5/13/2011 How to Meet Ballast Water Performance Standards? ¾A Assessing i (cost)-efficiency ( t) ffi i off BWT systems t ¾ Ensuring fast ballast water production at high sediment load ¾ Evaluating latest developments of the North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity project Marcel Veldhuis NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research P.O.box 59 1790AB Den Burg, TEXEL The Netherlands Marcel.veldhuis@nioz.nl Why a concern for ships? A ship-owners confession !!! Thank you also for the dinner, gorgeous, not like the information, which will take a lot longer to digest. I think we may be heading the wrong direction on the whole life battle. We spend a lot of energy combating growth onboard all ships. We already use Marine growth prevention systems (MGPS) to prevent fouling of pipe lines lines. Which are electrolysis based chlorine producing systems. (The chlorine is not neutralised on these systems) We use anti fouling paints to prevent growth on the hull, which now are copper based biocides. We heat the lubrication oil to 95 C to kill any life. We occasionally have to dose the fuel tanks to prevent 'Bugs', in both gas oil and heavy oil. Fresh water onboard is chlorinated and UV'ed to death. Even E the th cargos are often ft bombed b b d with ith 'Ph 'Phosgene G Gas'' tto kill any stowaways, t ((off th the many llegged d ttype)) Port health and Port State inspections ensure the accommodation could be used as an operating theatre. We are trying to be little sterile pools in an ocean of life. Never going to win. 1 5/13/2011 Region The problem Regional Impacts Mediterranean Sea North Sea Atlantic coast Baltic Sea Black Sea Azores Irish waters & NW UK Arctic waters Total ¾Ecological ¾ new invasion every 9 weeks ¾Economical ¾losses in 100s of billions euro/year globally Total % number 662 230 177 170 83 25 51 18 1416 46,8 16,2 12,5 12,0 5,9 , 1,8 3,6 1,3 100,0 Gollaschetal ¾Tentative calculation results in documented costs of alien species in Europe (IEEP-Project): 11 4 billion €/year (1.8 11.4 (1 8 control, control 9.6 9 6 damage) ¾Human health ¾paralytic/other shell fish poisoning ¾Cholera outbreaks ???? 3 EU response ¾EU-Marine Strategy framework Directive (2020) ¾EU's 6th Environment Action Programme (6EAP) ¾Biodiversity and bioinvasions ¾North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity program ¾ (EU-Interreg IVB prog; 2009 - >2014) ¾www.NorthSeaBallast.eu ¾7 NS countries;; > 40 (sub)partners ( )p ¾ (EMSA, IMO, HELCOM, ICES, IUCN, OSPAR etc.) ¾ Belgium, the Netherlands, UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway. Wherepolicymeetsscienceandindustry 2 5/13/2011 Interreg IVB boundaries an ERDF program ¾ geographical limitations ¾ 7 Countries ¾ regions bordering NSR p located within those ¾ partners geographical boundaries NorthSeaBallastWaterOpportunityproject ¾ facilitate ratification of IMO Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC): ¾ Norway, y, Sweden,, the Netherlands ¾ Overcome barriers: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Boost technological innovation Stimulate maritime industry (ca 40% BWT systems) Common standards / uniform implementation Involvement of stakeholders (public & private) Knowledge exchange and dedicated research Develop expertise and knowledge center 3 5/13/2011 Rationale ¾ one of the most densely shipped areas ¾ one ecological zone* ¾ overcome bottlenecks for ratification BWMC * MCA BaWa Scoping Study [DNV, 2005] Impact in the North Sea North Sea- water masses and remaining currents Marine currents facilitate further distribution of invasives. Supported by model studies 4 5/13/2011 Purpose of academic research ¾ provide knowledge/expertise/data ¾ survival strategies ¾ mitigation/growth / strategies ¾ gaps in knowledges/guidelines 9 NIOZ; ballast water research centre ¾ fundamental need of biology, chemistry and ecotoxicology (holistic approach) ¾ suitable test site with good facilities ¾ tidal system with coastal water varying in salinity (24 – 34 PSU) and t bidit (10 - > 100 mg/l), turbidity /l) challenging h ll i ttestt water t ¾ testing since 2004; 9 land-based certif. testing and > 40 pilot studies ¾ viability of remaining organisms but also vitality of discharged water 10 5 5/13/2011 NIOZ; ballast water research centre ¾ testing under realistic conditions ; large biodiversity (viruses, bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton) ¾ different stages (eggs, cysts, larvae, juveniles, adults etc) ¾ development d l t off detection d t ti ttools l ffor P Portt St State t Inspection I ti and d monitoring it i ¾ Expect the unexpected ¾ reality of the field different from theory and standard artificial test soup Barnacles (Balanus (test bugs and standard sediment) nauplia cypris larva adult 11 Bacteria Viru ses 12 6 5/13/2011 ballast water treatment drinking water or waste water treatment ¾filtration, ¾hydrocyclones, !! Market 8 billion euro !! ¾heat treatment, 40% of industry in NS region ¾UV treatment, ¾ozone treatment, ¾chemical treatment (chlorine, PERACLEAN Ocean), ¾Inert gas-systems, Treatment solutions ¾combinations of above, based on killing ¾‘silver bullets’ ALL organisms Performance of current BWT systems Be Nice to me With a minimum of effort we can make things very difficult 14 7 5/13/2011 Current status BWT technologies benchmark: > 50 µm organisms UV life organisms > 50 Pm Cl SEDNA Ecochlor BalPure ERMA-first Hyde-Guardian OPS AquaTricom number [average /m3] n 10 1 0.1 0.01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 treated discharge [day 5] delayedeffectsofUV Efficiency of BWT systems Results of current generation of BWT-systems »define common unit • Efficiency : - 10log {# discharge/ # intake} –0: # intake = # discharge –1: 90 % reduction –2: 2 99 % –3: 99.9% – etc – 8 5/13/2011 Current status BWT technologies benchmark: > 50 µm organisms initial organisms number s efficiency efficiency 8 7 control 6 chlorine Peraclean Oc. UV 5 4 3 2 1 0 1e+3 1e+4 1e+5 1e+6 1e+7 total organisms [#/m3] Current status BWT technologies benchmark: 10 - 50 µm organisms (phytoplankton) Total cell numbers per mL num bers/m L 100 treated T5 10 1 0.1 0.01 Hamann Ecochlor STDN present but non viable ERMA Hyde-Guardian Mahle AquaWorX delayed effects of UV 9 5/13/2011 Current status BWT technologies benchmark: 10 - 50 µm org. (phytoplankton) 7 6 active substance ÙV-irradiation control efficiency 5 4 3 2 1 0 500 10001500 5000 cell number [#/mL] 19 Total bacteria b a c te ria [n u m b e rs /m L ] 1e+7 1e+6 1e+5 intake - control tank T5 intake - treated T5 intake - Discharge Inc. Tx 1e+4 1e+6 bacteria [numbers/mL] 1e+7 10 5/13/2011 Current detection/inspection technologies and availability Organism group technology Numbers Viability Availability Degree expertise Viruses FCM Y(30min) No + + Bacteria FCM Y(30min) Y(15min) + + Bacteria Plating Y(>1day) Y(>1day) + +/_ Human pathogens Electrobeads Y(<1day; 3Ͳ4hours) Y(<1day; 3Ͳ4hours) <2014 + Phytoplankton PAM fluorometry No Y(15min) + +/_ Microscopy Y(3 h) Y(staining) FCM(Cytobuoy) Y(15min) Y (staining) Holoflow (Ovizio Img) Y(15min?) Y(?) + <2014 <2014 +/_ + + Binocular Holoflow (Ovizio) + <2014 <2014 + + + heterotrophic Zooplankton (ZebraBioScience) Y(4H) Y(15min) Y(staining) Y(?) Y (2 H) Y (staining) (50– 800micron) FlowCam (FluidImg) +/ On-site & real-time detection/inspection ¾ Large variability in organisms ¾ In terms of size, shape and viability Large volumes need to sampled (statistical representativeness) ¾ Indicative or full scale inspection ¾Legally defendable !!!! 22 11 5/13/2011 Representativeness Biological vs Statistical ¾Conflicting requirements ¾Sample p Volume/Time;; numbers and viability y ¾ large Volume/time more organisms; ¾Higher statistical value, ¾but decline in viability ¾ small Volume/time less organisms; ¾Lower statistical value value, ¾but better viability ¾Sample volume/number in relation to its purpose Current detection/inspection technologies and availability …atamperproofminiͲflow cytometer Classical plating Heterotrophic bacteria (CFUs)> 1 day G0095348.LMD 10 4 dead bact FL3 LO OG 10 Free-ATP measurement Hydrolysis of bacteria 10 3 2 growing ba 10 1 live Bact. 0 10 0 10 10 1 2 10 FL1 LOG 10 3 10 4 Bacteria Viability: dual staining File: G0095348 10 ǋl dead/40 ǋl life 12 5/13/2011 Future ¾ ballast water unavoidable cost factor ¾ revision of BWM Convention based on current expertise and results ¾ the Phase-2 standard of the USCG ¾ focus on tools for Compliance Enforcement and monitoring (indicative vs full scale sampling) ¾ exceptional ballasting ships ¾ time for second generation of BWT systems ¾“green”solutions, low energy, no active substances ¾ solve a major hurdle: filters (needed or not) Current Gaps: exceptional vessels/ballasting ¾larger ballast water volumes (> 12,000 m3/h), In-tank treatment !!! 13 5/13/2011 The ultimate filter The ultimate test Thankyouforyourattention Therewillbenowisdomwithout There will be no wisdom without ballast Sorry about the rant, I promise any future emails will be much more positive. 28 14 5/13/2011 Invitation for site visit at research facility of Royal NIOZ (texel) ¾Friday May 13th ¾Lectures and on site information and full scale BWT systems ¾www.NorthSeaBallast.eu 15