François Gastaldo Octopod Studio How to Make your own Physically Correct Shading (...With Cycles...) 1. What is Correct? 2. Who is correct? 3. Why being Correct? 4. How to be Correct? 5. How to be even more Correct? What is Correct? Any photography is physically Correct! Being Physically Correct is: Using the same laws in reality and in your rendering. Or Respecting the Law of Mother Nature! The goal is to have materials that react to light as real materials do. What is the difference between ‘physically correct’ and ‘Physically Based’? • Both are physically correct. • Physically Based is FROM real materials (used as input) • Physically Correct is LIKE real materials What is the Law? Or (don’t be afraid, I’ll explain it later) Law of Interaction between light and materials, or behaviour of light on surface material. Who is Correct? A lot of renderer have premade Physically Correct Shaders: • Mental Ray, iRay (©NVIDIA) • VRay (© Chaosgroup) • Maxwell (© NextLimit) • Lux Render (© Luxrender?) • Thea Render (© Solid Iris) • Arion (© RandomControl) • Octane (© Otoy) • Indigo (© Glare Technologies) • 3DSMax obsolete ScanLine renderer (© Autodesk) • and many many more!!! Who is not, or let choice to not be Correct? • Mental Ray (©NVIDIA) • Cycles (©Blender Foundation) • RenderMan (©Pixar) • Arnold (©SolidAngle) • Lightwave (©Newtek) And just some others… Who is using Physically Correct Shading in Production? And also home-made physically correct shaders... Disney Studio Sony Pictures Imageworks Ubisoft ILM Tri-Ace Pixar RazorBlade Many, many, many more... Why being Correct? And why make your Own Correct Shading? The first goal is Realistic Rendering. Second is to have an unified shader pipeline: • All objects react in the same way to lighting • All materials are build on the same base • Materials are specific to your needs and perfectly fitted to what you want to do with them. In other words. • No need to individually relight objects • No need to develop new shader tree for each objects. • No need to understand tons of parameters from an all-purpose material. (kind of dream, no?) How to be Correct? At first, the LAW: R+T+A=1 • Result is always 1 • Energy Conservation A = Absorption • A material absorbing light is Dark • Physically speaking, a real Absorption can’t exist. It means Heat Conversion, wavelength shift or diffusion inside the material (SSS) R + T <= 1 R = Reflectivity • Also (mis)called Reflection Rd = Diffuse Reflectivity like on a mat object: paint, wall, wood, etc… Rs = Specular Reflectivity like a mirror, or a metal object. More Reflectivity : Rf = Rb = Fresnel Reflectivity Back Reflectivity T = Transparency Rd + Rs + T <= 1 Or like this: Rd + Rs + Rf + T + Tl +SSS <= 1 Rd = Diffuse Reflectivity Rs = Specular Reflectivity T= Transparency = = = …One Minute Break… What is this law in real life? First, an object can’t be fully reflective (R=1) and fully transparent (T=1) due to Energy conservation (if R + T = 1 … then one solution is R = 0.5, T = 0.5, or R=0.1 and T=0.9…). Second, an object more glossy (more Rs) than another is also darker (Less Rd). (wet objects are darker than dry objects) Third, a dirty glass is white because if there is less T and less Rs, then there is more Rd (A + Rd + Rs + T strictly = 1, and, on a glass no Absorption could occur, A=0. If T is lower, Rd is Bigger) ...End of Break... Normalization Keep it below One ! Simplest Physically Correct Shader: Priority Normalization Used in MentalRay, VRay, ... 1st : Reflection 2nd : Transparency 3rd : Diffuse Factor or Color? Diffuse Factor Reflection Factor Transparency Factor Be a little more Correct! Roughness Example: Rs = 50% T = 60% Rd = 100% More Diffuse than Transparency than Reflectivity? NO ! Result is Rs = 50% T = 30% (50%*60%) Rd = 20% (100% * (50% - 30%)) Rs + Rd + T = 100% = 1 Proportional Normalization Same example Rs = 50% -> Rs = 23,8% T = 60% -> T = 28,6% Rd = 100% -> Rd = 47.6% Rs + Rd + T = 100% = 1 Input : Rd, Rs, T Corr = 1.0 / (Rd + Rs + T) If Corr > 1.0 Rd = Rd * Corr Rs = Rs * Corr T = T * Corr Output = Diffuse(Rd) + Glossy(Rs) + Glass(T) Input : Rd, Rs, T Corr = 1.0 / (Rd + Rs + T) Corr = Min( 1.0 ; Corr ) Rd = Rd * Corr Rs = Rs * Corr T = T * Corr Output = Diffuse(Rd) + Glossy(Rs) + Glass(T) Roughness Driven Normalization Roughness = 0 Rs = 1, Rd = 0, Perfect Mirror Roughness = 1 Rs = 0, Rd = 1, Perfect Lambertian surface Roughness > 1 Rs = 0, Rd = 1, Diffuse Roughness = f(Global Roughness) Input : Roughness Rd = Clamp(Roughness ; 0 ; 1) Rs = Clamp( 1.0 – Roughness ; 0 ; 1 ) GlossyRoughness = Roughness DiffuseRoughness = Roughness / 4.0 Which Normalization is the Best? Roughness Driven Normalization ? Proportional Normalization ? Priority Normalization ? Rd (λ,θu,θv,αu,αv,x,y) + Rs (λ,θu,θv,αu,αv,x,y) What are those little things here? +T (λ,θu,θv,αu,αv,x,y) <= 1 λ = Color (RGB or spectral rendering, according to renderer) θu,θv = Direction of Light (Light / Normal) αu,αv = Angle of view (Incidence) x, y = Position on Object Things are changing according angle of view and of light also called: BRDF Angle of View, Incidence Fresnel Layer Weight Is it Enough Correct? Candy Apple Paint One Golden Base + Dark colored Glaze + clear glaze 1st Layer : Golden Base 2nd Layer : Dark Color Glaze 1st Mix : Dark Glaze on Golden Base 3rd Layer: Clear Reflective Glaze 2nd and Final Mix: Clear on top of Golden Base + Dark Color Glaze Some (good) Advices • Work with Linear Workspace • Always keep your input datas outside of Shader Group • Beware of CPU node limitation • KISS : Keep It Stupidly Simple The END Thanks for your attention It’s Time for Questions! See you next year for same talk done with OSL! Contact me: fgp@formacd.com