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PRACTICE ADVISORY
(Current as of May 1, 2015)
Immigration Judges’ Authority to Grant Release on Conditional Parole
Under INA § 236(a) as an Alternative to Release on a Monetary Bond
For more information, contact Michael Tan, ACLU Immigrants’ Rights Project,
mtan@aclu.org.
This advisory discusses the recent decision in Rivera v. Holder, --- F.R.D. ----, 2015 WL
1632739 (W.D. Wa. 2015), which clarifies that immigration judges (“IJs”) have authority under
INA § 236(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a) to grant release on conditional parole as an alternative to
release on a monetary bond.
The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), § 236(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a), expressly
authorizes the Attorney General to release a noncitizen from detention pending her removal case
on a “bond of at least $1,500… or conditional parole.” However, in recent years, IJ nationwide
have refused to hear requests for conditional parole—or release on recognizance—on the
grounds that they lack authority under the statute and regulations to grant release without a
minimum $1,500 bond. The result is that many individuals remain in detention even where nonmonetary conditions of release would suffice to ensure their appearance at future proceedings,
solely because they are unable to pay a bond.
In October 2014, the ACLU Immigrants’ Rights Project (“IRP”), ACLU of Washington, and
Northwest Immigrant Rights Project (“NWIRP”) filed Rivera v. Holder, a class action lawsuit on
behalf of detainees in the Western District of Washington challenging the immigration courts’
policy of refusing to hear requests for conditional parole. On April 13, 2015, the district court
certified the class and ruled that the plain language of INA § 236(a) permits IJs to grant
conditional parole. Thus, under the ruling, IJs in Washington State must now consider
whether to grant conditional parole instead of imposing a monetary bond. See Rivera, 2015
WL 1632739, at *11-12.
Rivera is only binding in Washington State. However, it should be instructive for people across
the country as it was the first federal court to examine the issue and held that “[INA § 236(a)]
clearly presents [conditional parole] as an alternative to releasing [a noncitizen] subject to bond.
Defendants have not articulated a coherent alternative reading of the statute.” Id.
Moreover, after Rivera was filed, the government certified a case—In re V-G—to the Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), asking that the BIA clarify this issue nationwide in a precedential
decision. On January 21, 2015, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) filed its brief
with the BIA. There, DHS conceded that IJs have “authority under section INA § 236(a) to
release a respondent on her own recognizance and pursuant to conditional parole, as
opposed to settling a monetary bond with a minimum amount of $1,500.” In re V-G, DHS
Br. at 3 (BIA filed Jan. 21, 2015) (attached).
We strongly encourage practitioners in Washington State to request that IJs consider releasing
individuals on conditional parole pursuant to Rivera. Practitioners outside Washington State may
cite Rivera as persuasive authority and should also use DHS’ concession in In re V-G in support
of such requests.
We are monitoring the implementation of Rivera and IJs’ responses to DHS’ position in In re VG. If you practice in Washington State, we would appreciate any updates on how IJs are
responding to the Rivera ruling. If you practice elsewhere in the country, we would also
appreciate updates on how local ICE counsel and IJs respond to DHS’ brief in In re V-G and the
outcome of any requests for conditional parole. Please send your updates to Sophia Yapalater
of the ACLU IRP at syapalater@aclu.org.
Attached to this advisory are:
•
Rivera v. Holder, --- F.R.D. ----, 2015 WL 1632739 (W.D. Wa. 2015)
•
In re V-G, DHS Br (BIA filed Jan. 21, 2015)
•
Sample pro se motions asking that the IJ grant release on conditional parole or hold a new
bond hearing to consider a request for conditional parole
What does Rivera hold?
Rivera holds that the plain language of INA § 236(a) requires IJs to consider requests for release
on conditional parole as an alternative to release on a monetary bond. Rivera, 2015 WL 1632739,
at *11-12; see id. at *12 (holding that “[INA § 236(a)] unambiguously states that an
[Immigration Judge] may consider conditions for release beyond a monetary bond.”).
Critically, Rivera rejected the government’s argument that only noncitizens who are eligible for
release on the minimum $1,500 bond set forth in INA § 236(a)(2)(A) are eligible for release on
conditional parole. This is because “conditional parole could require conditions more onerous
than (at least) the minimum bond.” Id. at *5 (citing In Re Luis Navarro–Solajo, 2011 WL
1792597, at *1 n. 2 (BIA Apr. 13, 2011)). As the Court explained:
The Court has found no authority indicating that an alien may only receive a bond
or conditional parole where, absent a bond or conditions on her release, she would
still not present a flight risk. Bond amounts are set above the minimum in order to
mitigate the flight risk that an alien poses, and this would be the same purpose
served by imposing onerous “conditions” on an alien’s release in lieu of a bond . .
. . The Court cannot conclude that aliens presenting some flight risk are per se
ineligible for conditional parole.
Id. at *5 n.4. Thus, under Rivera, noncitizens are entitled to seek conditional parole regardless of
whether they may be released on a minimum $1,500 bond, on whatever conditions the IJ may
deem reasonably necessary to ensure his or her appearance.
What does conditional parole entail?
The district court did not precisely elaborate what release on conditional parole entails—apart
from holding that it clearly provides release on conditions of supervision as an alternative to
release on monetary bond.
Notably, DHS routinely exercises its authority to grant “conditional parole” under INA § 236(a)
by releasing noncitizens on their own recognizance. Thus, the Form I-220A, Order of Release on
Recognizance states that “[i]n accordance with Section 236 of the [INA] . . . you are being
released on your own recognizance,” and requiring, among other things, that the noncitizen
“report for any interview or hearing as directed,” “surrender for removal from the United States
if so ordered,” obtain permission before changing her place of residence, and assist in obtaining
travel documents. Similarly, the brief filed by DHS in In re V-G- conceded that IJs have
“authority under section INA § 236(a) to release a respondent on her own recognizance and
pursuant to conditional parole, as opposed to settling a monetary bond with a minimum amount
of $1,500.” In re V-G, DHS Br. at 3 (BIA filed Jan. 21, 2015) (attached) (emphasis added). Thus,
individuals should be able to request release on similar conditions.
Who is covered by the ruling in Rivera?
The district court certified the following class:
All individuals who are or will be subject to detention under 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a),
and who are eligible for bond, whose custody proceedings are subject to the
jurisdiction of the Seattle and Tacoma Immigration Courts; excluding those who
(a) are being detained without bond following a bond determination and (b) those
who have been released from custody.
Rivera, 2015 WL 1632739, at *10.
Specifically, Rivera applies to your client if he or she is currently detained in Washington State
under INA § 236(a) and either:
(1) has not yet received a bond hearing before the IJ or
(2) had bond set by the IJ at a hearing held prior to April 13, 2015—i.e., the date of the
district court’s decision—but remains in detention because he or she cannot afford to post
the bond.
Rivera does not apply to your client if he or she has already been released from custody or was
previously denied release on bond by the IJ.
How is Rivera being implemented?
Pursuant to the district court order, IJs in Washington State must henceforth consider requests for
conditional parole by noncitizens who have not yet received a bond hearing under INA § 236(a).
In contrast, the district court has not yet enforced its order for individuals who have already had
bond set by the IJ, but remain detained because they have been unable to post bond. Instead, the
district court has ordered the government to produce various data and asked the parties to
propose a plan to provide new bond hearings for these class members. Briefing on this plan will
be completed on June 19, 2015, and the Court will enter an order some time thereafter. See
Rivera, 2015 WL 1632739, at *12.
How should I go about requesting conditional parole under Rivera?
If your client is a Rivera class member and has yet to receive an IJ bond hearing, you should
request that the IJ consider your client for conditional parole. Some sample pro se motions for a
custody redetermination hearing is attached to this advisory.
If your client is a Rivera class member, has already had bond set by the IJ, but has been unable to
post that bond, you should request a new bond hearing in light of Rivera and request that the IJ
consider releasing your client on conditional parole. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.19(e). A sample pro se
motion for a new custody hearing is attached to this advisory.
What about immigration courts outside of Washington State?
Rivera is binding only in Washington State. However, after Rivera was filed, the government
certified a case—In re V-G—to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), asking that the BIA
clarify IJ’s authority to grant conditional parole in a nationwide, precedential decision. On
January 21, 2015, the DHS filed a brief with the BIA conceding that
[t]he Immigration Judge [has] authority under section INA § 236(a) to release a
respondent on her own recognizance and pursuant to conditional parole, as
opposed to settling a monetary bond with a minimum amount of $1,500. No
authority precludes an Immigration Judge from releasing a respondent on
conditional parole under INA § 236(a)(2)(B), if the circumstances warrant release
without a monetary bond.
In re V-G, DHS Br. at 3 (BIA filed Jan. 21, 2015); see also id. at 6-11 (discussing how this
authority is confirmed by the plain language of the statute and regulations; the statutory history;
and BIA case law).
At present, it is unclear whether the BIA will use this case to issue a precedential decision or
dismiss the case as moot. In the meantime, we encourage attorneys and detainees outside
Washington State to request conditional parole and attach DHS’ brief in support of their
requests. A redacted copy of DHS’ brief is attached to this advisory.