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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt
Mixed-convection ﬂow and heat transfer in an inclined cavity equipped
to a hot obstacle using nanoﬂuids considering temperature-dependent
properties
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe a,⇑, Mohammad Akbari a, Arash Karimipour a, Masoud Afrand a,
Omid Mahian b,c,⇑, Somchai Wongwises c,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
c
Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 13 August 2014
Received in revised form 3 February 2015
Accepted 3 February 2015
Keywords:
Mixed convection
Lid-driven cavity
Numerical simulation
Al2O3–water nanoﬂuid
Hot obstacle
a b s t r a c t
Mixed-convection ﬂuid ﬂow and heat transfer in a square cavity ﬁlled with Al2O3–water nanoﬂuid have
been numerically investigated using the ﬁnite volume method (FVM) and SIMPLER algorithm. The geometry is a lid-driven square enclosure with an interior rectangular heated obstacle. The bottom, top,
and left walls are adiabatic while the right wall has a constant low temperature (Tc). The upper lid of
the cavity moves in a positive direction. Effects of different key parameters such as Richardson number,
position and height of the block, the volume fraction of the nanoparticles, and cavity inclination angles on
the ﬂuid ﬂow and heat transfer inside the cavity are investigated. It is observed that the average Nusselt
number for all ranges of solid volume fraction increases with a decrease in the Richardson number. The
results elucidate irregular changes of mean Nusselt number at different Richardson numbers versus variation of inclination angles in any case.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
One of the new methods used to enhance the thermal conductivity of common working ﬂuids is the addition of nano-sized particles (1–100 nm) to heat transfer liquids such as water. The
mixture of nanoparticles and a liquid is called ‘‘Nanoﬂuid’’ [1].
Many studies have been done on the applications of nanoﬂuids
in renewable energy devices [2–4], microchannels [5,6], heat
exchangers [7] and so on. Nanoﬂuids can be also used in various
types of cavities as the working ﬂuid to enhance the performance.
As known, the ﬂow in enclosures may be as natural convection or
mixed convection. Mixed-convection heat transfer in cavities has
many technical applications, such as the cooling of electronic
equipment, solar collectors, ﬂoat glass manufacturing, food processing, solar ponds, crystal growth, and lubrication technologies.
Here, a brief review of studies on natural convection in cavities
using nanoﬂuids is conducted.
⇑ Corresponding authors at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran (M. Hemmat Esfe).
E-mail addresses: M.hemmatesfe@semnan.ac.ir (M. Hemmat Esfe), omid.
mahian@gmail.com (O. Mahian), somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th (S. Wongwises).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.02.009
0017-9310/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abu-Nada et al. [8] conducted a numerical investigation on
mixed convection in an inclined square enclosure ﬁlled with
Al2O3–water nanoﬂuid. They found that heat transfer was enhanced
signiﬁcantly by the existence of the nanoparticles. Tiwari et al. [9]
veriﬁed that the average Nusselt number increases substantially
with an increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles. They
used the ﬁnite volume method to investigate the ﬂow and heat
transfer in a square cavity with insulated top and bottom walls
and differentially heated moving side walls.
The effect of aspect ratio of cavity was investigated by Muthtamilselvan et al. [10]. They applied the control volume method
to study the mixed-convection heat transfer in a lid-driven rectangular enclosure ﬁlled with Cu–water nanoﬂuid. The enclosure’s
side walls were insulated while its horizontal walls were kept at
constant temperatures and the top wall could move with a
constant velocity. They observed that both the aspect ratio of the
cavity as well as the nanoparticle volume fraction affected the ﬂuid
ﬂow and heat transfer inside the enclosure. Abbasian et al. [11]
studied mixed-convection ﬂow in a lid-driven square cavity ﬁlled
with the Cu–water nanoﬂuid. The cavity’s horizontal walls were
adiabatic while its sidewalls were under sinusoidal heating. They
M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
657
Nomenclature
cp
Gr
Ri
Ra
g
L
k
Nu
p
P
Pr
q
h
d
D
Re
T
u, v
U, V
U0
speciﬁc heat, J kg1 K1
Grashof number
Richardson number
Rayleigh number
gravitational acceleration, m s2
enclosure length, m
thermal conductivity, W m1 K1
Nusselt number
pressure, N m2
dimensionless pressure
Prandtl number
heat ﬂux, W m2
hot obstacle height, m
hot obstacle length, m
distance between left wall and obstacle, m
Reynolds number
dimensional temperature, K
dimensional velocities components in x and y direction,
m s1
dimensionless velocities components in X and Y direction
lid velocity
proved that the rate of heat transfer enhanced with increase in
Richardson number and constant Reynolds number.
The effects of Reynolds number, type of nanoﬂuids, size and
location of the heater, and the volume fraction of the nanoparticles
on mixed convection in a lid-driven, nanoﬂuid-ﬁlled square cavity
with cold side and top wall and constant heat ﬂux heater on the
bottom wall and moving lid are expressed by Mansour et al. [12].
Their results showed that the rate of heat transfer increased with
increase in the length of the heater, Reynolds number, and the
nanoparticle volume fraction.
Mixed-convection heat transfer in a ventilated cavity with hot
obstacle was studied by Abouei et al. [13]. They employed the lattice Boltzmann method to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on
mixed convection in a square cavity with inlet and outlet ports and
hot obstacle in the center of the cavity. Their result indicated that
by adding nanoparticles to the base ﬂuid and increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the heat transfer rate was enhanced
at different Richardson numbers and outlet port positions. In other
work, Mahmoodi et al. [14] investigated natural convection in a
square cavity containing a nanoﬂuid and an adiabatic square block
at the center point. They showed that for all Rayleigh numbers
with the exception of Ra = 104, the average Nusselt number
increased with an increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles. Also, at Ra = 104 the average Nusselt number decreases with
particle loading. Moreover, at low Rayleigh numbers (103 and 104),
the rate of heat transfer decreased when the size of adiabatic
square body increased, while at high Rayleigh numbers (105 and
106), it increased.
The effects of inclination angle in a two lid-driven cavity ﬁlled
with water and SiO2 nanoﬂuid on mixed convection was studied
by Alinia et al. [15]. The left and right walls were maintained at different constant temperatures while the upper and lower insulated
walls were moving lids. The two-phase mixture model had been
used to investigate the thermal behaviors of nanoﬂuid at various
inclination angles of enclosure ranging from h = 60° to h = 60°,
volume fraction from 0% to 8%, Richardson numbers varying from
0.01 to 100, and constant Grashof number 104. Their results
revealed that addition of nanoparticles enhanced heat transfer in
the cavity remarkably and caused signiﬁcant changes in the ﬂow
x, y
X, Y
dimensional Cartesian coordinates, m
dimensionless Cartesian coordinates
Greek symbols
a
thermal diffusivity, m2 s
b
thermal expansion coefﬁcient, K1
h
dimensionless temperature
l
dynamic viscosity, kg m1 s1
m
kinematic viscosity, m2 s1
q
density, kg m3
u
volume fraction of the nanoparticles
c
cavity inclination angle
Subscripts
c
cold
eff
effective
f
ﬂuid
h
hot
nf
nanoﬂuid
s
solid particles
w
wall
pattern. Besides, effect of inclination angle was more pronounced
at higher Richardson numbers. Abu-Nada et al. [16] investigated
the effects of variable properties of Al2O3–water and CuO–water
nanoﬂuids on the natural convection heat transfer in rectangular
enclosures. They observed that at high Rayleigh numbers the viscosity model had a higher impact on the average Nusselt number
than the thermal conductivity model. The problem of mixed convection ﬂuid ﬂow and heat transfer of Al2O3–water nanoﬂuid with
temperature and nanoparticle concentration-dependent thermal
conductivity and effective viscosity inside a square cavity was
studied numerically by Mazrouei et al. [17]. They compared the
Maxwell–Garnett model and the Brinkman model. Also, their
results indicated that signiﬁcant differences existed between the
calculated overall heat transfers for the two different combinations
of formulas. Moreover, the difference increased with increase in
nanoparticle volume fraction.
In this study, new variable property formulations have been
employed to analyze the nano-ﬁlled lid-driven cavity at various
cavity inclination angles. The thermal conductivity and dynamic
viscosity of nanoﬂuid inside the cavity are simulated numerically.
Also, the effect of changes in the cavity inclination angles, solid volume fraction of Al2O3–water nanoﬂuid, and Richardson number are
investigated in each case. Furthermore, the rate of heat transfer is
studied for different locations and the height of the hot obstacle.
2. Physical model and governing equations
A schematic view of the inclined nano-ﬁlled lid-driven cavity
considered in this paper is presented in Fig. 1. The height and the
width of the square cavity are denoted L. The bottom and horizontal walls are kept insulated, and the right wall is maintained at a
low temperature (Tc), whereas the upper moving lid is adiabatic.
A rectangular obstacle with a relatively higher temperature (Th)
is located on the bottom wall of the enclosure. The length and
the location of the hot obstacle are d and h, respectively. The cavity
is ﬁlled with a suspension of Al2O3 nanoparticles in water such that
the nanoparticles and the base ﬂuid are in thermal equilibrium and
there is no slip between them.
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M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
U
@U
@U
@P tnf 1
Ri bnf
þV
¼
þ
r2 U þ Dh sinðcÞ;
@X
@Y
@X tf Re
Pr bf
ð8Þ
U
@V
@V
@P tnf 1
Ri bnf
þV
¼
þ
r2 V þ Dh cosðcÞ
@X
@Y
@Y tf Re
Pr bf
ð9Þ
and
U
@h
@h anf 2
þV
¼
r h:
@X
@Y
af
ð10Þ
2.1. Thermal diffusivity and effective density
Thermal diffusivity and effective density of the nanoﬂuid are
anf ¼
knf
;
ðqcp Þnf
ð11Þ
qnf ¼ uqs þ ð1 uÞqf :
2.2. Heat capacity and thermal expansion coefﬁcient
Fig. 1. Schematic view of the inclined nano-ﬁlled lid-driven cavity.
The thermophysical properties of nanoparticles and the water
as the base ﬂuid at T = 25 °C are presented in Table 1.
The governing equations for a steady, two-dimensional laminar
and incompressible ﬂow are expressed as:
@u @ v
þ
¼ 0;
@x @y
ð12Þ
Heat capacity and thermal expansion coefﬁcient of the nanoﬂuid are as follows.
ðqcp Þnf ¼ uðqcp Þs þ ð1 uÞðqcp Þf ;
ðqbÞnf ¼ uðqbÞs þ ð1 uÞðqbÞf :
ð13Þ
ð1Þ
2.3. Viscosity
ðqbÞnf
@u
@u
1 @p
u
þv
¼
þ t r2 u þ
g DT sinðcÞ;
@x
@y
qnf @x nf
qnf
ð2Þ
The effective viscosity of the nanoﬂuid was calculated by the
following:
ðqbÞnf
@v
@v
1 @p
þv
¼
þ tnf r2 v þ
g DT cosðcÞ
@x
@y
qnf @y
qnf
ð3Þ
leff ¼ lf ð1 þ 2:5uÞ 1 þ g
u
"
and
u
@T
@T
þv
¼ anf r2 T:
@x
@y
ð4Þ
The dimensionless parameters may be presented as
x
y
v
u
X¼ ; Y¼ ; V¼ ; U¼ ;
L
L
u0
u0
T Tc
p
DT ¼ T h T c ; h ¼
; P¼
:
DT
qnf u20
ð5Þ
Ra ¼
tf af
This well-validated model is presented by Jang et al. [18] for a
ﬂuid containing a dilute suspension of small, rigid spherical particles, and it accounts for the slip mechanism in nanoﬂuids. The
empirical constants e and g are 0.25 and 280 for Al2O3,
respectively.
It is worth mentioning that the viscosity of the base ﬂuid
(water) is considered to vary with temperature, and the ﬂowing
equation is used to evaluate the viscosity of water,
T 2rc þ 518:78 T rc þ 1153:9Þ 106 ;
qf u0 L
Ra
; Ri ¼
;
lf
Pr:Re2
gbf DTL3
ð6Þ
The dimensionless form of the above governing equations
(1)–(4) becomes
@U @V
þ
¼ 0;
@X @Y
ð7Þ
Table 1
Thermophysical properties of water and nanoparticles at T = 25 °C.
2.4. Dimensionless stagnant thermal conductivity
The effective thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles in the
liquid when stationary is calculated by the Hamilton and Crosser
[19]:
kstationary ks þ 2kf 2uðkf ks Þ
¼
:
kf
ks þ 2kf þ uðkf ks Þ
ð16Þ
2.5. Total dimensionless thermal conductivity of nanoﬂuids
Physical properties
Fluid (Water)
Solid (Al2O3)
Cp (J/kg K)
4179
997.1
0.6
21.
8.9
----
765
3970
25
0.85
. . .. . .
47
k (W/m K)
b 105 (1/K)
l 104(kg/m s)
dp (nm)
ð15Þ
where T rc ¼ LogðT 273Þ:
tf
; Pr ¼ :
af
q (kg/m3)
ð14Þ
lH2 o ¼ ð1:2723 T 5rc 8:736 T 4rc þ 33:708 T 3rc 246:6
Hence,
Re ¼
#
2e
dp
u2=3 ðe þ 1Þ :
L
knf
kstationary kc ks þ 2kf 2uðkf ks Þ
¼
þ ¼
kf
kf
kf
ks þ 2kf þ uðkf ks Þ
2
1Df
dmax
1
dmin
Nup df ð2 Df ÞDf
1
:
þc
2Df
2
dp
Prð1 Df Þ
dmax
1
d
min
ð17Þ
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M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
and the thermal conductivity may be expressed as follows.
qw
;
@T=@X
qw
:
knf ¼
@T=@Y
Vertical walls :
knf ¼
Horizontal walls :
ð22Þ
The Nusselt number for the hot wall can be written as:
knf
@h
;
@x
kf
ð23Þ
knf
@h
:
Nuh ¼ @Y
kf
ð24Þ
Nuv ¼ or
The average Nusselt number along the hot wall is obtained by
integrating the local Nusselt number along the hot walls as
follows:
Fig. 2. Cavity grid independence.
This model was proposed by Xu et al. [20], and it has been chosen in this study to describe the thermal conductivity of nanoﬂuids. C is an empirical constant, which is relevant to the thermal
boundary layer and dependent on different ﬂuids (e.g. c = 85 for
the deionized water and c = 280 for ethylene glycol) but independent of the type of nanoparticles. Nup is the Nusselt number for liquid ﬂowing around a spherical particle and equal to two for a single
particle in this work.
The
ﬂuid
molecular
diameter
df = 4.5 * 1010
(m)
Nu ¼
Heating obstacle
þ
ln
Z
@Y¼0 !
@Y¼1 !
@X¼0 !
ð18Þ
dp;min
dp;max
where dp,max and dp,min are the maximum and minimum diameters
of nanoparticles, respectively. With the given/measured ratio
of dp,min/dp,max, the minimum and maximum diameters of
nanoparticles can be obtained with mean nanoparticle diameter
dp from the statistical property of fractal media ratio of minimum
to maximum nanoparticles dp,min/dp,max is R.
1
Df 1 dp;min
;
dp;max
Df
Df 1
¼ dp :
Df
þ
Z
Heating obstacle
Y¼h
Nuv dY Nuv dY X¼Dþd
ð25Þ
:
X¼D
2.7. Boundary conditions
Boundary conditions for the considered cavity are as follows:
@X¼1 !
ln u
;
Nuh dX Heating obstacle
df ¼ 4:5 1010 m for water in the present study. The Pr is the
Prandtl number. u and dp are the nanoparticle volume fraction
and mean nanoparticle diameter, respectively. The fractal dimension Df is determined by
Df ¼ 2 Z
(
@h
@Y
@h
@Y
@h
@X
¼ 0; U ¼ V ¼ 0; 0 6 Y 6 1
¼ 0; U ¼ 1; V ¼ 0; 0 6 Y 6 1
¼ 0; U ¼ V ¼ 0; 0 6 X 6 1
h ¼ 0; U ¼ V ¼ 0; 0 6 X 6 1
The special boundary conditions for the obstacle are as follows:
@X¼D&06Y 6h !
@ X ¼Dþd & 06Y 6h !
and
h ¼ 1; 0 6 X 6 1; 0 6 Y 6 1
h ¼ 1; 0 6 X 6 1; 0 6 Y 6 1
@Y ¼ hand D 6 X 6 D ¼ d ! fh ¼ 1; 0 6 X 6 1; 0 6 Y 6 1
3. Numerical procedure
dp;max ¼ dp dp;min
ð19Þ
2.6. Nusselt number
The Nusselt number can be calculated as
Nu ¼
hL
;
kf
ð20Þ
where the heat transfer coefﬁcient h is deﬁned as
h¼
qw
;
Th Tc
ð21Þ
Governing equations for continuity, momentum and energy
equations associated with the boundary conditions in this investigation were calculated numerically based on the ﬁnite volume
method and associated staggered grid system using FORTRAN
computer code. The SIMPLER algorithm is used to solve the coupled system of governing equations. The convection term is
approximated by a hybrid scheme which is conducive to a stable
solution. In addition, a second-order central differencing scheme
is utilized for the diffusion terms. The algebraic system resulting
from numerical discretization was calculated utilizing TDMA (In
numerical linear algebra, the tridiagonal matrix algorithm, or
TDMA, also known as the Thomas algorithm, is a simpliﬁed form
of Gaussian elimination that can be used to solve tridiagonal systems of equations.) applied in a line going through all volumes in
Table 2
Comparison of Nusselt number of present study with similar studies in order to code validation.
Re
Ri
Present study (1 1 1 * 1 1 1)
Abu-Nada et al. [8]
Waheed [21]
Tiwari and Das [9]
Abdelkhalek[22]
Khanafer et al. [23]
Sharif [24]
1
100
400
500
1000
100
0.01
0.000625
0.0004
0.0001
0.9914
2.0169
3.90
4.4760
6.3907
1.010134
2.090837
4.162057
4.663689
6.551615
1.00033
2.03116
4.02462
4.52671
6.48423
–
2.10
3.85
–
6.33
–
1.985
3.8785
–
6.345
–
2.02
4.01
–
6.42
–
4.05
–
6.55
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M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
Fig. 3. Effects of increasing volume fraction inside the inclined cavity ﬁlled with nanoﬂuid at Ri ¼ 10; h ¼ 0:3L; h ¼ 60 .
M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
Fig. 4. Variation of streamlines and isotherms versus Richardson number inside the cavity ﬁlled with nanoﬂuid at u ¼ 0:03; h ¼ 0:2L; c ¼ 30 .
661
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M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
Fig. 5. Variation of streamlines and isotherms as a function of cavity inclination at u ¼ 0:05; Ri ¼ 100; D ¼ 0:6L; h ¼ 0:1L.
M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
663
Fig. 6. Changes of ﬂow and thermal characteristics versus obstacle height at Ri ¼ 100; u ¼ 0:05; D ¼ 0:6L; c ¼ 90 .
the computational domain. The solution procedure is repeated
until the following convergence criterion is satisﬁed.
error ¼
Pj¼M Pi¼N knþ1 kn 7
Pj¼M Pi¼N nþ1 < 10 :
k
i¼1
j¼1
j¼1
obtained with our new model and the values presented in the literature. The quantitative comparisons for the average Nusselt
numbers indicate an excellent agreement between them.
ð26Þ
i¼1
Here, M and N correspond to the number of grid points in the x
and y directions, respectively; n is the number of iterations, and k
denotes any scalar transport quantity. To verify grid independence,
the numerical procedure was carried out for nine different mesh
sizes, namely 41 41, 51 51, 61 61, 71 71, 81 81,
91 91, 101 101, 111 111, and 121 121. Average Nu is
obtained for each grid size as shown in Fig. 2.
As can be observed, a 111 111 uniform grid size yields the
required accuracy and was hence applied for all simulation exercises in this work, as presented in the following section.
To ensure the accuracy and validity of this new model, we analyze a square cavity ﬁlled with base ﬂuid in different Re and Ri
numbers. Table 2 shows the comparison between the results
4. Results and discussion
In this article, heat transfer characteristics inside an inclined
cavity ﬁlled with Al2O3–water nanoﬂuid and having a hot rectangular obstacle have been studied. Inﬂuence of some parameters
including cavity inclination angle, nanoparticle volume fraction,
Richardson number, and height of hot square obstacle have been
investigated, and streamlines and isotherms as well as mean
Nusselt diagrams have been plotted.
Fig. 3 illustrates the effects due to the addition of nanoparticles
to base ﬂuid and increasing volume fraction inside the inclined
cavity ﬁlled with nanoﬂuid at Ri ¼ 10; h ¼ 0:3L; h ¼ 60 . As it is
inferred from streamlines, the ﬂow pattern shows the formation
of two strong and weak vortices at two sides of the cavity.
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M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
Fig. 7. The effect of changing hot obstacle position over bottom wall (lid) on ﬂow pattern and temperature inside the cavity at Ri ¼ 100; u ¼ 0:05; h ¼ 0:2L; c ¼ 30 .
Formation of these vortices is due to shear force resulting from
upper lid movement and buoyancy force produced by temperature
difference. Formation of a counterclockwise vortex on the left is
particularly due to the presence of the hot obstacle inside the cavity. Two vortices swirling in opposite directions cause increased
heat transfer inside the cavity. With increasing nanoparticle volume fraction within the cavity, the intensity of the left vortex
increases and streamlines get closer to each other. Isothermal lines
also become denser near isothermal walls, showing a temperature
gradient at these portions. With increasing nanoparticle volume
fraction, isothermal lines become slightly less crowded.
Fig. 4 demonstrates variation of streamlines and isotherms versus Richardson number inside the cavity ﬁlled with nanoﬂuid at
u ¼ 0:03; h ¼ 0:2L; c ¼ 30 . Flow pattern indicates formation of
a central clockwise vortex with a circular core at the upper section
of the cavity. According to the aiding effect of buoyancy force and
shear force resulting from temperature difference and upper lid
movement, the central vortex grows and streamlines become denser with increasing Richardson number. Isothermal lines are
crowded at portions near warm walls. As Richardson number
increases, isothermal lines become less dense, and consequently
temperature gradient decreases. Reduction of temperature gradient in this range of parameters causes a decrease in heat transfer
inside the cavity. Therefore, it is expected that heat transfer inside
the cavity decreases with increasing Richardson number.
Variation of streamlines and isotherms as a function of cavity
inclination angle is shown in Fig. 5 for u ¼ 0:05; Ri ¼ 100; D ¼
0:6L; h ¼ 0:1L. With increasing cavity inclination angle, the aiding
effect of shear force and buoyancy force is reduced and these two
forces act in opposite directions. In the case that the cavity is
horizontal, aiding shear and buoyancy forces cause formation of
a strong central clockwise vortex inside the cavity. This vortex
occupies major portions of the cavity. With increasing inclination
angle, the strength of this vortex is reduced and two clockwise
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M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
24
h= 0.1 L
h= 0.2 L
h= 0.3 L
22
Average Nusselt number
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
-2
10
10
-1
10
0
Richardson number
10
1
10
2
Fig. 8. Mean Nusselt number versus Richardson number for three different heights
of hot obstacle at D ¼ 0:6L; u ¼ 0:005; c ¼ 90 .
and counterclockwise vortices are formed at the top and bottom of
the cavity, respectively. These two vortices result from the balance
of buoyancy and shear forces. Isothermal lines also are crowded
near isothermal walls.
Changes of ﬂow and thermal characteristics versus obstacle
height are illustrated in Fig. 6 at Ri ¼ 100; u ¼ 0:05; D ¼ 0:6L;
c ¼ 90 . As observed in these ﬁgures, streamlines show formation
of two top and bottom vortices inside the cavity. With increasing
obstacle height inside the cavity, the total pattern of the top vortex
remains unchanged, and no signiﬁcant change occurs while the
shape of the bottom vortex changes with increasing obstacle
height. Isothermal lines, as in other cases, are dense near hot walls.
Increasing obstacle height has no signiﬁcant effect on isothermal
lines and changes just their placement range.
Fig. 7 demonstrates the effect of changing hot obstacle position
over bottom wall (lid) on ﬂow pattern and temperature inside the
cavity at Ri ¼ 100; u ¼ 0:05; h ¼ 0:2L; c ¼ 30 . When the obstacle
is placed at a distance of 0.2L from the left wall, a central vortex is
formed inside the cavity, while by changing obstacle position and
increasing its distance from the wall another small vortex is also
formed at the left side of the hot obstacle. Formation of a second
counterclockwise vortex near the hot obstacle causes heat transfer
inside the cavity to increase. Isothermal lines in these ﬁgures also
are relatively dense lines near the hot obstacle and at different
positions.
Fig. 8 shows a diagram of mean Nusselt number versus Richardson number for three different heights of hot obstacle at
D ¼ 0:6L; u ¼ 0:05; c ¼ 90 . As is obvious in this diagram, under
this condition increasing Richardson number causes mean Nusselt
number and total heat transfer inside the cavity to decrease.
In addition, increasing obstacle height also decreases mean
Nusselt number and heat transfer inside the cavity. Maximum
reduction of Nusselt number due to an increase in obstacle height
occurs at Richardson number = 0.1. With increasing Richardson
number, the inﬂuence of hot obstacle height on Nusselt number
is reduced.
Fig. 9 illustrates variation of mean Nusselt number with respect
to Richardson number for different cavity inclination angles at
u ¼ 0:05; h ¼ 0:1L; D ¼ 0:6L. In this condition, the amount of total
heat transfer inside the cavity also decreases as Richardson number increases, and buoyancy force dominates convection. No regular trend can be seen for changes of mean Nusselt number at
different Richardson numbers versus variation of inclination angles
and in any case, according to aiding or opposing shear and buoyancy forces, various cavity inclination angles have different Nusselt
numbers. Only at the horizontal position of the cavity in which
buoyancy force completely aids shear force is maximum heat
transfer obtained at all Richardson numbers.
Variation of Nusselt number versus Richardson number is
demonstrated in Fig. 10 for different volume fractions and at
D ¼ 0:4L; c ¼ 60 ; h ¼ 0:3L. It is seen that with the increase of volume fraction from 0% to 5%, the Nusselt number increases up to
7.71%. Furthermore, increasing volume fraction also increases heat
transfer.
26
γ
γ
γ
γ
24
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6 -2
10
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
14
Average Nusselt number
Average Nusselt number
22
=0
= 30
= 60
= 90
12
= 0.00
= 0.01
= 0.03
= 0.05
10
8
6
4
10
-1
10
0
Richardson number
10
1
10
2
Fig. 9. Nusselt number with respect to Richardson number for different cavity
inclination angles at u ¼ 0:05; h ¼ 0:1L; D ¼ 0:6L.
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Richardson number
10
1
10
2
Fig. 10. Variation of Nusselt number versus Richardson number for different
volume fractions and at D ¼ 0:4L; c ¼ 60 ; h ¼ 0:3L.
666
M.H. Esfe et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 85 (2015) 656–666
4.1. Proposing new model
Based on obtained data in the current study a new correlation
for Nu number has been proposed as follow:
Nuav e ¼ 8:68 þ 18:5u þ 5:18D þ 4:37sinðRiÞ
0:276sinð3:68 sinðhÞÞ
0:00501Ri 14:2sinðhÞ: ð27Þ
þ
Ri
5. Conclusions
Simulation of a square cavity with a rectangular hot obstacle
was investigated by the SIMPLER algorithm. In this study, the effect
of obstacle location and height of block, cavity inclination angles
and volume fractions of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the range of 0 to
0.05 on mixed convection ﬂows was investigated for different
Richardson numbers (0.01, 0.1, 10, 100). Generally, the result
shows that the streamlines have different patterns at different
Richardson numbers. By increasing the Richardson number, the
main ﬂow direction changes from the top to the bottom of the
obstacle, and doing so also has a signiﬁcant effect on local and
average Nusselt numbers. The addition of 5% nanoparticle volume
fraction is conducive to a 7.71% increase in Nusselt number inside
the cavity with respect to base ﬂuid. Furthermore, increasing volume fraction also increases heat transfer. Also, the result showed
that only at the horizontal position of the cavity in which buoyancy
force completely aids shear force, maximum heat transfer is
obtained at all Richardson numbers.
Conﬂict of interest
We would like to say that we and our institution don’t have any
conﬂict of interest and don’t have any ﬁnancial or other relationship with other people or organizations that may inappropriately
inﬂuence the author’s work.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Acknowledgments
The fourth and ﬁfth authors would like to thank the ‘‘Research
Chair Grant’’ National Science and Technology Development
Agency, the Thailand Research Fund (IRG5780005) and the
National Research University Project (NRU) for the support.
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