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Since
March 2002
An International,
Registered & Referred
Monthly Journal :
Research Link - 135, Vol - XIV (4), June - 2015, Page No. 71-73
Impact Factor - 2014 - 1.8007
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041 
G eography
Agricultural Implements and Gross Irrigated Area in West
Khandesh Region of Maharashtra : A Tahsil Wise Analysis
Agricultural implements are essential in practicing agriculture. This study
region is predominantly engaging in practicing traditional agriculture. Agricultural
implements namely iron and wooden plough, tractor and tractor operated implements,
sprayers, electric & diesel pumps are widely used in this region. The total numbers of
wooden and iron ploughs are 137389, Electric & Diesel pumps are 84008, tractors
3721, and tractor operated implements are 11738, and sprayers were 36432.
Coefficient of correlation between GIA and diesel & electric pump set has 0.01 during
the period of triennium 2001-2003.Hence tahsil wise proportion of diesel and electric
pump set with GIA area is uneven in study region. Keywords : Implements, Land use,
Coefficient of correlation, GIA, Agricultural practices.
DR.B.D.PATIL
Introduction :
scratches the soil, the hand sickle made more for a child than
India is a sub-continent and a variety of indigenous for a man, the old fashioned winnowing fray that woos the
implements are used in the different parts of the country for wind to shift the grain from chaff, and the rude choffer with
the last several centuries. In these days some effective its waste of fodder are un displaced from their primitive but
foreign implements have been introduced in many regions immemorial functions” (Agricultural Economics, 2006).
of the country. Tools and implements are an integral part of Wooden ploughs are used where the alluvial soil and by
agricultural practices. Broadly the two types of inputs are small farmers. In the irrigated areas wooden ploughs are now
used in agriculture namely mechanical and biochemical these replaced by iron plough because most of poor farmers can
are the basic inputs to makes it possible to carry out farming made available easily.
operations more quickly and help in rapid progress
Table No 1 : Salient features on agricultural Implements
in farm production In the study area mainly the
W&I
E&D
TO
Tahsil
GIA
Tractors
Sprayers
traditional inputs are used for land operation as
Ploughs
pumps
Tools
well as well as mechanical and biochemical inputs.
12970
27977
22305
555
2259
7734
The inputs in land operations such as tractors Dhule
and tractors operated tools, wooden and iron Sakri
20024
19090
19304
449
1163
674
ploughs, oil engine, electric pumps, sprayers, Nawapur
17360
6092
1742
141
540
916
dusters, high yielding variety seeds etc. are used
Nandurbar
5519
9610
11013
441
1003
3430
in the area under study. The study of Shafi [1985]
6674
5355
1320
307
971
843
points out that about half energy in Indian Taloda
10911
4247
1719
47
122
408
agricultural activity is supplied by drought Akkalkuwa
animals. Power supplied by human labour is one Akrani
5378
3788
97
00
00
5516
tenth and remaining forty percent of the power
Shahada
52678
22330
3650
1001
3191
5071
comes from tractors, pumps and machines. Those
21527
14681
11951
405
1386
6121
agricultural inputs are considered here whose Shirpur
Shindkheda
10681
24219
10907
375
1103
5719
inputs are mainly practiced in this study area.
Wooden and Iron plough :
Region
163722
137389
84008
3721
11738
36432
Wooden plough is a device used for land Correlation coefficient
0.44
-0.01
0.78
0.77
0.15
scratching. M. L. Darling has rightly affirmed that
“The plough that looks like a half open pen knife and just
The important feature of this iron scratchier is to works
Associate Professor (Department of Geography), R.C.Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule
(Maharashtra)
 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  71
on any type of topography. Both tools have done same work
on land therefore herein jointly discuss its work for an
analysis. After examining the values shown in table no 1, it
reveals that the total number of wooden and iron ploughs in
the region was 137389. The numbers of this particular tool
indicates traditional method of farming. The total numbers
of these tools are unevenly distributed in the certain tahsils.
By applying Pearson's product movement method between
gross irrigated area and wooden and iron ploughs has
obtained low positive correlation with amounting 0.44 at the
tahsil level. This is not significantly at 0.01 and 0.05 levels
that means fail to prove the use of this tool equally in all
tahsils for land operation. The values depicted in above table
about the numbers of wooden and iron ploughs per thousand
hectares of gross irrigated areas are categorized into the
following groups.
[A] Higher Number of Implements (1500 - Above) :
Dhule, Nandurbar, and Shindkheda tahsils have falls in these
categories. Shindkheda tahsil has 2268 followed by Dhule
tahsil amounted 2157 wooden and iron ploughs. These tahsil
have less irrigated area, dotted with few hills and course
soils. Thereby land requires repeated to reclamation of land
which made available for sowing to crop.
[B] Moderate Number of Implements (750 1500) :
Sakri and Taloda tahsils are reported in this category. Sakri
tahsil has 954, followed by Taloda tahsil has 803 wooden
and iron ploughs per thousand hectares of gross irrigated
area. It reveals that use of other modern tools in land
reclamation.
[C] Poorer Number of Implements (0 - 750) : Nawapur,
Akkalkuwa, Akrani, Shahada and Shirpur tahsils have poorer
concentration of wooden and iron ploughs. Akrani tahsil
has 705, followed by Shirpur tahsil has 682 wooden and iron
ploughs per thousand hectares of gross irrigated area.
Shahada tahsil has poorer proportion of 424 wooden and
iron ploughs per thousand hectares of gross irrigated area.
The poorer proportion of wooden and iron ploughs has
indicated that the use of modern farm tools in Shahada tahsil.
After analyzing the numbers of wooden and iron ploughs
used per thousand hectares of irrigated area for land operation
indicate uneven distribution at tahsil level. In the districts as
whole has 840 wooden and iron ploughs per thousand of
gross cropped area.
Tractor and Tractors Operated Implements :
Tractor is the basic mechanical input which largely
determines the extent use of allied machinery and equipment;
it is necessary that where very large tracts are to be sown
more than once and for practices of irrigated land.
Tractors and tractors operated tools are capable to
tillage of farming or land without consuming time. It is seen
that tractors used were plain region and irrigated tracts
nowadays tractors to be used for land leveling thereby barren
and undulating land convert into cultivated land. After an
examine table no 1 the regional analysis shows that the
proportion of tractors per thousand hectares of irrigated area
is uneven. During the period of triennium, 2001-03, the number
of tractor has amounted 3721 tractors in the study area.
Nandurbar tahsil has 80 tractors per thousand hectares of
irrigated area amongst all the tahsils followed by Taloda tahsil
has 46 number tractors per thousand hectares of irrigated
area. Dhule and Shindkheda tahsils has 43 and 36 tractors
per thousand hectares of gross irrigated area respectively.
Akkalkuwa tahsil has five tractor per thousand hectares of
irrigated area, meanwhile Akrani tahsil has none tractors.
Both tahsil has few features such as tribal's dominated and
hilly areas with pathetic infrastructure even in Akrani tahsil
fourfifths of areas has lack of road access. In district as a
whole have 23 tractors and 72 tractors operated tools per
thousand hectares of gross irrigated area. Shahada and
Shirpur have only nineteen tractors per thousand hectares
of irrigated area. It is observed that use of tractors and tractor
operated implements are not well proportioned as per irrigated
area. The number of tractors is very high in certain tahsil
where the use of tractors for other purpose. Farmers took
tractors on rental basis for land operation. The values depicted
in table 1, indicate variation in the use of tractor and tractors
operated equipments in all tahsils. Correlation coefficient of
tractors and tractor operated tools with gross irrigated area
has high positive correlation amounting r = 0.78 and r = 0.77.
The regression line with points are shows positive correlation
between tractor, tractor operated tools and gross irrigated
area. It means use of tractor and tractors operated inputs
area associated with agricultural practices. Today the farmers
are realized the importance of these tools. There is increase
in the use of tractor and tractor operated implements in certain
tahsils.
Electric and Diesel Pumps :
Diesel and electrically operated pumps are the most
important equipments to lift water from wells and boar wells.
Water is a significant input to growth of crop and yield.
The availability of water for irrigation purpose is possible
through surface flow and belowground. By using diesel
and electric pumps lift the water from surface and below
ground. The oil engine or diesel pumps deployed along
with the canals for extracting the water. The electric pumps
are mostly used for extracting ground water. The values
depicted in the table 1 reveal that, during the period of
triennium 2001-03 total pump sets are 84008 of gross
irrigated area in the study region. Correlation coefficient
between diesel and electric pumps and gross irrigated area
has (-0.01) negative correlation. It means diesel and electric
pump sets are not associated with gross irrigated area. For
analysis of spatial pattern of electric and diesel pump set of
gross cropped area are categorized into the following
groups.
[A] Higher proportion of (1000 Above) electric and
diesel pump sets are recorded in Dhule, Nandurbar and
Shindkheda tahsils. Nandurbar tahsil has 1996 pump sets
deploying in the wells and boar wells to per thousand
hectares of irrigated area.
 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  72
Graph 1 : Regressions gross irrigated area and Electric
and diesel pumps, 2001-03
Electric & Diesel Pumps
(r = - 0.01)
25000
20000
15000
Pump Sets
Linear fit (8534-0.00816x)
10000
5000
0
5000
15000
25000
35000
45000
Gross Irrigated Area
55000
Dhule tahsil has 1720 pump set sets per thousand
hectares of gross irrigated area followed by Shindkheda. Due
to non-perennial wells, the proportion of wells has higher
with gross irrigated area. Thereby the proportion of diesel
and electric pumps has higher in these tahsils.
[B] Moderate proportion of (500-1000) Electric and diesel
pump sets are reported in Sakri and Shirpur tahsils. Both the
tahsils have well irrigated tract with assured rainfall. Sakri tahsil
has 964 electric and diesel pumps per thousand hectare of gross
irrigated area while Shirpur tahsil has 556. In Shirpur tahsil,
farmers deployed pump set on canal for irrigation purpose.
[C] Poorer proportion of (0-500) Electric and diesel pump
sets per thousand hectares of irrigated area is recorded in
Nawapur, Taloda, Akkalkuwa, Akrani and Shahada tahsils. All
these tahsils are endowed by surface and underground water.
But major barrier is its topography and geology is not to allow
sink wells and boar wells. All these tahsil fall under assured
rainfall zone and economically backward region. Therefore
farmers are unable to go for purchasing new technology. The
spatial pattern suggest uneven proportion of electric and diesel
pump sets per thousand hectares of gross irrigated area in
certain tahsils. The correlation and regression shows in graph
1. suggest negative relationship between electric and diesel
pumps and gross cropped area in the study area.
Sprayer :
Sprayer is a dispenser that turns a liquid into a fine
mist. Much of the crop losses infected by a large variety of
insect, pests and weeds could be reduced by adequate and
timely plant protection measures. Sprayer has been accepted
as one of the supporting tools to control pest and insect. It
is largely used in the areas were the cotton producing regions.
This tool is run by both inanimate and animate energy. By
using this tool spray liquid of insecticides and pesticides on
the crops for controlling pest. Correlation coefficient
between number of sprayers and gross irrigated area has r =
0.15 It is rejected at 0.01and 0.05 significant level indicates
fails to prove any positive growth between them. The values
depicted in table no 1, sprayers are categorized into the
following groups.
[A] Maximum proportion (600 - Above) of sprayers are
confined in tribal populated areas where the sprayers are
provided free of coast by Ministry of Tribal Development.
Therefore Nandurbar and Akrani tahsils have large number
of sprayers. Ironically, Akrani tahsil has 1206 sprayers per
thousand hectares of irrigated area while Nandurbar has 622
sprayers per thousand hectares of gross irrigated area.
[B] Moderate proportion of (300 - 600) sprayers is
found largely in Dhule and Shindkheda a cotton growing
tahsils. Dhule tahsil has 597 and Shindkheda has 536 sprayers
per thousand hectares of gross irrigated area.
[C] Poorer proportion of sprayers (0 - 300) per
thousand hectares of irrigated area are recorded in Sakri,
Nawapur, Taloda, Akkalkuwa, Shahada and Shirpur. These
tahsils are falls under multiple crop growing regions therefore
less use of sprayers. Uses of sprayers per thousand hectares
of irrigated area are recorded below 100 in Sakri, Nawapur,
Taloda, Akkalkuwa and Shahada tahsils. Shirpur tahsil has
236 sprayers per thousand hectares of irrigated area indicates
cotton and chilly growing area.
Concluding Remark :
It is observed that the variation in the use of agricultural
input as per changes in GIA .The proportion of wooden and
iron ploughs to per thousand hectare of gross irrigated area
was poorer in irrigated tahsil. However, use of tractors in
agricultural operation to per thousand hectares to gross
irrigated is less. As well as sprayers provided to free of coast
to the tribal farmers. Overall agriculture is practiced
traditionally in this region.
References :
Agricultural implements are essential in practicing
agriculture. This study region is predominantly engaging in
practicing traditional agriculture. Agricultural implements
namely iron and wooden plough, tractor and tractor operated
implements, sprayers, electric & diesel pumps are widely used
in this region. The total numbers of wooden and iron ploughs
are 137389, Electric & Diesel pumps are 84008, tractors 3721,
and tractor operated implements are 11738, and sprayers were
36432. Coefficient of correlation between GIA and diesel &
electric pump set has 0.01 during the period of triennium
2001-2003.Hence tahsil wise proportion of diesel and electric
pump set with GIA area is uneven in study region.
References :
(1) Socio economic review 2001, 2002 and 2003. (2) Pawar
C. T. (1989): Impact of Irrigation: A Regional Perspective, Himalaya
Publishing House, Bombay. (3) Husain Majid (1979): “Agricultural
Geography”, Inter-India Publications, Delhi. (4) Singh, Jasbir.
Dhillon, S. S. (1994):“Agricultural Geography”(Second edition),
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. New Delhi.
(5) Monkhouse, F. J. and Wilkinson, E. R. (1971): Maps and
Diagrams, Methuen and Company Ltd. London.

 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  73
Since
March 2002
An International,
Registered & Referred
Monthly Journal :
Research Link - 135, Vol - XIV (4), June - 2015, Page No. 74-76
Impact Factor - 2014 - 1.8007
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041 
G eography
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 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  74
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14.60
8.54
9.98
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7.19
18.37
7.85
9.41
26.09
9.63
10.92
12.78
ifjorZu
+ 3.13
& 4.7
+ 1.17
& 2.76
& 11.49
& 1.09
& 0.94
& 2.39
lzksr % Hkwty foHkkx] dksVk
lkj.kh 2 % ckjk¡ ftys esa Hkwty mi;ksx@nksgu dh
fLFkfr ¼o"kZ 2003 ls 2013½
Hkwty mi;ksx dh ek=k ¼% esa½
iap k;r lfefr
vUrk
ckjk¡
fd’kuxat
'kkgckn
vV:
NcM+k
NhikcM+kSn
ckjk¡ ftyk
2003
69
82
35
42
105
77
98
74
2013
99
113
45
60
122
109
110
96
ifjorZu
30
31
10
18
17
32
12
22
lzksr % Hkwty foHkkx] dksV k
o"kZ 2003 ds vuqlkj ftys ds 7 iapk;r lfefr;ksa esa ls rhu
iapk;r lfefr;k¡ ¼vUrk] fd'kuxat o 'kkgckn½ lqjf{kr Js.kh esa
Fkh] dsoy 1 iapk;r lfefr ¼vV:½ vfrnksfgr Js.kh esa Fkh] tcfd
o"kZ 2013 ds vuqlkj 2 iapk;r lfefr;k¡ ¼fd'kuxat o 'kkgckn½
lqjf{kr Js.kh esa gS vkSj 04 iapkr lfefr;k¡ ¼ckjk¡] vV:] NcM+k o
NhikcM+kSn½ vfrnksfgr Js.kh esa vk pqdh gSa vkSj ;fn Hkwty nksgu
dh nj ;gh jgh rks 'ks"k iapk;r lfefr;k¡ Hkh 'kh?kz gh vfrnksfgr
 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  75
Js.kh esa vk tk;sxhA lkj.kh&2 ds fo'ys"k.kkuqlkj ftys esa 2003
esa Hkwty nksgu dh nj 74% Fkh] tks 2013 esa c<+dj 96% rd
gks x;h] tks fd ftys dks fo"ke Js.kh esa n'kkZrk gSA bl izdkj ftys
esa miyC/k Hkwty Hk.Mkj 495 fefy;u ?ku ehVj ds fo:) 476
fefy;u ?ku ehVj dk nksgu gks jgk gSA ftys esa lokZf/kd Hkwty
dk mi;ksx vV: iapk;r lfefr esa 122% gks jgk gSA ogha xr
n'kd esa lokZf/kd Hkwty mi;ksx esa o`f) NcM+k iapk;r lfefr esa
32% ns[kh x;h gSA
ckjk¡ ftys esa yxHkx 70% is;ty ;kstuk,¡ ,oa flapkbZ dk;Z
Hkwty ij vk/kkfjr gSaA lcls vf/kd Hkwty yxHkx 90% Ñf"k esa]
7% is;ty o m|ksxksa eas rFkk 'ks"k 3% vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa [kpZ
gksrk gSA yxkrkj Hkwty nksgu ls ftys esa Hkwty Lrj fxjrk tk
jgk gS] tks {ks= ds Hkwty Lrj ij tula[;k ds c<+rs ncko o
vfu;ksftr lrgh ty dks bafxr djrk gSA ;fn ftys esa Hkwty
nksgu dh xfr ;gh jgh rks Hkwty ds Hk.Mkj lEHkor% o"kZ 2020 rd
lekIr gks tk;sx
a ]s ftlls u dsoy flapkbZ vfirq ihus gsrq Hkh ikuh
dh Hk;adj deh vk tk;sxhA
?kVrs Hkwty Lrj o c<+rs nksgu ds dkj.k %
¼1½ c<+rh tula[;k] izfr O;fDr ty dh [kir esa o`f)]
o`{kksa dh vU/kk/kaq/k dVkbZA
¼2½ Hkwty dk e'khuksa ,oa fo|qr ;U=ksa }kjk vU/kk/kqa/k nksguA
¼3½ Ñ"kdksa dh vKkurk o vuqfpr flapkbZ dk <axA
¼4½ ijEijkxr ty L=ksrksa dk mi;ksx u djuk] Qyr%
Hkwty fudklh ij vR;f/kd izHkkoA
¼5½ Hkwty izcU/ku esa tu lgHkkfxrk dk vHkkoA
¼6½ lekt dh ljdkj ij c<+rh fuHkZjrk] LokFkhZ izo`fÙk ,oa
ty ds izfr laosnughurk vkfnA
Hkwty ds vfrnksgu ds nq"ifj.kke %
¼1½ Hkwty Lrj esa Hkkjh fxjkoVA
¼2½ fctyh ij vf/kd [kpkZA
¼3½ Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk esa fxjkoVA
¼4½ Hkfo"; esa 'kq) is;ty vkiwfrZ dh pqukSrhA
¼5½ dqvksa] cksjosy vkfn ds fMLpktZ esa deh ,oa budk
lw[kukA
¼6½ fudV Hkfo"; esa Hkwty Hk.Mkjksa ds lekIr gksus dh
lEHkkouk,¡A
¼7½ Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, xEHkhj ty ladV dk cqykokA
lq>ko %
¼1½ Hkwty Lrj eas fxjkoV ds nq"izHkkoksa dk O;kid izpkj&izlkjA
¼2½ Hkwty ds vR;f/kd nksgu dks jksdus gsrq tkx`r djukA
¼3½ flapkbZ gsrq ty cpr dh rduhdksa tSls & cw¡n&cw¡n
flapkbZ@QOokjk flapkbZ i)fr dk mi;ksx djukA
¼4½ de ty [kir djus okyh Qly viukukA
¼5½ nSfud mi;ksx esa ty dh cckZnh dks jksduk rFkk ty
dks ^^ewY;oku** oLrq dh rjg lajf{kr djukA
¼6½ {ks= esa v/;kid oxZ ,oa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds e/; ^^Hkwty
lalk/ku leL;k,¡ vkSj lek/kku** vkfn fo"k;d tkudkjh izlkfjr
dj tu tkxj.k djukA
¼7½ unh&ukyksa esa cgrs O;FkZ o'kkZ ty dks ,fudV] ck¡/k ;k
csfj;j bR;kfn ty laxzg.k lajpukvksa }kjk laxzfgr djukA
¼8½ ijEijkxr ty L=ksrksa dk iqj:)kj djuk rFkk l?ku
o`{kkjksi.kA
¼9½ uxjh; flost o vkS|ksfxd vif'k"V ds fuLrkj.k gsrq
Bksl mik; djuk rkfd lrgh ty ,oa Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk izHkkfor
u gksA
fu"d"kZ ,oa leh{kk %
fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ftys ds Hkwty Lrj
esa yxkrkj fxjkoV rFkk bldk nksgu yxkrkj c<+ jgk gS] ftlls
fudV Hkfo"; esa Hkwty Hk.Mkjksa ds lekIr gksus dh vk'kadk gSA vr%
Hkfo"; dh vkcknh BhdBkd jgs] mlds fy, vHkh ls gh iq[rk vkSj
Bksl mik; djus gksaxs rFkk mfpr izcU/ku ds }kjk ge ftys dks
gksus okys Hkwty ladV ls cpk ldrs gSaA

 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  76
Since
March 2002
An International,
Registered & Referred
Monthly Journal :
Research Link - 135, Vol - XIV (4), June - 2015, Page No. 77-78
Impact Factor - 2014 - 1.8007
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041 
G eography
Øeeke=âeflekeâ JeeleeJejCe hej ceeveJeerÙe ØeYeeJe : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve
Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW Øeeke=âeflekeâ JeeleeJejCe hej ceeveJeerÙe ØeYeeJeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
Øeeke=âeflekeâ JeeleeJejCe mechetCe& peerJeve peiele keâe efveÙeb$ekeâ nw Deewj he=LJeer hej peerJeve keâes megÛee® ®he mes Ûeueeves
ceW Fmekeâer ØeeLeefcekeâ Yetefcekeâe jnleer nw~ otmejer Deesj ceeveJe Øeeke=âeflekeâ JeeleeJejCe keâe GheÙeesie meYÙelee kesâ ØeejbYe
mes keâj jne nw~ ÙeÅeefhe Øeeke=âeflekeâ JeeleeJejCe ceW mJeÙeb meblegefuele jnves keâer #ecelee nesleer nw, efkeâvleg Ùeefo Fmekeâe
DeefleMeÙe Mees<eCe efkeâÙee peeS DeLeJee Øeotef<ele efkeâÙee peeS lees Ùen Demeblegefuele nes peelee nw, efpememes Fmekeâes
neefve nesleer nw, efpemekeâe ØeYeeJe mebhetCe& peerJe peiele hej neslee nw~ pewJe efJeefJeOelee hej mebkeâš mes Deepe Deveskeâ
peerJe-peblegDeeW SJeb heeohe keâer ØepeeefleÙeeB efJeueghle nes jner nQ~ DeeJeMÙekeâlee ceeveJeerÙe ef›eâÙeeDeeW keâes mener efoMee
osves keâer nw, leeefkeâ Fve ØepeeefleÙeeW keâes mebjef#ele efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
mebkesâle efce"ejJeeue
i;kZoj.kh; izØe ok;qe.My dh n'kkvksa ds izfrQy gksrs
gSaA pwafd ok;qe.Myh; n'kkvksa rFkk izØe lkSf;Zd ÅtkZ ls
lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA bl rjg izeq[k i;kZoj.kh; izØe ;Fkk tyh;]
fgeunh;] ifjfgekuh rFkk ok;q vkfn lkSf;Zd ÅtkZ }kjk fu;af=r
gksrs gSaA ekuoh; xfrfof/k;k¡ i`Fohry ij O;kid #i esa ifjofrZr
ykrh gSAa dHkh i;kZoj.k vod"kZ.k rks dHkh i;kZoj.k izn"w k.k ds #i
esaA
ikfjfLFkfrd foKku dk Hkh vk/kkjHkwr fu;e gS fd ^^lHkh
oLrq,¡ nwljh lHkh oLrqvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gSa vkSj izd`fr esa dksbZ Hkh
dsoy fdlh ,d oLrq dks ifjofrZr ugha dj ldrkA
dqN izeq[k i;kZoj.kh; izØeksa ij euq"; ds izHkkoksa rFkk
mlds }kjk fd, x, ,oa fd, tk ldus okys ifjorZuksa dk mYys[k
fd;k tk jgk gS %
¼1½ tyok;q ij ekuoh; izHkko ¼2½ ouLifr ij ekuoh;
izHkko ¼3½ i'kqvksa ij ekuoh; izHkko ¼4½ e`nk ij ekuoh; izHkko
¼5½ ty ij ekuoh; izHkko ¼6½ Hkw&vkd`frd Lo#i ij ekuoh;
izHkko ¼7½ tSo fofo/krk ij ekuoh; izHkkoA
¼1½ tyok;q ij ekuoh; izHkko %
tula[;k vkSj rduhdh ds yxkrkj fodflr gksrs jgus ls
lEiw.kZ fo'o dh tyok;q izHkkfor gqbZ gSA fo'o dh tyok;q dh
izHkkfor djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ekuh tkrh gS % xSlkas dk mRltZu
¼dkcZu&MkbZ vkWDlkbM] ehFksu] Dyksjks ¶yksjks dkcZu] ukbVªl
vkWDlkbM] fØIVku 85½ rkih; izHkko] fge Vksfi;ksa ij /kwy dk
teko] ouksUewyu] pjkbZ dh vf/kdrk] vfr'k; flapkbZ] ty
;kstdksa ds fuekZ.k }kjk egklkxjh; /kkjkvksa esa ifjorZuA
tyok;q ij ekuoh; izHkko dk ,d izeq[k mnkgj.k ^^gfjr
x`g izHkko** ds #i esa ns[kk x;k tks orZeku fo'o ds i;kZoj.kfonksa
ds lEeq[k ,d pqukSrh cuk gqvk gSA ftu xSlksa ds dkj.k gfjr x`g
izHkko gksrk gS mudk mRltZu ekuoh; fØ;kvksa fo'ks"k dj m|ksxks]a
okguksa] ,;j daMh'kuj] fQzt vkfn ls gksrk gSA
tyok;q ij ekuoh; izHkko dk ,d vkSj mnkgj.k vEyh;
o"kkZ gSA vEyh; o"kkZ ls rkRi;Z gS& tc izkd`frd o"kkZ dk ty gok
esa mifLFkr dfri; iznw"kdksa dh izfrfØ;k ds QyLo#i vEyh;
gks tkrk gS] rks mls vEyh; o"kkZ dgrs gSaA
ekuoh; fØ;kvksa ls i`Foh ds ok;qe.My dh lajpuk esa
ifjorZu vk tkrk] tks Xykscy okfeZax] vkstksu fojyrk] vEyh;
o"kkZ vkfn ds lkFk lkekU; tyok;q ifjorZu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
gksrk gSA
¼2½ ouLifr ij ekuoh; izHkko %
izkd`frd ouLifr ij ekuoh; izHkko ^ouksUewyu* ds #i esa
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tSl&
s tSls ekuo fodkl ;k=k ij vxzlj gksrk
x;k] ouksa dk {ks= Hkh lhfer gks x;kA izkjEHk esa d`f"k] fQj m|ksx]
vf/koklksa dk clko] ifjogu vkfn ds fy, ouksa dk fouk'k djrk
jgk gSA ouksUewyu ds izeq[k dkj.k jgs& d`f"k gsrq] fuekZ.k dk;Z
gsrq] dk"B] bZa/ku ,oa vU; mi;ksx gsrq vFkkZr~ O;kikfjd dk;kZas gsrq
ouksa dh dVkbZ dks] [kuu }kjk] 'kgjhdj.k ds foLrkj lsA
ekuo dh LokFkZijdrk vkSj O;kikjhdj.k ds dkj.k tks ouksa
dk fouk'k gks jgk gS mldk izfrdwy izHkko tyok;q] e`nk ,oa oU;
thoksa ij izR;{k iM+ jgk gS vkSj blls ikfjfLFkfrdh vlarqyu
mRiUu gks jgk gSA
¼3½ i'kqvksa ij ekuoh; izHkko %
i'kqvksa ij ekuoh; izHkko dks lqfo/kktud #i esa ik¡p oxksZa
esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS& ikyrwdj.k] izlj.k] foyqfIrdj.k]
foLrj.k ,oa ladqpuA mijksDr leLr oxksZa esa foyqfIrdj.k i'kqvksa
cekeâeve vebyej 621, meskeäšj-14, jesnlekeâ (nefjÙeeCee)
 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  77
ds fy, lokZf/kd ?kkrd voLFkk gSA oU; iztkfr;ksa dk foyqIr gks
tkuk fo'o esa xaHkhj ikfjfLFkfrd leL;k dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
oU; thoksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj
ij dbZ Lo;a lsoh laLFkk,¡ iz;kl dj jgh gSA lcls cM+h leL;k
fofHkUu izdkj ds izkd`frd vkoklksa ds ekuoh; gLr{ksi }kjk lekIr
gksus ls mRiUu gqbZ gSA
¼4½ e`nk ij ekuoh; izHkko %
e`nk ekuoh; thou dk vk/kkj gSA uohu rduhdksa ds iz;ksx
ds }kjk Hkwfe mi;ksx izk#i esa ifjorZu dk izHkko e`nk ij Li"Vr%
bafxr gksrk gSA yo.krk ;|fi e#LFkyh; o vðZe#LFkyh; nksuksa
esa ,d izkd`frd izØe gS] ysfdu tc fofHkUu ekuoh; dkj.kksa ls
mldh ek=k c<+ tkrh gS rks ;g ?kkrd gks ldrk gSA ty
fudkyus ,oa foLr`r flapkbZ ls e`nk esa yo.k Lrj c<+ tkrk gSA
jklk;fud moZjdksa ds iz;ksx uss Hkh e`nk dh jklk;fud
lajpuk dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA eq[; #i ls ukbVªsV] QkLQsV ,oa
iksVk'k dk iz;ksx blds fy, mÙkjnk;h ekuk tkrk gSA e`nk
vijnu dks oukjksi.k] Qly izca/ku] <ky izokg fu;a=.k] ok;q
vijnu fu;a=.k ,oa leksPp jksi.k ds }kjk la;af=r fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
¼5½ ty ij ekuoh; izHkko %
orZeku fodkl Hkh izR;{k ;k ijks{k #i ls ty }kjk gh gksrk
gSA uxjhdj.k] izn"w k.k] izR;{k izdV ifjorZu rFkk ty laxzg {ks=ksa
dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa #ikUrj.k vkfn ds }kjk euq"; us ty dh ek=k
,oa xq.koÙkk nksuksa dks gh izHkkfor fd;k gSA
vkS|ksfxd izfØ;kvksa ,oa dkcZu&MkbZ vkWDlkbM ds vf/kd ls
vf/kd mRltZu ls i`Foh ds vkSlr rkieku esa o`f) gks jgh gS
ftldk foijhr izHkko i`Foh ds /kqzoh; ,oa mPp ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa
fLFkr fgekfu;ksa ij iM+ jgk gS vkSj os rsth ls fi?kyrs tk jgs gSaA
ekuoh; fØ;k dk izHkko Hkwfexr ty ij gks jgk gSA
is;ty gsrq ,oa d`f"k vkfn dk;ksZa ds fy, vR;f/kd nksgu ds
dkj.k Hkwfexr ty Lrj esa fujUrj deh vk jgh gSA blds
dkj.k {ks=h; i;kZoj.k izHkkfor gks jgk gSA ck¡/k cukus ls foLr`r
{ks= ty eXu gks tkrk gS blls ogk¡ dh ouLifr] tho tUrq
lekIr gks tkrs gSaA
¼6½ Hkw&vkd`frd Lo#i ij ekuoh; izHkko %
ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk Hkw&vkdkjksa rFkk Hkw&vkdkfjdksa izØe
ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gSA blds vUrxZr vi{k;] vijnu ,oa fu{ksi
Hkh lfEefyr gSAa vusd ekuoksn~Hkoh Hkw&vkdkjksa dk mn~Hko ekuoh;
fØ;kvksa dk izfrQy gSA
ekuoksn~Hkoh Hkw&vkdkj vizR;{k #i ls ekuoh; fØ;kvksa ds
dkj.k curs gSa fdUrq /kjkry ij fof'k"V u gksdj lkekU; gksrs gSAa
fdUrq ;s izkd`frd izØe dks vo'; izHkkfor djrs gSAa ;s ekuo }kjk
izkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx dk ifj.kke gksrs gSa vkSj {ks=h; i;kZoj.k dks
izHkkfor djrs gSaA
Hkwfe /klko vf/kdka'kr% izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls gksrk gS fdUrq
vusd ckj ekuoh; fØ;k,¡ buesa o`fð dj nsrh gSAa Hkwfexr {ks= ls
rjy inkFkZ tSls rsy] xSl rFkk ikuh fudkyus ls vFkok Bksl
[kfut fudkyus ls Hkwfe /klko gks tkrk gSA
¼7½ tSo fofo/krk ij ekuoh; izHkko %
tSo fofo/krk ls vk'k; fdlh Hkh {ks=] ns'k] egk}hi vFkok
fo'o Lrj ij ik;s tkus okys tho/kkfj;ksa dh tSfodh; jpuk esa
fofo/krk ls gSA izR;sd {ks= ds i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh Lo#i esa
fof'k"V izdkj ds tho&tUrq] ikni vkfn dk fodkl gksrk gSA ;fn
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa cnyko gksrk gS vFkok i;kZoj.k vodf"kZr
gksrk gS rks budh {kfr gksus yxrh gS vkSj tc vR;f/kd ifjorZu
vk tkrk gS rks budh iztkfr;k¡ foyqIr gksus yx tkrh gSaA
tSo fofo/krk ds {kj.k ds izkd`frd dkj.kksa ds vfrfjDr
ekuoh; dkj.k vf/kd mÙkjnk;h gSAa tSo fofo/krk dh ?kVrh la[;k
ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ekuoh; dkj.k gSa%& vkokl fouk'k] vkokl
fo[k.Mu] izn"w k.k] vk[ksV] tula[;k o`fð] ouh; {ks=ksa esa vfrØe.k]
ouksa dh vkx] tSfod lalk/kuksa dk 'kks"k.k] tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa
izkd`frd vkink;sa gSaA ekuo ,oa mldh fØ;k,¡ fo'o esa tSo
fofo/krk ds ladV ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSAa tSo fofo/krk i;kZoj.k dks
larqfyr j[krh gSA vr% bldk laj{k.k vko';d gS vkSj Lo;a
ekuo gh bldks cpk ldrk gSA
fu"d"kZ %
izkd`frd okrkoj.k lEiw.kZ tho txr dk fu;a=d gS vkSj
i`Foh ij thou dks lqpk# #i ls pykus esa bldh izkFkfed Hkwfedk
jgrh gSA nwljh vkjs ekuo] izkd`frd okrkoj.k dk mi;ksx lH;rk
ds izkjEHk ls dj jgk gSA ;|fi izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa Lo;a larqfyr
jgus dh {kerk gksrh gS fdUrq ;fn bldk vfr'k; 'kks"k.k fd;k
tk, vFkok iznwf"kr fd;k tk, rks ;g vlarqfyr gks tkrk gS]
ftlls bldks gkfu igqp
¡ rh gS] ftldk izHkko lEiw.kZ tho txr ij
iM+rk gSA mi;qZDr fooj.k esa ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk izkd`frd
i;kZoj.k ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA ekuoh;
fØ;kvksa ds dkj.k tgk¡ ok;q ,oa ty iznw"k.k esa fujUrj o`f) gks
jgh gS] ogha vusd fo'oO;kih leL;kvksa tSls tyok;q ifjorZu]
gfjr x`g izHkko] vkstksu fojyrk] ouksUewyu] e`nk vijnu vkfn
fpUrk dk dkj.k curh tk jgh gSA tSo fofo/krk ij ladV ls vkt
vusd tho&tUrqvksa ,oa ikni dh iztkfr;k¡ foyqIr gks jgh gSaA
vko';drk ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dks lgh fn'kk nsus dh gSA
lanHkZ %
¼1½ usxh] ih-,l- % ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa i;kZoj.k Hkwxksy] jLrksxh
ifCyds'kUl] esjB] 2007¼2½ gqlSu] ekftn % ekuo Hkwxksy] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj]
1999¼3½ lDlsuk] ,p-,e- % i;kZoj.k Hkwxksy] jkor ifCyds'kUl]
t;iqj] 2004¼4½ xmMh ,aMª;w % izkd`frd okrkoj.k ij ekuo dk izHkko]
CySdosy ifCyds'ku] 2006¼5½ Sharma, P.D. : Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, 1975.

 Research Link - An International Journal - 135  Vol - XIV (4)  June - 2015  78