1. No category

The newspaper of the physics community
November 2005
How to solve our energy crisis
Ayala Ochert reports from the conference Challenges and Solutions: UK Energy to 2050.
ables. The case for nuclear must be
made on its own, without trying to
damn renewables in the process,”
argued Bulkin.
The prospects for renewable power
generation are extremely promising,
the conference heard. The practicable
resource – of wind, solar, tidal, wave
and biomass – is many times the
energy required now or by future generations. The UK has the largest wind
resource in Europe and wind power is
on target to provide 14% of our electricity needs by 2020. Technologies
improve each decade, prices continue
to fall and comfortable houses that are
net exporters of electricity to the grid
are being built today.
While policies such as the Renewables Obligation have helped to fund
some sectors – such as wind – much
more support is needed from government to encourage investment and
make renewable energy a reality in the
UK, the conference heard.
Despite the potential for reducing
energy demand and for zero-carbon
technologies, in 2050 we are still likely
to be reliant on fossil fuels, particularly for transport. Rob Socolow of
Princeton University described progress in the field of carbon capture
and storage – a way of reducing the
carbon dioxide emissions from fossil
fuels. He predicted that “clean coal”
technologies could be developed in
the next two decades, whereby the
carbon dioxide produced by coal
power plants could be fed and stored
in underground aquifers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change has recently estimated that
such technologies could account for
15–55% of carbon dioxide emission
reductions by 2050.
The question of whether we have
already reached peak oil production
or whether it is a few decades away
was hotly debated. If the peak has
passed, then we can expect much
higher oil prices over the coming
years and this will change the whole
energy debate, the conference heard.
Susan Owens, a policy expert from
Cambridge University, concluded the
meeting with a look at how scientists
frame their discussions about energy.
“There is this idea that the problems
are defined by science, the solutions
are defined by technology and then
society comes in at the end as a barrier. It’s a very curious way of looking
at it.” Owens says that the role of society must be considered from the start.
“The social world defines what is feasible just as much as the technical
defines what is feasible.”
www.einsteinyear.org
CONTENTS
2 News
International review of UK
physics ● Plymouth festival
● Homeland security debated
4 Reflections
The view from Rwanda
● Outstanding teachers
5 People
Author Alexander Masters
finds writing a poor second to
physics
6 Letters
Pay for PhDs ● Fallacious
physics gets it wrong
● Notifying deaths
7 Event horizon
What’s on in physics
8 Antimatters
Tim Durham’s beautiful photos
of soap films
“Going into physics
was a rather feeble
rebellion.”
Alexander Masters, p5
“It can be hard to see
Nobel laureates as
normal people.”
James O’Dwyer, p5
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I n t e ractions November 2005
Albert Einstein™ HUJ, www.albert-einstein.net
“The case for
nuclear must be
made on its own,
without trying to
damn renewables in
the process.”
Jamie Simmonds
Two years ago the UK government set
a target for reducing the country’s carbon dioxide emissions by 60% before
2050. This year the country became a
net importer of natural gas; by 2010
it will be a net importer of oil; and by
2025 only one nuclear power station
will still be in operation.
With these challenges in mind, on
12–13 October the Geological Society,
together with six of the country’s leading science and engineering institutions – including the Institute of
Physics, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Institution of Electrical
Engineers – convened the conference
Challenges and Solutions: UK Energy
to 2050. The two-day meeting, which
drew scientists and engineers from all
parts of the energy sector, produced a
lively debate. On 10 November the
proposed “solutions” will be presented
to a group of MPs and peers at the
Royal Society.
There were several key messages
from the conference. First, it is technically feasible to achieve a 60% reduction in emissions by 2050. Second,
doing so would have no impact on the
country’s competitiveness or GDP
during that period. And, third, all of
this could be achieved without resorting to nuclear power, although the
goal would be more difficult to meet.
These sanguine messages were tempered with a warning to government –
it must act now to be able to meet these The conference explored ideas for meeting future UK energy demand.
targets. Many at the conference
expressed frustration that, while govimprovements in the design and
ernment may be saying the right
safety of reactors and their acceptance
things, individual government departin countries such as France, Finland
ments often act in ways that thwart
and Japan, public opposition in the
their best efforts to implement techUK remains the biggest barrier to their
nological solutions.
use here. Fear of terrorist attacks on
Energy efficiency is expected to
nuclear facilities and the connection
achieve at least half of the necessary
with nuclear weapons manufacture
reductions in carbon dioxide emis(brought to the fore with the current
sions. The conference heard that such
situation in Iran) only help to add to
savings can often be simply and easthat opposition.
ily achieved through existing techCurrently the UK generates 20% of
nologies, but much stricter product
its electricity from nuclear power, but
standards and tougher building reguby 2025 there will be only one reactor
lations must be enacted to force down
still in operation unless government
energy use more quickly.
approves the building of new reactors.
Philip Sellwood of the Energy Saving
Conference participants – both proTrust argued passionately against the
and anti-nuclear – agreed that a deciscourge of products like patio heaters.
sion must be taken soon about the
“Right now there is this Jeremy
future of nuclear power in the UK.
Clarkson mentality, but we don’t
Bernie Bulkin of AEA Technology
expect products in the marketplace
suggests that nuclear proponents
that are unsafe, so why do we allow
must change their approach. “They
ones that are unsustainable?” he said.
are largely dismissive of risks, overly
The conference heard an upbeat
optimistic on costs and urge people to
view of nuclear technologies and the
ignore everything that has happened
prospects for managing radioactive
in the past. They also seem to be intent
waste by burying it deep underon promoting nuclear by pointing out
ground. However, despite significant
everything that is wrong with renew-
2 news
HIGHLIGHTS
Nanotechnology pays dividends
Diamonds are a doctor’s best friend
Materials scientists have developed
low-friction medical implants using
“diamond” coatings, which may
reduce infections caused by
superbugs such as MRSA. Joe
Franks of Brunel University outlined
his new method on 20 September at the conference Novel
Applications of Surface Modification, organised by the Applied
Physics and Technology Division of the Institute. Medical implants
and engineering components can be coated with a diamond-like
carbon (DLC) material to make them harder wearing, to reduce
friction between components and to provide lightweight corrosion
protection. Unlike other coating materials, DLCs can be deposited on
a surface without heating it to a high temperature, so they can also
be used to coat plastics. They are also biocompatible, so won’t trigger
the coagulation of blood. Franks’ team has already provided DLCcoated knee implants to the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital.
What’s new in spacetime?
rent-carrying capacity 1000 times
that of copper.”
NanoTubiX, a spin-out company
from Surrey’s ATI, is fabricating
branched nanotubes that could be
used as gas detectors, biosensors,
miniaturised EEG and ECG monitors
or remote sensors. George Adamson
from the consultancy Technology for
Industry described how the company
iStat had developed biosensors that
allow nursing staff to do on-the-spot
analysis of blood. And Alec Reader of
Innos described how this R&D company produces prototype nanotechnology devices on behalf of other
small and large businesses.
“We act as a foundry for early-stage
micronanotechnology, and hopefully
people come back to us later to provide larger-scale production.” The
company helped the University of
Southampton to produce a device that
harnesses energy from vibrations,
which is used to extend the life of pacemakers. Innos was originally 100%
funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Robert Bowman, head of nanostructured media research at Queen’s University, Belfast, says that a lot of globally
significant nanotechnology research is
happening in Northern Ireland. For
example, Seagate Technology – one of
the world’s largest hard-disk manufacturers – employs 1100 there. It has been
experimenting with tunnelling magnetoresistant and giant magnetoresistant
effects to enhance the signal-to-noise
ratio in consumer products.
Michele Hill-Perkins, business manager of Partnerships UK, which offers
advice to public-sector organisations
looking to exploit publicly funded
research, spoke of the “real predicament” in balancing the pressure to
publish with protecting intellectual
property. Issues such as these are likely
to be discussed on the newly created
online Nanotechnology Forum.
http://industry.iop.org/induni/
nano
Pete Vukusic
New Journal of Physics has published a special issue on spacetime
– one of three to celebrate the centenary of Einstein’s annus
mirabilis in 1905, when he published papers on Brownian motion,
the photoelectric effect and special relativity. “Spacetime 100 Years
Later” looks at the subject from Einstein’s earliest work on relativity
through to the latest thinking in cosmology. “Perhaps most
remarkable about these breakthroughs in physics was the revision
of our ideas of space and time themselves,” said editors Richard
Price and Jorge Pullin. “The revision has become a permanent
feature of our understanding of reality.”
Nanotechnology is being exploited in
fields as diverse as blood analysis and
the manufacture of hard-disk drives
and solar cells, and prospects for further commercial exploitation are
promising, said speakers at the conference Commercialising Research for
Nanofabrication last month.
The event was the latest in a series
organised as part of the Institute’s
Emerging Technologies Programme,
which aims to bring together academics and business people.
“Nanotechnology is an area that we
cannot afford not to invest in. It’s
really an ideal time to form strategic
investment alliances,” said Ravi Silva,
director of the Advanced Technology
Institute (ATI) at the University of Surrey. “When we started we could only
produce carbon nanotubes at 700 °C
or above. Now we do a lot of the work
at room temperature. We can make
nanotubes with a tensile strength 20
times that of high-tensile steel, without increasing the weight, and a cur-
P LY M O U T H F E S T I V A L
www.njp.org
Our universe – quarks and all
Pete Edwards of Durham University has been named as the
Institute’s 2006 Schools Lecturer. Edwards will be taking audiences
of 14- to 16-year-olds on a journey through the cosmos, exploring
the latest research in astronomy and particle physics. His lecture,
which will tour the UK from February to December, will include
demonstrations, hands-on activities and 3D movie clips “to uncover
the evidence for the birth of the universe as a soup of quarks
following a big bang”. Edwards, a former physics teachers, is
coordinator of the outreach programme at the Ogden Centre for
Fundamental Physics.
http://teachingphysics.iop.org
Physics professor is on the right track
Stuart Palmer, deputy vice-chancellor and former head of physics at
the University of Warwick, has had a train named after him. Hull
Trains bestowed the unusual honour as it unveiled its new fleet of
Pioneer trains. Palmer was recognised for his work on ultrasound
when he was at the University of Hull, which opened up its
widespread commercial use in medicine. “The work of Prof. Palmer
has a huge impact on the world of medical science and the ongoing
benefits are incalculable,” said Mark Leving, managing director of
Hull Trains. “His foresight and innovation, and his pioneering spirit
made him an obvious choice for our Class 222 Pioneer train.” By
coincidence,
Warwick’s
physics
department
recently
developed a
new ultrasonic
method of
detecting
dangerous
cracks in rail
tracks.
I n t e ractions November 2005
Pete Vukusic of the University of Exeter was a speaker at the Plymouth Festival of Physics, which was held on
15–16 October. He told visitors about the “secret photonics in nature” and explained the physics behind the silver
of fish scales, the blue of peacock feathers and the translucent colours of butterfly wings. “In nature there are
optical systems that are breathtaking in both their aesthetic and their scientific elegance,” said Vukusic. The
festival, organised by the Institute’s South West Branch, was attended by more than 500 members of the public.
Nobel Prize goes to
optics researchers
This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics has
been awarded to three scientists
working in the field of optics.
Half of the prize goes to Roy Glauber of Harvard University for his contribution to the quantum theory of
optical coherence; the other half is
shared by John Hall of the University
of Colorado and Theodor Hänsch of
the Max Planck Institute for Quantum
Optics in Garching, Germany, for
their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spec-
troscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.
Glauber’s work in 1963 showed how
light from thermal sources and light
from coherent sources, such as lasers,
are fundamentally different. “Roy
Glauber is often called the ‘father of
quantum optics’,” said Allan Boardman, chair of the Institute’s Quantum
Electronics and Photonics Group. “He
put the subject on a firm footing by
insisting on the role of the photon
through quantum mechanics and its
synergistic relationship to what was
then just called optics. It’s nice that he’s
been recognised at last at the age of 80.”
Hall and Hänsch’s work in 1984
made it possible to measure optical
frequencies to an accuracy of 15 significant figures and led to the development of lasers with very precise
frequencies. It also enabled the creation of extremely accurate clocks and
improvements in the technology used
in global positioning systems. In addition their frequency comb technique
helped others to measure the stability
of fundamental constants over time.
● The Institute is in the process of
setting up a new group in quantum
optics, quantum information and
quantum control. For more
information about the group, e-mail:
sarah.verth@iop.org.
news 3
Terror research is big business
Terrorism has changed in the last
decade and the technology industry
must quickly adapt to this new threat,
the Institute’s Business Partners were
told at the second of this year’s Key
Insight Business Briefings.
The meeting, entitled Homeland
Security and Defence R&D and held
on 10 October, drew people from
physics-based industries to hear from
the country’s foremost experts discussing the future of R&D in this area.
Presenting the view from industry
was the executive chairman of QinetiQ, Sir John Chisholm. Alan Pratt,
director of the Home Office Scientific
Development Branch, gave the government perspective.
Both speakers agreed that, in this
new era of suicide bombers and their
loosely coordinated terrorist networks, old methods of security may
not always work and, in some cases,
would actually make attacks more
likely. For example, airport security
was developed in an era when hijacking was the most significant threat,
says Chisholm. “But if you are a suicide
bomber today, you could hardly conceive of a better environment than an
airport. All of those people congregated in a single place, and think of the
worldwide disruption caused by
bombing even a single airport.”
Chisholm spoke of the spectrum of
threats that we now face, from the low
probability but very-high-impact
attacks involving chemical, biological, radioactive or nuclear materials
(CBRN) to the high-probability but
smaller-scale suicide bombings. The
former require considerable infrastructure to implement and are therefore more likely to be intercepted
through the existing intelligence
infrastructure. The latter are much
Hastings honours
Michael Faraday
On 12 October an Institute of Physics
commemorative plaque was unveiled
at 3 Prior’s Cottages in Hastings in
honour of Michael Faraday. It had
been commissioned by the Institute’s
South Central Branch. On 29 August
1831, Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction; four days later he left to holiday
in the seaside town. He carried on the
research on his return to London and
presented his findings to members of
the Royal Society later that year.
Home Office Scientific Development Branch
Ayala Ochert reports from an Institute meeting on how physics can combat terrorism.
Enhanced X-ray scan. “Stand-off screening” would allow for more subtle detection of weapons and bombs.
harder to detect because they require
much less organisation. The 7 July
2005 attack on the London Underground was put together by “four lads
in a gym”, Chisholm points out.
New technologies must focus more
on these lower-impact, higher-probability events, says Chisholm, but he
notes that most of the US government’s $4.4 bn budget for homeland
security R&D was focused on CBRN
attacks. The European budget will be
€2 bn from 2007.
Chisholm identified several areas of
technology that should be developed
to combat the threat of terrorism in
the 21st century. “Stand-off biometrics” could be used to identify people
from a distance and to pick out a face
in a crowd. “Stand-off people screen-
ing” could be used to scan people and
check for concealed weapons or
explosives without exposure to X-rays
or other harmful energy sources. One
promising stand-off screening technology is terahertz detection – an area
in which the UK is a leader. “Anomalous behaviour detection” involves
the intelligent use of CCTV cameras to
analyse people’s movements against
predicted normal behaviour.
Pratt agrees that there is a “new paradigm” for security, but says that the
government had been doing a huge
amount since the “wake-up call” of
11 September 2001. Pratt highlights
many of the same technologies as
Chisholm, but suggests that governments must not focus on individual
technologies in isolation. His depart-
ment is taking an integrated approach
to the threat – from preventing people
from becoming terrorists in the first
place to protecting against attacks
through people screening, making
use of technologies to pursue the perpetrators of attacks, and then making
sure that the emergency services are
well prepared should a terrorist attack
still take place.
The speakers were joined by Keith
O’Nions, director-general of Research
Councils UK, and Frances Saunders of
Dstl for a panel discussion. Public perceptions of risks and public attitudes
to these technologies – particularly
those that intrude on privacy – were
key topics for discussion, as was the
balance of public and private investment in this area.
Panel assesses UK physics
A week-long series of site visits and
meetings around Britain has just been
completed by the panel carrying out
the International Review of UK Physics and Astronomy Research 2005.
The 14 panel members – eminent
international scientists drawn from
seven countries – came to the UK in
the week beginning 31 October to
examine the current state of the country’s physics and astronomy research.
The review, expected to report in January 2006, will discuss the quality, distribution of effort and future potential
of the research. It aims to indicate areas
of strength and weakness, improvement, decline and growth since the last
review, which was done in 2000.
Then, the panel found that UK
research in physics and astronomy
was “at the very highest level worldwide”, but added that it was “in a state
of slow recovery from a long period of
chronic underfunding” and that
efforts should be made to attract
young people into physics research
and education, as well as to increase
the number of women in physics.
The last review was confined to five
Russell Group universities plus
Queen Mary and Westfield College,
London, and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. This time the net has
intentionally been cast wider, according to Randal Richards, who is director of innovation and research at the
Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council (EPSRC).
“It was a deliberate choice to have a
broader mix of the universities and
research groups so as to have a more
rounded picture of physics research in
the UK,” he said. “What EPSRC hopes
to get from the review is an objective
evaluation of the quality of physics
research in the UK and its standing rel-
ative to the very best research groups
internationally.”
The Institute of Physics is a joint
sponsor of the review, together with
EPSRC, the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council and the
Royal Astronomical Society. The
panel will be chaired by Jürgen Mlynek, president of the Helmholtz Association in Germany.
The panel will split into groups,
each evaluating two or three universities. The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory will be evaluated along with
Cambridge University; Cardiff University; the University of Wales,
Swansea; Durham University; Lancaster University; Leicester University; Liverpool University; Liverpool
John Moores University; Imperial
College London; University College
London; Warwick University and the
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance.
IN BRIEF
Two students
who met at the
British finals of
the 2003
Physics
Olympiad,
which is an
international
competition for
secondary school students, tied the knot
this summer.
Thomas Cope, 20, met Wei Wang, 22,
at the finals at Abingdon School, Oxford.
Wang had come to the UK from China
when she was 17 and was the only girl
among the 15 finalists. She made it onto
the international team and also
represented Britain at the Chemistry
Olympiad in Greece.
When they met, both had places to
study medicine at Cambridge and they
stayed in touch until they met up again at
university. “We knew we’d get married
eventually but decided to do it now
because we’re medics and won’t
graduate for seven years,” said Cope.
● Alison McLure has been appointed the
full-time national officer in Scotland
for the Institute of
Physics -- a new post
created to increase
the Institute’s
presence and
influence in
Scotland. McLure
will work across the
full range of Institute
activities, including physics outreach,
supporting Institute members and
influencing public policy relating to
physics at all levels in Scotland.
McLure has a degree in physics from
Aberdeen University and worked for the
Meteorological Office for 10 years,
including researching and developing
mountain weather stations and weather
forecasting in the Antarctic. She has also
worked as a policy officer in the
environment and rural affairs department
of the Scottish Executive. Most recently
she led the People Exchange Programme
of the Scottish Leadership Foundation.
● Some 46 university departments in the
UK and Ireland have already joined the
Institute’s Undergraduate Bursary
Scheme. Starting in 2006, the
departments will be allocated a quota of
bursaries, each worth up to £1000 per
annum for the duration of the physics
course. The bursaries will be distributed
among physics students who do not
traditionally choose physics, or those
who might be deterred from studying the
subject for financial reasons.
● Sir Michael Berry, the Royal Society
Research Professor of Physics at the
University of Bristol, has been awarded
the Pólya Prize of the London
Mathematical Society in recognition of
his profound and innovative
contributions to
mathematics and
mathematical
physics. Earlier this
year Berry was also
elected a fellow of
the Royal Society
of Edinburgh.
●
I n t e ractions November 2005
4 reflections
Physics has a key role in development
Romain Murenzi
“The government
of Rwanda
believes strongly
in the potential of
science and
technology for
fostering
sustainable
development.”
The importance of physics for the economic development of all
countries is clear. Physics is the most basic of sciences, and its
concepts and techniques underpin the progress of all other
branches of science. It is also a cross-cutting discipline that has
applications in many sectors of economic development, including
health, agriculture, water, energy and information technology.
And the application of science through technology is crucial for
providing the infrastructure that all modern countries need.
The role of science in sustainable development was recognised
at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000. A careful
analysis of the Millennium Development Goals that came out of
the summit shows the importance of science and technology in
meeting those goals and as a tool for economic growth.
As this issue of Interactions goes to press, politicians, educators
and physicists from all over the globe will be meeting in
Durban, South Africa, to consider the role of physics in creating
a sustainable future for developing countries. The perspective
from my own country, Rwanda, may offer some insights into
the difference that physics can make.
Rwanda has no appreciable natural resources and is therefore
focusing on the development of its people to lead the development
of the country, in particular in the areas of science and technology.
The government of Rwanda believes strongly in the potential of
science and technology for fostering sustainable development. In
2001 the Ministry of Education was expanded to form the Ministry
of Education, Science, Technology and Scientific Research, with
the mandate to carry out the development of science and
technology in education and beyond. More recently the country
also adopted a national policy on science, technology and
innovation with four major objectives: knowledge acquisition,
creation and transfer, and the building of a culture of innovation.
Three of the eight Millennium Development Goals relate to
health, and clearly the health of the population in developing
countries is crucial for its sustainable development. This means
access to the right equipment for the diagnosis of diseases and
the efficient communication of medical data.
With the help of medical physics and information technology,
Rwanda is making some progress in this area. We recently
acquired a CT scanner, and King Faisal Hospital in Kigali is
becoming a hub for the development of telemedicine, which
brings with it a return in foreign currency. The Ministry of Health
is also creating a national nutrition and epidemic surveillance
information system, and it plans to deliver basic medical
equipment to all rural heath centres. This should have a significant
impact on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases like malaria.
Safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation are also central to
health and the fight against poverty, hunger, child death and
gender inequality. Improved access to safe water frees up
substantial time, for women and children in particular, for more
productive work. Improved sanitation also brings benefits to
public health and to the environment. Physics and engineering are
making a difference through the use of simple gravimetric
techniques (to bring water from the valleys up to higher altitudes)
and through rainwater harvesting and irrigation techniques.
Rwanda is facing an energy crisis because the capacity of its
generating plant cannot meet the country’s needs as it continues
on its development path. It is our goal to meet these needs in an
environmentally sound and sustainable manner, and a thorough
understanding of the physics involved in energy generation,
exploitation and distribution will be essential if this goal is to be
achieved. One consequence of Rwanda’s energy crisis is that every
year thousands of trees are cut down and the firewood used for
cooking, and this has resulted in severe soil erosion. Following the
example of the Kigali Institute of Science and Technology, we plan
to equip all schools with biodigesters. This should save thousands
of trees, help to solve the schools’ sanitation problems and develop
technical and scientific skills among the students and teachers
involved, demonstrating to them the importance of science,
technology and innovation in solving real-life problems.
Of course, information and communications technologies will
also be crucial. As we develop our infrastructure, including fixedline and optical-fibre networks, a knowledge and understanding of
the physics that underpin these technologies will be essential.
We have been working with several countries, including the UK,
Australia, the US, the Netherlands, Belgium and Sweden, to further
these goals, and we are receiving support from the UN, the African
Development Bank and the World Bank. This summer the
Institute of Physics invested in the future of Rwanda, sponsoring a
team of physics teachers from the UK to come and train our
teachers in the use of physics apparatus. Such partnerships will be
vital if countries like Rwanda are to build a sustainable future.
Romain Murenzi is the Minister of Education, Science, Technology and
Scientific Research in Rwanda and former chair of the department of
physics at Clark Atlanta University. The World Conference on Physics and
Sustainable Development took place on 31 October – 2 November 2005.
focal point: teachers awards
Nominate an outstanding physics teacher
It has almost become a cliché to say that good
teachers make all the difference. But, like most
clichés, it’s founded in truth. In an upcoming
Institute review of the factors that affect girls’
participation in physics, the role of the teacher
comes high on the list.
Good physics teachers are able to make the
subject relevant to all of their pupils – boys and
girls alike – to show how physics can lead to a
rewarding career and to instil a belief in them that
they can succeed in the subject.
Here at the Institute we do whatever we can to
support teachers of physics. We help to recruit
new ones though the Physics Enhancement
Project, we provide training on our Update
Courses, we support them via the Affiliated
Schools Scheme, we help them to help each other
I n t e ractions November 2005
through the Physics Teachers Network, and we
work with them to develop major projects like the
Advancing Physics A-level.
Every year we also honour those teachers who
are really outstanding through our annual UK
Teachers Awards. These are judged by a group of
teachers and former teachers – people who are
well aware of the work, challenges and rewards of
being a science teacher.
There are two categories for the awards:
secondary school teachers who inspire in their
pupils a love of physics, and primary school
teachers who inspire a love of science. The award
winners receive a certificate, a commemorative
paperweight and a cash award (sponsored this
year by Corus), but we believe that the recognition
for their efforts is the true reward.
Teachers who have received these awards in the
past have been truly deserving of that recognition,
as these comments from the 2005 awards show:
● “His infectious enthusiasm for physics captures
the imagination of his students as he stretches
the able whilst inspiring the most reluctant.”
● “As a consequence of his teaching, physics
became the most popular A-level subject.”
● “A physics teacher who expends a great deal of
time and energy in spreading and sharing his
passion for physics.”
● “A highly imaginative teacher who takes
advantage of all tools at her disposal.”
● “An incredible primary science teacher who has
succeeded in making science exciting.”
● “She has an outstanding ability to teach difficult
topics to children and has helped teachers with little
expertise to become more confident.”
The Teachers Awards are not a competition but
the chance to spotlight and celebrate the work of
science teachers. Nominations come from many
sources, including students, headteachers,
colleagues, governors, advisers, Institute branches
and parents. So if you know of an outstanding
teacher who deserves recognition, why not
nominate them for our 2006 awards?
Daniel Sandford Smith is the
Institute’s education manager.
For a nomination form, visit
http://teachingphysics.iop.org or
e-mail gita.tailor@iop.org.
Closing date for nominations:
18 November 2005.
people 5
profile: Alexander Masters
Back to a future in
theoretical physics
There are those who take on a profession – accountant, doctor, lawyer,
even scientist – to finance the writing
career that they secretly yearn for. But
for prizewinning author Alexander
Masters the reverse is true. His first
and greatest passion is theoretical
physics and, despite the success of his
recently published book, writing
comes a poor second, supporting him
as he studies for an MSc in maths and
physics at the Open University.
He received critical acclaim and a
£7000 prize in an Arts Council competition for his book Stuart: a Life Backwards – a true account of how he got to
know a homeless man who was living
rough on the streets of Cambridge –
which was published this year.
Masters got into writing almost in
spite of himself and his family background. His mother, Joan Brady, is a
novelist who won the Whitbread
Prize (after an earlier career as a ballerina in New York). His father, Dexter
Masters, was the editor of a New York
magazine and author of The Accident
– a novel about the physicists at Los
Alamos who worked on the atomic
bomb. The family moved to the UK
when Alexander was six months.
“I was always expected to go into
the arts because my whole family is in
it, so going into physics was a rather
feeble rebellion. But having got into it,
I found it got me.” (To bring things
full circle, his mother has now
embarked on an Open University
physics degree.)
Masters gained first-class honours
in physics at King’s College London,
and then went to Cambridge to study
for the Part III maths tripos. He began
a PhD in the philosophy of physics
and quantum mechanics but felt that
his maths was inadequate and eventually gave it up. There followed a series
of jobs and attempts to make his living
from writing, with varying periods of
success and failure.
He took a job in a hostel for homeless people in Cambridge because the
hours fitted in well with his writing.
While there, he became fascinated by
the residents. “They told these wonderful stories – sometimes tragic,
sometimes humorous, sometimes
hilarious, sometimes just downright
weird. They are people who have
David Bebber
Heather Pinnell
meets a successful
author for whom
physics comes first.
Alexander Masters has won praise for his novel about a homeless man.
experienced extreme emotions and,
as a consequence, they have interesting things to say. It is as if they are
reporting back from this journey –
they have travelled to the outer limits
of experience.”
He became acquainted with Stuart’s story when they worked together
on a successful campaign to free the
director of the centre, Ruth Wyner,
and day-centre manager, John Brock,
from prison. In a widely publicised
case, the pair had received five- and
four-year jail terms, respectively,
because there had been drug-dealing
at the premises.
Stuart’s appalling childhood experiences had helped to turn him into a
violent criminal and suicidal heroin
addict. When he eventually died in
front of a train, the coroner recorded
an open verdict.
“His whole life was in fragments so
that there was never a sense that I had
captured him,” says Masters. “He
“Writing just didn’t
provide something
that physics always
did, which is the
rigour.”
would be happy on a Monday, and in
hospital or prison by the Friday.
When he died, I lost a very good
friend.”
Despite his writing success, Masters felt that something was missing.
“Writing just didn’t provide something that physics always did, which is
the rigour. Writing does call for constant pruning and cutting back and
being firm. But it’s still all about you
somehow, and you are the only judge
of whether it is any good or not. I get
thoroughly sick of that. Science is
utterly refreshing – it is not concerned
with me.”
For many years he kept his old
physics books turned the wrong way
round as he found it too upsetting to
see their titles and be reminded of the
career that he had left behind. In 2003
he started his Open University MSc.
“It’s enormously pleasurable trying
to come up with ideas in writing, but
this only lasts for about 10 minutes. If
you get the answer to a problem in
physics, the feeling can last for all of
two days. My absolute ambition
would be to have another bit of brain
tacked on and fill it up with the ability to do physics,” he says.
Masters has had to put his MSc on
hold for a year to promote his book,
which was recently bought for a television play. He’s hoping that his studies – mainly into group theory – will
soon help him to fulfil his dream.
“Really the writing is to get me
through a PhD so at the end I might
get an academic post. If there’s anyone
who wants to exchange graduate-level
physics lessons for any writing help I
could give, I would be happy to do it.”
OBSERVATIONS
Cambridge postgraduate James
O’Dwyer describes the week this
summer when he met a dozen
Nobel Prize winners on the small
island of Lindau in Germany.
“If I could explain it in three minutes, it wouldn’t have been worth
the Nobel Prize.”
Richard Feynman
To a physics student like me, the achievements of a Nobel laureate
seem staggering, and the moments of inspiration that lead to them
remain mysterious. So it can be hard to see Nobel laureates like
Feynman as “normal people”. But for one week each summer there
is a meeting in Lindau, Germany, that is designed to change this
perception by introducing postgraduates to Nobel Prize winners.
I arrived in Lindau in late June without much information, lost and
late, but fortunately the island turned out to be sufficiently small to
find most places using a random-walk algorithm. The rest of the
small UK contingent located me, and I found myself making friends
with members of the dark side – there were three chemists and two
medics because this year, for the first time, the meeting involved all
three disciplines.
One of the themes of the meeting was climate change. Some of
the laureates were experts in this field but they all had something to
say about it. The consensus seemed to be that the social issues are
as important as the science, with some governments still exercising
their prerogative to ignore expert opinion. It was a fascinating
discussion and a real highlight of the week.
That evening, at the conference dinner, I found myself seated at a
table with David Gross (Physics ’04). I was a bit star-struck at first,
but I soon realised that he was indeed a “normal person”. I even
spoke to him a little about my work (in theoretical high-energy
physics), and he made some intriguing comments about the future
of scientific publishing. In theoretical physics we tend to read
preprints that appear on the Internet archive arXiv and rarely consult
printed journals for recent papers. But I agreed with him that the
peer-review process that you get with journals is still of value, if not
the printed matter itself.
The next day, Brian Josephson (Physics ’73) also reflected on the
future of arXiv in his talk. (Josephson’s prize-winning work was in
condensed matter theory, associating his name with a
superconducting junction and a constant). He put the case for little
or no censorship on the ArXiv. But I still feel that restrictions on who
can post preprints may be essential for the archive to remain useful.
The question is likely to become more pertinent if online archives
become the dominant medium for scientific communication.
During the week I had lunch and chatted with the British Nobel
laureates at the meeting. I soon found that their formidable scientific
reputations didn’t preclude them from sharing the same sense of
humour as the rest of us. Richard Roberts (Physiology or Medicine
’93) is involved with the Ig Nobel prizes and is still waiting for the
British Army to collect an award (apparently given for the use of nonfiring guns, which required soldiers to shout “bang!”). Sir Harry Kroto
(Chemistry ’96), the discoverer of the C60 bucky-ball, gave an
outstanding prelunch talk. He made brilliant use of music and video to
tell us about his latest research and his work in science education.
Most of all I was impressed by his energy and enthusiasm.
It was a superb week – quite different in spirit to my more usual
conferences. I learned a lot and was pleasantly surprised to find the
laureates so approachable. If I have a criticism it is that, in comparison
with other countries, the UK seemed to be underrepresented. I hope
that next time more students will be able to attend and to meet, and be
inspired by, some of the world’s most brilliant scientists.
If you would like to contribute to OBSERVATIONS , please send an e-mail with your
idea to interactions@iop.org.
I n t e ractions November 2005
6 letters
President Prof. Sir John E Enderby CBE FRS CPhys FInstP, President Elect Mr Peter Saraga CPhys FInstP, Honorary Secretary Prof. John L Beeby CPhys FInstP, Honorary Treasurer Dr J A (Tony) Scott CPhys Hon.FInstP, Vice-president,
Education Dr Elizabeth Swinbank CPhys FInstP, Vice-president, Industry and Business Dr Keith Winters CPhys FInstP, Vice-president, Membership and Qualifications Mr Alan Pratt CPhys FInstP, Vice-president,
Science Prof. Carole Jordan FRS CPhys FInstP, Chief Executive Dr Robert Kirby-Harris CPhys FinstP, Director, Education and Science Prof. Peter Main CPhys FInstP, Director, International Dr Peter Melville CPhys FInstP, Director,
Membership and Electronic Services Mr John Brindley, Director, Strategy, Communications and Business Dr Paul Danielsen FInstP, Group Finance Director Mr Sean Fox MInstP, Managing Director, Institute of Physics
Publishing Mr Jerry Cowhig.
Editor Ayala Ochert, Assistant Editor Heather Pinnell, Art Director Andrew Giaquinto
Institute of Physics, 76 Portland Place, London W1B 1NT, UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 7470 4800 ; fax: +44 (0)20 7470 4991; e-mail: interactions@iop.org; Web: http://members.iop.org
LETTER FROM
Bursaries for PhDs?
Spiders in sight
…the editor
It is very commendable that the
Institute of Physics is providing
bursaries for a number of
undergraduate students. However,
perhaps you might also like to
consider bursaries for those who are
in the first few years of their
postdoctoral research.
Pay is now less (after tax) than that
received by PPARC case PhD
students and by all PPARC PhD
students who do some teaching
during term-time.
The UK is currently in a situation
where students who wish to work in
a university must now take a pay cut
when starting their first job after
their PhDs. It will become very
difficult for universities to recruit the
best staff unless this situation is
rectified immediately.
I think you have been a bit hard on
Tintin (“Fallacious Physics”,
October). You can indeed see an infocus giant spider against the night
sky if the spider is on the telescope
lens, but it would need to be the field
lens of the eyepiece rather than the
objective lens.
I had just such an experience while
looking through the 28 inch
refractor at Greenwich Observatory
– and very scary it was, too!
Ayala Ochert is editor of Interactions.
I n t e ractions November 2005
Stuart Malin
Blackheath, London
Playing with fire
Elizabeth Swinbank
York
I was interested to see the old chestnut
about Piggy’s glasses in Lord of the Flies
(“Fallacious Physics”, October).
While it is indeed impossible to
increase the intensity of light using a
divergent lens surrounded by an
Not dead yet
NEW MEMBERS
IN MEMORIAM
Simon Angove, Joseph Awotwi-Pratt, Clare
Balkeen, Scott Bazley, Mark Bertinat, Arthur
Blackburn, Donald Breadner, Patrick
Brown, Paul Bukar, Damien Clarke,
Stephen Evans, Isabel Forrester, Hugh
Griffiths, Carsten Gundlach, Stephen
Harrison, David Hillier, Paul Hosmer, Paul
Jobson, Adrian Johnson, Ranjit Kaur, Peter
Kelly, Mandeep Khela, Stuart King, John
Laoye, Roy Lemmon, Alexandra Manning,
Christopher Pearman, Emi Piuila-Afitu,
Andrew Powell, Benjamin Punchard, James
Rhodes, Bernard Riley, Adam Robinson,
Sean Ryan, Babasaheb Sankapal, Brian
Shortt, Ke Wang, David Ward, Charles
Weiner, Jonathan Wright.
Hermann Bondi, Kenneth Budden, Kenneth
Close, J Geiger, Dennis Hill, Colin
Honeybourne, Alan Lettington, J V Long,
William McKechin, Joseph Rotblat.
by the UK Resource Centre for Women in
SET. The free 10 week course is designed
to develop skills and confidence through
online activities, tutorials and discussion.
There are opportunities to meet potential
employers, role models and mentors from
the world of SET. For additional
information, pay a visit www3.open.ac.uk
(course code T160).
● The Institute’s Group Coordination
Committee at its October meeting
approved the merger of the Liquids and
Complex Fluids groups, the creation of the
Astroparticle Physics Group and the
creation of the Quantum Optics, Quantum
Information and Quantum Control Group.
Also, as part of a wholesale simplification
of the Insitute’s Bylaws, references to the
divisions were removed from the Bylaws.
Divisions continue to exist and operate
under Council’s general powers to create
committees.
Jay Goldman
Cambridge
I was surprised to get an e-mail from a
colleague expressing sadness at
seeing my name listed in the “In
Memoriam” section of Interactions
(October). I assured him that I am
alive and well, and I should like to
assure others, too, that this is the case.
I understand that the notice in fact
referred to another former member
of the Institute with the same name. I
have considerable concerns at your
policy of publishing a list of names
with no other identifying
information – not even middle
initials in most cases. I know that
space is always at a premium but if
this item is to be useful and avoid
misleading, it is essential that you
include more information in future.
Alastair I M Rae
Reader in Quantum Physics (retired),
University of Birmingham.
Editor responds: Where there is more
than one member with the same name, we
will include their initials.
Write to interactions@iop.org or the address
above. Letters may be edited for length.
notices
Elizabeth Berry, David Faux, Neil Geddes,
Paul Harrison, Kevin Hyman, Theodorus
Janssen, S McKenna-Lawlor, Klaas Wynne.
● The Institute’s annual Awards
Dinner will
be held at the Savoy Hotel, London, on
19 January 2006. Members are invited to
apply for tickets at a cost of £95 (inclusive
of VAT, predinner drinks and wine). For
further information, contact Sorayah Afful
(e-mail: sorayah.afful@iop.org). Cheques
should be made payable to The Institute of
Physics. Applications for tickets must be
received by 10 December 2005.
● A course to help women back into a
science, engineering and technology
(SET) career has been developed by the
Open University in collaboration with
Return, a national scheme created and run
● Members are invited to get involved in
Moonwatch, the mass experiment
designed to lead to a more accurate lunar
calendar and better predictions of when the
new crescent moon is first visible each
month (see October Interactions). To take
part, look for the new crescent moon
immediately after sunset in the western sky
on 3–5 November and 2–4 December, and
then record what you have seen at
www.crescentmoonwatch.org.
MEMBER OFFER
● Online subscriptions prize draw
Ivan Dale from Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, is
September’s prize-draw winner. He will
receive a 512 MB data stick. For your
chance to win a datastick, pay your
subscription online at http://members.iop.
org when you receive your next subscription
notice.
TO
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• by direct debit • by credit card online
Log on to http: //members.iop.org for full details
P
Your life is busy enough —
make it easier by paying your
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FR NE G
EE RO
U
NEW FELLOWS
ANNOUNCEMENTS
WANTED
GE
Many thanks to the
1615 members who
took part in the first
Interactions reader
survey over the summer.
Interactions launched in
July 2004, taking the place of the
“Institute Matters” section of Physics
World and with the aim of improving
communication between the Institute
and its members. One year on, we were
keen to hear more about what you think
of your new member newspaper.
The results of the survey are gratifying.
Of those who responded, 58% said that
they read every issue. A surprising 40%
of you keep hold of your copy after you’ve
read it. And almost everyone (95%) said
that Interactions is as good as or better
than the old “Institute Matters”.
Interactions was set up in part as a
response to an earlier survey of
members, in which you told us that the
main reason you join the Institute is to
feel part of the physics community. The
newspaper appears to be satisfying
member needs in this area too – 59% of
you said that one of the main reasons
you read Interactions is for its articles
about other people in the physics
community, and 68% of you said that
Interactions enhances your feeling of
being a part of this community.
You seem to like the content, too – 85%
said that the balance of articles is “about
right”, 70% said that the newspaper covers
all of the areas that you’d like to see, and
97% find it readable. A big surprise was
the popularity of the experiment on the
back page. It’s clearly designed for children
but more than half of you look at it and a
remarkable 26% actually try out the
experiments (fewer than half of those are
parents trying them out with their children).
A handful of people asked the
question: Why does Interactions exist as
a separate publication from Physics
World? The first reason is that there is
now more space to cover the activities of
the Institute — Interactions is four times
as large as “Institute Matters” used to be.
And, as Physics World is increasingly
sold by subscription to non-members
outside the UK and Ireland, that
additional content can’t reasonably be
contained in the magazine.
There is one important area for
improvement. While most readers were
aware that they could send letters to
Interactions, 30% were not. I would
encourage all of you to write to
Interactions, not just about the articles
that you read here but on any matter
concerning the Institute. It’s your
opportunity to share your thoughts with
the Institute and with your fellow
members – in other words, to interact.
opaque “stop”, a lens in mid-air
produces a region of enhanced
intensity where the light that has
been caused to diverge by the lens
overlaps with the light that has
bypassed it. When I tried this with a
circular lens held in the beam of a
desk lamp I was surprised at how
bright the circle was.
I would not be at all surprised to find
that a fire could be started using a
divergent lens with some dry tinder
under tropical sunlight. Physicists
may “know” that a fire can’t be started
using a lens prescribed for myopia, but
perhaps William Golding knew better.
event horizon 7
Visit whatson.iop.org for the Institute’s full online calendar for the physics community or www.einsteinyear.org for Einstein Year public outreach events (indicated in blue).
N OV E M B E R 05
IOP Semiconductor Physics Group,
Nottingham, UK
11 November
http://conferences.iop.org/TSR
International Seminar on
Medical Applications of Signal
Processing
IEE, London, UK
British Electromagnetic
3–4 November
Measurements 2006
www.iee.org/Events/MASP2005.cfm NPL, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
14–17 November
ONE-DAY MEETING
www.bemc2005.npl.co.uk
Low Temperature
Techniques Course
Aston Business School,
Birmingham, UK
9 November
A series of five talks aimed
primarily at newcomers to
experimental research at low
temperatures. These will be
given by experts in cryogenic
handling, thermometry,
superconductivity, measurement
and control, and cryogenic
techniques below 1K.
Organised by the Institute’s Low
Temperature Group.
http://conferences.iop.org/LT05
● An Afternoon with Albert
Einstein
Buckfast Abbey, Devon, UK
5 November
www.buckfast.org.uk
Quantum Cryptography
IOP in Scotland, Royal Society of
Edinburgh, UK
8 November
www.phy.hw.ac.uk/~phydtr/iop
Postgraduate Training
Workshop: Preparation and
Patterning of Magnetic
Materials
IOP Magnetism Group, London, UK
8 November
http://conferences.iop.org/PGW
Medical Thermography and
Thermometry
IPEM/NPL, Teddington, Middlesex,
UK
9 November
www.npl.co.uk/tman
● Celestial
Harmonies
The Jewish Museum, London, UK
15 November
marketing@jewishmuseum.org.uk
18 November
www-admin.iee.org/Events/
ACE4.cfm
Constant Speed – UK tour
continues
Edinburgh Festival Theatre
23–25 November
Theatre Royal, Plymouth
30 November – 3 December
A celebration of Einstein’s life
and work, interpreted through
dance.
www.rambert.org.uk
Human Factors Engineering
Symposium: People and Systems
– Who Are We Designing For?
● Enjoying the Heavens Without
IEE, London, UK
Spending the Earth
16–17 November
Bristol Astronomical Society, Bristol
http://conferences.iee.org/pas2005 Grammar School, UK
18 November
www.bristolastrosoc.org.uk
Phase Transitions in Polymeric
Systems
IOP Polymer Physics Group,
● You Don’t Have to be a Genius
London, UK
Birkenhead Park, Cheshire, UK
17 November
18 November – 3 December
http://conferences.iop.org/PHT
Mary Green 0151 653 9602
● Making Merry
Various venues, Winchester, UK
19–20 November
www.visitwinchester.gov.uk
For full details of Einstein Year
events (indicated in blue) and of
what’s happening near you, visit
www.einsteinyear.org/events.
● The Nanoworld – Order Out of
Disorder
Café Scientifique, The College Club,
Glasgow University, UK
17 November
m.maclean@bio.gla.ac.uk
International Symposium on
Scientific Imaging: Seeing the
Invisible
Laboratorio de Optica, University de
IEE Seminar on Safety Assurance Murcia, Madrid, Spain
17–18 November
IEE, London, UK
http://lo.um.es/
10–11 November
symposium_invisible
www.iee.org/Events/
safetyassurance.cfm
4th IEE Seminar on Advances in
Carbon Electronics
Experimental Techniques in
IEE, London, UK
Semiconductor Research
Diamond Life
The Royal Institution, London, UK
22 November
www.rigb.org
● After Einstein 1905
Bedales School, Petersfield,
Hampshire, UK
22 November
Eric Wooding 01428 722 450
CONFERENCE
Bio-Dielectrics: Theories,
Mechanisms and
Applications
University of Leicester, UK
10–12 April 2006
Annual conference of the
Institute’s Dielectrics Group,
focusing on the interaction of
electric fields with biological
materials. The whole of the
electromagnetic spectrum will be
covered, along with biological
materials at all scales, from
molecules and biopolymers to
cells and tissues.
http://conferences.iop.org/BID
● Our Beautiful Sun: a Neighbour
from Hell!
RDS/IOP in Ireland, RDS Concert
Hall, Dublin, Ireland
22 November
ciaran.byrne@rds.ie
● Einstein vs Newton: Who Was
the Greatest of All Time?
The Royal Society, London, UK
23 November
www.royalsoc.ac.uk
The Role of a Patent Attorney
Within the Field of Intellectual
Property
University of Glasgow, UK
23 November
www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Colloquium
Low Temperature Thermometry
NPL/British Cryogenics Council,
Oxford, UK
24 November
www.npl.co.uk/tman/meetings/
meetings_index.html
● The Story of Physics
Bath Royal Literary and Scientific
Institution, Bath, UK
24 November
www.brlsi.org
Ageing Management of
Graphite Reactor Cores
Conference
British Carbon Group, Cardiff, UK
28–30 November
www.graphiteageing.org.uk
Beyond WEEE: Unsustainable
Product Design and How to
Avoid It
IEE, London, UK
29 November
www.iee.org/Events/beyondweee.
cfm
History of Air Pollution
IOP Environmental Physics
Group/History of Physics
Group/South West Branch, Bristol,
UK
30 November
http://conferences.iop.org/HAP
Quantum Field Theory and Its
Ramifications
Hobart, Australia
30 November – 2 December
www-theory.phys.utas.edu.au/
theory/qftfest/index.html
DECEMBER 05
New Directions in Liquid Crystal
Science
The Royal Society, London, UK
5 December
www.royalsoc.ac.uk/events
Christmas Meeting on Solid
State NMR
IOP Magnetic Resonance Group
(BRSG), London, UK
7 December
http://conferences.iop.org/CMS
CONFERENCE
The New European Landscape
for Electricity Markets:
Developments in Liberalisation
and Security of Supply
IEE, London, UK
5 December
www.iee.org/Events/NELEM.cfm
Second Workshop on Noise,
Chaos and Complexity in Lasers
and Nonlinear Optics
Universidad de la Republica,
Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay
5–9 December
www.fisica.edu.uy/~cris/workshop.
html
Successful SMEs
76 Portland Place, London, UK
21 November
Funding and finance for small
technology-based firms is the
theme of this event, which is part
of the annual Successful SMEs:
Spin-outs and Start-ups series.
Including short presentations
from experts on funding options
for physics-based SMEs and the
Department of Trade and
Industry, and case-studies of
personal experiences from the
physics-based SMEs community.
http://industry.iop.org
The Supercool Submillimetre
IOP in Scotland, Royal Society of
Edinburgh, UK
6 December
http://scotland.iop.org
The Hunter Memorial Lecture
and Dinner 2005
IEE, Birmingham, UK
8 December
www.iee.org/Events/hunter.cfm
Diamond Industry Open Day
Diamond Light Source, Didcot,
Oxfordshire, UK
6 December
www.diamond.ac.uk
The Measurement and
Characterisation of Medical
Biosensors
Micro & Nano Technology
Measurement Club, NPL,
Teddington, Middlesex, UK
9 December
www.npl.co.uk/metrology_clubs/
mnt
Material Properties for Finite
Element Simulations: Getting it
Right (Part 1 Metals)
IMechE, London, UK
6 December
www.imeche.org.uk/events/FES
CONFERENCE
Condensed Matter and
Materials Physics (CMMP 06)
University of Exeter, UK
20–21 April 2006
Including a student day on
19 April with lectures designed
for research students, as well as
technical sessions and invited
speakers. There will be
opportunites for young
researchers to present their work
through symposia and poster
sessions.
Organised by the Institute’s
Condensed Matter and Materials
Physics Division.
http://conferences.iop.org/
CMMP06
● How to Survive a Croc Attack
with Custard Powder and Other
Stories
University of Leeds, Leeds Town
Hall, UK
9–10 December
Georgina Wilkins 0113 3433848
2nd International Conference on
Nanomaterials and
Nanotechnology
The Royal Society, London, UK
12–15 December
melanie.boyce@iom3.org
● ‘Jewish Science’ – Einsteinian
Physics and Freudian
Psychoanalysis
The Jewish Museum, London, UK
13 December
marketing@jewishmuseum.org.uk
YoungPhysicists
Conference 2005
25–27 November 2005
Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
“ rai ”
If you understand…
see you there!
ypc@iop.org http://yp.iop.org/ypc2005.htm
I n t e ractions November 2005
matters
8
Capturing the transient beauty of bubbles
Artist Tim
Durham’s
new
exhibition,
Soap Opera,
demonstrates
the variety
and
complexity of
soap films.
particles
Thinking of
changing career?
Looking for
advice on what
steps to take?
The Institute of Physics has produced the
booklet “New Directions”, which offers
practical advice on how to change career,
as well as profiles of physicists who have
already made the transition.
To request your copy, e-mail:
members.careers@iop.org.
I n t e ractions November 2005