Biology Letters volume 7 2011 Published by THE ROYAL SOCIETY 6 –9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG q 2011 The Royal Society ISSN 1744-9561 The six numbers in this volume can be obtained separately from the Royal Society, 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG. Copyright q 2011 The Royal Society Except as otherwise permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by the copyright Licensing Agency. In particular, the Society permits the making of a single photocopy of an article from the issue (under Sections 29 and 38 of this Act) for an individual for the purposes of research or private study. The text paper used in this publication is alkaline sized with a coating which is predominantly calcium carbonate. The resultant surface pH is in excess of 7.5, which gives the maximum practical permanence. Printed in England by Latimer Trend & Company Limited Typeset in India by Techset Composition Limited Biol. Lett. (2011) Contents no. 1, 23 February 2011 Editorial Editorial 2011 By B. Charlesworth 1 Meeting reports Genomics in the ecological arena By L. Orsini, E. Decaestecker, L. De Meester, M. E. Pfrender & J. K. Colbourne Biodiversity matters in a changing world By C. Di Poi, G. Diss & L. Freschi Animal behaviour Eye contact enhances mimicry of intransitive hand movements By Y. Wang, R. Newport & A. F. de C. Hamilton Extreme male leg polymorphic asymmetry in a new empidine dance fly (Diptera: Empididae) By C. Daugeron, A. Plant, I. Winkler, A. Stark & M. Baylac Chimpanzees and bonobos distinguish between risk and ambiguity By A. G. Rosati & B. Hare Maternal presence and environmental enrichment affect food neophobia of piglets By M. Oostindjer, J. M. Muñoz, H. Van den Brand, B. Kemp & J. E. Bolhuis Brevity is not always a virtue in primate communication By B. M. Bezerra, A. S. Souto, A. N. Radford & G. Jones Preparing for battle? Potential intergroup conflict promotes current intragroup affiliation By A. N. Radford Endophytic fungi reduce leaf-cutting ant damage to seedlings By L. S. Bittleston, F. Brockmann, W. Wcislo & S. A. Van Bael Individual right whales call louder in increased environmental noise By S. E. Parks, M. Johnson, D. Nowacek & P. L. Tyack Experimental evidence for real-time song frequency shift in response to urban noise in a passerine bird By E. Bermúdez-Cuamatzin, A. A. Rı́os-Chelén, D. Gil & C. M. Garcia Responding to inequities: gorillas try to maintain their competitive advantage during play fights By E. J. C. van Leeuwen, E. Zimmermann & M. David Ross Monarch butterflies cross the Appalachians from the west to recolonize the east coast of North America By N. G. Miller, L. I. Wassenaar, K. A. Hobson & D. R. Norris The function of nonlinear phenomena in meerkat alarm calls By S. W. Townsend & M. B. Manser Sex-specific effects of maternal immunization on yolk antibody transfer and offspring performance in zebra finches By R. Martyka, J. Rutkowska & M. Cichoń Reproductive competition and the evolution of extreme birth synchrony in a cooperative mammal By S. J. Hodge, M. B. V. Bell & M. A. Cant Male response to historical and geographical variation in bird song By E. P. Derryberry Social olfaction in marine mammals: wild female Australian sea lions can identify their pup’s scent By B. J. Pitcher, R. G. Harcourt, B. Schaal & I. Charrier Group decisions and individual differences: route fidelity predicts flight leadership in homing pigeons (Columba livia) By R. Freeman, R. Mann, T. Guilford & D. Biro Ancient death-grip leaf scars reveal ant – fungal parasitism By D. P. Hughes, T. Wappler & C. C. Labandeira Vocal cues to male androgen levels in giant pandas By B. D. Charlton, J. L. Keating, D. Kersey, L. Rengui, Y. Huang & R. R. Swaisgood Community ecology Plant species richness, identity and productivity differentially influence key groups of microbes in grassland soils of contrasting fertility By G. B. De Deyn, H. Quirk & R. D. Bardgett Predator diversity stabilizes and strengthens trophic control of a keystone grazer By J. N. Griffin & B. R. Silliman Biol. Lett. (2011) iii 2 4 7 11 15 19 23 26 30 33 36 39 43 47 50 54 57 60 63 67 71 75 79 iv Contents Conservation biology The world’s smallest whale population? By P. R. Wade, A. Kennedy, R. LeDuc, J. Barlow, J. Carretta, K. Shelden, W. Perryman, R. Pitman, K. Robertson, B. Rone, J. C. Salinas, A. Zerbini, R. L. Brownell Jr & P. J. Clapham Evolutionary biology Correlated evolution of brain regions involved in producing and processing facial expressions in anthropoid primates By S. D. Dobson & C. C. Sherwood Trophallaxis and prophylaxis: social immunity in the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus By C. Hamilton, B. T. Lejeune & R. B. Rosengaus Yolk testosterone reduces oxidative damages during postnatal development By J. C. Noguera, C. Alonso-Alvarez, S.-Y. Kim, J. Morales & A. Velando Geographic variation in the age of temperate-zone reptile and amphibian species: Southern Hemisphere species are older By S. Dubey & R. Shine The distribution of fitness effects of new beneficial mutations in Pseudomonas fluorescens By M. J. McDonald, T. F. Cooper, H. J. E. Beaumont & P. B. Rainey Sexual selection: when to expect trade-offs By D. Shutler Extreme lifespan of the human fish (Proteus anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms By Y. Voituron, M. de Fraipont, J. Issartel, O. Guillaume & J. Clobert Temperature effects on parasite prevalence in a natural hybrid complex By C. N. Schoebel, C. Tellenbach, P. Spaak & J. Wolinska 83 86 89 93 96 98 101 105 108 Evolutionary developmental biology Insulin receptor substrate influences female caste development in honeybees By F. Wolschin, N. S. Mutti & G. V. Amdam 112 Genome biology Positive selection on the killer whale mitogenome By A. D. Foote, P. A. Morin, J. W. Durban, R. L. Pitman, P. Wade, E. Willerslev, M. T. P. Gilbert & R. R. da Fonseca 116 Global change biology Immune defence under extreme ambient temperature By O. Seppälä & J. Jokela 119 Marine biology Hepatic coenzyme Q redox balance of fishes as a potential bioindicator of environmental contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons By G. Hasbi, R. de Nys, K. Burns, S. Whalan & W. C. Dunlap 123 Molecular evolution Evidence for heterozygote instability in microsatellite loci in house wrens By B. S. Masters, L. S. Johnson, B. G. P. Johnson, J. L. Brubaker, S. K. Sakaluk & C. F. Thompson Impact of translational selection on codon usage bias in the archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis By L. R. Emery & P. M. Sharp 127 131 Neurobiology Infant anticipatory stress By D. W. Haley, J. Cordick, S. Mackrell, I. Antony & M. Ryan-Harrison Hearing in the African lungfish (Protopterus annectens): pre-adaptation to pressure hearing in tetrapods? By J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, C. Brandt, M. Wilson, M. Wahlberg & P. T. Madsen 136 Palaeontology Simulating sauropod manus-only trackway formation using finite-element analysis By P. L. Falkingham, K. T. Bates, L. Margetts & P. L. Manning A soft-bodied lophophorate from the Silurian of England By M. D. Sutton, D. E. G. Briggs, D. J. Siveter & D. J. Siveter 142 Biol. Lett. (2011) 139 146 Contents v Physiology Stress hormone masculinizes female morphology and behaviour By R. Knapp, E. Marsh-Matthews, L. Vo & S. Rosencrans Hibernation does not affect memory retention in bats By I. Ruczynski & B. M. Siemers Phenoloxidase but not lytic activity reflects resistance against Pasteuria ramosa in Daphnia magna By K. Pauwels, L. De Meester, E. Decaestecker & R. Stoks Corrections Non-climatic thermal adaptation: implications for species’ responses to climate warming By D. J. Marshall, C. D. McQuaid & G. A. Williams 150 153 156 160 no. 2, 23 April 2011 Meeting reports Plant signalling: the opportunities and dangers of chemical communication By F. R. Adler Spatial ecology across scales By A. Hastings, S. Petrovskii & A. Morozov Animal behaviour Comment. Blackawton bees: commentary on Blackawton, P. S. et al. By L. T. Maloney & N. Hempel de Ibarra Blackawton bees By P. S. Blackawton, S. Airzee, A. Allen, S. Baker, A. Berrow, C. Blair, M. Churchill, J. Coles, R. F.-J. Cumming, L. Fraquelli, C. Hackford, A. Hinton Mellor, M. Hutchcroft, B. Ireland, D. Jewsbury, A. Littlejohns, G. M. Littlejohns, M. Lotto, J. McKeown, A. O’Toole, H. Richards, L. Robbins-Davey, S. Roblyn, H. Rodwell-Lynn, D. Schenck, J. Springer, A. Wishy, T. Rodwell-Lynn, D. Strudwick & R. B. Lotto Intraspecific queen parasitism in a highly eusocial bee By T. Wenseleers, D. A. Alves, T. M. Francoy, J. Billen & V. L. Imperatriz-Fonseca Differential outcomes of unilateral interferences at birth By A. de Boyer des Roches, V. Durier, M.-A. Richard-Yris, C. Blois-Heulin, M. Ezzaouı̈a, M. Hausberger & S. Henry Observational learning in orangutan cultural transmission chains By M. Dindo, T. Stoinski & A. Whiten Odour-based natal nest recognition in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a colony-breeding songbird By B. A. Caspers & E. T. Krause Wolbachia infection lowers fertile sperm transfer in a moth By Z. Lewis, F. E. Champion de Crespigny, S. M. Sait, T. Tregenza & N. Wedell Fight for your breeding right: hierarchy re-establishment predicts aggression in a social queue By M. Wong & S. Balshine Trophic eggs compensate for poor offspring feeding capacity in a subsocial burrower bug By N. Baba, M. Hironaka, T. Hosokawa, H. Mukai, S. Nomakuchi & T. Ueno Electrical signalling of dominance in a wild population of electric fish By V. Fugère, H. Ortega & R. Krahe 161 163 166 168 173 177 181 184 187 190 194 197 Community ecology Resource availability affects the structure of a natural bacteria – bacteriophage community By T. Poisot, G. Lepennetier, E. Martinez, J. Ramsayer & M. E. Hochberg 201 Conservation biology Decomposing phylogenetic entropy into a, b and g components By M. A. Mouchet & D. Mouillot 205 Evolutionary biology Opinion piece. On measuring selection in experimental evolution By L.-M. Chevin Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation By E. H. Burtt Jr, M. R. Schroeder, L. A. Smith, J. E. Sroka & K. J. McGraw Exposure to sexual signals during rearing increases immune defence in adult field crickets By N. W. Bailey, B. Gray & M. Zuk Biol. Lett. (2011) 210 214 217 vi Contents Male dance moves that catch a woman’s eye By N. Neave, K. McCarty, J. Freynik, N. Caplan, J. Hönekopp & B. Fink Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands By T. M. Townsend, K. A. Tolley, F. Glaw, W. Böhme & M. Vences An indigenous religious ritual selects for resistance to a toxicant in a livebearing fish By M. Tobler, Z. W. Culumber, M. Plath, K. O. Winemiller & G. G. Rosenthal Light enough to travel: migratory bats have smaller brains, but not larger hippocampi, than sedentary species By L. P. McGuire & J. M. Ratcliffe Performance of human groups in social foraging: the role of communication in consensus decision making By A. J. King, C. Narraway, L. Hodgson, A. Weatherill, V. Sommer & S. Sumner Uneven distribution of cryptic diversity among higher taxa of parasitic worms By R. Poulin Interspecific symbiont transfection confers a novel ecological trait to the recipient insect By T. Tsuchida, R. Koga, S. Matsumoto & T. Fukatsu Antimicrobial strength increases with group size: implications for social evolution By C. Turnbull, S. Hoggard, M. Gillings, C. Palmer, A. Stow, D. Beattie, D. Briscoe, S. Smith, P. Wilson & A. Beattie Evidence for viable, non-clonal but fatherless Boa constrictors By W. Booth, D. H. Johnson, S. Moore, C. Schal & E. L. Vargo Evidence for genetically influenced caste determination in phylogenetically diverse species of the termite genus Reticulitermes By O. Kitade, M. Hoshi, S. Odaira, A. Asano, M. Shimizu, Y. Hayashi & N. Lo Larger testes are associated with a higher level of polyandry, but a smaller ejaculate volume, across bushcricket species (Tettigoniidae) By K. Vahed, D. J. Parker & J. D. J. Gilbert Trematode parasites infect or die in snail hosts By K. C. King, J. Jokela & C. M. Lively Dietary protein content affects evolution for body size, body fat and viability in Drosophila melanogaster By T. N. Kristensen, J. Overgaard, V. Loeschcke & D. Mayntz Mushroom’s spore size and time of fruiting are strongly related: is moisture important? By H. Kauserud, E. Heegaard, R. Halvorsen, L. Boddy, K. Høiland & N. Chr. Stenseth The evolution of eusociality in allodapine bees: workers began by waiting By M. P. Schwarz, S. M. Tierney, S. M. Rehan, L. B. Chenoweth & S. J. B. Cooper 221 225 229 233 237 241 245 249 253 257 261 265 269 273 277 Evolutionary developmental biology Patterning of a compound eye on an extinct dipteran wing By A. Dinwiddie & S. Rachootin Predator cues alter the timing of developmental events in gastropod embryos By S. D. Rundle, J. J. Smirthwaite, M. W. Colbert & J. I. Spicer 285 Global change biology Will krill fare well under Southern Ocean acidification? By S. Kawaguchi, H. Kurihara, R. King, L. Hale, T. Berli, J. P. Robinson, A. Ishida, M. Wakita, P. Virtue, S. Nicol & A. Ishimatsu 288 Marine biology Fish mucous cocoons: the ‘mosquito nets’ of the sea By A. S. Grutter, J. G. Rumney, T. Sinclair-Taylor, P. Waldie & C. E. Franklin 292 Palaeontology Unexpected resilience of species with temperature-dependent sex determination at the Cretaceous– Palaeogene boundary By S. Silber, J. H. Geisler & M. Bolortsetseg 295 Population ecology A quarter of a world away: female humpback whale moves 10 000 km between breeding areas By P. T. Stevick, M. C. Neves, F. Johansen, M. H. Engel, J. Allen, M. C. C. Marcondes & C. Carlson To breed or not to breed: a seabird’s response to extreme climatic events By S. Cubaynes, P. F. Doherty Jr, E. A. Schreiber & O. Gimenez Biol. Lett. (2011) 281 299 303 Contents vii Eating the competition speeds up invasions By R. J. Hall The bigger they come, the harder they fall: body size and prey abundance influence predator– prey ratios By C. Carbone, N. Pettorelli & P. A. Stephens Population genetics The cosmopolitan maternal heritage of the Thoroughbred racehorse breed shows a significant contribution from British and Irish native mares By M. A. Bower, M. G. Campana, M. Whitten, C. J. Edwards, H. Jones, E. Barrett, R. Cassidy, R. E. R. Nisbet, E. W. Hill, C. J. Howe & M. Binns 307 312 316 no. 3, 23 June 2011 Meeting reports Frugivores and seed dispersal: mechanisms and consequences for biodiversity of a key ecological interaction By P. Jordano, P.-M. Forget, J. E. Lambert, K. Böhning-Gaese, A. Traveset & S. J. Wright Frontiers of marine science By T. J. Webb & E. S. Poloczanska Animal behaviour Parasitic infection reduces dispersal of ciliate host By S. Fellous, E. Quillery, A. B. Duncan & O. Kaltz Do I stand out or blend in? Conspicuousness awareness and consistent behavioural differences in hermit crabs By M. Briffa & C. Twyman Does foreplay matter? Gammarus pulex females may benefit from long-lasting precopulatory mate guarding By M. Galipaud, F.-X. Dechaume-Moncharmont, A. Oughadou & L. Bollache Individual benefits of nestling begging: experimental evidence for an immediate effect, but no evidence for a delayed effect By C. M. Lessells, K. Riebel & T. Ion Draganoiu Songs differing in consistency elicit differential aggressive response in territorial birds By H. F. Rivera-Gutierrez, R. Pinxten & M. Eens The role of female dominance hierarchies in the mating behaviour of mosquitofish By T. Chen, M. Beekman & A. J. W. Ward Social rank governs the effective environment of siblings By S. Forbes Male fish use prior knowledge about rivals to adjust their mate choice By D. Bierbach, A. Girndt, S. Hamfler, M. Klein, F. Mücksch, M. Penshorn, M. Schwinn, C. Zimmer, I. Schlupp, B. Streit & M. Plath An offspring signal of quality affects the timing of future parental reproduction By F. Mas & M. Kölliker Directional preference may enhance hunting accuracy in foraging foxes By J. Červený, S. Begall, P. Koubek, P. Nováková & H. Burda Flexing the abdominals: do bigger muscles make better fighters? By S. L. Mowles, P. A. Cotton & M. Briffa Adult frogs are sensitive to the predation risks of olfactory communication By R. Hamer, F. L. Lemckert & P. B. Banks Condition- and parasite-dependent expression of a male-like trait in a female bird By J. Martinez-Padilla, P. Vergara, L. Pérez-Rodrı́guez, F. Mougeot, F. Casas, S. C. Ludwig, J. A. Haines, M. Zeineddine & S. M. Redpath The heritability of multiple male mating in a promiscuous mammal By S. E. McFarlane, J. E. Lane, R. W. Taylor, J. C. Gorrell, D. W. Coltman, M. M. Humphries, S. Boutin & A. G. McAdam Re-orienting in space: do animals use global or local geometry strategies? By D. M. Kelly, C. Chiandetti & G. Vallortigara Evidence of social learning in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) By T. S. Stoinski, L. A. Drayton & E. E. Price Sex differences in spatial ability: a test of the range size hypothesis in the order Carnivora By B. M. Perdue, R. J. Snyder, Z. Zhihe, M. J. Marr & T. L. Maple Biol. Lett. (2011) 321 324 327 330 333 336 339 343 346 349 352 355 358 361 364 368 372 376 380 viii Contents Biomechanics There is no trade-off between speed and force in a dynamic lever system By M. J. McHenry 384 Community ecology Aphid – parasitoid community structure on genetically modified wheat By S. von Burg, F. J. F. van Veen, F. Álvarez-Alfageme & J. Romeis 387 Conservation biology Going, going, gone: the impact of white-nose syndrome on the summer activity of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) By Y. Dzal, L. P. McGuire, N. Veselka & M. B. Fenton Climate change affects populations of northern birds in boreal protected areas By R. Virkkala & A. Rajasärkkä After 60 years, an answer to the question: what is the Karner blue butterfly? By M. L. Forister, Z. Gompert, J. A. Fordyce & C. C. Nice Old-growth forest is what giant pandas really need By Z. Zhang, R. R. Swaisgood, S. Zhang, L. A. Nordstrom, H. Wang, X. Gu, J. Hu & F. Wei Origin of invasive Florida frogs traced to Cuba By M. P. Heinicke, L. M. Diaz & S. B. Hedges Confirmation of right whales near a nineteenth-century whaling ground east of southern Greenland By D. K. Mellinger, S. L. Nieukirk, K. Klinck, H. Klinck, R. P. Dziak, P. J. Clapham & B. Brandsdóttir Evolutionary biology Discovery of skin alkaloids in a miniaturized eleutherodactylid frog from Cuba By A. Rodrı́guez, D. Poth, S. Schulz & M. Vences Offspring viability benefits but no apparent costs of mating with high quality males By L. W. Simmons & R. Holley Competition between high- and higher-mutating strains of Escherichia coli By C. F. Gentile, S.-C. Yu, S. A. Serrano, P. J. Gerrish & P. D. Sniegowski A trade-off between embryonic development rate and immune function of avian offspring is revealed by considering embryonic temperature By T. E. Martin, E. Arriero & A. Majewska Oxidative damage to DNA related to survivorship and carotenoid-based sexual ornamentation in the common yellowthroat By C. R. Freeman-Gallant, J. Amidon, B. Berdy, S. Wein, C. C. Taff & M. F. Haussmann Does reduced heterozygosity influence dispersal? A test using spatially structured populations in an alpine ungulate By A. B. A. Shafer, J. Poissant, S. D. Côté & D. W. Coltman A novel resource– service mutualism between bats and pitcher plants By T. U. Grafe, C. R. Schöner, G. Kerth, A. Junaidi & M. G. Schöner 392 395 399 403 407 411 414 419 422 425 429 433 436 Evolutionary developmental biology Neither infants nor toddlers catch yawns from their mothers By A. Millen & J. R. Anderson Evolutionary transitions between mechanisms of sex determination in vertebrates By A. E. Quinn, S. D. Sarre, T. Ezaz, J. A. M. Graves & A. Georges 440 Marine biology The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats By K. J. Osborn, L. P. Madin & G. W. Rouse Patterns of variability in early-life traits of fishes depend on spatial scale of analysis By A. D. Franco & P. Guidetti 449 454 Neurobiology Opinion piece. Learning to understand others’ actions By C. Press, C. Heyes & J. M. Kilner 457 Palaeontology Penguin heat-retention structures evolved in a greenhouse Earth By D. B. Thomas, D. T. Ksepka & R. E. Fordyce 461 Biol. Lett. (2011) 443 Contents ix Physiology Removing the rubbish: frogs eliminate foreign objects from the body cavity through the bladder By C. R. Tracy, K. A. Christian, L. J. McArthur & C. M. Gienger Chronic exposure to dim light at night suppresses immune responses in Siberian hamsters By T. A. Bedrosian, L. K. Fonken, J. C. Walton & R. J. Nelson Population ecology Plant mortality varies with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species identities in a self-thinning population By Q. Zhang, J. Tang & X. Chen Specific, non-nutritional association between an ascomycete fungus and Allomerus plant-ants By M. X. Ruiz-González, P.-J. G. Malé, C. Leroy, A. Dejean, H. Gryta, P. Jargeat, A. Quilichini & J. Orivel 465 468 472 475 no. 4, 23 August 2011 Meeting reports Ecosystem approach to inland fisheries: research needs and implementation strategies By T. D. Beard Jr, R. Arlinghaus, S. J. Cooke, P. B. McIntyre, S. De Silva, D. Bartley & I. G. Cowx Comparative analysis of European wide marine ecosystem shifts: a large-scale approach for developing the basis for ecosystem-based management By C. Möllmann, A. Conversi & M. Edwards Animal behaviour Comment. Nemo through the looking-glass: a commentary on Desjardins & Fernald By R. F. Oliveira & A. V. M. Canário Opinion piece. ‘Canis empathicus’? A proposal on dogs’ capacity to empathize with humans By K. Silva & L. de Sousa Calling at a cost: elevated nestling calling attracts predators to active nests By T. M. Haff & R. D. Magrath Cerebral lateralization determines hand preferences in Australian parrots By C. Brown & M. Magat Nocturnal insects use optic flow for flight control By E. Baird, E. Kreiss, W. Wcislo, E. Warrant & M. Dacke Individuality in bird migration: routes and timing By Y. Vardanis, R. H. G. Klaassen, R. Strandberg & T. Alerstam Understanding testosterone variation in a tropical lek-breeding bird By T. B. Ryder, B. M. Horton & I. T. Moore Olfaction-based anthropophily in a mosquito-specialist predator By F. R. Cross & R. R. Jackson Female bonobos use copulation calls as social signals By Z. Clay, S. Pika, T. Gruber & K. Zuberbühler Dome-shaped functional response induced by nutrient imbalance of the prey By B. B. Bressendorff & S. Toft Synergy between social and private information increases foraging efficiency in ants By T. J. Czaczkes, C. Grüter, S. M. Jones & F. L. W. Ratnieks Conflicting preferences within females: sexual selection versus species recognition By G. G. Rosenthal & M. J. Ryan Too much of a good thing? Variety is confusing in mate choice By A. P. Lenton & M. Francesconi Critically endangered blonde capuchins fish for termites and use new techniques to accomplish the task By A. Souto, C. B. C. Bione, M. Bastos, B. M. Bezerra, D. Fragaszy & N. Schiel Rapid behavioural diagnosis of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions By P. Cook, C. Reichmuth & F. Gulland 481 484 487 489 493 496 499 502 506 510 513 517 521 525 528 532 536 Biomechanics Variability of neural activation during walking in humans: short heels and big calves By A. N. Ahn, J. K. Kang, M. A. Quitt, B. C. Davidson & C. T. Nguyen 539 Biophysics Colour-producing b-keratin nanofibres in blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) feathers By L. D’Alba, V. Saranathan, J. A. Clarke, J. A. Vinther, R. O. Prum & M. D. Shawkey 543 Biol. Lett. (2011) x Contents Biomechanics The biomechanics of fast prey capture in aquatic bladderworts By A. K. Singh, S. Prabhakar & S. P. Sane 547 Community ecology Shoreline urbanization interrupts allochthonous subsidies to a benthic consumer over a gradient of lake size By E. R. Larson, J. D. Olden & N. Usio 551 Evolutionary biology Comment. Oribatid mites and skin alkaloids in poison frogs By G. Raspotnig, R. A. Norton & M. Heethoff Invited reply. Defining frontiers in mite and frog alkaloid research By M. Vences, S. Schulz, D. Poth & A. Rodriguez The evolution of island gigantism and body size variation in tortoises and turtles By A. L. Jaffe, G. J. Slater & M. E. Alfaro Parental age difference, educationally assortative mating and offspring count: evidence from a contemporary population in Taiwan By M.-W. Tsou, J.-T. Liu & J. K. Hammitt A common heritable factor influences prosocial obligations across multiple domains By G. J. Lewis & T. C. Bates Ant queens adjust egg fertilization to benefit from both sexual and asexual reproduction By S. Aron, I. Timmermans & M. Pearcy The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi By M. I. Bidartondo, D. J. Read, J. M. Trappe, V. Merckx, R. Ligrone & J. G. Duckett Coevolving parasites enhance the diversity-decreasing effect of dispersal By T. Vogwill, A. Fenton & M. A. Brockhurst 555 557 558 562 567 571 574 578 Marine biology A first estimate of white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, abundance off Central California By T. K. Chapple, S. J. Jorgensen, S. D. Anderson, P. E. Kanive, A. P. Klimley, L. W. Botsford & B. A. Block 581 Molecular evolution A novel form of oxytocin in New World monkeys By A. G. Lee, D. R. Cool, W. C. Grunwald Jr, D. E. Neal, C. L. Buckmaster, M. Y. Cheng, S. A. Hyde, D. M. Lyons & K. J. Parker 584 Neurobiology Spatial facilitation by a high-performance dragonfly target-detecting neuron By K. Nordström, D. M. Bolzon & D. C. O’Carroll 588 Palaeontology Bone remodelling in Neanderthal mandibles from the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain) By C. Martinez-Maza, A. Rosas, S. Garcı́a-Vargas, A. Estalrrich & M. de la Rasilla 593 Physiology Opinion piece. Peptide transport and animal growth: the fish paradigm By T. Verri, G. Terova, K. Dabrowski & M. Saroglia On the vapour trail of an atmospheric imprint in insects By M. D. F. Ellwood, R. G. W. Northfield, M. Mejia-Chang & H. Griffiths Yolk androgen deposition without an energetic cost for female rockhopper penguins: a compensatory strategy to accelerate brood reduction? By M. Poisbleau, D. Carslake, L. Demongin, M. Eens, O. Chastel & P. Quillfeldt Population ecology Stress associated with group living in a long-lived bird By N. Selva, A. Cortés-Avizanda, J. A. Lemus, G. Blanco, T. Mueller, B. Heinrich & J. A. Donázar Energetic inequivalence in eusocial insect colonies By J. P. DeLong Taxonomic variation in size – density relationships challenges the notion of energy equivalence By N. J. B. Isaac, D. Storch & C. Carbone Biol. Lett. (2011) 597 601 605 608 611 615 Contents xi Special Feature Cognition in the wild Guest edited by Richard Byrne & Lucy Bates Introduction. Cognition in the wild: exploring animal minds with observational evidence By R. W. Byrne & L. A. Bates A new level of complexity in the male alliance networks of Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) By R. C. Connor, J. J. Watson-Capps, W. B. Sherwin & M. Krützen Orangutan pantomime: elaborating the message By A. Russon & K. Andrews Opinion piece. Taxonomic counts of cognition in the wild By L. Lefebvre Elemental variation in the termite fishing of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) By C. M. Sanz & D. B. Morgan Do solitary foraging nocturnal mammals plan their routes? By M. Joly & E. Zimmermann no. 5, 23 October 2011 Meeting reports Trench Connection By A. J. Jamieson & T. Fujii Integrating ecology into macroevolutionary research By L. McInnes, W. J. Baker, T. G. Barraclough, K. K. Dasmahapatra, A. Goswami, L. J. Harmon, H. Morlon, A. Purvis, J. Rosindell, G. H. Thomas, S. T. Turvey & A. B. Phillimore Animal behaviour Comment. Of global space or perceived place? Comment on Kelly et al. By B. R. Sturz & K. D. Bodily Invited reply. A misunderstanding of principal and medial axes? Reply to Sturz & Bodily By D. M. Kelly, S. Durocher, C. Chiandetti & G. Vallortigara Altruism in networks: the effect of connections By O. Curry & R. I. M. Dunbar Spontaneous discrimination of possible and impossible objects by newly hatched chicks By L. Regolin, R. Rugani, G. Stancher & G. Vallortigara Androgen receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with aggression in Japanese Akita Inu By A. Konno, M. Inoue-Murayama & T. Hasegawa Lekking birds in a tropical forest forego sex for migration By W. A. Boyle, C. G. Guglielmo, K. A. Hobson & D. R. Norris A novel interference behaviour: invasive wasps remove ants from resources and drop them from a height By J. Grangier & P. J. Lester Sexy birds are superior at solving a foraging problem By F. Mateos-Gonzalez, J. Quesada & J. C. Senar Persistence of host defence behaviour in the absence of avian brood parasitism By B. D. Peer, M. J. Kuehn, S. I. Rothstein & R. C. Fleischer Straight as an arrow: humpback whales swim constant course tracks during long-distance migration By T. W. Horton, R. N. Holdaway, A. N. Zerbini, N. Hauser, C. Garrigue, A. Andriolo & P. J. Clapham Squirrel monkeys’ response to inequitable outcomes indicates a behavioural convergence within the primates By C. F. Talbot, H. D. Freeman, L. E. Williams & S. F. Brosnan Lateralization of lateral displays in convict cichlids By G. Arnott, C. Ashton & R. W. Elwood Mechanism of birth in chimpanzees: humans are not unique among primates By S. Hirata, K. Fuwa, K. Sugama, K. Kusunoki & H. Takeshita Female but not male dogs respond to a size constancy violation By C. A. Müller, C. Mayer, S. Dörrenberg, L. Huber & F. Range Biol. Lett. (2011) 619 623 627 631 634 638 641 644 647 649 651 654 658 661 664 668 670 674 680 683 686 689 xii Contents Long-distance migrating species of birds travel in larger groups By G. Beauchamp 692 Biomechanics Volumetric imaging of fish locomotion By B. E. Flammang, G. V. Lauder, D. R. Troolin & T. E. Strand 695 Community ecology Do interactions between plant and soil biota change with elevation? A study on Fagus sylvatica By E. Defossez, B. Courbaud, B. Marcais, W. Thuiller, E. Granda & G. Kunstler Climate change impact on Balearic shearwater through a trophic cascade By C. Luczak, G. Beaugrand, M. Jaffré & S. Lenoir Ants inhabiting myrmecophytic ferns regulate the distribution of lianas on emergent trees in a Bornean tropical rainforest By H. O. Tanaka & T. Itioka Top predators suppress rather than facilitate plants in a trait-mediated tri-trophic cascade By J. N. Griffin, J. Butler, N. N. Soomdat, K. E. Brun, Z. A. Chejanovski & B. R. Silliman Waders in winter: long-term changes of migratory bird assemblages facing climate change By L. Godet, M. Jaffré & V. Devictor Species – energy relationships in deep-sea molluscs By D. P. Tittensor, M. A. Rex, C. T. Stuart, C. R. McClain & C. R. Smith Conservation biology Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species By G. Campbell, H. Kuehl, A. Diarrassouba, P. K. N’Goran & C. Boesch Evolutionary biology Queen pheromone regulates egg production in a termite By Y. Yamamoto & K. Matsuura Brains and the city: big-brained passerine birds succeed in urban environments By A. A. Maklakov, S. Immler, A. Gonzalez-Voyer, J. Rönn & N. Kolm Tactic-dependent plasticity in ejaculate traits in the swordtail Xiphophorus nigrensis By C. C. Smith & M. J. Ryan Not whale-fall specialists, Osedax worms also consume fishbones By G. W. Rouse, S. K. Goffredi, S. B. Johnson & R. C. Vrijenhoek Sexual ornamentation reflects antibacterial activity of ejaculates in mallards By M. Rowe, G. Á. Czirják, K. J. McGraw & M. Giraudeau Symbiont infection affects aphid defensive behaviours By E. Dion, S. E. Polin, J.-C. Simon & Y. Outreman Host-switching by a vertically transmitted rhabdovirus in Drosophila By B. Longdon, L. Wilfert, J. Osei-Poku, H. Cagney, D. J. Obbard & F. M. Jiggins Variation of osteocyte lacunae size within the tetrapod skeleton: implications for palaeogenomics By S. Montanari, S. L. Brusatte, W. De Wolf & M. A. Norell Transgenerational effects of food availability on age at maturity and reproductive output in an asexual collembolan species By N. Hafer, S. Ebil, T. Uller & N. Pike Evolutionary developmental biology Evidence that gastropod torsion is driven by asymmetric cell proliferation activated by TGF-b signalling By Y. Kurita & H. Wada Global change biology Temporal changes in greenspace in a highly urbanized region By M. Dallimer, Z. Tang, P. R. Bibby, P. Brindley, K. J. Gaston & Z. G. Davies Local perceptions of climate change validated by scientific evidence in the Himalayas By P. Chaudhary & K. S. Bawa Are soils in urban ecosystems compacted? A citywide analysis By J. L. Edmondson, Z. G. Davies, S. A. McCormack, K. J. Gaston & J. R. Leake Palaeontology A golden orb-weaver spider (Araneae: Nephilidae: Nephila) from the Middle Jurassic of China By P. A. Selden, C.-K. Shih & D. Ren The energetics of low browsing in sauropods By G. D. Ruxton & D. M. Wilkinson Biol. Lett. (2011) 699 702 706 710 714 718 723 727 730 733 736 740 743 747 751 755 759 763 767 771 775 779 Contents xiii Phylogeny Multiple lineages of lice pass through the K– Pg boundary By V. S. Smith, T. Ford, K. P. Johnson, P. C. D. Johnson, K. Yoshizawa & J. E. Light Physiology Regurgitation and remastication in the foregut-fermenting proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) By I. Matsuda, T. Murai, M. Clauss, T. Yamada, A. Tuuga, H. Bernard & S. Higashi Why do some adult birds skip breeding? A hormonal investigation in a long-lived bird By A. Goutte, M. Kriloff, H. Weimerskirch & O. Chastel Rain increases the energy cost of bat flight By C. C. Voigt, K. Schneeberger, S. L. Voigt-Heucke & D. Lewanzik Population genetics Advergence in Müllerian mimicry: the case of the poison dart frogs of Northern Peru revisited By M. Chouteau, K. Summers, V. Morales & B. Angers 782 786 790 793 796 no. 6, 23 December 2011 Meeting reports Synthesizing and databasing fossil calibrations: divergence dating and beyond By D. T. Ksepka, M. J. Benton, M. T. Carrano, M. A. Gandolfo, J. J. Head, E. J. Hermsen, W. G. Joyce, K. S. Lamm, J. S. L. Patané, M. J. Phillips, P. D. Polly, M. Van Tuinen, J. L. Ware, R. C. M. Warnock & J. F. Parham Vertebrate palaeontology of Australasia into the twenty-first century By J. M. T. Nguyen, M. Molak, K. H. Black, E. M. G. Fitzgerald, K. J. Travouillon & S. Y. W. Ho Animal behaviour Chemical kin label in seabirds By A. Célérier, C. Bon, A. Malapert, P. Palmas & F. Bonadonna To fear or to feed: the effects of turbidity on perception of risk by a marine fish S. M. Leahy, M. I. McCormick, M. D. Mitchell & M. C. O. Ferrari Consistent avoidance of human disturbance over large geographical distances by a migratory bird By Z. Végvári, Z. Barta, P. Mustakallio & T. Székely The ghost of social environments past: dominance relationships include current interactions and experience carried over from previous groups By C. J. Tanner, G. D. Salali & A. L. Jackson Social environment determines degree of chemical signalling By S. Steiger, W. Haberer & J. K. Müller Navigating a tool end in a specific direction: stick-tool use in kea (Nestor notabilis) By A. M. I. Auersperg, L. Huber & G. K. Gajdon Memory processing in great apes: the effect of time and sleep By G. Martin-Ordas & J. Call Great flights by great snipes: long and fast non-stop migration over benign habitats By R. H. G. Klaassen, T. Alerstam, P. Carlsson, J. W. Fox & Å. Lindström Frequency-dependent variation in the two-dimensional beam pattern of an echolocating dolphin By J. Starkhammar, P. W. Moore, L. Talmadge & D. S. Houser Noisy human neighbours affect where urban monkeys live By M. H. L. Duarte, M. A. Vecci, A. Hirsch & R. J. Young The cost of a bodyguard By F. Maure, J. Brodeur, N. Ponlet, J. Doyon, A. Firlej, E. Elguero & F. Thomas Nutritional geometry: gorillas prioritize non-protein energy while consuming surplus protein By J. M. Rothman, D. Raubenheimer & C. A. Chapman Different behavioural responses to anthropogenic noise by two closely related passerine birds By C. D. Francis, C. P. Ortega & A. Cruz Age-dependent inbreeding risk and offspring fitness costs in female black grouse By C. D. Soulsbury, R. V. Alatalo, C. Lebigre, K. Rokka & H. Siitari A new navigational mechanism mediated by ant ocelli By S. Schwarz, A. Wystrach & K. Cheng Experimental manipulation of fertility reveals potential lactation costs in a free-ranging marsupial By J. K. Cripps, M. E. Wilson, M. A. Elgar & G. Coulson Long-term cleaner fish presence affects growth of a coral reef fish By G. E. Clague, K. L. Cheney, A. W. Goldizen, M. I. McCormick, P. A. Waldie & A. S. Grutter Biol. Lett. (2011) 801 804 807 811 814 818 822 825 829 833 836 840 843 847 850 853 856 859 863 xiv Contents Ultraviolet nuptial colour determines fight success in male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis) By K. Bajer, O. Molnár, J. Török & G. Herczeg Sibling bullying during infancy does not make wimpy adults By O. Sánchez-Macouzet & H. Drummond Happy orang-utans live longer lives By A. Weiss, M. J. Adams & J. E. King African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) use inference by exclusion to find hidden food By S. Mikolasch, K. Kotrschal & C. Schloegl Biomechanics Comment. There is always a trade-off between speed and force in a lever system: comment on McHenry (2010) By A. S. Arnold, C. T. Richards, I. G. Ros & A. A. Biewener Invited reply. A force– speed trade-off is not absolute By M. McHenry & A. Summers How dogs lap: ingestion and intraoral transport in Canis familiaris By A. W. Crompton & C. Musinsky Serotonin modulates muscle function in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana By S. P. Gerry & D. J. Ellerby 866 869 872 875 878 880 882 885 Evolutionary biology Female choice and extra-pair paternity in a traditional human population By B. A. Scelza Experimental evidence that women’s mate preferences are directly influenced by cues of pathogen prevalence and resource scarcity By A. J. Lee & B. P. Zietsch Explaining the heritability of an ecologically significant trait in terms of individual quantitative trait loci By A. G. Scoville, Y. W. Lee, J. H. Willis & J. K. Kelly Shame and honour drive cooperation By J. Jacquet, C. Hauert, A. Traulsen & M. Milinski Bacteriophage selection against a plasmid-encoded sex apparatus leads to the loss of antibiotic-resistance plasmids By M. Jalasvuori, V.-P. Friman, A. Nieminen, J. K. H. Bamford & A. Buckling Basal superoxide as a sex-specific immune constraint By M. Tobler, M. Healey, M. Wilson & M. Olsson Speciation in caves: experimental evidence that permanent darkness promotes reproductive isolation By R. Riesch, M. Plath & I. Schlupp Craniofacial form and function in Metriorhynchidae (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia): modelling phenotypic evolution with maximum-likelihood methods By M. T. Young, M. A. Bell & S. L. Brusatte 913 Global change biology Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish By S. D. Simpson, P. L. Munday, M. L. Wittenrich, R. Manassa, D. L. Dixson, M. Gagliano & H. Y. Yan 917 Marine biology Metamorphosing reef fishes avoid predator scent when choosing a home By A. L. Vail & M. I. McCormick 921 889 892 896 899 902 906 909 Palaeontology Dinosaur extinction: closing the ‘3 m gap’ By T. R. Lyson, A. Bercovici, S. G. B. Chester, E. J. Sargis, D. Pearson & W. G. Joyce An Early Cambrian stem polychaete with pygidial cirri By J. Vinther, D. Eibye-Jacobsen & D. A. T. Harper First spinosaurid dinosaur from Australia and the cosmopolitanism of Cretaceous dinosaur faunas By P. M. Barrett, R. B. J. Benson, T. H. Rich & P. Vickers-Rich The predatory behaviour of the thylacine: Tasmanian tiger or marsupial wolf? By B. Figueirido & C. M. Janis 937 Physiology Leeches run cold, then hot By A. M. Petersen, W. Chin, K. L. Feilich, G. Jung, J. L. Quist, J. Wang & D. J. Ellerby 941 Biol. Lett. (2011) 925 929 933 Contents xv The stress of parenthood? Increased glucocorticoids in birds with experimentally enlarged broods By F. Bonier, I. T. Moore & R. J. Robertson Population ecology Opinion piece. Epidemiological consequences of a newly discovered cryptic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae By L. Yakob Risk factors associated with mortality from white-nose syndrome among hibernating bat colonies By A. P. Wilder, W. F. Frick, K. E. Langwig & T. H. Kunz Predation of experimental nests is linked to local population dynamics in a fragmented bird population By M. Vögeli, P. Laiolo, D. Serrano & J. L. Tella Birds bias offspring sex ratio in response to livestock grazing By G. L. Prior, D. M. Evans, S. Redpath, S. J. Thirgood & P. Monaghan Biol. Lett. (2011) 944 947 950 954 958 RSBL_7_6_cover.qxd 11/1/11 8:31 PM Page 2 Editor-in-Chief Professor Brian Charlesworth Editors Dr Joan Herbers Dr Paul Sniegowski Publishing Editor Charlotte Wray Editorial Board Brian Charlesworth, Editor-in-Chief School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Joan Herbers, Editor Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University Paul Sniegowski, Editor Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Leticia Avilés Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia Paul Barrett Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London Thomas Bataillon Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Aarhus Joy Bergelson Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago Andrew Biewener Concord Field Station, Harvard University Barry Brook School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide John Brookfield School of Biology, University of Nottingham Rob Brooks School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Angus Buckling Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Richard Byrne School of Psychology, The University of St Andrews Josep Call Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Phil Clapham Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Mammal Laboratory Tom Daniel Biology Department, University of Washington Nick Davies Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge Robin Dunbar Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford Laurent Duret Laboratoire Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS Christophe Fraser Division of Epidemiology, Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College London Lee Fuiman Marine Science Institute, University of Texas Jacques Gauthier Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Yale University Astrid Groot Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jessica Gurevitch Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University Sue Hartley Department of Biology, University of York Simon Ho School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Pär Ingvarsson Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå universitet Francis Jiggins Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge Niclas Jonzén Department of Theoretical Ecology, Lund University Publishing Editor: Charlotte Wray (tel: +44 (0)20 7451 2654; fax: +44 (0)20 7976 1837; charlotte.wray@royalsociety.org) Editorial Coordinator: Claire Birch (tel: +44 (0)20 7451 2694; biologyletters@royalsociety.org) Production Editor: Simon Addison 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, UK publishing.royalsociety.org Paul Joyce Department of Mathematics, The University of Idaho Laurent Keller Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Nicole King Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Tom Little Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh Alun Lloyd Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University Johanna Mappes Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Daniel Mennill Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor Naomi Pierce Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Chris Ponting Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Daven Presgraves Department of Biology, University of Rochester Anna Qvarnström Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University Andrew Rambaut Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh Graeme Ruxton Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow Michael Ryan Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas Ole Seehausen Institute of Zoology, University of Bern David Shuker Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews Andrew Smith The Natural History Museum, London Tom Smulders School of Biology, University of Newcastle John Speakman Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen Karen Spencer School of Psychology, University of St Andrews Naoyuki Takahata The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama Toomas Tammaru Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu Wilfried Thuiller Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, CNRS Laura Roxana Torres Avilés Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Kazuki Tsuji Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus Stephen Weller Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine John Willis Department of Biology, Duke University Ziheng Yang Department of Biology, University College London Marlene Zuk Department of Biology, University of California Conditions of publication Articles must not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere. 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