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MOŽNOSTI ZA RAZVOJ
Nadaljnji razvoj reje je predvsem odvisen od lokalnih prebivalcev, ki so
skozi stoletja ohranjali to pasmo. Belokranjska pramenka je s svojo izjemno prilagodljivostjo pomagala preživeti ljudem v okolju, kjer so razmere
za pridelovanje hrane težke. Lokalnim prebivalcem veliko pomenijo tradicija, skromnost pasme, njena prilagodljivost in odpornost ter nenazadnje
okusnost pečenke belokranjske pramenke, zato se bo le-ta gotovo ohranila
tudi v prihodnje. Za nadaljnji razvoj pasme je zaželena bolj organizirana
prodaja jagnjet, ozaveščanje mladih o pomembnosti avtohtone pasme, možnosti predelave mesa in prodaja mesnih proizvodov.
POSSIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT
Število plemenskih ovc, vpisanih v izvorno rodovniško knjigo
Number of breeding ewes, included in herd book
BELA KRAJINA PRAMENKA TODAY
In 2009 there were 880 registered pure-bred sheep of Bela Krajina Pramenka.
Farmers choose this breed due to its modesty, good adaptation to the karst
terrain and excellent roast. The breed is widespread in the area of Adlešiči,
Črnomelj and Vinica. The number of farms and animals increased from the
2003 to 2007 and has been in decline. The average flock size is 28 animals,
and therefore such a system could be characterized as low-input system. Breeding methods used are in line with the traditional way of farming. The sheep
are used to graze around home until the first snow. Usually, they do not get
any extra food. The breeding goal is focused on the preservation of this breed and its distinctive features. Special attention is given to the prevention of
inbreeding.
Further development of the breed is dependent on the local farmers, who
have maintained the breed for centuries. The Bela Krajina Pramenka help
people to survive in an environment where the conditions are more difficult
for the production of food. Tradition, modesty of the breed, its flexibility and
resilience, and finally the roast of the Bela Krajina Pramenka means a lot
to the local farmers therefore the breed will remain to be maintained in the
future. For further development of the breed a better marketing organisation
is required, to raise the awareness of young people about the importance of
indigenous breeds, to make options for meat processing and to establish a
secure marketing of other meat products.
SLOVENIAN AUTOCHTHONOUS SHEEP BREED
Glavni proizvod belokranjske pramenke je jagnjetina. Trg za odkup jagnjet
ni organiziran. Majhen del odkupijo lokalne zadruge, največ jagnjet se proda okoliškim gostilničarjem in ob raznih prireditvah. Jagnjetina belokranjske pramenke je med odkupovalci bolj cenjena in dosega tudi višjo ceno na
trgu kot druga najbolj zastopana pasma v regiji.
The main product of the Bela Krajina Pramenka is lamb. Unfortunately, the
market is not organized. A small part of the production is sold to the local
cooperatives; most lambs are sold to the restaurants and at various events.
Lamb of Bela Krajina Pramenka is better valued and achieves a higher price
in the market compared to other breeds in the region.
Foto: Marjana Cvirn
Javna služba nalog genske banke v
živinoreji
Univerza v Ljubljani
Biotehniška fakulteta
Oddelek za zootehniko
Groblje 3
1230 Domžale
Vodja: prof. dr. Drago Kompan
Priznana rejska organizacija:
Zveza društev rejcev drobnice Slovenije
Rodica, Groblje 3
1230 Domžale
Predsednik: Boris Grabrijan
Telefon: +386 (0)41 366 501
drobnica@km-z.si
Foto: Margareta Vardijan
SLOVENSKA AVTOHTONA PASMA OVC
BELA KRAJINA
PRAMENKA
PROIZVODI IN TRŽENJE
PRODUCTS AND MARKETING
BELOKRANJSKA
PRAMENKA
Društvo:
Društvo rejcev drobnice Bele krajine
Predsednik: Stanko Pašič
Telefon: +386 (0)40 731 442
stanko.pasic@gmail.com
Informacije:
mag. Danijela Bojkovski
Telefon: +386 (0)1 32 03 995
danijela.bojkovski@bf.uni-lj.si
Izdajatelj: Javna služba nalog genske banke
v živinoreji, UL, BF, Oddelek za zootehniko,
Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale
Izvedba: Kmetijska založba, d.o.o.
Tisk: Tiskarna Golc
Domžale, 2010
Foto: Boris Grabrijan
Belokranjska pramenka je ena od slovenskih avtohtonih pasem ovc, ki je
namenjena prireji jagnjet. Ime je dobila po največji slovenski regiji na jugovzhodu Slovenije. Nekoč so jo redili na obeh bregovih reke Kolpe, predvsem
v hribovitih in kraških predelih Bele krajine. Zaradi svoje izjemne prilagodljivosti na skromne pogoje reje in kakovosti mesa je med lokalnimi rejci
zelo cenjena. Celotna populacija belokranjske pramenke je bila v letu 2009
ocenjena na 880 čistopasemskih živali, kar jo uvršča med ranljive pasme.
Bela Krajina Pramenka is one of the Slovenian autochthonous sheep breeds.
It is reared for lamb production. The breed is named after the Slovenian region located in the south-east part of Slovenia. The breed was once bred on
both banks of the river Kolpa, mainly in the rolling hills of the Karst regions of
Bela Krajina. Due to their exceptional adaptability to poor conditions, undemanding husbandry and excellent meat quality the breed is well appreciated
by the local farmers. The Bela Krajina Pramenka total population was in
2009 estimated to 880 pure-bred animals. The breed is therefore vulnerable
according to the national rules.
ZOOTEHNIŠKE ZNAČILNOSTI PASME
V kraških predelih Bele krajine so razmere za kmetovanje zelo slabe. V poletnih mesecih se pokrajina pogosto bori s sušo, zato ovce, ki se pasejo na
kamnitih kraških tleh, odlikujeta skromnost in majhnost. Pogosto najdejo
hrano tam, kjer se druge domače živali težko pasejo. Za pasmo je značilna zelo nizka proizvodnja. Ovce so sezonsko poliestrične in jagnjijo enkrat
letno. Ovce običajno jagnjijo enojčke, saj je povprečna velikost gnezda 1,2
jagnjeta. Jagnjeta so manjša in v tretjem ali četrtem mesecu starosti komaj
dosežejo 25 kg. Pasmo poznamo po dobri klavnosti, tankih kosteh in dobri
kakovosti mesa.
ZOOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BREED
In the karst area of Bela Krajina region the conditions for farming are poor.
During the summer months the region is often affected by drought. Due to
the pasture on the karst soil, the sheep are quite small and modest. They
often find food where other domestic animals are difficult to graze. The breed is characterized by very low production. The ewe is seasonally polyestric,
meaning that they lamb once a year; litters are small, on average about 1.2
lambs. Lambs are small and reach only 25 kg in their third or fourth month
sometimes even later. Because of their thin bones Bela Krajina Pramenka are
known to have good dressing percentage and good quality meat.
OPIS ZUNANJOSTI
Foto: Boris Grabrijan
ZGODOVINA PASME
Pramenke so bile nekoč najpogostejša pasma ovc na Balkanskem polotoku.
Razvile so se v različnih ekosistemih in klimatskih razmerah in dobile ime
po regiji (Mitic, 1984). Po pripovedovanjih rejcev je mala domača ovca na
tem področju že najmanj 100 let. Področje Bele krajine ni bilo primerno
za druge pasme ovc. Oblak (1938) in Springer (1939) navajata, da so tod
redili primitivno domačo ovco – pramenko. Domača ovca je bila skromna
in docela privajena domačim razmeram. Rejci so jo redili predvsem zaradi
okusne pečenke. Tako Springer (1939) navaja, da se je stotine ovc poklalo
ob raznih veselicah in družinskih praznikih. Gospodinje so takrat iz volne
izdelovale nogavice in jopice. Največji vpliv na domačo ovco so imele pramenke iz Bosne in sosednje Hrvaške.
Belokranjska pramenka je ovca majhnega okvira. V nižinskih krajih so
ovce večje in tehtajo nekje do 50 kg, ovni pa do 70 kg. Na kraškem terenu
telesna masa ovc ne dosega niti 45 kg. Živali imajo dolgo resasto volno, ki
jih dobro zaščiti pred mrazom in dežjem.
Prevladujejo živali bele barve z značilnimi črnimi lisami ali pikami po glavi, še bolj pa po nogah. Črne lise so redkejše v predelih, ki so poraščeni z
volno. Živali imajo zelo dolg rep, ki sega skoraj do tal. Ovne krasijo izjemno
bogati rogovi, ki so pri starejših ovnih nekajkrat zaviti. Rogate so tudi nekatere ovce, vendar so njihovi rogovi kratki.
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS
Bela Krajina sheep are quite small. In the lowlands the animals are larger and
weight up to 50 kg for ewes and 70 kg for rams. On the Karst terrain their
weight is lower and may not even reach 45 kg. The animals have long fringed
wool, which acts as a good protection against the cold and rain. The leading
colour of coat is white, although it is nearly impossible to find an animal that
would be purely white, for the black dots or spots on the head and legs are
characteristic of the breed. The sheep’s tails are unusually long, and reach
down to just a few centimetres above the ground. Rams have extremely large
horns, which are curled several times as the animals get older. Sheep may
have horns too but they are short.
NAMEN REJE
Pri belokranjski pramenki želimo poudariti tiste lastnosti, ki omogočajo
dolgo življenjsko dobo ter odpornost in prilagodljivost na težke in skromne
pogoje reje, sposobnost paše na hribovskih in kraških pašnikih. Reja belokranjske pramenke temelji predvsem na reji jagnjet za meso. Ker se ovce
dobro obnesejo na kamnitih pašnikih, so odlične za preprečevanje zaraščanja in s tem tudi za preprečevanje požarov na suhih kraških tleh.
PURPOSE OF FARMING
We want to emphasize the characteristics of this breed which relate to long
life, strength and flexibility in difficult and poor farming conditions, the
ability of grazing on mountain pastures and karst. Breeding of Bela Krajina
Pramenka is mainly based on the breeding of lambs for meat. As sheep are
performing well on the karst pastureland, they are excellent for preventing
overgrowing and thereby preventing fires in the dry karst soil.
BELOKRANJSKA PRAMENKA DANES
V letu 2009 je bilo v izvorno rodovniško knjigo vpisanih 880 čistopasemskih ovc belokranjske pramenke. Rejci se odločajo za to pasmo zaradi njene
skromnosti, dobre prilagodljivosti na kraški teren in kakovosti mesa. Pasma je najbolj razširjena na območju Adlešičev, Črnomlja in Vinice. Število
rej in število živali se je v letih od 2003 do 2007 povečevalo, v zadnjih letih
pa je opaziti trend zmanjševanja. Povprečna velikost tropov znaša 28 živali, zato lahko takšen sistem označimo kot sistem z majhnim vložkom. Pri
belokranjski pramenki se uporabljajo rejske metode, ki so v skladu s tradicionalnim načinom reje. Večinoma rejci ovce pasejo na pašnikih v bližini
doma. Poleti so ovce na pašniku brez dokrmljevanja. Pasejo se vse do prvega snega. Rejski cilj je usmerjen v ohranitev pasme in njenih značilnih lastnosti. Posebna pozornost je namenjena preprečevanju parjenja v sorodu.
HISTORY OF THE BREED
Pramenkas were once the most common breed of sheep in the Balkan Peninsula. The breed developed in the different ecosystems and climate environment and they were usually named according to the region or village (Mitic,
1984). According to the farmers the breed exists in the area for at least 100 years. The area of Bela Krajina region was not suitable for other breeds of sheep.
Cloud (1938) and Springer (1939) stated that primitive breed of sheep called
Pramenka was bred in the region. The local sheep was modest and adapted to
local conditions. Farmers kept the breed mainly due to the delicious roast. In
the past hundreds of lambs were slaughtered for the folk festivals and family
celebrations (Springer, 1939). The wool was manufactured for the socks and
the sweaters. The biggest influence on the local genotype had Pramenka from
the neighbouring Croatia and from Bosnia.
Foto: Boris Grabrijan
Lokacija rej belokranjske pramenke, ki so vključene v selekcijski program
Location of the flocks of Bela Krajina Pramenka sheep included in the selection programme