1. science
2. ecology
3. pollution

This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
TR2009/0327.03-01/001 Technical Assistance for
Implementation Capacity for the Environmental Noise
Directive (EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR)
Çevresel Gürültü Direktinin Uygulama Kapasitesi için
Teknik Yardım Projesi
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
What is a noise calculation method?
Simon SHILTON, Key Expert 2
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Overview
• Methods of assessment
• EC recommended Interim Methods
• Proposed Common Method for EU
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Calculation of noise outdoors
• Means of calculating noise outdoors is based upon
general physics of sound propagation
• Engineering calculation methods have existed in official
forms since 1970s
• Engineering methods are often semi-empirical, a mixture
of physics and correction factors to help the calculated
results align with the database of measurements
• Engineering methods are often designed for a particular
type of application; planning, legal, compensation,
mitigation design etc
– They are often reliable when used within their design
boundaries
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Noise calculation methodologies
• Engineering methods are numerical estimates of a
simplified physical reality
– Analytical models aim for a more complete description of
the physical reality, however they are currently too
expensive in data and calculation time to use beyond small
specific simulations
• Engineering methods are designed to provide answers
equivalent to the measured results when replicating
the situations during the verification process
• No engineering method has yet been designed to
simulate every real world situation
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Noise calculation methods
• Across Europe a multitude of engineering
calculation methods have been developed,
including:
– General: ISO 9613-2, Harmonoise, MSZ 15036
– Road: RLS 90, DIN 18005, RVS 3.02, NMPB/XPS 31-133, CRTN (L10 and
LAeq), UT2.1-302
– Industry: VDI 2714/ 2720 /2571, DIN 18005, DIN 18005, ÖAL 28, BS
5228, DAL 32
– Rail: SCHALL 03, DIN 18005, AKUSTIK 04, TRANSRAPID, ÖAL 30
(ÖNORM S 5011), CRN, RMR/SRM II, RLM2/ISO, MSZ 2904
– Aircraft: ECAC 29, AzB, AzB-L, DIN 45684, LBF
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Noise calculation methodologies
• They generally have a similar overall structure
– Source
• Calculate noise emission from sources, based upon input parameters
which affect noise emission
– Propagation
• Calculate the attenuation of the emitted noise as it travels to the
receptor location
• Including aspects such as: distance, screening, ground absorption, air
absorption, reflections, meteorology
• Detailed reviews of XPS 31-133 Interim, RMR Interim, ISO
9613-2 and ECAC Doc 29 will be presented later in the
workshop
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
EC RECOMMENDED INTERIM
METHODS
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
EC Directive 2002/49/EC
• Feb 1993 EC Fifth Environmental Action Programme
– First EC level basic targets on noise exposure to be reached by 2000
• Jan 1996 Progress report
– Concluded that inventories on the noise situation would be required
– Identified that a collective effort and a comprehensive approach at EU level
was required to take action on noise abatement
• Nov 1996 EC Green Paper on Future Noise Policy
– Addresses noise in the environment as one of the main environmental
problems in Europe
– Proposed a new approach in noise policy focussed on shared responsibility,
target setting, monitoring of progress and measures to improve the accuracy
and standardisation of data
• June 2002 EC Directive 2002/49/EC
– implements many key aspects envisaged in the Green Paper
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
EC Directive 2002/49/EC
• The Directive identifies that it is necessary to establish common
assessment methods for ‘environmental noise’, in terms of harmonised
indicators for the determination of noise levels
– The selected common noise indicators are Lden , to assess annoyance, and
Lnight, to assess sleep disturbance
– Common assessment methods for the determination of Lden and Lnight shall
be established by the Commission. Until these methods are adopted, Member
States may use assessment methods adapted in accordance with Annex II and
based upon the methods laid down in their own legislation (National method)
– Annex II sets out the “interim calculation methods” named because they are
to be used for interim time period until the commission is able to establish a
Common method of assessment
– Annex II also states that the Commission will publish guidelines on adapting
the methods to Lden and Lnight
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
AR-INTERIM-CM, Wolfel et al.
• To support the Commission in developing the guidelines and necessary
adaptations, project AR-INTERIM-CM was undertaken by a consortium led
by Wolfel Meßsysteme · Software GmbH & Co
• A final report plus a series of reports per method were published
providing:
– Non-contextual translations of Guide du Bruit and RMR
– Guidelines on use of the methods and software requirements
– Recommendations for adaptations to the methods for consideration by the
Commission
• NOTE: Caution is required when reviewing the Wolfel recommended adaptations as
several of them were not included within the final text of 2003/613/EC
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
EC Recommendation 2003/613/EC
• August 2003 EC published recommendation “concerning the guidelines on
the revised interim computation methods for industrial noise, aircraft
noise, road traffic noise and railway noise, and related emission data”,
2003/613/EC
– Sets out the recommended adaptations to the Interim Methods to be used for
strategic noise mapping under the END
• “Recommended Interim Methods” are therefore:
– Original methods listed in 2002/49/EC Annex II, plus
– Adaptations set out in 2003/613/EC
• When using noise calculation software it is important to ensure the
EC recommended Interim Method is used, and not the original
version
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
EC Directive 2002/49/EC
• As the directive was enacted in 2002, the methods in Annex II had to be
well established by this time
–
–
–
–
•
Article 12 enables the Commission to adapt Annex II to technical and scientific
progress, however this has not happened to date, hence current versions are:
–
–
–
–
•
Roads - NMPB-Routes-96, Guide du Bruit 1980
Rail – RMR 1996
Industry – ISO 9613-2, 1996
Aircraft – ECAC Doc 29 2nd Edition, 1997
Roads – NMPB 2008
Rail - RMR 2012
Industry – ISO 9613-2, 1996
Aircraft – ECAC Doc 29 3rd Edition, 2005
However, without a change in the legal text the versions in Annex II should be used
– Although ECAC Doc 29 3rd Edition was frequently used for R2 in 2012 as it is very similar
to 2nd Ed plus the segmentation technique in 2002/613/EC
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
DEFRA Research for WG-AEN
• In 2005 and 2007 consortia lead by Hepworth Acoustics undertook two
research projects funded by DEFRA in the UK, in support of WG-AEN Good
Practice Guide
• Aim was to develop quantified accuracy statements, in dB, for the GPG v2
Toolkits
• Scope included XPS 31-133 Interim, RMR Interim and assignment of noise
levels and people to dwellings
• Two series of final reports were published, including:
– Reviews of the methodologies
– Results of sensitivity analysis and error propagation testing of the methods to indicate
the impact of input data quality on noise level results
– Practical guidelines on application of the methods for strategic noise mapping
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
PROPOSED COMMON METHOD
FOR EU
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Proposed common method for EU
• The HARMONOISE project, 2001-2004, published the first
description of a noise calculation method for roads and railways
suitable for application across the whole of Europe
• The followed on project IMAGINE, 2004-2007, extended the
method to include industrial noise and investigated aircraft noise
• At this point it was expected that Harmonoise/IMAGINE would be
used for the R2 strategic noise mapping in 2012!
• The Harmonoise/IMAGINE point-to-point propagation method has
been integrated into most commercial noise mapping software for
research, testing and evaluation purposes
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Proposed common method for EU
• In December 2008 DG Joint Research Centre, Ispra, published
– “Assessment of the equivalence of national noise mapping methods against the interim
methods”
– which concluded with a fresh call for progress towards harmonised common methods
for Europe
• In March 2009 DG JRC held a workshop on data quality for noise mapping,
which effectively became the kick-off meeting for the development of the
Common Noise Assessment Methods for Europe (CNOSSOS-EU)
• DG JRC published the final report on CNOSSOS-EU Phase A in August 2012
with detailed technical descriptions of engineering methods for:
– Source models for roads, rail and industry
– Point to point propagation model based upon NMPB 2008
– Aircraft noise mapping to be undertaken using ECAC Doc 29 3rd Edition, 2005
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Proposed common method for EU
• Development of CNOSSOS-EU continues with a project lead by Extrium
which is delivering software implementations of:
– CNOSSOS-EU source models for road, rail and industry
– Point-to-point propagation modules for the following methods:
• JRC Reference Report August 2012, based upon NMPB 2008
• JRC Draft Report May 2010, based upon Harmonoise/IMAGINE
• ISO 9613-2
– These software modules may be integrated into commercial noise mapping software
packages in the future for research, testing and evaluation purposes
• DG Env and the NRC aim to vote on the revision of Annex II of the END
later in 2014, including selection of one of the three P2P methods
• DG Env aim to have the CNOSSOS-EU method in Annex II of the END as the
Common Method for use during R3 strategic noise mapping in 2017
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014
This project is financed by
the European Union and the Republic of Turkey
Technical Assistance for Implementation Capacity for the
Environmental Noise Directive
EuropeAid/131352/D/SER/TR
Thank you for your attention
Simon.shilton@acustica.co.uk
Preparation of Environmental Noise Models – 18 February 2014