Download Report

r
o
f
3
e
o
g
d
a to ST
p
e w IR ng
e
S ho r F si
u tic
u
T
o
S
y E aly to
T Cat bon ce
r du en
a
C ro og
p dr
hy
Hydrogen On Demand
(Pure hydrogen, not HHO)
Updated : 1/31/2014
By: Phillips Company, Howard Phillips
Email: hp@valliant.net
FT.p65
Page 1
Contents
Hydrogen On Demand.......................................... 1
See page 3 for how to do your FIRST TEST using
Catalytic Carbon to produce hydrogen ........... 1
THIRD PARTY TESTING ............................................................... 2
Hydrogen from water, using CC.......................... 3
Experiment 1: Make hydrogen ....................................................... 4
How to build a simple hydrogen cell ............................................... 5
Experiment 2: How to use a simple hydrogen cell ........................ 6
Experiment 3: Hydrogen gas can be ignited and it will burn ...... 7
Experiment 4: Measure hydrogen flow rate ................................. 8
More information is available to you .............................................. 9
Technology comparison; HHO system and H2 system ................ 10
Summary .......................................................................................... 11
No hydrogen -- first test?................................................................ 12
Lighting bubbles shows that this is combustible gas .................... 15
Need more materials? ..................................................................... 16
THIRD PARTY TESTING
The scope of this collaboration is the measurement of reaction kinetics to confirm and
quantify the catalytic operation of the following reaction; 2Al + 6H2O + CC => CC +
2Al(OH)3 + 3H2, where aluminum and water are fuels (reactants) and the by-product is a
mixture of aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 and aluminum oxide. In this reaction, CC
(catalytic carbon) is a catalyst which increases the production rate of hydrogen. The
scope of the THIRD PARTY TEST DATA may include reactor R&D or system R&D
(such as performance testing on engines); but this is not required.
FT.p65
Page 2
Hydrogen from water, using CC
Catalytic carbon can be purchased from either of two manufacturing sources: From England, or from the USA.
The following video shows how easy it is to make hydrogen by splitting water and creating hydrogen bubbles.
It is as easy as, well -- as easy as 1, 2, 3.
Please see the YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cU_u8FzqZ9Q&feature=youtu.be
1. Heat water to about 80C (about
1
180F). Use any water, including tap
water or sea water.
2.
Add CC, then some 30 micron
aluminum granules, and perhaps a bit of
soap to trap the hydrogen in bubbles.
3. Ignite the bubbles to show that this
is combustible gas. It is hydrogen.
2
FT.p65
3
Page 3
Experiment 1: Make hydrogen
1. Heat 50 mL water to a temperature of 170F
to 180F. When water is hot, add 2 teaspoons
of catalyst (CC) and one teaspoon of
aluminum powder.
2. Note the hydrogen bubbles are larger, and
the production rate is higher at higher
temperatures. The hydrogen production rate
DOUBLES for about each 20 F increase in
temperature. For example, the production
rate of hydrogen at 190F is TWICE the
production rate of hydrogen at a temperature
of 170F.
Non-metal material used as a
thermal buffer. This prevents
having the glass break because of
thermal shock.
Always use a thermometer! Water cools fast, and guessing at the temperature will often
be wrong and misleading.
Notice that the hydrogen bubbles are smaller at lower temperatures, and often larger at
higher temperatures. The reason is that, at higher temperatures, the rate of bubble
formation is higher and more bubbles join (on the way up to the surface of the water) to
become larger bubbles.
Temp = 176F
FT.p65
Temp = 182F
Page 4
How to build a simple hydrogen cell
2
3
1. Use a plastic canning jar,
1 pint size. Any plastic
container will do just fine.
Glass is dangerous, and
should be used ONLY if
safety precautions are taken
so that glass shards are not
allowed to cause human injury
in the event of a hydrogen
explosion. Glass will handle
the heat produced by the
reaction and the bubbles
(hydrogen production) can
be seen if a transparent glass
container is used.
2.
Use any plastic tubing.
Our lab uses Tygon tubing.
4
1
3. Use a grommet for support, to minimize the possibility of a leak because of stress at the
tube/lid interface.
4. Use a good cement. We use “Shoe Goo” and it works well. Other rubber cements will
probably work just as well.
FT.p65
Page 5
Experiment 2: How to use a simple hydrogen cell
The following experiment is simple.
1. Add tap water to jar to approximately the “onefourth full” level. (Jar supplied by experimenter.)
Heat jar and water to 180 degrees F.
2. Add 2 teaspoons of Catalytic
Carbon (supplied by Phillips Co.)
Jar should be 1/4 full.
Use any water; tap
water or DI water or
salt water. Water
temp should be
about 180F.
3. Add 2 teaspoon of aluminum
powder, or more if needed to have
black water (sufficient CC
concentration).
4. Wait 2 minutes to allow hydrogen
to clear the air from the jar. The
output from the tube will be
hydrogen.
Aluminum
Carbon
1. Add tap water to jar to approximately the “1/4 full” level. (Jar supplied and
apparatus constructed by experimenter.) Heat jar and water to 180 degrees F.
2. Add 2 (or more) teaspoons of Catalytic Carbon. Add CC until the water is
BLACK.
3. Use 30-micron aluminum power. Add 2 teaspoon of aluminum powder. Hydrogen
bubbles will begin to form, according to 2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 . Replace lid and
tighten.
4. Wait 2 minutes to allow hydrogen to clear the air from the jar and the plastic
tube. The output from the tube will be hydrogen.
FT.p65
Page 6
Experiment 3: Hydrogen gas can be ignited and it will burn
Hydrogen can be ignited and it will
burn. Combustible gas, delivered from
the cell, through the plastic tube, will
bubble if the end of the tube is held
below the water surface.
The
combustible can be ignited using a
fireplace lighter. Hydrogen burns with a
“foomp” sound whereas Brown’s gas
burns with a “pop” sound.
Flame
Hydrogen bubbles
This won’t work. Reason:
Glass is too deep; the flame
Hydrogen
consumes all the oxygen in
from cell
the space above the
hydrogen bubbles, and there
is not enough oxygen to
sustain the flame.
Fireplace lighter
Hydrogen bubbles
FT.p65
Page 7
Experiment 4: Measure hydrogen flow rate
1. Hydrogen can be produced in this vessel, called the “cell” or “reactor.”
2. Hydrogen flows from the cell to a bubbler.
3. Hydrogen goes from the bubbler to the gas-volume measurement apparatus. The gas
enters the bottom ( 4 ), and as the top vessel ( 5 ) is filled, the top vessel will rise.
The volume per unit time is measured and that is the flow rate. The top vessel can be
emptied and replaced as many times as needed to get an approximate TOTAL amount of
hydrogen produced from the 1 teaspoon of aluminum fuel.
6. Clean the cell after each use. Otherwise, after some time has passed, the aluminum
oxide will begin to “set up” and stick to the glass surface. If that happens, the glass can
easily be cleaned by putting 1 teaspoon of sodium hydroxide (drain cleaner) in the glass
and filling the glass container. Warning: Sodium hydroxide should be handled according
to the instructions on the product.
5
2
1
4
3
FT.p65
Page 8
More information is available to you
To get more testing information, please see the information online at
www.PhillipsCompany.4T.com/HYDROGEN.html
If you scroll to the END of that document there are several links that will provide more
information that might be useful.
Kind regards,
Howard Phillips
FT.p65
Page 9
Technology comparison; HHO system and H2 system
FT.p65
Page 10
Summary
We have discovered an amazing new method for producing hydrogen on demand. Pure
hydrogen (no oxygen) at any flow rate, 1 LPM, 2 LPM -- to 10 LPM. No EFIE or EFII
required. No oxygen sensor or EFI changes needed. Current required = 0 Amperes. No
electrolyte. No corrosion of anode or cathode (none at all!). pH is neutral. Chemistry is
safe.
FT.p65
Page 11
No hydrogen -- first test?
Here is an experiment that will
show that you have the ability
to produce hydrogen.
Start with a PYREX bowl. This
is the kind of bowl that is made
for use on a hot stove; a burner
or an electric heating element.
Put about 1/2 inch of water in
the bowl. Any water will work
fine -- tap water, distilled water
or sea water.
Place the bowl on the stove and
heat the water to about 180F.
Observation will much easier
with a glass (transparent) vessel.
FT.p65
Page 12
Put two teaspoons of Catalytic Carbon in
a mixing cup.
Put one teaspoon of 30-micron aluminum
powder in the same cup.
Mix the ingredients.
FT.p65
Page 13
Heat the water to approximately
180F. When the water ishot,
pour the CC and aluminum
(premixed) gently into the water.
Watch for bubbles. These are
hydrogen bubbles. This is not
boiling water. The temperature
is in the range of 180F, and water
does not boil until it reaches a
temp of 210 to 212F, depending
on the altitude. Water will boil at
a lower temp in Denver than in
Houston.
Hydrogen
Bubbles
Hydrogen
Bubbles
You will see a lot of hydrogen bubbles.
Now, we need for the water level to be higher, so that we
can light the bubbles with a fireplace lighter. Heat water in
a separate vessel (pan) to get more hot water.
Heat water in a
pan
FT.p65
Page 14
Lighting bubbles shows
that this is combustible
gas
Ignighting bubbles showed that this is
combustible gas (hydrogen). This experiment
works well if the water level is at the TOP of
the vessel. But, if the water level is LOW in
the vessel, the flame will consume all the oxygen
near the water surface, making it difficult
(impossible) to light the bubbles.
Movie video online at
www.PhillipsCompany.4T.com/H2at182.mov
Please watch the video clip. The
video clip shows the dynamics of the
hydrogen production. You will be
surprised. The movid clip shows that
hydrogen is produced at a rate much
higher than can be shown in a
snapshot.
To see the video clip, copy and
paste the web address (given above)
into the address window of your online
browser (Internet Explorer).
FT.p65
Page 15
Need more materials?
Use any aluminum powder. The finer (smaller particle size) the better. We use 30
micron aluminum powder, but finer aluminum powder is available and will perform better.
The aluminum can be ordered from multiple sources via Ebay. Larger particle size can be
used, but will produce less hydrogen per gram of aluminum. The reason for this is that
the hydrogen production rate at 180F is proportional to the surface area of the aluminum
in the cell. The surface-to-volume area of particles increases as the particle size
decreases. For more information about this, please see www.PhillipsCompany.4T.com/
APA.pdf
Save your CC. CC is a surface-activated catalyst. The surface will naturally separate
from the particle -- that is what makes the water black when you add the CC. So, after the
CC is added to water, most of the catalytic effect is in the black water -- not in the larger
particles of carbon in the cell. Recommendation: Save your black water and use it again
and again and again. If you pour out the black water, you are discarding your CC. The
larger particles (like coffee gounds) do not have the catalytic effect.
Need more Carbon Catalyst? We will be your supplier or we provide the name of a
distributor if you need more Catalytic Carbon (CC). Normal carbon will NOT work well,
so Catalytic Carbon must be used to get best results (high production rate of hydrogen).
The good news is that the CC is not consumed and can be used over and over, if desired.
Ordering is easier for you if you see the file
www.PhillipsCompany.4T.com/MCC.pdf
Phillips Company, Howard Phillips
Email: hp@valliant.net, Tel. 580 746 2430
FT.p65
Page 16