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1960’s
Civil Rights
Social Change
Movements
Women’s Rights
Anti-Vietnam War
Political
Conservatism
Counter-Culture:
Environmental
Issues
Hippies, Drugs,
Rock-n-Roll
Minorities Rights:
Hispanics, Native Americans
SSUSH 24
The student will analyze the impact of
social change movements and
organizations of the 1960s.
• Compare and contrast the Student Non
Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
and the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC) tactics; include sit-ins,
freedom rides , and changing composition.
• Describe the National Organization of
Women and the origins and goals of the
modern women’s movement.
1960’s:
Continued…
• Analyze the anti-Vietnam War movement
• Analyze Cesar Chavez and the United Farm
Workers’ movement
• Explain Rachel Carson and Silent Spring,
Earth Day, the creation of the EPA, and the
modern environmentalist movement
• Describe the rise of the conservative
movement as seen in the presidential
candidacy of Barry Goldwater (1964) and the
election of Richard M. Nixon (1968)
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC)
• SCLC can be traced back to the Montgomery Bus
Boycott. December 5, 1955 after Rosa Parks was
arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man
on the bus.
• The boycott ended in 1956 with the desegregation of the
Montgomery bus system. The boycott was carried out by
the newly established Montgomery Improvement
Association (MIA).
• Martin Luther King, Jr. served as President and Ralph
David Abernathy served as Program Director. It was one
of history’s most dramatic and massive nonviolent
protests, stunning the nation and the world.
• Groups met in Atlanta 1957 to form a regional
organization and coordinate protest activities across
the South.
• 60 persons from 10 states assembled and announced
the founding of the Southern Leadership Conference on
Transportation and Nonviolent Integration.
• They issued a document declaring that civil rights are
essential to democracy, that segregation must end, and
that all Black people should reject segregation absolutely
and nonviolently.
• At its first convention in Montgomery in
August 1957, the Southern Leadership
Conference adopted the current name, the
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference.
• Basic decisions made included the
adoption of nonviolent mass action as
the strategy, and a determination to make
the SCLC movement open to all,
regardless of race, religion, or
background.
The Student Non-violent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC): organized in 1960. An official of the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC) organized the first meeting which led to
the formation of the SNCC.
• The organization was comprised of college
students, many of those who had been involved
in the early sit-in movement.
• The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC; pronounced "snick") was a civil rights
organization of young people that was originally formed
to help coordinate the sit-in movement.
• SNCC was characterized by its Ghandian theories of
nonviolent direct action.
• Members of SNCC participated in the Freedom Rides
and gained national attention for their organization of the
Mississippi Freedom Summer Project in 1964. This
project assembled hundreds of volunteers, mostly white
college students, in the Deep South to participate in
voter registration and citizenship education drives.
Evolution of (Changes in) SNCC
• While at its inception the SNCC had been
devoted to nonviolent resistance, was
influenced by Christian principles, and black and
white activists had worked along side one
another, some members began to challenge
these views.
• In the mid-1960s, the SNCC was plagued by
ideological debates, and became influenced by
Marxism and Black Nationalism.
• In 1966, Stokely Carmichael became the
chairman of the SNCC. While in this
position he coined the slogan and
movement, “Black Power.”
• The movement was more radical than
Martin Luther King’s nonviolent stance. It
promoted racial pride, black unity, selfdefense, and political and economic
power.
Stokely Carmichael
 By the late 1960s, the SNCC was
unable to effectively organize civil rights
protests. In 1967, Hubert “Rap” Brown was
elected as the SNCC’s new chairman.
 Brown’s advocacy of militancy brought
the organization under FBI surveillance.
The group began to dissolve as many of
its leaders and organizers left.
 In 1970, the SNCC disbanded.
Bobby Seale
Huey Newton
 Founded in Oakland, California (1966) by Bobby Seale and Huey
Newton
 Wanted to end police brutality, fight urban poverty, end Vietnam War
and incarceration of African-Americans
 SLOGAN: "Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and
Peace“
 Targeted by the FBI (led by J. Edgar Hoover). Members killed or
arrested
 Some leaders accused of using the BPP as a front for extortion,
racketeering, and murder.
 Declined in mid-1970’s due to internal disputes, violence, and
mounting legal costs
Black Panther Party Ten-Point Plan
National Organization of Women
• Betty Friedan, author of The Feminine
Mystique (sparked a national debate about women's
roles and in time was recognized as one of the central
works of the modern women's movement)
• conference in Washington, D.C.,1966.
• suggested need for an organization to
speak on behalf of women in the way civil
rights groups had done for Blacks.
• SEE www.now.org for highlights of their
40+ year history
The Feminine Mystique, 1963
• “Women have been encouraged to confine
themselves to the narrow roles of housewife and
mother, foresaking education and career
aspirations in the process.”
• Friedan attempts to prove that “the feminine
mystique denies women the opportunity to
develop their own identities, which can ultimately
lead to problems for women and their families.”
NOW
• The National Organization for Women is
the largest organization of feminist
activists in the United States.
• Since the founding in 1966, NOW's goal
has been "to take action" to bring about
equality for all women.
Goals of the modern
Women’s Movement
• FROM “1998 Declaration of Sentiments” by
NOW:
 Equality
 Empowerment
 Representation in decision-making bodies
 End patriarchal culture and male dominance that
has historically oppressed the world
 Women and girls are heard, valued, and
respected.
Contemporary Issues for Women
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Violence against women
Reproductive Issues
Constitutional Equality
Economic Justice
Women-Friendly Workplace
Marriage Equality
Women in the Military
Anti-Vietnam War movement
Why Anti-War?
• Great Society Idea suffered
• Escalation of war
• “Living Room War”
• Attracting members from college
campuses, middle-class suburbs, labor
unions, and government institutions, the
movement gained national prominence in
1965, peaked in 1968, and remained
powerful throughout the duration of the
conflict.
• The antiwar movement exposed a deep
schism within 1960s American society.
• By 1967 the bombings and body count in Vietnam
continued to escalate and so did civil unrest.
• 100,000 Anti-war protesters gathered in New York and
thousands more in San Francisco.
• Anti-war rallies, speeches, demonstrations and
concerts continued being organized all over the country.
• Young men sought to evade the draft by being
conscientious objectors or leaving for Canada.
• North Vietnam’s bloody TET Offensive of 1968 and the
horrendous casualties the Americans suffered eroded
support at home.
WOODSTOCK
• Woodstock concert
brought 500,000
together from across
North America in a nonviolent protest against
the war.
• The Anti-war movement
had significant impact
on the length and
perhaps even the
outcome of the Vietnam
war.
Cesar Chavez
• Mexican American labor activist
and leader of the United Farm
Workers.
• 20th century: leading voice for
migrant farm workers (people
who move from place to place
in order to find work).
• His leadership focused national
attention on these laborers'
terrible working conditions,
which eventually led to
improvements.
United Farm Workers
• labor union founded by César Chávez.
• Used strikes, lawsuits and boycotts
• The UFW’s example in winning rights for
the poorest and least-protected workers
has inspired other unions to return to the
task of continuing to organize.
Rachel Carson
• Named by Time Magazine as one of the
top 100 influential people in 20th century
• “Before there was an environmental
movement, there was one brave woman
and her very brave book.”
Silent Spring
• Silent Spring:
took on the chemical industry and raised important
questions about humankind's impact on nature.
• 1962: exposed the hazards of the pesticide DDT,
questioned humanity's faith in technological progress.
Set the stage for the environmental movement.
• Described how DDT entered the food chain and
accumulated in the fatty tissues of animals, including
human beings, and caused cancer and genetic damage.
• Legacy of Silent Spring: public awareness that nature
was vulnerable to human intervention. Rachel Carson
had made a radical proposal: at times technological
progress is so fundamentally at odds with natural
processes that it must be curtailed.
Earth Day
• On April 22, 1970,
people across America
celebrated the first Earth Day.
• Now Earth Day is celebrated annually
around the globe. What started as a day of
national environmental recognition has
evolved into a world-wide campaign to
protect our global environment.
The Creation of the EPA
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Established 1970 by
President Richard Nixon.
The mission of the
Environmental Protection
Agency is to protect human
health and the environment.
Since 1970, EPA has been
working for a cleaner,
healthier environment for the
American people.
Modern Environmentalist Movement
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Issues: EPA focus on “Air, Water, Land”
Global Warming & Climate Change
Acid Rain
Pollution
Clean Water
Hazardous Waste
Ozone Layer
Recycling Efforts
Oil spills
Rise of the
Conservative Political Movement
• The conservative movement
has reshaped American politics.
• First of these politicians was
Barry Goldwater, who rose to
national prominence in 1960
and led the conservative
takeover of the Republican
Party in 1964.
Barry Goldwater (1964)
• 1964 President Johnson, a Democrat,
trounced his opponent, Barry Goldwater, a
Republican senator.
• The conservative wing of the GOP had
finally risen to power and nominated one
of its own, only to see him defeated.
• The victory of Ronald Reagan in 1980--to
say nothing of Newt Gingrich in 1994 and
George W. Bush in 2000--might not have
been possible without the glorious failure
of Barry Goldwater in 1964.
Goldwater:
“The Conscience of a Conservative”
• The Conscience of a Conservative advanced the
conservative cause in several ways.
• Goldwater stated, “The expansion of the welfare
state was an unfortunate and dangerous
development that undermined individual
freedom.”
• Conservatives believe the government is not
responsible for righting social and economic
wrongs.
• Suggesting that New Deal liberalism marked the
first step on the road to totalitarianism,
Goldwater argued that government should be
removed from most areas of American life.
Conservative Politicians
• Goldwater set the stage for Reagan.
• Now compassionate conservatism is in
the saddle with George W. Bush.
Richard M. Nixon:
1968 Election as president
• Nominated for President in 1960, he lost to John F. Kennedy. In
1968, he again won his party's nomination, and was elected.
• His accomplishments while in office included the end of the draft,
new anticrime laws, and a broad environmental program. As
promised, he appointed Justices of conservative philosophy to the
Supreme Court.
• Some of his most acclaimed achievements came in his quest for
world stability. During visits in 1972 to Beijing and Moscow, he
reduced tensions with China and the U.S.S.R.
• His summit meetings with Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev
produced a treaty to limit strategic nuclear weapons. In January
1973, he announced an accord with North Vietnam to end American
involvement in Indochina.
• Nixon’s administration was embattled over the
"Watergate" scandal, stemming from a break-in
at the offices of the Democratic National
Committee during the 1972 campaign.
• The break-in was traced to officials of the
Committee to Re-elect the President. A number
of administration officials resigned; some were
later convicted of offenses connected with efforts
to cover up the affair.
• Nixon denied any personal involvement, but the
courts forced him to yield tape recordings which
indicated that he had, in fact, tried to divert the
investigation.
• As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland,
Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973.
• Nixon nominated, and Congress approved,
House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice
President.
• As a result of Nixon’s eventual resignation, Ford
would later become the only President to
serve who was never elected.
• Faced with what seemed almost certain
impeachment, Nixon announced on
August 8, 1974, that he would resign the
next day to begin "that process of healing
which is so desperately needed in
America."
• In his last years, Nixon gained praise as
an elder statesman. By the time of his
death on April 22, 1994, he had written
numerous books on his experiences in
public life and on foreign policy.