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AAE 2014 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
SYMPOSIA
Hyalite Pavilion – Calibrating Teaching to Achieve Community Effectiveness
Bruce Wrightsman
Kansas State University
Introduction
Hyalite Pavilion
Hyalite pavilion is located along the Hyalite
Reservoir in the Gallatin National Forest 16 miles
south of Bozeman, Montana. The new pavilion
serves a vital public need for covered recreational
and social activities at a key leisure spot within a
popular day-use area.
Hyalite pavilion is an award winning collaborative
’live’ project that connected a team of faculty and
architecture students with the U.S. Forest Service
and multiple community business partners. The
project consisted of the design and construction of
a public multi-use pavilion located in a popular
recreation area within a designated National Forest
context. A research / teaching strategy was
calibrated to address the physical challenges of
extreme climate, and remoteness of the
mountainous site as well as the complex
public/private collaboration formed to complete
the project.
The pedagogical objective of the Hyalite Pavilion
project is to be a laboratory for teaching and
learning, providing students a unique educational
opportunity to conceive and test design ideas in
real time and at a one-to-one scale. Students
develop an ethos of making through a physical
engagement of materials and methods.
As a
design / build project, the key challenge for
students is working with limitations that rarely if
ever are addressed in a typical design studio.
This paper will share many of the challenges
learned from the Hyalite Pavilion project. The
success and learning opportunities presented will
come from the academic assessment of the
completed work and on-going research with the
community partners. It hopes to elucidate the
value and challenges of a highly successful ‘live’
project from both academic pedagogical and
community viewpoints.
Partnership
The initial desire for the pavilion and the
partnership with Montana State University (MSU)
came from the Gallatin National Forest office in
Bozeman, MT who believed a partnership with the
School of Architecture at Montana State to design
and build a pavilion structure would be mutually
beneficial.
They contacted the MSU-School of
Architecture directly where the administration
enthusiastically
embraced
the
academic
opportunity.
The design goal would be to reinforce the positive
image of the Forest Service as good stewards and
conservationists. Visiting Hyalite Pavilion would
help people understand the forces of ecology and
the nature of the forest landscape through the
architecture.
Research Methodology
One way design faculty sometimes frame ‘live’
projects is as participatory action research, which
has been well defined in the engagement literature
1
of education.
Following the assertion that
participatory action research should involve a
reciprocal sharing of knowledge and should include
an evaluative process of “reflective dialogue” with
2
stakeholder the author interviewed a key
community partner. The author coded the
interviews for four initial themes: project
organization or timeline; liability and responsibility
of outcome; federal, state and local regulations;
and fees, budget, and financing. Of these, the
responses from the Gallatin National Forest client
emphasized liability and responsibility of outcome;
as well as federal, state regulations. In addition,
emergent or unexpected themes in the stakeholder
interview included the social engagement
challenges and accepting skill limitations of working
with college students.
Working within Federal Design Standards
The intent of architecture to fit harmoniously
within a national forest context has its roots in the
founding of the United States Forest Service. The
agency’s successful history includes many of the
beautifully handcrafted and sensitively designed
rustic structures of the Civilian Conservation Corps
era that are still admired today. The agency’s
aspiration is to ensure thoughtful design and
management of the built environment and to
promote the principles of sustainability. These
goals are consistent with the agency role as a
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leader in land stewardship. Current U.S. Forest
Service design should aspire to synthesize rustic
style precedents with contemporary realities and
needs. The ongoing design goals of the U.S. Forest
Service are documented in the Building
Environmental Image Guide (BEIG), which all
districts of the Forest Service use for facility design.
The challenge for the architecture students was to
create a structure sensitive to the natural mountain
forest and lake context, while assessing the (BEIG).
B.E.I.G. (Building Environmental Image Guide)
Calibrating an Academic
Community Expectations
Schedule
with
The site’s region receives significant winter
precipitation limiting the construction time
available to build. Coupled with the remoteness of
the site and the material and equipment
procurement challenges from working with a
federal agency, a hybrid solution of off-site
prefabrication and site-built strategies was
developed. This required a unique research and
teaching strategy calibrated to address the
challenges of completing the work. The planning,
design and construction of the pavilion spanned six
semesters. The project was organized into a series
of iterative experiments beginning in a research
phase to develop a design strategy, (Figure 1).
Subsequent steps included creating a concept,
fabricating prototypes of the prefabricated
components, and then re-testing again on site
before the project was redesigned for final
construction. The prototyping was a mutable
activity serving as a feedback loop, which allowed
for thoughtful deliberation and imaginative
engagement vital to the learning objectives of the
class.
The Building Environmental Image Guide addresses
three contexts—ecological, cultural, and economic,
which can take many forms. The United States
Forest Service region in which the building is
located informs the designer how that context
should be viewed. Hyalite Reservoir is located in
Rocky Mountain Region covering the glaciated
terrain of northern Idaho, of western Montana and
eastern
Washington.
Rugged
mountains,
prairieland, coniferous forests, and alpine
meadows define the region. Winters are typically
harsh.
Most definitions of the word “image” include
“appearances” or “physical representations” of
objects, places, or people. The public image of the
U.S. Forest Service is based upon people’s
perception, so the creation of a positive image for
the built environment is essential.
The research phase critically investigated the
physical and environmental aspects of the day-use
site. The goal of the research was to provide
foundational information of the site, its context,
and its value assessment for future design work.
“To many people, the rustic imagery of the CCC era
remains the most positive image for the built
environment of the Forest Service. Perhaps this
image remains popular because of its strong
relation to the natural, cultural, and economic
contexts; its reflections of a frontier past; and the
3
humanizing aspects of handcrafted buildings. “
The BEIG, coins the term “rustic architecture” to
describe a desired style or characteristic of many
Forest Service regions. It is based upon a canny
combination of pioneer building skills and
techniques, principles of the Arts and Crafts
movement, and the premise of harmony with the
landscape. The BEIG captures and codify the
prevailing design attitude that had been practiced
for many decades in natural settings. The guide
attempts to define “rustic architecture” as unified
vision for the appropriate built environment image
for each Forest Service region.
Figure 1. Hyalite Pavilion project schedule
The analysis included an assessment of the
physical, environmental and experiential aspects of
the site and immediate reservoir area. Included
were observations of current activities and uses at
the reservoir area, a projection of how these
activities would be impacted, and potential new
activities to introduce. The design phase began in
the spring 2009 semester. The collaborative
partnership between Montana State University,
School of Architecture and the Gallatin National
Forest expanded to include business partnerships
The BEIG, however, is more than a guide on style
and appearance. The notion of ‘rustic architecture’
formulates the premise of creating harmony with
the landscape. The value of the BEIG is that it
challenges designers to understand skillfully the
physical and intrinsic characteristics of a regional
site. In the sensitive contexts of the U.S. Forest
Service the challenge of using such guides becomes
assessing the differing perceptions of the region
and place.
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discovered new ways to communicate effectively
how the design complied with BEIG.
with a local structural engineer and a stone
masonry company in Big Fork, Montana, which
sponsored the design phase of the project. Through
a series of design charrettes, two primary strategies
emerged and were presented to the Gallatin
National Forest. The final hybrid design solution
incorporated the strongest solutions that best
addressed the issues of site, material
appropriateness, flexibility of use and wheelchair
accessibility. Through both the design and
construction processes students were actively
engaged with structural and geotechnical
engineers, material consultants, as well as U.S.
Forest Service engineers and rangers.
Liability and Responsibility of Outcome
Knowing how to build is a matter of science and
technology, but knowing what to build is a question
of morality, ethics, and aesthetic responsibility.
Hands-on learning approaches in academic settings
place a responsibility on students to participate
actively as contributors to the learning
environment. Projects such as Hyalite Pavilion
allow students to engage architecture at real scale
using real materials and learn the realities of
gravity and the abilities of the craftsman as very
different from their own.
The Gallatin National Forest funded the
$42,000 project through a Capital Investment
Program grant awarded through the federal
government. The complete project included
five community partners and 27 graduate and
undergraduate students.
Working with a federal agency such as the U.S.
Forest Service required careful agreement on the
management of responsibility and liability. A
Challenge Cost-Share agreement was developed
between Montana State University and the Gallatin
National Forest district that clearly denoted the
mutual benefits, interests and responsibilities of
both parties. To get the Cost-Share agreement
through the legal and bureaucratic process at both
Federal and State levels proved an enormous
challenge that delayed the start of construction.
The agreement also required different expectations
from a traditional building project approach. The
Gallatin National Forest accepted the reality of
architecture student work limitations and the fact
that they are not professional builders. To meet
their responsibility for the management of the
public structure with satisfactory construction
quality, parts of the project needed to be
completed by sub-contractors at additional
expense. This necessitated allowing time in the
schedule for assessment and modification to occur
which resulted in an undefined completion date.
Client Perception
The academic value of ‘live’ projects like Hyalite
Pavilion has been vetted through academic papers,
symposia and design awards. The Hyalite Pavilion
project won numerous design and teaching awards.
The real value of experiential learning practices
from the perspective of the community and client,
however, should also be clearly considered. Do the
Gallatin National Forest and community define the
Hyalite Pavilion project as successful? What can we
learn about ‘live’ projects from the other
stakeholders?
One the greatest challenges from the Gallatin
National Forest Service’s perspective was
overcoming some internal negativism towards the
partnership with MSU. The partnership required a
very different design approach from typical
building projects completed by U.S. Forest Service
architects and engineers.
Aesthetic responsibility vs. client expectation
The Hyalite Pavilion is project is unique from
traditional design approaches where design
changes and adaptations are easier to address.
From the client perspective it was “a discovery of
design”. The slow deliberative process extended
the architectural potential in a highly sensitive
national forest context that remains consistent
with the U.S. Forest Service’s aspirations as land
stewards.
The potent fear, ”How do I make this?” is often
tested in the learning experience of live projects.
Yet, the more difficult challenge for students often
is addressing the ethical and aesthetic
responsibility of the designer. The challenge for
the students designing Hyalite Pavilion was how to
interpret the images and intent of the BEIG in ways
the Forest Service client could approve the design
for BEIG agreement. Initially the design was not
well received by the Gallatin National Forest
engineers and rangers because it did not fit the
familiar imagery of previous U.S. Forest Service
projects.
The two perceptions of the BEIG
appeared divergent. While frustrating for the
students, reflecting on the dichotomy of
perceptions provided a valuable learning
opportunity for them.
Facilitated reflection
challenged beliefs, asked deeper questions, and
Assessment
An unexpected challenge in this complex multisemester ‘live’ project was the relationship
dynamics of the architecture students. While
common in traditional practice, the development
of a unified group design can be problematic for
students accustomed to individual design in
architectural curricula. The U.S. Forest Service
client commented how they were surprised to see
elements of student factions occur during the
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design process. The openness to discussion and
strong communication by the faculty-in-charge and
leaders from the Gallatin National Forest district
helped navigate the student – client relationship
through design roadblocks to support of the final
design solution.
The Hyalite Pavilion project provided an
exceptional opportunity for architectural education
and life lessons for the students that demonstrate
three learning benefits of going live. First, work
with a real world client gives students the
opportunity to be immersed in the community.
Second, they experience the reciprocity of people
and place. Third, the students construct their
learning environment in the real world where
decisions have consequences.
References
1
Kemmis, S. & Wilkinson, M. 1998, “Participatory action
research and the study of practice”, in B Atweh, S Kemmis
& P Weeks (eds), Action research in practice: partnerships
for social justice in education, Routledge, London, pp. 2136
2
Scott, D. & Weeks, P. “Action research as reflective
collaboration”, in B Atweh, S Kemmis & P Weeks (eds),
Action research in practice: partnerships for social justice
in education, Routledge, London, pp. 241-259
3
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Chapter 2, Building Environmental Image Guide