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Please Note: This Class Syllabus is an important step in updating the format of our distance courses. If for any reason the Class Syllabus
does not match the print Course Guide or online course information, the Class Syllabus shall be taken as correct.
CLASS SYLLABUS
COURSE TITLE:
Weed Control in Organic Agriculture
COURSE CODE:
PLSC 234.3
TERM:
Spring/Summer 2015
COURSE CREDITS:
3
DELIVERY:
Online
COURSE SECTION:
W01
START DATE:
May 6, 2015
END DATE:
August 11, 2015
Course Description
The principals and practices of weed management in organic agriculture will be covered. Students
will learn the application of cultural, mechanical and biological techniques to manage weeds within
an integrated organic weed management system. Basic weed ecology and weed identification
skills will also be learned.
This course is only in online format via the Blackboard Learning System at the University of
Saskatchewan.
Course Objectives
After taking this course, students will be able to:
1 Recognize the biological and ecological characteristics of weeds that allow them to be
susceptible to organic management methods.
2. Recognize the biological and ecological characteristics of crops that impact their
coexistence with weeds.
3 Identify the varied methods of weed management in organic agriculture.
4. Design an integrated weed management program for an organic farm.
April 23, 2015 jt ck pk bf
PlSC 234
Course Overview
Weed management for organic agriculture is not prescriptive, but rather is pro-active, based on
the biology of the weeds, and on the ecology of the system. This course begins by reviewing the
important characteristics of weeds that leads to their success in agricultural systems, and then
moves to cropping systems to consider their vulnerability to weeds. Managing the cropping
system is the first and most important method of managing weeds.
The second half of the course is designed to give a comprehensive overview of the techniques
that are available to manage weeds in organically grown field crops. Many of these techniques are
applicable to horticultural crops or rangeland, but are dealt with primarily from the perspective of
field crop management. If your perspective is horticulture or rangeland, the principles are the
same, and assignments can be tailored to suit that perspective.
The course culminates with the student integrating the lessons of ecology and technology into a
multi-year management plan to deal with specific weeds and weed types of interest.
The course includes online resources, learning activities and self-tests for independent learning as
well as collaboration and discussion, integrated into each module.
Your Instructor
Your instructor for this course is Brenda Frick, Ph.D., P.Ag.
Contact Information
Tel: (306) 260-0663
Email: organic@usask.ca
*Please use the email above to communicate routine items. You can expect a reply within 72
hours when I travel, but more often within 24 hours. If you need a quicker response, text me.
Profile
I have roots in Alberta and Saskatchewan but didn’t grow up on the farm. For me “the farm”
belonged to my grandparent’s generation. My mom left the farm before she started school. When
she was a kid her grandparents lived in a provincial park in northern Alberta, and her grandpa
used to take her for walks in the woods, gently sharing his love of nature. This has always stayed
with me. I have a deep respect for nature, and for farmers, who are the primary stewards of the
land. Both of my grandmas used to have large gardens, where I spent many happy hours. I came
to organics as a tree hugger, a lifelong gardener, a student of plant ecology, and of course, as an
eater.
I completed undergraduate and master’s degrees at the University of Regina, a Ph.D. at the
University of Western Ontario and, much later, a B.Ed. at the University of Saskatchewan.
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I have had a varied career in weed ecology: researching, writing, teaching and working with
farmers. I have been involved in the organic community since returning from my doctoral studies
25 years ago, and worked in organics at the University from 2003 to 2009, initially in affiliation with
the Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada. I have extensive university teaching experience and
have collaborated on the development of this online course and the classroom-based weed
ecology course.
Brenda Frick
Photo credit: Elaine Stenbraaten with permission.
Required Resources
Readings/Textbooks
No textbook is required. Readings will be provided within the course, or as links to online material.
Supplementary Resources
Frick, B. 2013. Organic Farming on the Prairies. 2nd edition. Saskatchewan Organic Directorate:
Humboldt, SK. Purchase of this resource is entirely optional
Additional online supplemental resources will be suggested in the modules.
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Class Schedule
Each module will include a choice of Learning Activities and a discussion question that require you
to contribute your voice to a collaborative wiki space and a forum. These contributions are due at
the end of each week. A self-test is available for each module. Students may do these as often as
they wish to determine their mastery of the course material. Please contact the instructor if life
gets in the way of completing the assignments in a timely fashion.
Weekly Activities Assignment
Due Date
Week Module
Learning activity
Wed, May
1
Weeds
Discussion
13 2015
2
Weed Identification
3
Weed Ecology
Learning activity
May 20
Discussion
Learning activity
Assignment 1A Weed profile
May 27
Discussion
Term Break May 28-29
4
5
6
Crop Ecology
Learning activity
Discussion
Weed/Crop
Learning activity
Interaction
Discussion
Cultural Methods
Jun 6
Learning activity
Jun 13
Assignment 2A Crop profile
Jun 20
Discussion
Term Break Jun 22-24
7
8
9
Physical Methods -
Learning activity
Jul 2
Tillage
Discussion
Physical Methods -
Learning activity
Timing
Discussion
Physical Methods –
Learning activity
Assignment 3A Technique
Non-Tillage
Discussion
Assignment 1B, 2B, 3B
Jul 9
Jul16
Term Break July 17-20
10
11
Biological Methods
Learning activity
Discussion
BioControl and
Learning activity
Chemical Methods
Discussion
12
Integration
13
FINAL EXAM
Jul 27
Aug 4
Learning activity
Assignment 4 - Management
Discussion
Plan
Final exam
Aug 11
Aug 14
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Reading List
Module
Required Readings
“Principles of Organic Agriculture.” International Federation of Organic Agriculture
Movements (IFOAM). Available online at:
http://www.ifoam.org/en/organic-landmarks/principles-organic-agriculture
Module 1
Weeds
Characteri
stics
“General Principles of Organic Production.” Public Works and Government Services
Canada. Available online at: http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/programmeprogram/normes-standards/internet/bio-org/principes-principles-eng.html#a012
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012). "Weed characteristics." Organic Agriculture Centre of
Canada (OACC) Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_char.asp
“Common names, Latin names, and weed families.” Available online at:
http://www.weedinfo.ca/en/search
Module 2
Weed
Identificati
on
“An excellent guide to weed identification tools and techniques.” Available online at:
http://www.extension.org/pages/32635/weed-identification-tools-andtechniques#glossary
“Saskatchewan’s Ecoregions.” Available online at:
http://www.biodiversity.sk.ca/eco.htm
Module 3
Seed
Ecology
Module 4
Disturbanc
e Ecology
Module 5
Weed/Cro
p
Interaction
Module 6
Cultural
Methods
Murphy, C.E. & Lemerle, D. (2006). "Continuous cropping systems and weed
selection." Euphytica 148(1-2), 61-73. [PDF in Blackboard]
“Corn Cockle.” Available online at:
http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/corn-cockle
“Parasitic Dodder – Weed Alert.” Available online at:
http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/dodder.htm
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012). "Growing a competitive crop – first step in weed
control." Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC) Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_competitive.asp
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Mason, H.E., Navabi, A., Frick, B., O’Donovan, J.T. & Spaner, D.M. (2007). "The
Weed-Competitive Ability of Canada Western Red Spring Wheat Cultivars Grown
under Organic Management." Crop Science 47(3), 1167-1176. Available at:
https://www.crops.org/publications/cs/articles/47/3/1167
“Larger seeds produce more competitive crop – Organic Matters.” Western
Producer. Available online at: http://www.producer.com/2007/11/larger-seedsproduce-more-competitive-crop-organic-matters/
Frick, B. (2008). “Using Multiple Methods Key to Weed Control Success.” Organic
Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.oacc.info/NewspaperArticles/na_weed_control_bf.asp
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012). “Crop rotations for organic systems.” Organic
Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_rotations.asp
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012). “Soil fertility affects weed and crop competition.”
Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_fertility.asp
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012). “Using allelopathic and cover crops to suppress
weeds.” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_allelopathic.asp
“Hand Weeders” Garden Tool Co. Available online at:
http://www.gardentoolcompany.com/hand-weeders/
“Long-Handled Weeders” Garden Tool Co. Available online at:
http://www.gardentoolcompany.com/long-handle-weeders/
Module 7
Physical
Methods A
– out of
crop tillage
“Attempt to Ban Hand Weeding Being Pursued by Agricultural Labor Groups in
California.” Scranton Gillette Communications. Available online at:
http://www.gpnmag.com/attempt-ban-hand-weeding-being-pursued-agriculturallabor-groups-california
“Tillage for weed control – an introduction.” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada
(OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_tillage.asp
Frick, B. (2011). “Organic management counters some negative effects of soil
tillage.” Western Producer.
[PDF in Blackboard]
Frick, B. (2011). “Organic soil busier place than conventionally farmed soil.” Western
Producer.
[PDF in Blackboard]
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Frick, B. (2010). “Bacteria, fungi more numerous in organic soil systems.” Western
Producer.
[PDF in Blackboard]
Johnson, E. (2012). “Weed control – false seed bed technique.” Organic Agriculture
Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_weedctrl_falseseedbed.asp
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012) : ”Summerfallow as a weed management strategy –
pros and cons.” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_summerfallow.asp
Johnson, E. (2012) ”Photocontrol – tilling in the dark?” Organic Agriculture Centre of
Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/researchdatabase/res_photocontrol_weed.asp
Johnson, E. (2012) “Selectivity – an important concept in mechanical weed control.”
Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_select_weedctrl.asp
Colquhoua, J. & Bellinder, R. “New Cultivation Tools for Mechanical Weed Control in
Vegetables.” In Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Fact Sheet. [PDF in
Blackboard]
Johnson, E. (2012) “Post-emergence harrowing for weed control.” Organic
Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_emerg_weedctrl.asp
Physical
Methods
B- in crop
tillage
Johnson, E. (2012) “Post-emergence field pea harrowing – rotary or tine?” Organic
Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_emergpea_rota.asp
Johnson, E. (2012) “Filed pea harrowing – flex-tine weeder or tine harrow?” Organic
Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_peaharrow_flexweedtine.asp
Kernohan, A. (2012) “Mechanical Weeding of Cereals.” Organic Agriculture Centre
of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_soils_mech_weed.asp
“In-crop Tillage.” Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Available online at:
http://www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/naturalagriculture/weed/files/nonchemical/till_incr
op_e.htm
“Harrowing on Saskatchewan Farms.” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada
(OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/Docs/TechnicalBulletins08/TechnicalBulletin15web_h
arrowing.pdf
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Johnson, E. & Frick, B. (2012) “Inter-row cultivation – effective weed control in field
pea?” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_introw_fieldpea.as
“Mechanical weed control for organic producers.” Government of Saskatchewan.
[PDF in Blackboard]
Johnson, E. (2012) “Clipping weeds above a crop canopy” Organic Agriculture
Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_clipweed_canopy.asp
Wiens, M. “Capturing the Potential of Alfalfa” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada
(OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/NewspaperArticles/na_capturing_bf.asp
“Organic No-Till.” Rodale Institute. Available online at: http://rodaleinstitute.org/ourwork/organic-no-till/
Module 9
Physical
Methods C
–
Alternative
s to tillage
Vaisman, I., Entz, M. Flaten, D. & Gulden, R. (2011) “Blade Roller-Green Manure
Interactions on Nitrogen Dynamics, Weeds, and Organic Wheat.” Agronomy Journal
– Astract, 103(3), 879-889. Available online at:
https://www.agronomy.org/publications/aj/abstracts/103/3/879
“Approaching Organic No-Till on the Canadian Prairies.” (2010) Organic Agriculture
Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/NewspaperArticles/na_notill_organic_bf.asp
“Grazed Green Manures.” (2010) Natural Systems Agriculture. Available online at:
http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/naturalagriculture/articles/grazed_green_manures.html
Knezevic, S. (2013) “Proof Positive – Research Shows Flaming and Cultivation Key
to Weed Control.” Available online at: http://mosesorganic.org/farming/farmingtopics/field-crops/flaming-and-cultivation-key-to-weed-control/
Brodie, G., Ryan, C. & Lancaster, C. (2012) “Microwave Technologies as Part of an
Integrated Weed Management Strategy: A Review.” International Journal of
Agronomy. [PDF in Blackboard]
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012) ”Livestock and other beneficial organisms for weed
management.” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_livestock.asp
Module 10
Biological
Methods
Frick, B. & Johnson, E. (2012) ”Biological Weed Control.” Organic Agriculture Centre
of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/extension/ext_weed_bio_ctrl.asp
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Bond, W., Turner, R.J. & Grundy, A.C. (2003) “A review of non-chemical weed
management.” Available online at:
http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/sites/www.gardenorganic.org.uk/files/updated_revi
ew_0.pdf
Module 11
Chemical
control;
weed
thresholds
Johnson, E., Wolf, T.M. & Caldwell, B.C. (2012) ”Vinegar For Pre-Seed and PostEmergence Control of Broadleaf weeds.” Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada
(OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_wksh_vinegar.asp
Johnson, E., et al. (2012) ”Evaluating Interceptor – an organic herbicide.” Organic
Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Available online at:
http://www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_eval_orghericide.asp
Frick, B. (2010) “Pennycress shows potential for use as biodiesel, bioherbicide.”
Available online at: http://organicalberta.org/news/pennycress-shows-potential-foruse-as-biodiesel-bioherbicide
Harker, K. N., et al. “Our View.” Weed Science. Available online at:
http://www.bioone.org.cyber.usask.ca/doi/full/10.1614/WS-D-11-00177.1
Module 12
Integrated
Weed
Managem
ent
Harker, K. N., et al. “Integrating Cropping Systems with Cultural Techniques
Augments Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Management in Barley..” Weed Science. Available
online at: http://www.bioone.org.cyber.usask.ca/doi/full/10.1614/WS-08-165.1
Schonbeck, M. “Twelve Steps Toward Ecological Weed Management in Organic
Vegetables.” Available online at” http://www.extension.org/pages/18539/twelvesteps-toward-ecological-weed-management-in-organic-vegetables#.U2Fcs8ehAlI
Note: If for any reason the Class Syllabus Reading List does not match the Module Reading List,
the Class Syllabus shall be taken as correct.
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Grading Scheme
Weed profile
10%
Crop profile
10%
Technique précis
10%
Management plan
Learning activities
25%
10%
Discussion
10%
Final exam
25%
Total
100%
Information on literal descriptors for grading at the University of Saskatchewan can be found at:
http://students.usask.ca/current/academics/grades/grading-system.php
Please note: There are different literal descriptors for undergraduate and graduate students.
More information on the Academic Courses Policy on course delivery, examinations and
assessment of student learning can be found at: http://policies.usask.ca/policies/academicaffairs/academic-courses.php
The University of Saskatchewan Learning Charter is intended to define aspirations about the
learning experience that the University aims to provide, and the roles to be played in realizing
these aspirations by students, instructors and the institution. A copy of the Learning Charter can
be found at: http://policies.usask.ca/documents/LearningCharter.pdf
Evaluation Components
Assignment 1A: Weed profile
Value:
10% of final grade
Due Date:
Week 3. See Class Schedule
Purpose:
Students gain familiarity with weed characteristics by either profiling a single weed
species or providing identification and characteristics of 10 species of weeds.
Description: Select a weed species and create a fact sheet or infographic or powerpoint outlining
the ecology of the species and cultural weed control techniques that may be employed in
managing your species. Max 3 pages text, 2 page infographic or 10 slides. Further details and
samples are provided in the course materials.
OR Assignment 1B: Weed photo journal
Value:
10% of final grade
Due Date:
Week 9. See Class Schedule
Purpose:
Students gain familiarity with weed characteristics by providing an annotated photo
journal of 10 species of weeds.
Description: Select a weed flora of 10 species in your local environment and follow them
throughout the term. Provide photographs of all important life states and identifying features. Use
legends to provide information about life history, beneficial qualities, or vulnerabilities. Create a
photo album, infographic, video, powerpoint, or prezi using these photos.
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Assignment 2A: Crop profile
Value:
Due Date:
Purpose:
10% of final grade
Week 6. See Class Schedule
Students gain familiarity with crop characteristics relevant to weed management.
Description: Select a crop and create a fact sheet, inforgraphic or powerpoint outlining the
ecology of the species and the cultural weed control techniques that may be employed in
managing that crop. Max 3 pages text, 2 page infographic or 10 slides. Further details and
samples are provided in the course materials.
OR Assignment 2B: Crop photo journal
Value:
10% of final grade
Due Date:
Week 9. See Class Schedule
Purpose:
Students gain familiarity with crop characteristics by providing an annotated photo
journal of 5 crop types.
Description: Select a 5 crop species in your local environment and follow them throughout the
term. Provide photographs of all important life states and identifying features. Use legends to
provide information about life history, beneficial qualities, or vulnerabilities. Create a photo album,
infographic, video, powerpoint, or prezi using these photos.
Assignment 3A: Technique précis
Value:
Due Date:
Purpose:
10% of final grade
Week 9. See Class Schedule
Students gain familiarity with techniques used for weed control
Description: Select 2 weed control techniques and prepare a summary, including pros and cons
of each technique and its suitability for an organic operation. Max ½ page each text, 2 page
infographic or 10 slides. Further details and samples are provided in the course materials.
OR Assignment 3B: Technique photo journal
Value:
10% of final grade
Due Date:
Week 9. See Class Schedule
Purpose:
Students gain familiarity with weed management techniques by providing an
annotated photo journal of 2 techniques.
Description: Select a 2 weed management techniques in your local environment. Provide
photographs equipment, land before and after treatment, and after recovery. Create a photo
album, infographic, video, powerpoint, or prezi using these photos.
Assignment 4: Management plan
Value:
25% of final grade
Due Date:
Week 12. See Class Schedule
Purpose:
Students integrate their learnings on weeds, crops and techniques by designing a
multi-year, multi-functional crop rotation for weed control.
Description: Design a rotation of 5 years. Select crops you want, and an order that makes
sense. Consider 5 weed species with a range of life histories. Consider all techniques used in
each year of the rotation, and how this would impact the weed flora. Summarize your rotation
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overall, and determine any windows of opportunity for the weeds. This assignment may be done
in a traditional essay format, or by prezi. Further details and samples are provided in the course
materials.
Learning Activities
Value:
10% of final grade
Due Date:
Weekly
Purpose:
To encourage engagement with the learning materials and provide an opportunity
for exchange of opinions among students, resulting in additional insights.
Description: In each module there will be opportunities to share learnings, interpretations and
insights with the class. This will be done through wiki pages.
Discussion
Value:
10% of final grade
Due Date:
Weekly
Purpose:
To encourage engagement with the learning materials and provide an opportunity
for exchange of opinions among students, resulting in additional insights.
Description: In each module there will be discussion questions to stimulate thought and
dialogue. Students will engage as ‘first responders’, ‘devil’s advocates’ or as ‘summarizers’.
Final Exam
Value:
25% of final grade
Date:
See Class Schedule
Length:
3 hours
Purpose:
To evaluate the attainment of concepts and the ability to integrate concepts into
action plans. Comprehensive. Open book. Online.
Description: Questions will include very short answer questions such as matching or multiple
choice, short answers such as “list 3 factors” and longer answers which will ask the student to
develop management plans for specific situations. Choice will be given.
Submitting Assignments
By using the Assignment Drop Box within the assignment tool in Blackboard.
Students will also be adding material in wiki space for the Learning Activities, and attaching
files within the “Research Assignments” wiki space accessed from the Blackboard
Learning Management System. Instructions for these tasks are outlined within the course
material.
In order to gain access to the wiki off campus, students will have to use VPN. Contact the
help desk on campus in person, or at 306-966-4817 or help.desk@usask.ca.
Additional Information
Students must submit at least 6 learning activities, 6 discussion posts and each of the four
assignments in order to be eligible for a passing grade in this course.
Students will be expected to participate in learning activities and discussions for each module.
This interactivity is greater if all students are able to post these items weekly. Participation marks
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are cumulative and as such reflect both quantity, posting learning activities every week, and
quality, providing interesting, insightful and eloquent posts.
Assignments build upon each other, and students work collaboratively, using materials developed
by classmates and incorporating them into their management plans. For this reason, it is useful to
have assignments completed on time. However, sometimes our lives interfere with our plans. Late
assignments and wiki posts can usually be accepted, provided that the student informs the
instructor in advance, and/or has a reasonable explanation for tardiness. In extreme conditions,
late submission of assignments will result in grade penalties.
Students with Disabilities
If you have a diagnosed disability (learning, medical, physical, or mental health), you are strongly
encouraged to register with Disability Services for Students (DSS). In order to access DSS
programs and supports, you must follow DSS policy and procedures. If you suspect you may have
a disability, contact DSS for advice and referrals. For more information,
see http://www.students.usask.ca/disability/ or contact DSS at 306-966-7273 or dss@usask.ca.
Integrity
“Integrity is expected of all students in their academic work – class participation, examinations,
assignments, research, practica – and in their non-academic interactions and activities as well.”
(Office of the University Secretary)
It is your responsibility to be familiar with the University of Saskatchewan Guidelines for Academic
Conduct. More information is available at
http://www.usask.ca/secretariat/student-conduct-appeals/IntegrityDefined.pdf
Acknowledgements
Course Author(s)
Dr. Rob Gulden, former graduate student in Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, under the
supervision of Dr. Steve Shirtliffe, wrote the original course. Rob is currently at the Department of
Plant Science, University of Manitoba. The Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada, formerly part of
the Nova Scotia Agricultural College, now housed at Dalhousie University, obtained initial funding
for course development.
Dr. Brenda Frick, of Bluebur Fluent Organics, has authored the current version of the course,
Instructional Design
Jordan Epp provided instructional Design support with further Instructional Technology support
from Robb Larmer, Centre for Continuing & Distance Education, University of Saskatchewan.
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