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Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
Utilization of Nursery Propagated Grey Mangrove (Avicennia Marina
Forssk) Vierh (1904) Seeds and Wildlings in the Treatment of Shrimp
Pond Effluent Water in Jazan Area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Al Badawi Adam*
Abstract:
Mature seeds (propagules) of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) were
collected from three different localities lying along the Jazan Red Sea coast,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The season of seed collection extended from early
January to mid April. Large–sized seeds ranged in diameter from 38.0 – 50.0
mm; while the smallest ones ranged in diameter from 18.0 – 35.0 mm. The
husks were removed from seeds and undamaged ones, which were free from
insect infestation, were reared in the mangrove nursery. The overall rearing
period of seeds lasted for about 7- 8 months during which they attained a
height of about 100 cm.
A. marina wildlings, on the other hand, were collected from intertidal areas
adjacent to Arabian Shrimp Company-shrimp farming site during the period
May - July. They were placed in polythene bags and transported directly to
the nursery where they were reared for a period of about 5 -6 months during
which they attained a height of 75- 84 cm...
A total number of 19,262 A. marina seeds and wildlings were successfully
reared in the nursery, with an average survival rate of about 77.3 % and 87.8
% respectively. Fully grown seedlings (i. e. those attaining a height of 75- 100
cm) were subsequently removed from the nursery and planted on the sides
of the farm main drainage system to absorb excess nutrients present in the
shrimp farm effluent water before being discharged into the surrounding Red
Sea water.
Water parameters (i.e. temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) recorded
for the mangrove nursery and main drainage canal were all within the limits
favourable for the growth of A. marina seedlings.
Key words: mangroves, seeds, wildlings, seedlings, farm effluent water,
nutrient treatment.
* Department of Environment and Aquaculture Biosecurity, Shrimp Farming Project, Suadi Arabia.
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December -2013
41
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Introduction
Mangroves are assemblages of
salt tolerant trees and shrubs that
grow in the intertidal regions of the
tropical and subtropical coastlines
of the world. They thrive in harsh
environmental conditions such
as high salinity, oxygen deficient
waterlogged soil, tidal pressures,
strong winds and sea waves.
Mangroves grow luxuriantly in the
places where freshwater mixes with
seawater and where the sediment is
composed of accumulated deposits
of mud (Selvam,2007). They protect
inland areas from storms and tidal
waves, prevent coastal erosion,
export large amounts of organic
matter to adjacent food chains, and
preserve coastal biodiversity (Mitsch
and Gosselink,1993).
Also, they provide important nursery,
breeding, and foraging grounds for
the juvenile stages of fish, shrimps
and crabs (Alongi, 1998),
Mangroves of the Saudi Arabian Red
Sea coast are unique in that they thrive
in the most adverse environmental
and climatic conditions of high
temperature and salinity, poor soil
texture, low precipitations and low
nutrient concentrations (Mandura et
al., 1987). Their distribution in both
the northern and southern Red Sea
coast of Saudi Arabia is patchy and
they do not occur as a continuous
forest (Khan et al., 2010). However,
their growth is relatively denser on
the southern part of the Saudi Red
42
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
Sea coast compared to the northern
part due mainly to higher rainfall,
availability of nutrients and less saline
waters (Mandura et al., 1988).They
are generally restricted to the low
energy environments such as bays,
lagoons, wadis and narrow channels
which offer favourable environments
with relatively soft bottom and. some
nutrients enrichment resulting from
the decomposition of organic matter
(Saifullah, 1994).
Mangroves of the Saudi Red Sea
coast also range in size from stunted
bushes, usually growing in the outer
fringes of the stand to well developed
trees reaching up to 46-m in height.
Some of the stands are relatively
thin, ranging between 50 m to 300 m
in width, and from 100 m to about 20
km in length (PERSGA, 2004).
Mandura et al.,(1987) reported that
some mangrove stands form a fringetype of forest along the Saudi Red
Sea coast, several kilometers long
and about 500 meters wide (Mufti et
al; (1993) estimated the area of the
mangrove trees near of Al Shuaybah
area, north of Jeddah, at about 3 km
long and about 38 meters wide. More
recently, ECB (2005) estimated the
area of mangrove trees adjacent to
ASC shrimp farming site (17° 16’
30.52 – 17° 3’ 36 N and 42° 20’ 16.73
– 42° 27’ 13 E), at about 3.95 square
kilometers i.e. 394.73 hectares.
Almost all mangrove forests of the
southern Saudi Red Sea coast consist
of the grey mangrove Avicennia
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December - 2013
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
marina which shows high tolerance
to extreme environmental conditions.
A few poorly developed assemblages
of the red mangrove Rhizophora
mucronata occur in Zifaf Island of
the Farasan archipelago (Mandura et
al., 1987).
Mangrove forests of the Jazan area
are currently facing significant threats
in form of clearing the mangrove
trees to accommodate for a variety
of developmental projects, grazing
camels and cutting of trees for timber
and charcoal.
The present study aims at collecting
mature seeds and wildlings of A.
marina present on the Jazan Red
Sea coast and propagates them in
the ASC mangrove nursery. Fully
grown seedlings will subsequently be
removed from the nursery and planted
on the sides of the farm main drainage
system and use them to absorb
excess nutrients present in the shrimp
pond effluent water before being
discharged into the surrounding Red
Sea water. Moreover, the seedlings
will also be used in a comprehensive
mangrove conservation programme to
rehabilitate the mangrove trees present
along the Jazan Red Sea coast.
Materials and Methods
1- Site selection and Construction
of the Mangrove Nursery:
The mangrove nursery was located
in the neighbourhood of the shrimp
broodstock rearing center, about 6 km
south of Arabian Shrimp Company’s
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
farm. The site was selected according
to some basic criteria, such as
protection against winds and storms,
access to good quality sea water,
ease of pumping water from the sea,
availability of good quality seeds,
and shade (Clarke and Johns, 2002).
The nursery was constructed by
excavating the soil to a depth of about
30- 40 cm. by using an excavator. It
was divided into rectangular beds (4m
x 5m each) to facilitate monitoring
the growth of seedlings and perform
the routine daily activities. The
perimeters of the nursery were built
of cement blocks (40 x 20 cm) to
give shape and prevent the outflow
of water from the nursery. Polythene
bags (20 x 25 cm) were filled with
soil obtained from the intertidal
zone, and arranged in rows about 30
cm apart. The sides and entire roof of
the nursery were covered with green
mesh nylon netting mounted on
wooden poles about 3.0 m high, to
provide shade and protect the young
seedlings against intense sunlight,
particularly during the long and hot
summer months (i.e. April -October),
and strong winds and sand storms
which usually blow from mid June
and late August.
The actual growing area in the nursery
increased progressively from about
171 square meters in 2007 to about
613 m2 in 2010, to accommodate
for the increasing number of reared
seeds and wildlings (Table 1).
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December -2013
43
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2- Collection and preparation of
seeds and wildlings
Mature seeds (propagules) were
collected from Avicennia marina
trees lying along the Jazan Red
Sea coast by using a 3-m long
wooden pole equipped with a hook.
The seeds were transported to the
mangrove nursery where they were
cleaned from dirt and immediately
soaked in water (three parts of
seawater + one part of fresh water)
for 1618- hours. The husks of the
seeds were then removed and clean
and undamaged propagules (i.e.
free from insect infestation) were
chosen for propagation and rearing.
The polythene bags containing the
soil were soaked in water for about
24 hours, and the lower part of the
propagules containing the small
radicle was then carefully dipped
into the soil. A small quantity of
urea fertilizer (46 % nitrogen) was
added to each plastic bag at the rate
of 1- 2 gram per week for a period of
12 weeks to promote growth of the
seedlings. The nursery was provided
with sea water twice daily (i.e.
morning and afternoon) by pumping
water directly from the sea shore
using a 3- hp water pump. Water was
allowed to flow slowly into the bags
via two rows of small holes present
on the lower part of each plastic bag.
Later, after the emergence of four
small green leaves, all plastic bags
are covered with water.
A. marina wildlings, on the other
44
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
hand, were collected from the intertidal
areas present in the neighbourhood of
the shrimp farming site. They were
placed in polythene bags (25- 35 cm)
containing some of the intertidal soil,
and transported to the mangrove nursery
where they were planted directly into
the nursery beds. Similarly, Sea water
was added twice daily (i. e. morning
and afternoon) to the bags containing
the wildlings, and urea fertilizer (46%
Nitrogen) was added to each bag at
a rate of 23- g every 10 days, for a
period of about 8 weeks to enhance
growth of the wildlings. Afterwards,
the entire nursery was inundated with
sea water by allowing it to flow from
one side of the nursery and exit from
the other.
RESULTS
Propagation and rearing of A. marina
seeds and wildlings
Mature seeds of A. marina varied
in size depending on the locality
from which they were collected.
The largest seeds (38.0 -50.0 mm
diameter) were collected from
mangrove stands lying about 8.0
km north of the shrimp farming site,
while the smallest ones (18.0 -35.0
mm diameter) were obtained from
mangrove trees located about 25
km south of the shrimp farming site.
(Table 2). Large –sized seeds grew
faster than small ones. It was observed
that four small green leaves emerged
from the large- size seeds within a
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December - 2013
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
period of 5- 7 days, while small size
seeds produced green leaves after
a period of 7- 12 days. The overall
rearing period lasted for about 7- 8
months during which they attained a
height of about 100 cm. The rearing
period of wildlings, however, took
about 5- 6 months during which they
reached a height of 75- 84 cm.
Fully grown seedlings were removed
from the nursery and planted on
the sides of the main drainage
canal in February 2008. They grew
rapidly and flowered by the end of
December, 2010. New mature seeds
were collected from these planted
trees by the end of January, 2011, and
were again reared in the mangrove
nursery. .
Out of a total number of about 11,
282 A. marina seeds reared in the
nursery, about 8,639 seedlings grew
to a height of about 100cm, with
an average survival rate of 77.3 %
(Table 3). Similarly, out of about 7,
980 A. marina wildlings reared in the
nursery, about 7, 220 seedlings grew
to a length ranging from 75- 84 cm,
with an average survival rate of 87.8
% (Table 4). Generally, out of a total
number of 19,262 seeds and wildlings
reared in the nursery, about 15,859
seedlings (82.3 %) survived in the
nursery. Fully grown seedlings (75100 cm) were subsequently removed
from the nursery and planted on
the sides of the shrimp farm main
drainage system (Table 5).
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
Water Parameters
Table 6 shows the average values
of three main water parameters (i.e.
salinity, temperature and dissolved
oxygen) recorded during the rearing
period for the mangrove nursery,
main drainage canal and Red Sea
water. The recorded values of
salinity were relatively higher in
the mangrove nursery and the main
drainage canal than in the Red Sea
water. They ranged from 41.10
- 42.30 parts per thousand, 39.0
-40.30 ppt and 37.60 – 38.15 ppt for
mangrove nursery, main drainage
canal and the Red Sea respectively.
Similarly, higher temperatures were
recorded in the mangrove nursery,
and main drainage canal than in
the Red Sea waters. The recorded
values ranged from 31.10 – 32.30
C°, 29.10- 31.50 C° and 27.50 –
28.05 C° respectively. Conversely,
higher values of dissolved oxygen
were recorded for the Red Sea water
than for the mangrove nursery and
main drainage canal during the same
period. DO values ranged from 5.03
– 5.47 ppm to 3.50 – 3, 90 ppm
and 3.05 – 3.40 ppm for the Red
Sea water, main drainage canal and
mangrove nursery respectively.
DISCUSSION
Most mangrove species, including
the grey mangrove (A. marina)
had become very successful in
the intertidal habitats by evolving
highly specialized breathing roots
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December -2013
45
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(pneumatophores) and very efficient
reproduction systems in which the
fruit (i.e. seed) is not released from
the parent tree. It germinates on
the parent tree as the propagule. In
this viviparous species the embryo
is detached only when it becomes
mature (Juncosa, 1982).
The season of fruit production of A.
marina in Jazan area varies with the
locality in which the trees are present.
Mandura et al. (1987) reported that
mangrove trees in the southern part
of the Red Sea flowered in MarchAugust, while those in the northern
part flowered in October –April. The
the researcher, however, observed
that on the Jazan Red Sea coast,
A. marina trees flowered early in
December and mature seeds were
collected from late January to mid
April. Nursery reared seedlings of
the grey mangrove attained a height
of over 100 cm in about 7- 8 months.
On the other hand, Khafaji, et al.
(1993) observed that the diversity
of mangrove species was extremely
low under arid conditions and that
they are mostly mono-specific, while
Zahran et al. (1983) reported that
no worker has ever found a single
tree of R. macrunata in Jazan area.
However, a small assemblage of R.
macrunata was observed to occur in
a small bay on the Jazan coast; about
25 km north of ASC shrimp farming
site, Although shrimp aquaculture
has long been accused of threatening
mangrove forests worldwide, yet,
46
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
the shrimp industry has responded
by developing the concept of
integrated mangrove - shrimp
farm systems. The two systems are
known to have mutually supportive
functions, whereby mangroves
can effectively treat effluents from
shrimp ponds by removing excess
nutrients and suspended solids from
water, enhance their productivity and
support coastal fisheries (Phillips,
1995a; Boyd, 1997 & Macintosh,
1998), and in turn, prevent pond soil
erosion (Gautier, 2002).
Semi- intensive shrimp production,
as practiced by ASC, depends on
the use of artificial feed in form of
pellets which is broadcast onto the
surface of water to supply nutrients
necessary for shrimp growth. Unconsumed feed, shrimp excretion
products, fecal wastes and nutrients
released from the breakdown of
excess feed can raise the nutrient
level well above normal, creating an
ideal environment for algal blooms
to form in the Red Sea waters.
Although many species of algae
can benefit from increased nutrient
supply, several species are harmful
to fish and invertebrates and even to
humans by producing harmful toxins.
However, water discharged from
ASC shrimp ponds was observed to
have a positive impact on the growth
of A. marina seedlings planted
on the sides of the farm drainage
canals. The young seedlings grew
rapidly into trees and produced seeds
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December - 2013
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
within a period of less than three years
(i.e.Febraury, 2008 to December, 2010).
Algal blooms were not observed in the
surrounding Red Sea waters during the
whole rearing period.
Camel grazing, on the other hand,
is considered another major problem
causing degradation in mangroves
areas. The intensity of camel grazing
varies from one locality to another
depending on the size of the camel
herds present in the area, accessibility
of the site and condition of other
pastoral resources in the coastal area
(PERSGA, 2004). Along the Jazan
Red Sea coast, camel herds have been
observed to wipe up an estimated
100,000 young A. marina wildlings
from an intertidal area lying about 25
km north of the ASC shrimp farming
site in only three days
The average values of the three water
parameters recorded for the mangrove
nursery and main drainage canal
were all within the limits favourable
for the growth of A. marina seeds
and wildlings, as mangroves are
well-adapted to survive in oxygendeficient (anaerobic) conditions,
high temperature (38,0 - 40 C°) and
high salinities (40,0- 42,0 ppt).
CONCLUSION
The present work represents an
attempt to propagate A. marina
seeds and wildlings under nursery
conditions. Growth of seedlings
varied depending on the size of seeds
and locality from which the seeds
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
were collected. Seeds collected from
the northern mangrove stands (i.e.
about 10 km north of ASC shrimp
farming site) were the largest in
size and achieved better growth and
survival rate than those obtained
from the southern stands (about 25
km south of ASC shrimp farming
site). Out of a total number of
19.262 seeds and wildlings reared
in the nursery, about 15.859 (82.3
%) seedlings survived during the
rearing period (7- 8 months) and
attained a height ranging from 75 100 cm. Fully grown seedlings (75100 cm height) were removed from
the nursery and planted on the sides
of the farm main drainage system to
treat the shrimp pond effluent water
before being discharged into the Red
Sea. It also represents an attempt to
highlight the concept of integrated
mangrove -shrimp farm system
and the synergistic role of both
systems. It is not intended to assess
the potential impact of farm effluent
water on the receiving waters of the
Red sea. Moreover, it forms a part
of a comprehensive environmental
programme established by ASC
to ensure its commitment towards
protecting the Red Sea environment
against the hazards resulting from
the shrimp farming activities and
rehabilitation of the mangrove
forests in areas adjacent to the shrimp
farming sites.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
I would like to thank ASC management
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December -2013
47
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
for the continued support and
encouragement. My thanks are also
due to the Jazan Fisheries Department
and Jazan Border Guard Authorities,
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for their
permission to collect seeds and
wildlings from mangrove trees present
on the Jazan Red Sea coast.
References
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- Boyd, C. E. (1997). Environmental Issues in Shrimp Farming. In D. E. Alston,
B. W. Green and H.C. Clifford (eds). ANDAH, Puerto Rico. pp, 9 -23
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propagation and planting. Queensland Fisheries Service, Dept. of Primary
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- Environmental Consulting Bureau (2005). Mangrove Area Estimation Near
Qoz Al Jaafirah. Al Turfa Shrimp Farm Project. Report 1/ V05. Al Khobar,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Gautier, D. (2002). The Integration of Mangroves and Shrimp Farming.
A Case Study of the Caribbean Coast of Columbia. Dept. of Fisheries and
Allied Aquaculture, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
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Durham North Carolina, Duke University. Ph.D. Thesis.
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(1993). Studies on the Cultivation of Avicennia marina mangrove. J. K. A. U:
Mar. Sci. vol. 4, pp 165 -179.
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along the Red Sea coast of the Arabian Peninsula: Part-l: the northern coast of
western Saudi Arabia. e-Journal of Earth Science India, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 2842-.
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Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December - 2013
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
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‫املستخلص‬
‫) من ثالث أماكن‬Avicennia marina( ‫مت مجع بذور ناضجة من نبات الشورى الرمادي‬
‫ و إمتد موسم مجع‬.‫خمتلفة مبنطقة جازان على ساحل اململكة العربية السعودية من البحر األمحر‬
‫ و تراوح قطر البذور الكبرية‬.‫البذور من اوائل شهر يناير إىل منتصف شهر أبريل من كل عام‬
‫ و إلعداد‬.‫ مليمرت‬35.0 – 18.0 ‫ بينما تراوح قطر البذور الصغرية بني‬،‫ مليمرت‬50.0 – 38.0 ‫بني‬
‫ تلى ذلك إزالة القشرة‬،‫ ساعة‬18 -16 ‫و جتهيز البذور لإلنبات مت غمرها يف ماء مويلح ملدة‬
‫اخلارجية للبذور و زرع البذور السليمة و اخلالية من احلشرات مبشتل نبات الشورى داخل أكياس‬
‫ شهور وصل فيها إرتفاع بعض‬8-7 ‫ و بلغت مدة اإلنبات‬.‫بالستيك مليئة برتبة غنية باملواد العضوية‬
.‫ سنتيمرتا‬100 ‫الشتيالت إىل حوالي‬
‫كما مت مجع شتيالت من نبات الشورى الرمادي من مناطق املد و اجلزر القريبة من مزرعة‬
‫ و مت وضع شتيالت الشورى‬.‫الروبيان بشركة الروبيان العربي خالل الفرتة من مايو إىل يوليو‬
‫ أشهر حيث تراوح إرتفاعها‬6- 5 ‫داخل أكياس بالستيك و نقلها إىل املشتل مباشرة و إنباتها ملدة‬
.‫ سنتيمرتا‬84 – 75 ‫من‬
.‫ شجرية‬19.262 ‫بلغ العدد اإلمجالي لشجريات الشورى اليت مت إنباتها بنجاح باملشتل حوالي‬
‫ يف املائة بالنسبة البذور‬87.8 ‫ يف املائة و‬77.3 ‫و تراوح متوسط معدل البقاء على قيد احلياة حوالي‬
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December -2013
49
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
‫ بعد ذلك مت نقل الشجريت‬.‫الناضجة و الشتيالت اجمللوبة من منطقة املد و اجلزر على التوالي‬
‫ سنتيمرتا من املشتل و زرعها على جوانب قنوات‬100- 75 ‫املكتملة النمو اليت تراوح إرتفاعها بني‬
‫تصريف املاء الرئيسة مبزرعة الروبيان إلستخدامها يف إمتصاص األمالح املغذية الزائدة يف املياه‬
.‫اخلارجة من برك تربية الروبيان قبل تصريفها يف مياه البحر اجملاورة‬
‫مت أيضا قياس و تسجيل بعض خصائص املاء مثل درجة احلراة و درجة التأين و األكسجني‬
‫املذاب يف كل من مشتل أشجار الشورى و قناة تصريف املاء الرئيسة حيث وجد أن هذه العناصر‬
.‫مالئمة متاما لنمو و إزدهار شجريات نبات الشورى الرمادي‬
:‫الكلمات الرئيسية‬
،‫ مياه منصرفة من املزرعة‬، ‫ شجريات‬،‫ شتيالت برية‬،‫ بذور‬،)‫نبات الشورى (املنجروف‬
.‫معاجلة األمالح املغذية‬
TABLE 1: Area of the Mangrove Nursery (2007- 2010)
Year
Total nursery area (m2)
Actual growing area (m2)
2007
200 m2 (10 m x 10 m)
171 m2 (9m x 19 m)
2008
300 m2 (15.0 m x 20m)
266 m2 (14 m x 19m)
2009
517 m2 (15.0 m x 34.5 m)
440.0 m2 (13.5 m x 32.6 m)
2010
672.0 m2 (19.5 m x 34.5 m)
613.0 m2 (18.8 m x 32.6 m)
TABLE 2: Size variation of mangrove (A. marina) seeds collected
from three different localities on the Jazan Red Sea coast
Small- size
seeds (mm)
Medium- size
seeds (mm)
Large- size
seeds (mm)
8 km north of shrimp farming site
22.0 – 30.0
31.0 – 36.0
38.0. – 50.0
60 km south of SFS
20.0- 28.0
30.034.0-
35.0- 45.0
25 km south of SFS
18.0 – 25.0
26.0 – 29.0
30.0- 38.0
Locality
50
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December - 2013
Utilization of nursery propagated grey mangrove (Avicennia marina Forssk) Vierh (1904) seeds and
wildlings in the treatment of shrimp pond effluent water in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Al Badwi Adam
TABLE 3: Total Number of mangrove (Avicennia marina) seeds
reared in the ASC nursery
Year
No. collected seeds
No. surviving seeds
Survivalrate (%)
2007
2612
1,490
57.0 %
2008
3192
2,557
80.1 %
2009
2934
2,123
72.4 %
2010
2544
2,469
97.1 %
Total
11,282
8,639
(Av. 77.3 %)
TABLE 4: Total number of mangrove (A. marina) wildlings reared in the
ASC nursery
Year
No. Collected wildlings No. growing wildlings
Growth rate (%)
2007
1140
857
75.2 %
2008
932
827
88.7 %
2009
3060
2835
92.6 %
2010
2848
2701
94.8 %
Total
7,980
7,220
(Av.87.8 %)
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December -2013
51
TABLE 5: Total number of mangrove (A. marina) seedlings planted on
the sides of the farm drainage canals
2007
Total no. of
reared seeds
& wildlings
3752
Total no. of
surviving seeds
& wildlings
2347
Total no.
of planted
seedlings
1867
Average Height
of planted
seedlings (cm)
75 cm
2008
4124
3384
3177
100 cm
2009
5994
4958
4845
84 cm
2010
5392
5170
4752
92 cm
Total
19,262
15.859
14.641
80 cm
Year
TABLE 6: Water Parameters in the Red Sea, Mangrove Nursery and
Farm Main Drainage Canal
Year
Water
source
Red Sea
Sal.
(%)
2009
DO
Temp(0C) (mg/l)
Sal
(%)
2010
Temp
DO
(0C) (mg/l)
Sal.
(%)
Temp. DO
(0C (mg/l)
37.60
27.50
5.18
38.15
28.05
5.03
38.05
27.90
5.47
Mangrove
41.10
nursery
30.10
3.15
41.3
31.60
3.05
42.30
32.30
3.40
29.10
3.60
40.10
30.20
3.50
40.30
31.50
3.90
Main
drainage
canal
52
2008
39.00
Red Sea University Journal, Refereed scientific biannual journal
Vol.(4) December - 2013