an efficiency rate below 60% are not considered materials for energy recovery. Such impact shall be assign to the product under study. The end-of-life system boundary of the construction product system is set where outputs of the system under study, e.g. materials, products or construction elements, have reached the end-of-waste state. Waste processing of the material flows (e.g. undergoing recovery or recycling processes) during any module of the product system (e.g. during the production stage, use stage or end-of-life stage) are included up to the system boundary of the respective module as defined above. Environmental potential loads and benefits of secondary material, secondary fuel or recovered energy from the scraped product is handled in stage D as supplementary information, and is defined in section 5.2.4.6. 60 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 5.3.4 Accounting of biotic carbon during the life cycle Renewable materials (wood, linen, cork etc or biogenic manufactured polymers) contain biotic carbon that originates from living organisms. This material flow shall be reported as inherent CO 2 bio when entering the product system (i.e. a flow to technosphere from nature). This biotic carbon flow will be reported as a negative CO2 bio value in the LCI, since it represents a coal source that is part of a renewable circulation. When this biotic carbon material – partly or as a whole – is transformed to emissions, it will then be accounted for as emitted as CO2 bio. The overall CO2 bio balance will therefore always be zero when a full life cycle is accounted for. These two specifications represent the system boundary between nature and the product system. In addition, if the biotic carbon accounted for enter a new product system after end-of-life (after module C), this transformation will be reported as a positive CO2 bio value in module C. Therefore, product that is recycled or energy recovered in future will result in a zero value, when this inventory flow is added for the whole life cycle (A to C). Consequently, a product that is use biotic recycled material shall report a negative CO2 bio representing the inherent biotic carbon content when entering the product system. NOTE 1 the LCI. A biotic material also has an energy content as an inherent property that is accounted for separately in NOTE 2 This system boundary is valid for all life cycle stages from A to C. NOTE 3 CO2 bio shall not be reported as CO2e since it is not an LCIA result. NOTE 4 When a biotic material is transformed to emissions other emissions than CO2 they shall be accounted for in the LCI and evaluated in the LCIA. 5.3.5 Accounting of delayed emission of biotic carbon – biotic carbon sinks In respect to climate change it is essential to reduce the peak emission of greenhouse gases. A construction product that contain biogenic carbon sink may contribute to this matter. There is a few method suggested to handle this matter and report the result as CO2e. Since a common acceptance of such LCIA method is lacking, this indicator result is not part of the LCA result in the EPD and has to be reported under “Additional information” if included. However, the biotic carbon sink may be optionally reported in the EPD for construction products in B1 as “x kg CO2 bio stored for y years”. NOTE 1 A noticed applied method for accounting of delayed emission of biotic carbon is defined in climate footprint system PAS 2050, which also referred to and part of the LCIA indicators in the EC environmental declaration system; Product Environmental Footprints (PEF). 5.3.6 Land use change Land transformation or land use change accounts for the purpose for which land is used by humans and may include several environmental aspects where effects on climate change are commonly reported. Different international valid factors for land use change are given by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPGLULUCF). The reporting under forest management is strongly linked to the reporting of ‘Forest land remaining forest land’ under the UNFCCC-reporting. In addition and when significant, the greenhouse gases emissions occurring as a result of the land use change it should be assessed in accordance with internationally recognised methods such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. These GHG emissions shall be included in the LCI and LCIA and documented separately in the LCA report. Double-counting shall be avoided. NOTE 1 This aspect is not restricted to biogenic materials but also all other of materials and processes. 61 ISO/CD 21930 NOTE 2 Wood from well managed forestry’s may be accounted for zero emission concerning land use change, since this as assumed to be a conservative approach since the indirect ground soil carbon normally is a net contributor of a carbon pool in the forestry system. 5.3.7 Calcination and carbonation of pozzulane materials A pozzulane is a material (like cement, fly ash etc.) with a capability of reacting with calcium hydroxide (Ca2+ or Ca(OH)2) in the presence of water. Such material has an inherent potential to carbonate in any downstream life cycle stage when the material is in contact to air. Inapproachable of the co-product allocation method applied the inherent potential possible to carbonate cannot be allocated away and will be allocated to the product system where it appears. Consequently, the calcination will always be the same or larger than the reported carbonated CO2 in the context of LCA. These kind of process related greenhouse gas emissions would always be reported as part of the common LCIA indicator for climate change (i.e. as CO2e) and reported separately in the LCA report. Established theoretical methods for calculation of the carbonation exist and may be applied. NOTE 1 It is possible in e.g. a sub-oriented PCR to establish commonly valid intended use application to simplify the calculation on carbonation on a generic level. Suck simplified approach will always be based on scenarios and therefore only an example on how it might be. 5.3.8 Inventory indicator describing energy resource use The declaration of use of energy recourses – primary and secondary - shall be carried out for the parameters given in Table C.4 and Table C.5 specified for all modules. The parameters are as: 1) Renewable primary energy used as an energy carrier (fuel); RPEE is all (first time used) biological materials used as an energy source. Also hydropower, solar and wind power used in technosphere belong here. 2) Renewable primary energy used as material; RPEM is (first time used) biological materials used as materials (Wood, hemp, etc.). 3) Non-renewable primary energy used as an energy carrier (fuel); NRPEE is materials such as peat, oil, gas, coal, uranium. 4) Non-renewable primary energy used as materials; NRPEM are primary resources (with an energy content) such as oil, gas and coal, which later ends as products like plastic materials or animal feed. 5) Secondary materials; SM are materials recycled from previous use or waste (scrap metal, broken concrete, broken glass, plastic) which are used as material. Could be both renewable and non-renewable, with or without energy content. 6) Renewable secondary fuel; RSF are renewable materials with an energy content, which have been used previously or are defined as waste, which are used as energy source (biomass residue, waste wood). 7) Non-renewable secondary fuels; NRSF are non-renewable materials with energy content, which have been used previously or are defined as waste, which are used as an energy source (solvents, tires). 62 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Cumulative energy demand (CED) shall be reported based on both renewable and non-renewable energy resources as given in Table B.1. CEDR is given as sum of RPEE and RSF for materials used as energy carrier (not used as material). CEDNR is given as sum of NRPEE and NRSF for materials used as energy carrier (not used as material). 5.3.9 Inventory indicator describing net use of fresh water Net use of fresh water shall be calculated and reported. Net Use of Fresh Water should follow the approach of ISO/DIS 14046.2:2013. 5.3.10 Environmental information describing waste categories and outflows derived from LCA The parameters describing waste categories and other material flows are output flows derived from the LCI. The waste categories given in Table 17 shall be declared and specified for all information modules included in the EPD. In Table C.6 the format for declaration of waste in the ITM is given and may be used as format in the EPD. Table 17 — Waste categories Waste Category Unit Hazardous waste disposed kg Non hazardous waste disposed kg High-level radioactive waste, conditioned, to final repository m3 Medium and low-level radioactive waste, conditioned, to final repository m3 NOTE 1 The parameters in Table 17 are also part of the additional information for scenarios at end-of-life, see Table 10. NOTE 2 The parameters in Table 17 are calculated on the gross amounts leaving the system boundary when they have reached the end-of-waste state as described in Table C.7. The output flows given in Table 18 shall be declared and specified for all information modules included in the EPD. In Table C.7 the format for declaration of output flows in the ITM is given and may be used as format in the EPD. Table 18 — Output flows Output flows Components for re-use Materials for recycling Materials for energy recovery Materials for incineration without energy recovery Materials for landfill Material for fill or backfill Unit kg kg kg kg kg kg 63 ISO/CD 21930 NOTE 3 The parameter “Materials for energy recovery” does not include materials for waste incineration. Waste incineration is a method of waste processing and is allocated within the system boundaries. Waste incineration plants have a lower energy efficiency rate than power stations using secondary fuels. Materials for energy recovery are based on thermal energy efficiency rate of the power station not less than 60 %. 5.4 Impact assessment; Parameters describing main environmental impacts derived from LCA The impact assessment shall be carried out for the impact categories GWP, ODP, AP, EP, POCP and ADPfossil, ADPelement specified for all modules included as given in Table C.2. Characterisation factors given in references in Table 19 for GWP, ODP, AP, EP, POCP and ADP shall be used. Table 19 — References to impact assessment methods Impact category and abbreviation (Unit) Reference Global warming potential, GWP (kg CO2e) IPCC (2014) Ozone depletion potential, ODP (kg PO43-e) WMO, 1999 Eutrophication potential, EP (kg PO43-e) Heijungs et al. (1992) Acidification potential, AP (kg SO2e) Photochemical oxidant creation potential, POCP (kg C2H4e) Resource Depletion – used as material or energy, ADPelement (Sbe) ADPfossil (MJ) Hauschild & Wenzel (1998) Jenkin & Hayman (1999), Derwent et al. (1998) van Oers et al., 2002 The abiotic depletion potential is calculated and declared in two different indicators: ADPelement include all non-renewable material resources (minerals, uranium, sulphur) used as energy and material. ADPfossil include all non-renewable fossil resources indicators (coal, oil, fossil gas) used as energy and material; sum of TNRPE (Total use of Non-Renewable Primary Energy resources), for all modules given in Table B.1. NOTE 1 It is considered good practice to identify LCI data that has no calculated environmental impact within the project report. This can help to identify the need for complementary and consistent characterisation factors for relevant LCI flows. NOTE 2 ADPfossil will always be equal to or less than total use of non-renewable primary energy resources (TNRPE), in Table C.4 as sulphur and uranium are not included in ADP fossil. 6 Environmental information not derived from LCA 6.1 Release of dangerous substances to indoor air during the use stage The following information shall when relevant, be provided for products that are exposed to indoor air after they are installed in buildings, and during the use stage, in order to support use stage scenarios 64 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 with respect to occupant health at the building level. When developing sub-category PCR, specific requirement shall be given. Emissions to indoor air shall be declared according to standards applicable in the market for which the EPD is valid. The reporting is based on measurement of release of dangerous substances from construction products using harmonised test methods. 6.1.1 Volatile, semi-volatile and very volatile organic compounds The reporting format for declaration of VOC emissions given in Table 20 shall be used. Reporting on VOC according to this format is intended for all products that may be exposed to interior spaces and/or within the building envelope. NOTE 1 The building envelope consists of the roof, exterior walls and floor of a structure. These elements form a barrier that separates the interior of the building from the outdoor environment NOTE 2 Where post-manufacture coatings or surface applications have not been applied, the following floor, ceiling and wall systems are deemed to comply with the requirements: ceramic and concrete tile, organic-free mineral-based materials, gypsum plaster, clay masonry, concrete masonry, concrete, and metal. Table 20 — Reporting format for product VOC emissions Parameter Declaration options R value Declare value with one significant figure (e.g. 1 or 3) TVOC Declare value in mg/m3 with two significant figures Values (e.g. 0.2 mg/m3 or 1.6 mg/m3) ∑VOCwithout LCI Declare value in µg/m3 with one significant figure (e.g. 40 µg/m3 or 300 µg/m3) TSVOC Declare value in µg/m3 with one significant figure (e.g. 40 µg/m3or 300 µg/m3) Carcinogens Declare value with one significant figure (e.g. 5 µg/m3) or not detected Each identified substance with its CAS-Number Declare value in µg/m3 with two significant figures (e.g. 120 µg/m3 or 1500 µg/m3) or not detected The R-value (Risk-value) is derived by summarizing the individual Ri-values. The Ri value is the ratio of the emission concentrations of individual compounds in the mixture (Ci) divided by the corresponding lowest concentration of interest value (LCIi); Ri = (Ci/LCIi). R-value = Σ(Ri + …Rn) 65 ISO/CD 21930 The R-value approach assuming dose additivity of all compounds in a chemical mixture irrespective of their health effects. Applied LCIi values are given in Annex D and are mandatory, but may be complemented with other data sets. Measured product specific VOC emission values, Ci, are derived from chamber tests. NOTE 3 This standard suggests using CEN/TS 16516 or likewise methods, as specification for such horizontal testing method. CEN/TC 16516 is based in ISO 16000 standard series, but contains additional refinements for improving reliability and has gone through extensive validation. 6.1.2 Particulate matter Currently no recognised methods is found on realize of particulates matters. However, this will be taken into account in future revision of this standard. 6.2 Release of dangerous substances to soil and water during the life cycle Emissions from material may be measured as a material and substance specific property via different laboratory tests. Such data will serve as input for estimation of release of emissions in different intended use applications. Dependant on the type of material and its structure, column or batch test are used for granular material and serial batch leaching tests (also known as tank tests) for monolith materials. Batch test shall in this context be regarded as proxy for column tests. The common approach with these methods is that a declining emission will occur in relation to the amount of water available in respect to the material exposed. Test method/-s required on different markets shall be utilised and the method/-s applied shall be reported in the EPD. NOTE 2 Work is currently going on in Europe by CEN TC 351 on a package of tests methods relevant for the reporting defined here. The laboratory tests is the basis for scenario based calculation some emission. Information on release of emissions to soil and water may be relevant for input to the LCA in life cycle stages A1-3, A5, B1 and C4. These emissions can also be used for risk assessment or to calculate a simplified R-factor (as outlined above for indoor air). It is likely that such development take place in future. The difference compared to the indoor air emission that has only one unit room is that is that a number of representative compartments for soil and water exposure have to be defied, and suck works exist but is not yet standardised. The reporting format as given in Table 21 shall be provided for products exposed to soil and water after their installation in construction works during the use stage in order to support use stage scenarios for soil and water pollution at the building level. 66 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Table 21 — Reporting format for product emissions to water and soil Parameter Declaration options Co and (kappa) Declare values from reported emissions with two significant figures e.g.: Column test according to standard X is used lead: Co 0.2 l/kg and 0,02 n: etc Since batch leaching test results are normally available at limited number of L/S values for which the test is performed (typically L/S = 2 l/kg or 10 l/kg) and therefore may not correspond to the L/S value at which the release is sought in the scenario. The result can be “translated” from one L/S value to another by means of the kappa () relationship. From the leaching test, the leaching of several substances may be expressed by a simple decay function: C = C0 * e - (L/S) where C is the concentration of the contaminant as a function of L/S (mg/l), the constant C 0 is the initial peak concentration of the contaminant in the leachate (mg/l), L/S is the liquid to solid ratio corresponding to the concentration C (l/kg) and where is a kinetic constant describing the rate of decrease of the concentration as a function of L/S for a given material and a given substance (kg/l). C0 and values may be estimated from column or serial batch leaching data. By integrating the above expression, the amount of the substance, M (in mg/kg), released over the period of time it takes for L/S to increase from 0 l/kg to the value corresponding to C, can be calculated: M = (C0/)(1 – e - (L/S)) If an emission scenario is applied (based on the figures given in Table 21) in the LCA the release, M, and significant scenario settings may be reported according to Table 22. Table 22 — Additional information on release of dangerous substances to soil and water during the life cycle Additional information on release of dangerous substances to soil and water during the use stage 67 ISO/CD 21930 Scenario title Parameter Units Release scenario Soil Description of scenario 1 Text Emissions Module and unit Description of scenario n Text Emissions Module and unit Description of scenario 1 Text Description of scenario n Text Emissions Module and unit Description of scenario n Text Emissions Module and unit Release scenario Water Results 6.3 Substances of very high concern Substances with certain hazardous properties can be of concern for human health and/or the environment. Such substances can be identified and subsequently regulated to make sure that the risks associated with these substances are properly controlled. In any EPD the declaration of material content of the product shall list as a minimum substances contained in the product that are identified as hazardous according to normative requirements in standards or regulation applicable in the market for which the EPD is valid. Table 23 — Substances of very high concern Substance of very high concern Substance 1 Substance n CAS No. Reference to standards or regulation applicable for the relevant market NOTE 1 An example is the identification of substances of very high concern (SVHC) in a publicly available "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation of the European Chemicals Agency". The list is the result of an assessment and evaluation scheme, which is part of the REACH regulation. NOTE 2 7 The source location of any safety data sheet can be provided. Content of EPD 7.1 General The EPD shall contain the following main parts as a minimum, as given in Table 24 depending on communication business-to business or business-to-consumer. The content is specified further in this clause. 68 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Table 24 — Content of EPD for business-to-business and business-to-consumer Content Businessto-business Business-toconsumer 1 Information regarding product, producer, EMS; region x x 2 Information EPD; Verification information and information from programme operator x x 3 Description of the methodological framework x x 4 Description of technical information and scenarios x 5 LCA results from life cycle impact assessment - LCIA x x 6 LCA results from life cycle inventory x not all 7 Environmental information not derived from LCA x not all 8 Additional information x x 9 References x x 7.2 Declaration of general information All Type III environmental declarations in a product category shall follow the format and include the parameters as identified in this International Standard. The manufacturer of the product that is the subject of the EPD is responsible for the provision of all necessary information. The following shall be declared in the EPD. a) The name and address of the manufacturer(s); b) The description of the construction product’s use; c) Construction product identification by name (including any. product code) and a simple visual representation of the construction product or work to which the data relates; d) A description of the main product components and or material that make up the construction product or work given in percentage. NOTE 1 This description is intended to enable the user of the EPD to understand the composition of the product in delivery condition and support a safe and effective installation, use and disposal of the product. With appropriate justification, this requirement does not apply to confidential or proprietary information relating to materials and substances that apply due to a competitive business environment or covered by intellectual property rights or similar legal restrictions. It also might not be appropriate for information concerning intangible products. e) To illustrate the product system studied, the EPD shall contain a simple flow diagram of the processes included in the LCA; f) Name of the programme used and the programme operator’s name, address, logo and website; 69 ISO/CD 21930 g) The reference for the PCR used, including the version number, publisher, and year published; h) The date the declaration was issued; i) The end of the 5 year period of validity; j) A statement that EPDs of construction products are not comparable if their scenarios are not identical and may not be comparable if they do not comply with this International Standard; k) Organization's adherence to any environmental management system, with a statement on where an interested party can find details of the system; l) Any other environmental certification programme applied to the product and a statement on where an interested party can find details of the certification programme; m) Other environmental activities of the organization, such as participation in recycling or recovery programmes, provided details of these programmes are readily available to the purchaser or user and contact information is provided; n) Instructions and limits for efficient use; o) Information on where explanatory material may be obtained; NOTE 2 Guidance on safe and effective installation, use and disposal of the product is supplied by the manufacture. In addition to the above mentioned general information, Table 25 shall be completed and reproduced in the EPD. Table 25 — Demonstration of verification ISO 21930:201x serves as the core PCR a Independent verification of the declaration, according to ISO 21930:201x internal external (Where appropriate b) Third party verifier: <Name of the third party verifier> a b Product category rules Optional for business-to-business communication; mandatory for business-to-consumer communication (see EN ISO 14025:2010, 9.4). 7.3 Declaration of the methodological framework The EPD shall specify which EPD-type is declared in order to enable comparability: A statement of type of EPD shall be given and illustrated by Figure 4. If a product’s performance in any of the omitted life-cycle stages is relevant for its overall environmental performance, the omission of this information shall be declared and justified. 70 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 The functional unit or declared unit depending on type of EPD, shall be stated. If the declaration represent an average of different products or from different producers, a description of what the average represents shall be given based upon Table 16. A description of the data quality and source for the main product components and or material that make up the construction product as given in Table 26. Table 26 — Description of data quality, source and age Materials Data quality Data source Data age Material 1 Material 2 Material n Allocation and cut-off procedures applied shall be described. 7.4 Declaration of reference service life, technical information and scenarios For products where operational energy and/or water use are significant or if other resources are consumed during the operation of the product, module B6 and B7 are mandatory with respect to technical information. For such products, Table 9 shall be included in the EPD. For EPD with options the technical information for the relevant modules represented by Table 1, Table 3 to Table 10 shall be included in the EPD. For EPD cradle to grave Table 1, Table 3 to Table 10 shall be included in the EPD. For EPD where future reuse, material recycling and energy recovery (stage D) are declared, the relevant information represented by Table 11 to Table 14 shall be included. 7.5 Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA 7.5.1 LCA results from life cycle impact assessment – LCIA Environmental impacts and resource use are expressed with the impact category parameters of LCIA using characterisation factors. The following predetermined parameters are required and shall as a minimum be included specified for all information modules included in the EPD independent on B2B of B2C communication, see Table 27. Table 27 - Impact categories Content LCA results from life cycle impact assessment - LCIA Businessto-business x Businesstoconsumer x Global warming potential; GWP x x Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; ODP x x Acidification potential of soil and water sources; AP x x 71 ISO/CD 21930 Eutrophication potential; EP x x Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; POCP x x Abiotic depletion potential (ADP-materials) for non-fossil resources x x Abiotic depletion potential (ADP-energy) for fossil resources x x In Table C.2 the format for declaration of LCA results from life cycle impact assessment in the ITM is given and may be used as format in the EPD. 7.5.2 LCA results from life cycle inventory The following parameters derived from life cycle inventory analysis shall as a minimum be included specified for all information modules included in the EPD depending on B2B of B2C communication, see Table 28. Table 28 — Life cycle inventory parameters Businessto-business Content Businesstoconsumer LCA results from life cycle inventory Use of primary and secondary energy resources x Cumulative energy demand (renewable); CEDR x x Cumulative energy demand (non-renewable); CEDNR x x Biotic carbon content; Bio-CO2 x Use of net fresh water resources x Waste and output flows x Use of primary and secondary energy resources shall be given for the categories given in 5.3.8. In Table C.4 and Table C.5 the format for declaration of primary and secondary energy resources in the ITM are given and may be used as format in the EPD. In Table C.3 the format for declaration of cumulative energy demand (renewable and non-renewable), biotic carbon content and use of net freshwater resources the ITM are given and may be used as format in the EPD. Waste and output flows shall be given as in Table 17 and Table 18. In Table C.6 the format for declaration of waste and in Table C.7 the format for declaration of output flows in the ITM are given and may be used as format in the EPD. 7.6 Declaration of environmental information not derived from LCA The following parameters not derived from LCA shall when relevant be included in the EPD depending on B2B or B2C communication, see Table 29. Table 29 — Environmental parameters not derived from LCA Business-tobusiness Content Business-toconsumer Environmental information not derived from LCA Release of dangerous substances to indoor air during the use stage - VOC x x x note1 Release of dangerous substances to indoor air during the use stage - particulate matter Release of dangerous substances to soil and water 72 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Substances of very high concern x NOTE 1 If a R-factor in future could be established as for VOC and IAQ this indicator should be reported in the B2C declaration. x Release of dangerous substances to indoor air during the use stage – VOC – shall be given according to Table 20. Release of dangerous substances to soil and water shall be given according to Table 21 if relevant. Substances of very high concern shall be given according to Table 23 if relevant. If no such substances are identified, this should be stated in the EPD. In any EPD the declaration of material content of the product shall list as a minimum substances contained in the product that are identified as hazardous according to normative requirements in standards or regulation applicable in the market for which the EPD is valid. 7.7 Declaration of additional information Any additional information declared in the EPD shall follows as copies or references. This may be: Laboratory results/measurements for content declaration Laboratory results/measurements for functional/technical performance 7.8 References A list of references used shall be given. 8 Communication formats This clause defines the standardized part of the EPD communication i.e. the generic template. The generic template is called an Information Transfer Matrix (ITM). Communication of standardized environmental information for construction goods and services requires a format that provides a location of all elements of information from different sources. The ITM provides a unique and consistent reference position in a grid. The ITM will contain some information, which is mandatory and some information, which is voluntary, and so in some cases blanks or gaps can occur in the ITM. The matrix provides the template for communicating this information for each of the information modules as defined in Figure 2. The matrix is also used for communicating the information for any of the scenarios, which can occur and/or the respective technical information for these scenarios. The ITM consists of a grid structure in which all items of information according to this International Standard shall be presented. To present environmental information in a structured and consistent way and in a common format, a generic template is used. The generic template is used for information transfer. The ITM: does not preclude the fact that an EPD can have an individual and unique format; is the standardized part of EPD communication according to this International Standard; 73 ISO/CD 21930 a statement whether the ITM has been independently verified shall be made. The ITM addresses the following types of information according to this International Standard: — general information; see C.1; — LCA results from life cycle impact assessment - LCIA:, see Table C.2; — LCA results from life cycle inventory; see Table C.3 to C.7; — environmental information not derived from LCA; see Table 20 and Table 21; — scenarios and technical information; see Table 3 to Table 14; — declaration of future reuse, material recycling and energy recovery (stage D); see Table C8 to Table C.11; — in any EPD the declaration of material content of the product shall list as a minimum substances contained in the product that are identified as hazardous according to normative requirements in standards or regulation applicable in the market for which the EPD is valid. 9 Project report 9.1 General The manufacturer and/or practitioner shall provide the EPD project documentation and the EPD to the verifier. The project documentation contains basic data and supporting information necessary for the EPD project as specified in Clause 7. The project report is the systematic and comprehensive summary of the project documentation supporting the verification of an EPD. The project report shall record that the LCA based information and the additional information as declared in the EPD meet the requirements of this International Standard. It shall be made available to the verifier with the requirements on confidentiality stated in EN ISO 14025. The project report is not part of the public communication. The project report shall contain any data and information of importance for the data published in the EPD and as required in this International Standard. Special care is necessary to demonstrate in a transparent way that the data and information declared in the EPD result from the LCA study and how the RSL has been established. Note 1 In this context project means the LCA study on the declared product. 9.2 LCA-related elements of the project report The results, data, methods, assumptions, limitations, and conclusions of the LCA shall be completely and accurately reported without bias. They shall be transparent and presented in sufficient detail to allow independent verification and to permit an understanding of the complexities and trade-offs inherent in the LCA. The report should also allow the results and interpretation to be used in support of the data and additional information made available in the respective EPD. The project report shall give the following: 74 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 1) General aspects: commissioner of the LCA study, internal or external practitioner of the LCA study; date of report; statement that the study has been conducted according to the requirements of this standard; 2) Goal of the study: reasons for carrying out the study and its intended application and audience, i.e. providing information and data for an EPD for business-to-business and/or business-toconsumer communication; 3) Scope of the study: declared/functional unit, including: definition, including relevant technical specification(s); calculation rule for averaging data e.g. when the declared/functional unit is defined for: a) a group of similar products produced by different suppliers or b) the same product produced at different production sites; system boundary according to the modular approach as outlined in Figure 1, including: omissions of life cycle stages, processes or data needs; quantification of energy and material inputs and outputs, taking into account how plantlevel data is allocated to the declared products; assumptions about electricity production and other relevant background data; cut-off criteria for initial inclusion of inputs and outputs, including: description of the application of cut-off criteria and assumptions; list of excluded processes; 4) Life cycle inventory analysis: qualitative/quantitative description of unit processes necessary to model the life cycle stages of the declared unit, taking into account the provisions of EN ISO 14025 regarding data confidentiality; sources of generic data or literature used to conduct the LCA; validation of data, including: data quality assessment; treatment of missing data; 75 ISO/CD 21930 allocation principles and procedures, including: documentation and justification of allocation procedures; uniform application of allocation procedures; 5) Life cycle impact assessment: the LCIA procedures, calculations and results of the study; the relationship of the LCIA results to the LCI results; reference to all characterization models, characterization factors and methods used, as defined in this European Standard; a statement that the LCIA results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the exceeding of thresholds, safety margins or risks; 6) Life cycle interpretation: the results; assumptions and limitations associated with the interpretation of results as declared in the EPD, both methodology and data related; the variance from the means of LCIA results should be described, if generic data are declared from several sources or for a range of similar products; data quality assessment; full transparency in terms of value-choices, rationales and expert judgements. 9.3 Rules for data confidentiality Product-specific data are very often confidential, because of competitive business issues, intellectual property rights, or similar legal restrictions. It is not required to make such confidential data publicly available. Normally, the EPD present only data that have been aggregated over the four stages of the life cycle or relevant portions of it and the aggregation obscures the underlying competitive information. Confidential business data provided for the independent verification process can be kept confidential upon request of the body supplying the data and with the approval of the programme operator, in accordance with programme operational rules; see ISO 14025:2006, 8.3. 76 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 9.4 Documentation on additional information The project report shall include any documentation on additional environmental information declared in the EPD as required in this standard. Such documentation on additional environmental information may include, e.g. as copies or references: laboratory results/measurements for the content declaration; laboratory results/measurement of functional/technical performance; documentation on declared technical information on life cycle stages that have not been considered in the LCA of the construction product and that will be used for the assessment of buildings (e.g. transport distances, RSL according to Annex A, energy consumption during use, cleaning cycles, etc.); laboratory results/measurements for the declaration of emissions to indoor air, soil and water during the product’s use stage. 9.5 Data availability for verification To facilitate verification it is considered good practice to make the following information available to the verifier, taking into account data confidentiality according to ISO 21930:2007, 7.4 and 9.1: analysis of material and energy flows to justify their inclusion or exclusion; quantitative description of unit processes that are defined to model processes and life cycle stages of the declared unit; attribution of process and life cycle data to datasets of an LCA-software (if used); LCIA results per modules of unit processes, e.g. structured according to life cycle stages; LCIA results per production plant/product if generic data is declared from several plants or for a range of similar products; documentation that substantiates the percentages or figures used for the calculations in the end-oflife scenario; documentation that substantiates the percentages and figures (number of cycles, prices, etc.) used for the calculations in the allocation procedure, if it differs from the PCR. 10 Verification and validity of an EPD After verification an EPD is valid for a 5 year period from the date of issue, after which it shall be reviewed and verified. An EPD shall only be reassessed and updated as necessary to reflect changes in technology or other circumstances that could alter the content and accuracy of the declaration. An EPD does not have to be recalculated after 5 years, if the underlying data has not changed significantly. The process for verification and establishing the validity of an EPD shall be in accordance with EN ISO 14025:2010. 77 ISO/CD 21930 NOTE 1 A reasonable change in the environmental performance of a product to be reported to the verifier is +/- 10% on any one of the declared parameters of the EPD (see 5.2.6). Such a change may require an update of the EPD. 78 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Annex A (normative) Requirements and guidance on the reference service life A reference service life (RSL) can only be determined for a cradle to grave EPD or a Cradle to Gate EPD with options where modules A1-A5 and B1-B5 have been provided. If the service life is declared then the following principles shall apply. The manufacturer or producer of the construction product cannot be held responsible for the actual design of the building and the use and application of the product, environment, workmanship or use. The reference service life of a product can be based upon empirical, probabilistic, statistical, deemed to satisfy or research (scientific) data and shall always taking into account the intended use (description of use), see ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8. This basis shall be mentioned in the EPD; If the manufacturer provides the RSL for the product then he shall take into account and shall describe in the EPD the intended use and declared functional performance(s) and the scenario. The estimate shall be transparent to allow for verification. A declared RSL shall be related to the declared functional technical performance and to any maintenance or repair necessary to provide the declared performance during the declared RSL or provided Estimated Service Life (ESL). The declared technical performance may be based on specifications for determination or calculation of this performance given in the relevant harmonised European standards. These performances may be defined as initial, average or minimum levels. See Figure A.1 and A.2. NOTE 1 The declared technical performance may be the input for calculations beyond this standard. However the out-come in terms of RSL will be input for the requirements in this standard. EXAMPLE 2 The thermal performance of a window, insulation, a heating boiler, etc. will impact on the energy use of the building in the use stage. This energy use, its emissions and waste are contributing to the environmental aspects and impacts of the building in the use stage. The RSL of the window, insulation, the heating boiler, etc. needs to be linked to the product's performance in order to provide consistency in the calculation model. Key X Y 1 2 3 RSL functional performance initial average minimum Figure A.1 — Type of declared technical and functional performance and RSL 79 ISO/CD 21930 Key X Y 1 2 3 4 5 RSL technical and functional performance initial average minimum maintenance/ repair maintenance/ repair Figure A.2 — Type of declared technical and functional performance, repair/maintenance during RSL The RSL is dependent on the properties of the product and specific in-use conditions. These conditions shall be declared together with a RSL and it shall be stated that the RSL only applies to these specific conditions. The description of the technical and functional performance of a product is required for the European technical specifications for construction products. This description may be based on data collected as average data or at the beginning or end of the service life. The reference conditions for achieving the declared technical and functional performance and the declared reference service life shall include the following, where relevant: declared product properties (at the gate) and those of any finishes, etc.; design application parameters (if instructed by the manufacturer), including references to any appropriate requirements and application codes; an assumed quality of work,; external environment, (for outdoor applications), e.g. weathering, pollutants, UV and wind exposure, building orientation, shading, temperature; internal environment (for indoor applications), e.g. temperature, moisture, chemical exposure; usage conditions, e.g. frequency of use, mechanical exposure; maintenance, e.g. required frequency, type and quality and replacement of replaceable components. In many cases the Estimated Service Life (ESL) of the building depends on whether its components are replaceable or repairable. Normally the ESL of a building depends on the service life of the load bearing product or construction element that is not replaceable or repairable. 80 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 The RSL of a construction element (e.g. a window) declared in the EPD is dependent on the service life of its individual components (handle, hinge, etc.) and may be determined by the component with the lowest service life. It also depends on whether the single components of the construction element are replaceable or repairable. RSL data is normally based on direct testing or both direct and indirect data acquisition (see ISO 156862, ISO 15686-8 and ISO/TS 15686-9). Direct data acquisition may be based on: field exposure; inspection of buildings and their components; experimental buildings; in-use exposure. In some cases for products for which direct data are not available indirect methods may be used for establishing RSL: correlated to data for existing products of a similar type with similar functions having similar use and exposure conditions; comparative data obtained by testing the products of a similar type and similar function for similar uses and exposure conditions, in accordance with EN product test standards. NOTE 2 ISO/TS 15686-9 refers to procedures that may be divided into two groups, direct and indirect tests. Direct testing – the achievement of a certain level of performance in a test of a particular property is recognised as being direct evidence of expected service life (e.g. abrasion, fatigue, closing, and impact tests). Indirect (proxy) testing – the measurement of “proxy” characteristics that can be correlated to actual performance and hence service life (e.g. porosity for freeze-thaw resistance and hardness for abrasion resistance). Tests may be either: Natural weathering/ageing tests, which either give a direct indication of service life (e.g. corrosion tests) or enable normal performance tests to be carried out after treatment, thus allowing the likely degradation under in-use conditions to be determined; Accelerated weathering/ageing tests, in which the normal ageing process is speeded up to reduce the duration of the test. Care is needed to ensure that degradation mechanisms are just accelerated and not significantly altered in such tests. Tests may be long-term or short-term, or a combination of both. Long-term tests may include: a) field exposure; b) exposure in experimental buildings. Short-term tests may include: 81 ISO/CD 21930 c) accelerated short-term tests; d) short-term in-use exposures. 82 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Annex B (informative) Relation between resource use, CED and ADP Table B.1 — Relation between resource use, CED and ADP Primary resources Renewable Non-renewable H>0 H=0 H>0 H=0 e m e m e m e m RPEE Renewable primary energy used as an energy carrier (fuel); (MJ) Primary renewable energy resources used as energy carrier x* RPEM Renewable primary energy used as material; (MJ) Primary renewable resources with energy content used as material TRPE Total use of renewable primary energy resources; (MJ) Total use of primary renewable resources with energy content NRPEE Non-renewable primary energy used as an energy carrier (fuel); (MJ) Primary non-renewable resources with energy content used as energy carrier NRPEM Non-renewable primary energy used as materials; (MJ) Primary non-renewable resources with energy content used as material TNRPE Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; (MJ) Total use of primary non-renewable resources with energy content. SM Use of secondary materials (kg) Secondary resources (renewable and non-renewable, with and without energy content), used as material. RSF Renewable secondary fuels (MJ) NRSF Non-renewable secondary fuels; (MJ) * ** *** **** Renewable materials with an energy content, which have been used previously or are defined as waste, which are used as energy source Non-renewable materials with energy content, which have been used previously or are defined as waste, which are used as an energy source x x x** x x*** ADPM excl. Energy content in sulphur and uranium**** Renewable or non-renewable With or without energy content (heat value, H >0 or H=0) Used as energy (e) or material (m) -> Secondary resources Renewable Non-renewable H>0 H=0 H>0 H=0 e m e m e m e m x x x x x* x** CEDR CEDNR ADPfossil ADPelements 83 ISO/CD 21930 Annex C (normative) Master ITM The Tables C.1 to C.11 reflect the parameters required in this International Standard to communicate the environmental performance. If documentation shall be communicated, the Master ITM shall contain the relevant technical information represented by the following tables: Table 1 — Reference Service Life Table 2 — A2 Transport of raw materials up to the factory gate and internal transport Table 3 — A4 Transport to the construction site Table 4 — A5 Installation of the product Table 5 — Use stage; B2 Maintenance Table 6 — Use stage; B3 Repair Table 7 — Use stage; B4 Replacement Table 8 — Use stage; B5 Refurbishment Table 9 — Use of energy and use of water Table 9 — Use of energy and use of water Table 10 — C End-of-life Table 11 – Reuse and its modules D-CR1 upgrading, treatment; includes all processing performed that is made before the product is put on the market again. This module continues where stage C ends. This module also includes distribution and installation of the product with the same scope as described in stage A4 and A5. The transport includes the average transportation of the product until it reaches the average new construction site. D-CR2 Reuse route alt. A accounts for the same life cycle stages from module B and C that are valid from the initial usage stage D-CR3 Reuse route alt. B. If optional reuse routs appears for instance on different markets or for different intended use in any construction works, additional scenarios may be included named A, B and so on. Average impact from route A. The average environmental impact from A to C and CR1 to CR3 covering relevant modules and where common processes are allocated evenly in the recycling cascade according to scenario A etc. Table 12 – Cascade recycling and its modules Table 13 – Material recycling and its modules Table 14 – Energy recovery and its modules 84 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Table C.1 — Declaration of general information Declaration of general information a The name and address of the manufacturer(s) b The description of the construction product’s use The functional unit The declared unit c Construction product identification by name (including any. product code) and a simple visual representation of the construction product or work to which the data relates A simple visual representation of the construction product to which the data relates d A description of the main product components and or material that make up the construction product or work given in percentage e Name of the programme used and the programme operator’s name, address, logo and website f The reference for the PCR used, including the version number, publisher, and year published; g The date the declaration was issued The end of the 5 year period of validity h Information on which stages are not considered, if the declaration is not based on an LCA covering all life cycle stages i A statement of type of EPD with respect to Life cycle stages covered shall be given and illustrated by Figure 4. j A statement that EPDs of construction products are not comparable if their scenarios are not identical and may not be comparable if they do not comply with this International Standard k In the case where an EPD is declared as an average environmental performance for a number of products a statement to that effect shall be included in the declaration: a technical description of the average product group (such as density or a property like U-value) a description of number of manufacturing plants included in the EPD a description of number of manufacturing companies included. If the EPD includes data from more than one company it becomes a sector representative EPD and a description of the market representation shall therefore be stated (e.g. the EPD represent more than 75% of the products sold on the North American market) range/ variability of the LCIA results if significant l For whom the EPD is representative: The site(s) The manufacturer The group of manufacturers or those representing them m The declaration of material content of the product shall list as a minimum substances contained in the product that are listed in regional regulation when their content exceeds the limits as given by the regional authorities; e.g. the “Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for authorisation” when their content exceeds the limits for registration with the European Chemicals Agency NOTE 1 The source location of any safety data sheet can be provided. n Information on where explanatory material may be obtained NOTE 2 Guidance on safe and effective installation, use and disposal of the product is supplied by the manufacture. http//: or contact for product safety sheet http//: or contact for product related substances considered under REACH o Linked scenarios p Figure 2 shall be completed and reproduced 85 ISO/CD 21930 Table C.2 — Parameters describing environmental impacts Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA Product stage Environmental impact indicators A 1 Global warming potential; GWP kg CO2 equiv. Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; ODP kg CFC 11 equiv. Acidification potential of soil and water sources; AP kg SO2 equiv. Eutrophication potential; EP kg PO4 equiv. Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; POCP kg C2H2 equiv. Abiotic depletion potential (ADPmaterials) for nonfossil resources kg Sb equiv. Abiotic depletion potential (ADPenergy) for fossil resources MJ, net calorific value. A 2 A 3 Tota l Constructio n process stage A4 A5 End of life stage Use stage B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 B 7 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 Table C.3 — Parameters describing life cycle inventory Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA Product stage Main inventory indicators A1 A2 A3 Total 86 Biotic carbon A4 A5 Use stage End of life stage B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 kg CO2 bio Cumulative renewable energy demand; CEDR MJ, net calorific value. Cumulative nonrenewable energy demand; CEDNR MJ, net calorific value. Net fresh water Construction process stage m3 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Table C.4 — Parameters describing use of resources; primary energy Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA Construction process stage Product stage Parameters describing use of renewable and non-renewable primary energy resources use as energy carrier or materials A1 A2 A3 Total Renewable primary energy used as an energy carrier (fuel); RPEE MJ, net calorific value. Renewable primary energy used as material; RPEM MJ, net calorific value. Total use of renewable primary energy resources; TRPE MJ, net calorific value. Non-renewable primary energy used as an energy carrier (fuel); NRPEE MJ, net calorific value. Non-renewable primary energy used as materials; NRPEM MJ, net calorific value. Total use of nonrenewable primary energy resources; TNRPE MJ, net calorific value. A4 A5 Use stage End of life stage B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 Table C.5 — Parameters describing use of resources; secondary energy Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA Product stage Parameters describing use of secondary fuels, secondary materials A1 A2 A3 Total Secondary material; SM kg Renewable secondary fuels; RSF MJ, net calorific value. Nonrenewable secondary fuels; NRSF MJ, net calorific value. Construction process stage A4 A5 Use stage End of life stage B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 87 ISO/CD 21930 Table C.6 — Parameters describing waste Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA Product stage Declaration of waste derived from LCA A1 A2 A3 Total Hazardous waste disposed Non hazardous waste disposed High-level radioactive waste, conditioned, to final repository Medium and low-level radioactive waste, conditioned, to final repository Construction process stage A4 A5 Use stage End of life stage Total B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 kg kg m3 m3 Table C.7 — Parameters describing output flows Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA Product stage Declaration of output flows from LCA A1 A2 A3 Total 88 Components for re-use kg Materials for recycling kg Materials for energy recovery kg Materials for incineration without energy recovery kg Materials for landfill kg Material for fill or backfill kg Construction process stage A4 A5 Use stage End of life stage Total B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Table C.8 — Parameters describing Stage D: Reuse (RU) Indicator Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA D-RU1 D-RU2 D-RU3 Upgrading, Reuse route Reuse route treatment alt. A alt. B etc LCIA Global warming potential; GWP Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; ODP Acidification potential of soil and water sources; AP Eutrophication potential; EP Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; POCP Abiotic depletion potential (ADPmaterials) for non-fossil resources Abiotic depletion potential (ADPenergy) for fossil resources LCI Biotic carbon Cumulative renewable energy demand; CEDR Cumulative non-renewable energy demand; CEDNR Net fresh water Total impact route A etc kg CO2 equiv. kg CFC 11 equiv. kg SO2 equiv. kg PO4 equiv. kg C2H4 equiv. kg Sb equiv. MJ, net calorific value. kg CO2 bio MJ, net calorific value. MJ, net calorific value. m3 Table C.9 — Parameters describing Stage D: Cascade recycling (CR) Indicator Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA D-CR1 D-CR2 D-CR3 Upgrading, Cascade route Cascade route treatment alt. A alt. B etc LCIA Global warming potential; GWP Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; ODP Acidification potential of soil and water sources; AP Eutrophication potential; EP Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; POCP Abiotic depletion potential (ADPmaterials) for non-fossil resources Abiotic depletion potential (ADPenergy) for fossil resources LCI Biotic carbon Cumulative renewable energy demand; CEDR Cumulative non-renewable energy demand; CEDNR Net fresh water Avarage impact from cascade route A etc kg CO2 equiv. kg CFC 11 equiv. kg SO2 equiv. kg PO4 equiv. kg C2H4 equiv. kg Sb equiv. MJ, net calorific value. kg CO2 bio MJ, net calorific value. MJ, net calorific value. m3 89 ISO/CD 21930 Table C.10 — Parameters describing Stage D: Material recycling (MR) Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA D-MR1 D-MR2 D-MR3 D-MR4 Upgrading, Displacement Displacement Replacement treatment current praxis best case wors case Loads Benefits Indicator LCIA Global warming potential; GWP Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; ODP Acidification potential of soil and water sources; AP Eutrophication potential; EP Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; POCP Abiotic depletion potential (ADPmaterials) for nonfossil resources Abiotic depletion potential (ADPenergy) for fossil resources LCI Biotic carbon Cumulative renewable energy demand; CEDR Cumulative nonrenewable energy demand; CEDNR Net fresh water 90 D-MR5 Net impact - current praxis Total kg CO2 equiv. kg CFC 11 equiv. kg SO2 equiv. kg PO4 equiv. kg C2H4 equiv. kg Sb equiv. MJ, net calorific value. Loads Benefits Total kg CO2 bio MJ, net calorific value. MJ, net calorific value. m3 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Table C.11 — Parameters describing Stage D: Energy recovery (ER) Declaration of environmental parameters derived from LCA D-ER1 D-ER2 D-ER3 D-ER4 Upgrading, Displaced fuel Displaced fuel - Displaced fuel treatment current praxis best case wors case Loads Benefits Indicator LCIA Global warming potential; GWP Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; ODP Acidification potential of soil and water sources; AP Eutrophication potential; EP Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; POCP Abiotic depletion potential (ADPmaterials) for nonfossil resources Abiotic depletion potential (ADPenergy) for fossil resources LCI Biotic carbon Cumulative renewable energy demand; CEDR Cumulative nonrenewable energy demand; CEDNR Net fresh water D-ER5 Net impact - current praxis Total kg CO2 equiv. kg CFC 11 equiv. kg SO2 equiv. kg PO4 equiv. kg C2H4 equiv. kg Sb equiv. MJ, net calorific value. Loads Benefits Total kg CO2 bio MJ, net calorific value. MJ, net calorific value. m3 91 ISO/CD 21930 Annex D (normative) Lowest concentration of interest values (LCIi) The EU-LCI master list contains a total of 177 compounds and is subdivided into two groups, the first containing 82 compounds with agreed interim (‘ascribed’ or ‘derived’) EU-LCI values and the second containing 95 compounds for which EU-LCI values are still to be derived [1]. Table D.1 — LCI -values (to be completed, see http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/30404/1/eca%20report%202 9_final.pdf for all values). Compound CAS No. LCI value [μg/m³] Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 1200 Toluene 108-88-3 2900 Xylene 1330-20-7 500 Trimethylbenzenes 95-63-6 25551-13-7 450 Dichloro-(1,4)-benzene 106-46-7 150 Styrene 100-42-5 250 Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 850 92 © ISO #### – All rights reserved ISO/CD 21930 Bibliography (to be completed) [1] Kephalopoulos S., Geiss O., Annys E., Carrer P., Coutalides R., Crump D., Däumling C., De Brouwere K., De Lathauwer D., Dommaschk N., Gloeckner M., Harrison P., Heinzow B., Jaeckh R., Johanson G., Le Guern S., Rousselle C., Sateri J., Schuster A., Scutaru A.M., Tappler P., Uhl, M., Witterseh, T., Wolkoff, P., ECA report no. 29 on "Harmonisation framework for health-based evaluation of indoor emissions from construction products in the European Union using the EU-LCI concept", EUR 26168 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013. JRC83683. [2] Penman, J., Gytarsky, M., Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Kruger, D., Pipatti, R., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K. and F. Wagne (2003), Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Kanagawa. [3] van der Sloot, H.A., Seignette, P., Comans, R.N.J., van Zomeren, A., Dijkstra, J.J., Meeussen, H., Kosson, D.S. & Hjelmar, O. 2003. Environmental performance of waste materials. In Dhir, R.K, Newlands, M.D. & Halliday, J.E. (eds.): Recycling and Reuse of Waste Materials. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 9-11 September 2003, Thomas Thelford, London, pp. 769-789. [4] Suer P, Wik O, Erlandsson M. (2014), Reuse and recycle — Considering the soil below constructions. Science of the Total Environment, 2014 Mar 30. pii: S0048-9697(14)00374-X, doi: 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2014.03.044. [5] Hjelmar, O., H.A. van der Sloot, D. Guyonnet, R.P.J.J. Rietra, A. Brun, D. Hall (2001), Development of acceptance criteria for landfilling of waste based on impact modelling and scenario calculations. Eighth international Wa ste management and Landfill Symposium, 1-5 October 2001, Sardinia. [6] IPCC (2014) [7] Heijungs, R., J. Guinée, G. Huppes, R.M. Lankreijer, H.A. Udo de Haes, A. Wegener Sleeswijk, A.M.M. Ansems, P.G. Eggels, R. van Duin, H.P. de Goede (1992): Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of products. Guide and Backgrounds. CML, Leiden University, Leiden. [8] Hauschild, M. & Wenzel (1998) [9] Jenkin, M.E., Hayman, G.D. (1999), Photochemical ozone creation potentials for oxygenated volatile organic compounds: sensitivity to variations in kinetic and mechanistic parameters. Atmospheric Environment 33: 1775-1293. [10] Derwent, R.G., Jenkin, M.E., Saunders, S.M., Pilling, M.J. (1998), Photochemical ozone creation potentials for organic compounds in Northwest Europe calculated with a master chemical mechanism. Atmospheric Environment, 32. p. 2429-2441. [11] van Oers, L.F.C.M., de Koning, A., Guinée, J.B. & Huppes, G. (2001), Abiotic resource depletion in LCA: improving characterisation factors for abiotic depletion as recommended in the new Dutch LCA Handbook. Delft: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. 12] WMO (1999), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report No. 44, WMO, Geneva. 93 ISO/CD 21930 94 © ISO #### – All rights reserved
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