MODELLING and SIMULATION Vol. 4 Issue 5 ...
ISSN 2277 – 3126 RNI NO. UPENG/2011/37063 Vol. 4 `100 US$ 10 Issue 5 sept – oct 2014 MODELLING and SIMULATION Streamline your intelligence planning from beginning to end with unparalleled search functionality, exploitation capabilities, and product creation for the GEOINT community. Discover your data and reference materials with GXP Xplorer® . Search multiple data stores across the enterprise with a single query to locate imagery, terrain, text documents, and video. View data in any format in a Web browser with GXP WebView. Exploit data with SOCET GXP®to create geospatial intelligence products for planning, analysis, and publication using advanced feature extraction tools, annotations, and 3-D visualization. Deliver actionable intelligence when it counts with the GXP enterprise solution. THE GXP ENTERPRISE SOLUTION. MAXIMIZE YOUR PRODUCTIVITY – FROM DISCOVERY, TO EXPLOITATION, TO PRODUCT GENERATION. Imagery courtesy of DigitalGlobe www.baesystems.com/gxp MODELLING AND SIMULATION GUEST ARTICLES Joint Modelling & Simulation: An Action Plan for Defence Services Brig Arun Sahgal (Retd) An overall modelling and simulation architecture is necessary for the Army to develop an effective course of action Pg 16 Simulators for Combat Mission Rehearsals Chairman MP Narayanan Publisher Sanjay Kumar Managing Editor Lt Gen (Dr) AKS Chandele (Retd) Executive Editor Bhanu Rekha Product Manager Harsha Vardhan Madiraju Sub Editor Sanskriti Shukla Senior Designer Debjyoti Mukherjee Circulation Manager Ashish Batra Circulation Executive Vijay Kumar Singh Owner, Publisher & Printer Sanjay Kumar Printed at M. P. Printers, B - 220, Phase-II, Noida - 201 301, Gautam Budh Nagar (UP) India Publication Address A - 92, Sector - 52, Gautam Budh Nagar, Noida, India Editor Sanjay Kumar Lt Col Romil Barthwal, Simulator Development Division, c/o MCEME. Simulators are rapidly reducing the gap between actual combat conditions and simulated conditions. But can they completely replace the actual on-field training exercises? Pg 21 Bringing Augmented Reality Systems on the Battlefield Ian Cox, Project Manager, Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd (part of Cohort PLC) Commercial augmented reality technologies can enhance training, education and operational performance, but they are rarely used by the defence market. The UK Ministry of Defence is looking at ways to make the most of this technology so that it can become an asset Pg 24 Modelling and Simulation for Indian Armed Forces Brig Anjum Shahab, Zen Technologies Simulated training is becoming as valuable as the real on-field training today. Recreating battlefield environment through simulation and modelling prepares a soldier for almost any situation Pg 30 Geoint Modelling and Simulation: Forward to the Future Brig Rahul Bhonsle (Retd) Integration of geoint with the discipline of modelling and simulation has led to possibilities of predictive intelligence for the armed forces. In India, there is huge room for investments in this niche area, given the potential Pg 34 Virtual Reality Trains Soldiers for the Real War Brig SC Sharma (Retd), President & CMD, Axis Aerospace The military uses virtual reality technology for almost everything, from training and safety enhancement to analyse military manoeuvres and battlefield positions Pg 38 INTERVIEW Price `100, US$ 10 Geospatial Media and Communications Pvt. Ltd. A - 145, Sector - 63, Noida, India REGULAR SECTIONS Tel + 91 120 4612500 Fax + 91 120 4612555/666 Editorial........................................05 Geospatial Media and Communications Pvt. News..............................................06 Ltd. does not necessarily subscribe to the views Events............................................41 expressed in the publication. All views expressed in this issue are those of the contributors. The publication is not responsible for any loss to anyone due to the information provided. Image Intelligence .....................42 Stephen Eckman, Chief Scientist, GameSim Pg 28 3 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Inside Theme Want to update your communication details? Reach us at subscription@geointworld.net to continue receiving the magazines regularly Great Subscription Offer 600* FOR 1 Year Other Exciting Offers No. of Issues You Pay 2 Years 12 1200 3 Years 18 1800 5 Years 30 3000 Subscribe Online at www.geospatialworld.net Editorial Simulators indispensable for the military Modelling and simulation (words often used interchangeably) is the artificial recreation of a real-life process or activity and the analysis of the system behaviour with changing variables. This may be resorted to when a real-life system is not accessible, cannot be or is too dangerous to engage or is still being designed. The accuracy of results depends on the fidelity and validity of the model. Modelling and simulation has applications in practically every sphere of human activity - be it training, safety engineering, medicine, construction, education, video games, disaster response - the list is endless. Defence forces across the globe are increasingly relying on simulators for training. Their use prevents wear and tear and damage to costly operational equipment and ensures safety of personnel while enhancing their skill levels. Simulators are cost-effective and have been developed for individual as well as collective military training and war-gaming. Individual training simulators include weapon training simulators for various weapons such as grenades, small arms, anti tank guided missiles, anti aircraft and gunnery. Driving simulators are available for the full range of wheeled and tracked vehicles and for varying conditions of terrain, weather and visibility. Geographical information available to field commanders today is not just limited to 2D maps. As armed forces globally graduate towards net-centricity, high-end graphics, multimedia and GIS with customised software act as potent tools to commanders for creating a virtual battlefield in the form of 3D Digital Sand Room. War-gaming today is a computer based application of modelling and simulation used by the military for testing existing tactics, strategy and doctrines and developing new ones. It involves the creation of a variety of war-like scenarios and then ‘gaming’ them based on artificial intelligence at practically no extra cost. Lt Gen (Dr) AKS Chandele PVSM, AVSM (Retd) Managing Editor ajay@geospatialmedia.net Appreciating the importance of simulators, the Indian Army established the Simulator Development Division (SDD) two decades ago to design and develop simulators. SDD developed a range of useful small arms, gunnery, driving and some other simulators, tailor-made for the requirements of the armed forces, which have been introduced into service. Considering the scope and large requirements of simulators for the military and the resultant benefit that will accrue, it is necessary that private industry be involved to a greater degree for their development and procurement. 5 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Flight simulators for both manned civil and military aircraft (fixed wing and helicopters) as well as UAVs, are essential for training of pilots, to avoid risk to life or damage to the aircraft. They are usually provided by the respective aircraft manufacturers and though quite expensive initially, prove extremely economical in the long run. NEWS Leidos has won a prime contract by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) to provide mapping production services. Under the contract, Leidos will provide high quality products, information, and services through the use of a quality management system. The team will utilise advanced technology to meet the government driven innovations to support emerging production to provide production process flow efficiencies and improved customer service, conversion of current data and production types to support a format driven rather than a specification driven production environment, production of product derivatives and online/on-demand capabilities service to the previous process or service, if one existed. The Leidos team will finish products using NGA data to produce digital and plate-ready, standard and non-standard NGA GEOINT products at NGA traditional scale outputs for NAVPLANs (Navigation Planning Charts) and CADRG/ECRG/Geo-Referenced PDFs (Compressed ARC Digitised Raster Graphics/Enhanced Compressed Raster Graphics). Mikros Systems Wins New Production Contract Award Mikros Systems Corporation has bagged a major new production contract award valued at USD 5 million for its ADEPT equipment, used by the US Navy to maintain advanced radar systems. The Navy plans New Surveillance Equipment to Support the US Army Drone Aviation has been selected to deliver specialised surveillance equipment for the US Army’s Rapid Equipping Force (REF). The company will deliver an unspecified number of units of advanced optics systems to an undisclosed government-contracted systems integrator, to help the latter support REF’s surveillance objectives. According to Felicia Hess, Drone Holding Aviation Chief Executive Officer, the systems leverage aerostat technology to elevate military payloads and provide network communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. Northrop Grumman Bags US Navy Contract for CANES The US Navy has selected Northrop Grumman Corporation as one of five contractors for the Consolidated Afloat Networks and Enterprise Services (CANES) full deployment production contract to upgrade cybersecurity, command and control, communications and intelligence (C4I) systems across the fleet. The indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity multiple award contract has a potential value of USD 2.5 billion over eight years. The CANES Program eliminates many legacy, standalone networks and provides a common computing environment for dozens of C4I applications. This strengthens the network infrastructure, improves security, reduces existing hardware footprint and decreases total ownership costs. The CANES effort enhances operational effectiveness and quality of life for deployed sailors. USSOCOM Signs Contract for Saab’s Weapon System Saab has signed a new framework contract with the USSOCOM for the company’s Carl-Gustaf man-portable weapon system (in the US named MAAWS; Multi-role, Anti-armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System). The contract is a follow on agreement to a previous five year contract for the 84mm recoilless rifle system. In connection with award of the contract, USSOCOM issued an initial order with a value of MSEK 99 (approx USD 14.3 million). The framework contract enables the USSOCOM to place orders for weapons and ammunition over a five year contract period up to a total value of BSEK 1.3 (approx USD 187 million). According to the company, Carl-Gustaf system has been modernised and adapted to meet new requirements. Anticipating future operational needs, a new, lighter weight, version of the Carl-Gustaf is currently under devel- Credit: Wikipedia 6 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Leidos Awarded Contract by NGA to purchase 54 ADEPT units over the next year. The systems will be deployed on Navy Aegis destroyers and cruisers to support the AN/SPY-1 radar in air defence and ballistic missile defence missions. The contract adds to the engineering backlog currently in place. Mikros’ backlog is now at an all-time high of approximately USD 8 million. The new contract is the first Full Rate Production contract for the third-generation ADEPT system. Carl-Gustaf man-portable weapon system NEWS Serco has won a new single-award indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract to provide installation support for Close-In Weapons Systems (CIWS) on US Navy, US Army and US Coast Guard vessels. The contract has a one-year base period plus two option years, with a ceiling value of USD 31 million. Under the contract, Serco will perform installations, upgrades and modifications to the CIWS, a point-defence weapon for detecting and destroying low- and high-flying, high-speed maneuvering anti-ship missile threats that have penetrated outer defences. The systems are typically mounted shipboard in a naval capacity. The contract builds upon Serco’s current set of Navy C4ISR contracts under which the Company is providing installation and upgrade support on Navy vessels. DARPA to Develop Armour Techn for Ground Vehicles The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched a new programme for the development of new ground-vehicle technologies, which would increase mobility, effectiveness and survivability of future armoured fighting vehicles. The Ground X-Vehicle Technology (GXV-T) Program seeks a 50% reduction in a vehicle’s size, weight and the onboard crew needed for its operation, as well as an 100% increase in vehicle speed. In addition, the programme aims to develop technologies that are designed to reduce signatures, such as visible, infrared, acoustic and electromagnetic, which enable adver- Northrop to Develop Spaceplane Design Northrop Grumman Corporation with Scaled Composites and Virgin Galactic is developing a preliminary design and flight demonstration plan for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA) Experimental Spaceplane XS-1 programme. XS-1 has a reusable booster that when coupled with an expendable upper stage provides affordable, available and responsive space lift for 3,000-pound class spacecraft into low earth orbit. Reusable boosters with aircraft-like operations provide a breakthrough in space lift costs for this payload class, enabling new generations of lower cost, innovative and more resilient spacecraft. The company is defining its concept for XS-1 under a 13-month, phase one contract valued at USD 3.9 million. In addition to low-cost launch, the XS-1 would serve as a test-bed for a new generation of hypersonic aircraft. A key programme goal is to fly 10 times in 10 days using a minimal ground crew and infrastructure. Reusable aircraft-like operations would help reduce military and commercial light spacecraft launch costs DARPA’s Ground X-Vehicle Technology Program by a factor of 10 from current launch costs in this payload class. To complement its aircraft, spacecraft and autonomous systems capabilities, Northrop Grumman has teamed with Scaled Composites of Mojave, which will lead fabrication and assembly, and Virgin Galactic, the privately-funded spaceline, which will head commercial spaceplane operations and transition. GD to Deliver Space Fence Ground Structures For USAF General Dynamics C4 Systems (GD) SATCOM Technologies has won a contract from Lockheed Martin to design and build the ground structures and integrate the mechanical systems for the US Air Force Space Fence Program. The new advanced ground-based radar system will enhance the way the US detects and tracks more than 100,000 orbiting objects in space and increase the ability to prevent space-based collisions. The improved situational awareness will help protect space-based assets like 7 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Serco Awarded USD 31 Million Contract to Support US Military saries to detect, engage and destroy vehicles. DARPA is also interested in the ability to traverse diverse off-road terrain, including slopes and various elevations. The improved mobility and soldier capability is expected to enable future US ground forces to more efficiently and cost-effectively deal with varied and unpredictable combat scenarios, according to the company. According to a spokesperson from the company, the current trend of heavy, more expensive and less mobile combat platforms has limited soldiers’ ability to rapidly deploy and manoeuvre in battlefield and accomplish their missions in varied and evolving threat environments. The GXV-T Program intends to pursue research, development, design, testing and evaluation of major subsystem capabilities in multiple technology areas, with the goal of integrating the capabilities into future ground X-vehicle demonstrations. Credit: DARPA opment. The system will also include additional functionality that will greatly increase the capability of the already formidable weapon system. NEWS the International Space Station from potential collisions that could severely damage, disable or destroy it. The ground structures will house the Space Fence radar elements and other operations related to the Space Fence system. Construction of the Space Fence ground system will begin mid-2015 on the Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The US Air Force contract value awarded to Lockheed Martin is greater than USD 910 million. Sikorsky to Build Technology Demonstrator for Vertical Lift Sikorsky Aircraft and Boeing have been selected to build a helicopter for the US Army’s Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator Phase 1 Program (JMR TD), paving the way for the next generation of vertical lift aircraft. The US Army Aviation Technology Directorate (AATD) selected the Sikorsky-Boeing team to continue the development of the SB>1 Defiant, a medium-lift helicopter configured to Sikorsky’s X2 coaxial design, through flight testing. First flight for the programme is expected in 2017. Defiant will use Sikorsky’s X2 technology to overcome aircraft design challenges, which will be critical requirements on future vertical lift aircraft. The Defiant aircraft will feature counter-rotating rigid main rotor blades for vertical and forward flight, a pusher propeller for high-speed acceleration and deceleration, and an advanced fly-bywire flight control system, explained Mick Maurer, Sikorsky President. STG Wins US Army’s G-6 Contract STG has been awarded the US Army’s Information Technology (IT) Planning, Development, Migration, Implementation, and Sustainment Support to the United States Army Network Enterprise Technology Command (NETCOM) Assistant Chief of Staff, G-6 (ACOFS, G-6) and Chief of Staff, G-33 (ACOFS, G-33) contract. STG has been selected to support the G-6 mission for one year on this USD 3.8 million contract with the potential for another year with the possible option year. STG will provide non-personal IT planning, development, migration, implementation, Using a newly developed advanced maritime test bed, Lockheed Martin has recently demonstrated how continually evolving technologies such as data fusion and predictive analytics can be used to share intelligence quickly and securely — even in limited bandwidth naval settings. The new software test platform designed to mimic different naval environments at sea and ashore, allowed Lockheed Martin to validate sophisticated intelligence, communications The test bed was recently used to show how simulated Aegis and sensor systems before they are introradar data could be fused duced in an operational setting. In its recent with other integrated ISR demonstration, Lockheed Martin used its sensor data test bed to illustrate how the Navy could fuse simulated Aegis radar data with other integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) sensor data to provide a comprehensive picture of the battlespace. Throughout the scenario, the test bed collected, analysed and processed the data, then distributed to simulated platforms at sea and on shore. The collaborative atmosphere allowed users to operate more efficiently, since all units had access to integrated ISR-related activities, which in turn improved situational awareness and battle management planning. The maritime test bed was developed with open standards software infrastructure, which allows it to leverage multiple information sources and databases for testing. For testing highly sensitive technologies, the maritime test bed can be linked to the Secret Defense Research and Engineering Network (SDREN) as well as the Defense Research and Engineering Network (DREN). Credit: Lockheed Martin 8 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Lockheed Martin Unveils Maritime Test Bed for US Navy and sustainment support to the NETCOM Assistant Chief of Staff, G-6. NETCOM is the Army’s Global Network Enterprise (GNE) service provider executing full-spectrum cyber operations and attaining information superiority, achieving a Joint, Interagency, and Multinational network enterprise. According to the company, NETCOM plans, engineers, installs, integrates, protects, and operates Army Cyberspace, enabling Mission Command through all phases of Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational operations. Boeing Wins Contract to Modernise NATO AWACS Fleet Boeing has signed a contract from NATO worth approximately USD 250 million to install digital flight decks and avionics on 13 of the alliance’s Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, which are based on the Boeing 707 commercial airplane. The new technology is believed to ensure compliance with current and future air traffic control and navigation requirements, giving the aircraft broader access to airspace around the world. Increasing airspace access means greater mission efficiency by saving time and fuel during operations. The improvements also provide the pilot and co-pilot user-friendly and customisable engine, navigation and radar data, explained Jon Hunsberger, Boeing AWACS Program Manager. Additionally, the upgrade will result in a cost savings in personnel because the flight deck crew will be reduced from four to three. It also solves the challenge of finding out-of-production avionics for the AWACS fleet by utilising readily available commercial-off-the-shelf digital avionics. The modifications begin in 2016 and will be completed by 2018. Under an earlier Engineering Manufacturing and Development (EMD) contract, Boeing installed a new digital flight deck and avionics on one NATO AWACS. Northrop Grumman to Continue BACN Mission Support The US Air Force has awarded Northrop Grumman Corporation a USD 89.7 million contract option to continue operating and supporting the Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN) system in support of over- US Air Force’s New Maritime Radar Becomes Operational The Air Force Technical Applications Center has added to its treaty monitoring capabilities — the Cobra King Radar system aboard the USNS Howard O Lorenzen. Cobra King is a new, state-ofthe-art mobile radar system consisting of S- and X-band phased radars that AFTAC employs to provide worldwide, high quality, high resolution and multi-wavelength radar data to the Department of Defense’s strategic community, the Missile Defense Agency and other government agencies. The radar and ship are the sea component of DoD’s Cobra Program that monitors missile and space launches. Other Cobra platforms include the Cobra Ball (airborne tracker) Cobra Dane (stationary array), Cobra Shoe (overseas antenna site) and AFTAC’s recently decommissioned maritime vessel, Cobra Judy (USNS Observation Island). The vessel is operated by Military Sealift Command under a support agreement with AFTAC. The ship operates with a combined crew of civilian mariners who are responsible for operating and navigating the ship, as well as military technicians and civilian contractors who operate and maintain the radar and communications equipment. Cubic Wins Mobile Training System Contract Cubic has been selected to provide mobile instrumented training system (AMITS) to the US Army. Awarded by the Army Program Executive Office for Simulation, TCS to Supply 3T Systems Equipment to US Army US Army TRC-170 Tropo Scatter Microwave System TeleCommunication Systems (TCS) has been awarded a contract to deliver tactical transportable troposcatter (3T) system equipment and sustainment to the US Army. Valued at USD 5.3 million, the contract is funded by the Army Project Manager for the Warfighter Information Network - Tactical (PM WIN-T) Commercial Satellite Terminal Program, under the global tactical-advanced communication systems and services (GTACS) contract vehicle. Classified as AN/TSC-198 (V3), the 3T system provides high bandwidth, low latency, and non-satellite beyond-line-of-sight network transport for existing and future bandwidth intensive command, control, communications, computers, combat systems, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C5ISR) platforms. The 3T system combines TCS’ SNAP very-small-aperture terminal (VSAT) system with Comtech’s IP-capable Troposcatter Terminal, which offers significant advances in troposcatter technology with a considerably smaller form factor than traditional systems. The system establishes connectivity at data rates greater than typical satellite links, without the recurring satellite airtime costs, providing greater speed for bandwidth-intensive applications, such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) video distribution. Training and Instrumentation (PEO STRI), the five-year contract covers a base year and four option years, and has a potential value in excess of USD 200 million, if fully funded. Under the terms of the USD 12.5 million initial contract, the company will supply a mobile training command centre (TCC) and mobile network nodes (MNNs), as well as instrumentation radios, for soldiers and vehicles. According to Dave Schmitz, President, Cubic Defense Systems, AMITS incorporates automation and ease-of-use features such as intuitive applications and game-based virtual instruction that stimulate user engagement, remove complexity, reduce setup time and minimise operational and sustainment costs, which translate into increased time available for tactical training. The next-generation homestation instrumentation training system (HITS) capability provides the army with usability enhancements that increase the effectiveness of homestation training. AMITS is designed to support force-on-force (FOF) and force-on-target training across the full spectrum of operations, for platoons through to battalion units. During FOF, data is collected, recorded and used to observe unit performance, monitor safety, teach doctrine and provide feedback to units through formal after-action reviews (AARs). US Navy Test Orion Spacecraft Ocean Recovery In preparation for the maiden test flight of NASA’s Orion spacecraft, specialists from NASA, Lockheed Martin and the US Navy have completed testing of various recovery methods for retrieving the crew module. The testing enabled the team to assess data and prepare for different scenarios that may come into play when the craft splashes into the Pacific Ocean. During the test, which took place off the coast of San Clemente Island, US Navy dive teams retrieved and positioned the Orion test article on the USS Anchorage using a Lockheed Martin built recovery cradle, recovery winch, and sea anchor. The information gathered during this phase of testing will help ensure a safe and efficient recovery of the crew module and collection of flight test data after splashdown. According to Larry Price, Deputy Programme Manager, Lockheed Martin, completing recovery simulations in a 9 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 seas contingency missions. BACN is a high-altitude, airborne communications and information gateway that connects warfighters in the air and on the ground. The system translates and distributes voice communications, video, imagery and other battlespace information from numerous, often disparate, sources to improve situational awareness and enable better coordination among warfighters and commanders. The Air Force has deployed four BACN E-11A systems and three BACN EQ-4B Global Hawk systems in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. According to the company, JALN will be a robust system of systems that expands on existing communications networks and capabilities and links ground, space and airborne military assets. NEWS GD PRC-155 Radios Make Long-Distance Transmission Using MUOS Satellites 10 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 General Dynamics (GD) C4 Systems’ AN/PRC-155 two-channel Manpack radios have demonstrated their ability to successfully close a communications gap between two talk groups located 2,000m apart. The successful PRC-155 radio-channels transmission bridged the line-of-sight rifleman radio and single-channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS) to the orbiting mobile-user objective system (MUOS) satellites. During the demonstration, Credit: General Dynamics operators in Massachusetts, US, equipped with PRC-154A Rifleman radios, formed a talk group using the soldier radio waveform (SRW), with a two-channel PRC-155 manpack radio as its member. GD’s two-channel The PRC-155 PRC-155 Manpack radio seamlessly networking radio bridged the SRW communications on one channel to the MUOS frequency that was required to connect with the on-orbit MUOS satellites. The resulting voice and data communications hopped from the manpack radio on the ground in Taunton, UK, to the satellite and back to the ground in Phoenix, Arizona, US, before connecting to a second PRC-155 radio. The second radio then bridged the MUOS communications on one channel to the SINCGARS frequency. This formed a connection with the second dismounted talk group using SINGCARS radios, creating a real-time satellite communications ‘radio check’ voice conversation that was loud and clear among the radio operators at both locations. real, ocean environment before EFT-1 is incredibly helpful. The test allows them to improve the procedures for handling the crew module and determine if the recovery equipment designs are precise, safe and efficient. Orion will complete its first test flight, Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1), on December 4, 2014. During EFT-1, the uncrewed spacecraft will launch on a Delta IV Heavy rocket and will travel 3,600 miles beyond low Earth orbit — 15 times further than the International Space Station. That same day, Orion will return to Earth at a speed of approximately 20,000 mph for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The flight will provide engineers with data about systems critical to crew safety such as heat shield performance, separation events, avionics and software performance, attitude control and guidance, parachute deployment, and recovery operations to validate designs of the spacecraft before it begins carrying humans to new destinations in deep space. US Army Awards USD 89-Million Contract for C3 Support The US Army Contracting Command-Aberdeen Proving Ground has awarded ManTech International Corporation a task order to provide command, control, and communications system field software engineering support to the Army’s Software Engineering Center. The cost-plus-fixed-fee task order was awarded under the Software and Systems Engineering Services contract and has a 12-month base period of performance and one 12-month option period, with a potential total value to ManTech of USD 89.4 million. Under the contract, ManTech will continue to provide worldwide gar- rison, exercise, and combat operations support to the users of strategic and tactical command, control, and communications systems. ManTech will also provide field support for logistics management systems and training support for overseas mission command training centers. SRA Wins Prime Position on DHS EAGLE II Contract SRA International has been awarded one of several prime positions on the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Enterprise Acquisition Gateway for Leading Edge Solutions II (EAGLE II) Program. SRA received an award on the Unrestricted Track for Functional Category 1. Through EAGLE II Functional Category 1, DHS intends to procure a full range of IT services and solutions to enable the development, implementation and maintenance of essential technology to support the DHS mission and business functions across the entire programme lifecycle. Services include system design, development, implementation, and integration, software design and development, and operations and maintenance. SRA is believed to have supported the US national security mission for over 30 years and the company has become a mission partner with the Department of Homeland Security since the agency’s inception. Javelin JV Demonstrates Vehicle-launch Capability The Raytheon Company and Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint Venture recently fired a Javelin missile from a remote weapon station integrated onto a wheeled vehicle at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. The test demonstrated the Javelin’s vehicle-launch capability to an international customer that has expressed interest in purchasing vehicles integrated with Javelin. The Javelin missile launched and hit a T-62 tank target from a range of 1,000 meters. Immediately after missile launch, the remote weapon station engaged an alternate target with its ballistic weapon, demonstrating a seamless Javelin integration that supports the warfighter’s requirement to quickly transition between multiple weapon systems. Richard Benton, Javelin Joint Venture Vice President and Javelin Senior Manager at Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control, explained that the effort demonstrated the Javelin Joint Venture’s BAE Systems to Assist Utilisation of GEOINT Data and Products The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) has awarded BAE Systems a five-year contract with an estimated total value of USD 335 million to assist in transforming the collection, maintenance, and utilisation of geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) data and products. The award supports NGA’s dynamic Map of the World project, which is giving US military leaders clearer on-the-ground intelligence pictures to enhance situational awareness and mission planning. GEOINT experts of the company will be exploring new sources of data, including commodity data, open source intelligence, and NGA archive data to deliver new products in line with the agency’s changing mission focus. Raytheon Fires TALON Laser-Guided Rockets Raytheon Company and MD Helicopters fired four TALON laser guided rockets from the MD 530G armed aerial scout (AAS) helicopter during a series of tests at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. TALON LGR is a low-cost, digital semi-active laser guidance and control kit co-developed with the United Arab Emirates. TALON’s guidance section integrates directly to the front of the legacy 2.75inch Hydra-70 unguided rockets while its unique tail kit replaces the legacy Hydra-70 wraparound tail kit. According to Darryl Kreitman, TALON Programme Director, Raytheon worked closely with MD to integrate TALON onto the MD 530G, subjecting the helicopter and rocket to number of realistic mission profiles. Boeing to Develop Spaceplane Concepts for DARPA The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has awarded contracts to three company teams to begin developing prototypes of a reusable satellite launch vehicle that could make putting satellites into orbit easier, more routine and — critically — less expensive. The XS-1 Program aims to develop a modular, unmanned hypersonic plane that could fly to suborbital altitudes, use an expendable module to deploy a satellite into low-earth orbit and then return. The agency has released a concept video for the programme. The teams awarded contracts for Phase 1 of the programme are Boeing, working with Blue Origin; Masten Space Systems, working with XCOR Aerospace; and Northrop Grumman, working with Virgin Galactic, according to a press release by DARPA. Phase 1 is intended to assess the feasibility of the XS-1, as the teams develop a demonstration model, identify core technologies and risk-reduction plans, and come up with a schedule for developing and, eventually, flight-testing the XS-1. According to DARPA, the military uses a lot of satellites, but some launches have to be planned years ahead of time and can cost hundreds of millions of dollars when accounting for all the infrastructure and personnel required. In DARPA’s vision, the XS-1 would be a reusable unmanned vehicle with expendable upper stages that could be attached as needed. Once it reaches a suborbital altitude, the expendable upper stage (or more than one, if necessary) would detach and deploy a satellite. Credit: Army recognition C3 System for the army Credit: Raytheon TALON laser guided rocket US Test Flights NERO The US Army has conducted flight testing of an unmanned airborne electronic attack capability, called the Networked Electronic Warfare Remotely Operated (NERO) in US. The testing was aimed at proving that it is technically and tactically feasible to field an effective jammer, which has conducted engineering analysis and aircraft alterations for more than two years, on an unmanned aerial platform. Funded by the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organisation (JIEDDO), NERO is the combat-proven communications electronic attack surveillance and reconnaissance (CEASAR) jamming capability attached to the Gray Eagle unmanned aerial system (UAS). Raytheon and General Atomics worked with the project manager for the army’s unmanned aerial system programme and the Naval Surface Warfare Center to design and perform proper modifications to accommodate the jammer, and operate the Gray Eagle UAS. Clay Ogden, Airborne Electronic Attack Programs Subject-Matter Expert, Army Electronic Warfare Division, believes that the test demonstrated the viability of a Gray Eagle based high-powered jamming capability to support the army’s electronic warfare (EW) counter-communications and broadcasting EW requirements in the future. Results of the flight testing will inform development of the army’s organic multi-function electronic warfare capability, which is an integral part of the Integrated EW System of the future. During flight testing, NERO flew for a total 32 hours, with 20 being while the jammer was operating. Payloads are expected to be used for additional testing for airborne EW, as the army does not have immediate plans to place a jammer on a smaller UAS. According to Chief Col Jim Ekvall, Army Electronic Warfare, the airborne electronic attack provides an enormous amount of support to troops on the ground, and with the NERO payload on a UAV, mission times are increased and are more cost effective for the army. 11 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 commitment to expand Javelin’s capability beyond the current man-portable role. The company is working closely with end user customers and industry partners to provide the warfighter with a system for improving vehicle lethality and enhancing survivability, revealed Michelle Lohmeier, Vice President of Raytheon Missile Systems’ Land Warfare Systems product line. NEWS been postponed due to problems in the fine-tuning of its light weapons, likely to be the new Kalashnikov AK-12 assault rifle. Admiral RK Dhowan, Chief of the Indian Naval Staff, inaugurated VLF transmitting station at INS Kattaboman, Tirunelvelli, Tamil Nadu Indian Navy Commissions VLF Transmitting Station Russia to Begin Ratnik System Procurement in October 2014 The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) is planning to acquire Ratnik, a locally manufactured future high-tech soldier system, in October. According to Russian Ground Forces military and scientific department head, Aleksander Romanyuta, Ratnik is currently undergoing its final tests and all the components will be purchased in series and supplied to the troops. Developed as part of the soldier military equipment (BES) programme, the Ratnik infantry soldier kit comprises more than 40 components, including firearms, body armour, optic, communication and navigation devices, life support and power supply systems, as well as knee and elbow pads. Available in summer and winter variants, the lightweight gear can be used by regular infantry, rocket launcher operators, machine gunners and drivers and scouts, and is claimed to provide protection against environmental threats from weapons of mass destruction and non-lethal weapons. The system has been successfully tested by the Russian Army, but its induction has Admiral RK Dhowan, Chief of the Indian Naval Staff, has recently inaugurated a new state-of-the-art ‘very low frequency (VLF)’ transmitting station at INS Kattaboman, Tirunelvelli, Tamil Nadu. The new facility would provide a boost to the Navy’s ability to communicate with deployed ships and submarines on an uninterrupted basis throughout the year. India is among a handful of nations in the world that has such a capability. VLF radio waves are used for communicating with submarines that are underwater and the Indian Navy has been operating a similar facility for the last 24 years. The new facility incorporates cutting edge technology and will provide the Navy significantly enhanced reach, redundancy and operational features. Being a Navy that deploys globally to represent and protect Indian national interests, the service has an elaborate communication infrastructure, including modern satellite communication facilities, to link and network its deployed units with their home bases and command and control centres. The new VLF station will strengthen this infrastructure and provide the Navy additional operational advan- 12 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 GAGAN to Be Offered to Partner Countries The Indian government is planning to offer the new GAGAN (GPS-aided geo augmented navigation) system to Southeast Asian countries to generate financial resources and showcase the country’s next generation navigation and surveillance technologies. The satellite-based augmentation system helps aircraft navigate by GPS. The system free enhanced satellite navigation signals over GAGAN (GPS-aided geo augmented navigation) India that are 10 times more precise than GPS. The advanced features of the s Credit:Blogspot.com ystem provide better accuracy, integrity and continuity of navigation services for various applications in the civil aviation sector by using data from satellites rather than groundbased radar tracking systems. According to a spokesperson of the Airports Authority of India, AAI is working on showcasing the technology to interested parties. The government is also in favour of sharing the new technology that can also be used in non-aviation sectors. According to a senior official with the communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) arm of the AAI, the satellite-based location systems like GAGAN can be used in providing an aircraft’s location to ground-based tracking units. Credit: Naval today tages. The new facility equipment has been constructed by Larsen & Turbo divisions in Chennai and Bengaluru. Germany Blocks Sale of Combat Simulators to Russia The German government has permanently barred Rheinmetall from delivering combat simulation equipment to Russia, in response to the latter’s role in the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. The deal was initially blocked by the German Economic Affairs and Energy Minister Sigmar Gabriel in March. Signed in 2011, the EURO 100 million contract required Rhienmetall to supply a live combat simulation centre to the Russian Army that is capable of training up to 30,000 soldiers annually. The contract also included technical implementation of aspects, including the commissioning of the 500sqkm simulation-supported training centre in Mulino in the Volga region and quality assurance. An economy ministry spokesperson said Germany was yet to ship most of the combat simulation equipment to Russia and had ensured that the incomplete system was not capable of being used by Moscow. Spokesperson from Rheinmetall said that it was in talks with the government to find a solution but refused to comment on the contract details and whether it might claim compensation. The Dusseldorf-based defence company had earlier pledged to honour its contractual obligations with Russia. Harris to Supply Radios to Middle Eastern Country Harris Corporation has received a USD 15 million order to deliver its latest wideband handheld tactical radio to an undisclosed country in the Middle East. Harris is supplying the nation with the RF-7850M handheld, a multi-band, multi-mission IAF receives 6th C-17 Globemaster III in presence of Jaitley IAF Receives 6th C-17 Globemaster III Aircraft RF-7850M-HH Handheld radio that provides advanced tactical communication capabilities. The radio offers a new embedded interface that gives users access to a library of applications that provide situational awareness, tactical messaging, file transferring and radio configuration support from a standard web browser. The interface is fully customisable through a software-development kit, simplifying the process of creating and distributing new applications. The RF-7850M-HH supports the latest wideband and narrowband networking waveforms. Lightweight and highly portable, the radio also is fully interoperable with the Harris Falcon II(r) and Falcon III(r) families, which are widely used by NATO and other global military forces. Falcon III is the next generation of radios supporting the US military’s Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) requirements, as well as network-centric operations worldwide. Air Marshal KS Gill Takes Over as AOC-in-C, CAC Air Marshal KS Gill AVSM YSM VM (Gallantry) has taken over as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Central Air Command. In his address, Air Marshal KS Gill apprised the officers on his vision to lead the Central Air Command. He complemented the officers for their professionalism in ensuring the op preparedness of CAC and exhorted the officers to continue with similar zeal and enthusiasm so as to enable Central Air Command help IAF in its overall endeavour of national security. Commissioned in flying branch in December 1977, Air Marshal Gill has flown over 7000 hrs in almost all types of terrain during his illustrious career spanning over 36 years. Air Marshal Gill has rich experience of having worked on different assignments in India as well as abroad. Besides having commanded four different stations including the world’s highest air field at Leh, he has been the Directing Staff at Air Force Academy, Hyderabad and Contingent Commander of the UN Mission to Congo. As Air Vice Marshal, he was the Senior Officer Incharge Administration (SOA) of Eastern Air Command. Prior to his present appointment, he was the Commandant of National Defence Apcademy, Pune. Air Marshal Gill is a thorough professional and has carved a niche for himself in almost all the appointment that he has held so far. For his distinguished service and exceptional professionalism, Air Marshal Gill has been awarded with three Presidential Medals viz Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM), Yudh Seva Medal (YSM) and Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry). ASIA PACIFIC New Zealand Buys FDS3 Floating Decoy Airborne Systems Europe has recently revealed that it will supply its FDS3 rapid response floating corner radar decoy to the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) as part of the Anzac-class Frigate Systems (FSU) Program. The FDS3 corner reflector decoy offers a unique countermeasure protection against the most advanced and latest RF-seeking missiles. The contract to supply the system is valued at EURO 3.4 million over the next three years and will see the system fitted to the RNZN frigates as part of the ANZAC class Frigate Systems Upgrade (FSU) project. ANZAC Class Frigate Credit: Static Progressive Media Group Credit: Harris The Indian Air Force has received its sixth C-17 Globemaster III recently. The arrival of the new addition to the IAF was recieved by the Defence Minister Arun Jaitley who visited the Palam Airbase in New Delhi and familiarised himself with the aircraft. The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, conducted the minister through the aircraft and briefed him on the strategic capability and role of the aircraft. Jaitley was further given a detailed brief by the Commanding Officer Group Captain BS Reddy. The government accorded approval to buy 10 C-17 Globemaster III along with associated equipment for the IAF in June 2011. The first of the 10 aircraft touched down in India on June 18, 2013 and the delivery of all 10 is expected to be completed by December 2014. The aircraft will Credit: IDRW enhance the operational potential of the IAF with its payload carriage and performance (about 75 tonnes) and would augment the strategic reach (about 4500 kms) of the nation during operations, disaster relief or any similar mission. NEWS According to Chris Rowe, President of Airborne Systems Europe, the New Zealand Ministry of Defence has identified the capability that the FDS3 can provide against the proliferation of advanced missile threats that are emerging globally. passed its Recurrent Fidelity Check, which is required to maintain CASA FSD1 Level 5 (Level D equivalent) accreditation. The achievement will allow the Australian Army to conduct cost-effective training in the safety of the simulator. GD to Develop Real-Time Video Intelligence System General Dynamics Mediaware (GD) and Chemring Technology Solutions have partnered to combine General Dynamics Mediaware’s next generation, end-to-end tactical video exploitation system, D-VEX, with Chemring’s moving target indicator system VTA (Visual Target Analysis) 2.0. The award-winning D-VEX system with the VTA 2.0 plug-in capability reduces the risk of operator fatigue by automatically alerting the operator to moving vehicles and personnel in video streams from manned or unmanned airborne sensors. D-VEX is a video-exploitation system that captures and manages full-motion video, providing operators with intuitive tools for enhancing, streamlining and analysing live and recorded video. When coupled with Chemring Technology Solutions’ visual target analysis software, mission operators and analysts can quickly transform raw video data into actionable intelligence. 14 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Australian Army’s Helicopter Simulator Upgraded Thales Australia has completed a modernisation of the Australian Army Tiger armed reconnaissance helicopter’s full flight mission simulator (FFMS). Working in collaboration with prime contractor Airbus Group Australia Pacific and Australian Army Aviation, the company upgraded the simulator’s visual display system (VDS). According to Thales, the upgrade ensures that the dual-dome simulator has the highest levels of ‘out of the window’ realism of any Tiger FFMS in the world, and was completed ahead of schedule to help minimise simulator downtime. The latest generation BARCO F35 projectors and a new PC-based Image Generators were both added and seamlessly integrated into the existing host computers and visual display platform, providing the crews with 240-degrees vertical by 85-degrees horizontal field of view. In the final stage of the upgrade, the FFMS Airbus Defence and Space Selected for Electronic Tagging Programme Airbus Defence and Space has been contracted to provide a sophisticated mapping and monitoring service for the Ministry of Justice’s (MOJ) new Electronic Monitoring Program, supporting the UK government’s objective to reduce re-offending rates and better protect the public by monitoring the movement of offenders released under license. As part of a three-year contract,the UK based company will provide critical location intelligence for sophisticated monitoring. Airbus Defence and Space’s technology fulfils MOJ requirements for driving out service costs in a programme designed to revolutionise the way offenders are managed in the community. Airbus Defence and Space, working closely with Capita who will operate the monitoring centres and Steatite who provide the ankle tag devices, will offer location intelligence services for offenders in the community, supplying high-precision information on the behaviour and location of offenders. The new mapping and monitoring service also means that individual offenders subject to location monitoring can easily be identified as having been at the scene of a crime or quickly eliminated from an inquiry, allowing for swifter delivery of justice and reducing pressure on police time and money. UK MoD Awards Simulation Contract to QinetiQ QinetiQ has received a multi-million pound contract from the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) to train British soldiers and pilots in virtual world battlefields. Under the terms of the USD 33 million contract, the compa- ny will enable UK Army commanders and air force pilots to train together in a virtual battlefield ahead of foreign deployments, the Telegraph reported. The training will be carried out using a system fielded at the Air Battlespace Training Centre at The Royal Air Force (RAF) Waddington in Lincolnshire, over the next five years. According to a spokesperson from UK MoD, simulation and synthetic training is an extremely important part of training modern armed forces and, although it will never fully replace live training, the ability to practise and train in highly realistic but safe environments is a vital, life-saving capability essential to effective mission preparation. The training provides the RAF and army with a realistic representation of the operating environment they will face, which is critical to achieving mission success. It allows trainees across the UK to train together in the same mission, in real time, with coalition partners across the globe. Capable of linking together aircraft simulators, ground forces’ control tents and individual troops, the QinetiQ system enables commanders in the simulated headquarters to co-ordinate airstrikes in real-time, with soldiers on the virtual battlefield calling in the jets that are being flown by pilots in simulators. Specifically, the simulator allows the trainees to learn how to carry out complex procedures and potentially dangerous operations, without the risk of harm. Production of Swiss IMESS System Completed Airbus Defence and Space has completed the development of the integrated modular engagement system (IMESS) to the level necessary for series production. The order from 2011, worth 23 million Swiss francs (USD 24.55 million), was completed on schedule following technical acceptance by the Swiss procurement authority armasuisse. IMESS will now undergo two years of field tests. Airbus Defence and Space will provide logistical support for this project. By employing more efficient and powerful components — many of them newly developed — various capabilities have been optimised: tactical command-and-control capabilities from company level to individual soldier level have been improved through the integration of combat vehicles, including computer and radio connections. Radio Raytheon UK Outlines Plans for RAF Sentinel’s Capability Raytheon has detailed its plans for supporting the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) in its requirement to extend the capability of the RAF Sentinel beyond its proposed out-of-service date of 2015. The current plans for the lifetime extension through 2018 of Sentinel capability will see a number of key investments to both maintain current capability and the delivery of potential improvements to support a broader utilisation of the platform. The improvements include Sentinel’s ability to more effectively support surveillance in the maritime domain, through the incorporation of software enhancements to the current dual mode radar, over the next two years. The current Contract Logistics Support (CLS) is being better tailored with the MoD in order to meet the projected and varied commitments of Sentinel on operations around the world. According to Richard Daniel, Chief Executive, Raytheon UK, Sentinel has delivered a pivotal capability to the UK’s armed forces since its entry into service. Raytheon, in support of the Air ISTAR Optimisation Study, has submitted options to extend the capability further to include additional sensor payloads, including long range EO/IR and SIGINT. AgustaWestland Demonstrates SW-4 Solo Helicopter to Italy AgustaWestland has completed a demonstration of its Rotorcraft Unmanned Aerial System / Optionally Piloted Helicopter (RUAS/OPH) to the Italian Ministry of Defence. The trials were conducted to evaluate modern remote controlled rotorcraft technology and its potential to provide enhanced capabilities for the Credit: Augustawestland SW-4 Solo RUAS/OPH single-engine helicopter Italian armed forces in the future. Under the research and development contract, that is included in in the National Military Research Plan, signed with the Italian Ministry of Defence (MoD) Directorate for Air Armaments, the company demonstrated ground station-based remote controlled capabilities for the modified SW-4 Solo RUAS/OPH single-engine helicopter. The basic aircraft has been developed as a result of close cooperation between AgustaWestland and PZL-Swidnik in Poland. According to the company’s spokesperson, the SW-4 Solo RUAS/OPH is one of the most technologically advanced achievements of aviation technology in recent years. The SW-4 Solo RUAS/ OPH, based on the proven SW-4 light single-engine helicopter, has been designed for both unmanned and piloted operations, providing users with maximum operational flexibility. The RUAS version of the SW-4 is capable of performing a number of roles, including intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, as well as cargo re-supply. In piloted configuration, the SW-4 can undertake a number of activities, including transportation of personnel, surveillance and intervention. It can be fitted with a comprehensive mission equipment package including search and communications/intelligence systems. Thales to Supply Scorpion HMSD for Airbus Helicopters Thales’s Scorpion Helmet Mounted Sight and Display (HMSD) System has been seThales’s Scorpion lected by Airbus Helicopters Helmet Mounted for production and integraSight and Display tion into its future Helicopter (HMSD) System Credit: Thales Weapons Systems, following a full and open competition. Scorpion will therefore be an off-the-shelf product for all new Airbus Helicopters platforms or upgrade retrofits. Scorpion provides full color symbology and video for day and night missions, in addition to targeting, sensor video, and potentially Degraded Visual Environment (DVE) imagery, giving armed helicopters considerably improved mission situational awareness and effectiveness. It decreases combat helicopter pilot workload, facilitates crew exchange during the most critical phases of the mission and helps to improve safety and security levels. Scorpion is also interchangeable between helmets/pilots, thereby reducing the total numbers needed for any given fleet. Thales claims that Scorpion utilises the unique and patented Hybrid Optical based Inertial Tracking (HOBiT) system which ensures the accuracy and reliability with minimal intrusion into the cockpit. For night missions, Scorpion operates seamlessly with standard issue Night Vision Goggles (NVG) providing the same quality combined full color symbology/video along with NVG imagery. 15 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 communication has been optimised through increased range and new, standardised radio equipment. The use of head/helmet mounted displays provides a clearer situational picture and enables simpler navigation. The night fighting and reconnaissance capabilities could also be expanded. A modular architecture provides numerous standard interfaces to sensors, such as a thermal imaging device, as well as modules for link-up with external systems, such as unmanned aircraft. The weight and energy balance of the equipment was significantly improved. JOINT MODELLING AND SIMULATION An online analysis tool for developers and end users of military simulations and virtual training environments 16 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Joint Modelling & Simulation An Action Plan for Defence Services An overall modelling and simulation architecture is necessary for the Army to develop an effective course of action O perations Research and Systems Analysis (ORSA) are the two related methods of logically attempting to solve complex problems having a quantitative analytical component. ORSA had its beginnings in the Second World War and was further de- veloped in detail by American practitioners. While Operations Research has a significant mathematical component, Systems Analysis attempts to embed the analysis in a real world setting and thus incorporates principles that go well beyond straightforward operations research. These, and other problem solving techniques, attempt to create a model of the real world and then attempt to simulate the response of the model to external inputs. The complexity of the model and the extent or ranges of variations by which the inputs are varied during simulation depend on the specif- Credit: AGI research, systems analysis and net assessment; each of the methods having its own relevance at various levels. Operations research techniques are useful in situations where the factors affecting the outcomes are clearly known, and the relationship between the outputs and the inputs is amenable to mathematical modelling. Thus, it is suitable for study of complex real world problems with many variables and outputs that need to be optimised for par- ticular goals. Examples could be the requirement of ships, aircraft, trains and vehicles to mobilise a particular force from one set of locations to another, while meeting specific constraints of resources, routes, timings, speed or varied combinations of these. Systems analysis would use the possible options generated using the operational research techniques to examine whether the mobilisation requirements be modified or the constraints of resources, funds The complexity of the model and the extent of variations by which the inputs are varied during simulation depend on the specific solution 17 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 ic solution being sought. It is easy to see that this process is the basis of any analysis that is attempted, whether explicitly or intuitively. Thus, modelling and simulation is the modern term for the range of activities covered under ORSA. Net Assessment attempts to go beyond the mostly ‘rational’ approach of ORSA and account for the personal and psychological factors driving the leadership of opposing sides, the cultural context and the relationship between competing organisational structures on the same side of a competitive relationship. Thus, net assessment is not mutually exclusive with ORSA but only attempts to incorporate certain factors into the analysis that were traditionally ignored by ORSA. Therefore, modelling and simulation is the broadest term that includes operations 18 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 JOINT MODELLING AND SIMULATION or timings be changed in order to meet the objectives for which such mobilisation would be ordered. Thus, systems analysis would examine the very context in which the problem is set in order to arrive at a recommended course of action. The level and scope of the application of systems analysis is thus greater than that of operations research. Net assessment in the same context would examine when and why an opponent would order such a mobilisation and the factors that would come into play at the organisational or political levels. It would then be possible to devise a competitive strategy that would play upon those factors in a manner that the adversary would not be able to adopt the most effective course of action. As seen above, there is a continuum of techniques and applications from operations research to net assessment that spans the complete range of defence decision-making. Broadly speaking, modelling and simulation may be applied at the tactical, operational or strategic levels to meet the functional requirements of training, operational planning, force structuring to include force development and strategy formulation. For any of these applications, the following are essential:• Knowledge of techniques and methodologies. • Authoritative policy framework for use of modelling and simulation in decision making. • Modelling and simulation systems that permit the application of approved methodologies on a continuous basis. • The ability and willingness of decision-makers to state clearly the objectives to be achieved when making decisions. • A system for collection of data with the required details and resolution to be useful as inputs to the modelling and simulation systems. Modelling and simulation for defence In the defence services, the Army introduced the subject in the 90s by setting up the ORSA section, initially under the VCOAS, which was subsequently moved to the Perspective Planning Directorate. In the application domain of force structuring and force development, the section developed a system for comparative assessment of the combat potential of India with Pakistan and China that it updates on a regular basis. In the application domain of acquisition, it has been involved in analysing the system/ platform options in a number of cases, one of the recent examples being the replacement helicopters for Army Aviation. In the application domain of operational planning, it has produced a proof of concept for a Campaign Planning System that has been validated in Southern Command and is awaiting a decision on the future course of action. The application domain of training is handled by the ARTRAC through the Simulator Apex Committee and the functioning of WARDEC under the control of the Wargaming Section in HQ ARTRAC. All these activities are carried out without an overall army policy on modelling and simulation. It is understood that the army has started work on an overall modelling and simulation architecture. Modelling and simulation may be applied at the tactical, operational or strategic levels to meet the functional requirements of training, force structuring to include force development In the Navy and Air Force, there is no dedicated organisation for modelling and simulation, the issues being handled by either the operations or planning staffs. Similar to the Indian Army, the training application domain is represented through the use of semi-automated war games run at the respective war colleges. A comprehensive Service level modelling and simulation policy also does not exist. In HQ IDS itself, an ORSA section and a Net Assessment section were conceived right at the outset. Due to lack of an integrated modelling and simulation policy for the armed forces, the ORSA section was converted into an ORSA and Technology (ORSAT) section. The Net Assessment section that should have been a key player in strategy formulation at the national level has also not been utilised in the manner warranted. Further, the two sections operate more or less independently, essentially because of the existing organisational structure and stove piping. The DRDO has two main labs/establishments dealing with modelling and simulation. The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is focussed on technical issues and structured representation of data. It is involved with Tactical C3I systems. The Institute for System Studies and Analyses (ISSA) has been involved in the development of automated war games for all the services. Both the institutions have limited product development capability at the software level, for which they have to engage commercial software developers. They are also hamstrung by the non-availability of well developed modelling and simulation platforms that they can study, reverse engineer and enhance. Their contributions to the armed forces modelling and simulation capabilities have been plagued by slow product development and poor user involvement and the developed products have not found enthusiastic user acceptance. Charter for joint modelling and simulation In line with the charter of HQ IDS, the overall charter of joint modelling and systems for the Services. Introduction of joint systems is preferable for reasons of cost effectiveness as well as integration. The introduction and use of such systems would of course be authorised through the overall policy framework that would be developed. Decisions would have to be taken on whether such systems should be developed entirely indigenously (the practice till now, with unsatisfactory results), imported (most systems are of US origin, although some countries have their own modified versions) or through technology transfer (choice of countries/vendors is limited). • Modifications to the way data pertaining to each of the application domains is currently handled. Changes would have to be made to ensure that the decision-making systems are supplied with the relevant inputs. The actual requirements would emerge only when the introduction of the systems is attempted. An action plan The starting point of making progress on developing the modelling and simulation capabilities of the defence services is to become aware of the potential of the possible systems that 19 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Combat flight simulation Credit: v2.modsim.org simulation has to be to improve the decision-making in the services, with emphasis on joint decision-making. Logically, active involvement of the HQ IDS modelling and simulation components will be the highest at the strategic decision making level. Since a host of force development issues, particularly allocation of resources, have an element of competition between the Services (and even HQ IDS itself), this application domain will also have a high level of involvement. The operational requirements driving force development arise from the process of operational planning, which is presently carried out mostly at the individual service level. This has obvious drawbacks and HQ IDS would need to proactively encourage joint operational planning in order to be able to mediate in the force development application domain. The application domain of training is essentially of interest to individual services, except at the strategic level. HQ IDS also has interests in the tactical levels of joint training in as much as it pertains to joint operations. Finally, modelling and simulation systems and capabilities are expensive to acquire and HQ IDS should be able to play a role in ensuring that joint capabilities are developed to the extent possible. In order to meet the desirable charter above, the following would have to be achieved: • The development of a Joint Modelling and Simulation Policy Framework that would cover objectives, organisations, responsibilities and resource allocation. The practical manifestation would be through a joint committee system akin to that for intelligence, operations, personnel, logistics or training. A common policy framework would provide the necessary momentum to enhancing the defence services modelling and simulation capabilities as well as necessary synergy between the efforts of individual Services. • Enhancement of modelling and simulation awareness at the tactical, operational and strategic levels and the development of capabilities of net assessment and system analysis. • The development of automated force development and campaign planning JOINT MODELLING AND SIMULATION 20 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Small arms simulator could be fielded, the shortcomings in the present system and the scope for synergy in the current activities. In the absence of widespread knowledge of the issues involved, such an exploration can only be done by a group of committed officers having both exposure to existing practices and the potential of the desired systems. In order to achieve this, the following first step is proposed: • Conduct of a short training programme of approximately two weeks on the scope of modelling and simulation in the Defence Services. The attendance should be by Colonels/ Brigadiers who would influence decision making on the development of the relevant capabilities. Officers with a track record of earlier engagement in this field (including those from DRDO) may be nominated/ invited as students/ instructors on an individual basis. CDM could be the preferred host for such a training programme. • Conduct of a national seminar on Defence Modelling and Simulation under the aegis of HQ IDS. The actual task could again be given to CDM/other suitable institute with capacities to undertake such programme. The purpose of the seminar would be to build understanding of the current de- fence modelling and simulation capabilities in the country and future system requirements. The participants would be the officers from the training programme above as well as the senior leadership from the Services, DRDO and software industry (those with interests in defence applications). The seminar would also have a workshop session where focussed groups would attempt to come out with an architecture and roadmap for defence modelling and simulation. While the above step is playing out, preliminary action should be initiated on the following: • Exploration of international modelling and simulation products and systems with a view to ascertaining the desirable characteristics of similar systems to be developed by us. Since most international products are of US origin, this could also be an important component of defence cooperation with the US (or possibly the UK and Australia who have access to US systems). Systems of interest at the tactical level could be JANUS (in use throughout NATO and many NATO allies) and the Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS). At the operational level, systems of interest could be the Joint Theatre Level Simulation (JTLS, a campaign level training system, also acquired by Pakistan) and the Extended Air Defence Simulation (EADSIM). At the strategic level, systems of interest could be the Joint Warfare System (JWARS, under development by the US) and the RAND Strategic Assessment System (RSAS). • Incorporation of the Systems Analysis requirement in all acquisition cases. This would be designed to provide a cost and effective analysis of competing options and could make the decision making much more transparent. The requirement may not initially be included in the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) for want of capabilities and confidence as well as the likelihood of it being hijacked by other agencies. It could be introduced as a requirement under the authority of the COSC in order to institutionalise modelling and simulation in the acquisition cycle. • Integration of the ORSA and Net Assessment activities within HQ IDS. Since modelling and simulation is relevant to all activities of HQ IDS (as also the Services), it may be appropriate to place the integrated component directly under the CISC. Conclusion The above analysis and suggested road map is meant to enable a quick review of the existing joint modelling and simulation capabilities as well as to make early progress in integrating and enhancing those capabilities. Enhancing awareness is the most basic component of the early actions in this regard. Imbuing existing organisations with authority and a meaningful charter will result in development of an effective course of action. Brig Arun Sahgal (Retd) arunsahgal@hotmail.com Credit: www.defensemedianetwork.com Simulators for Combat Mission Rehearsals B ehind the actual battlefield, command and tactical operation centres are the elements supporting ground operations — these centres coordinate communications and enable decision-making which play a significant role in any assignment. The success of any operation is directly proportional to the training given to the soldiers. With the advances made in the field of technology, armed forces world over are using simulation to train their troops for mission rehearsals in combat and operational support roles that are vital to give confidence to the soldier and save precious lives. The combat mission simulators are very diverse and allow training for Army, Navy, Air Force and joint operations. The simulators on combat mission rehearsals are used to train soldiers in order to check the readiness of army. These systems are vital as they enable validation of the training systems and operational doctrine of the defence forces. The system simulates various types of weapons, threats and provides training for the soldiers. These systems provide a paradigm shift for future bat- tle training and have revolutionised the training through Live-Virtual-Constructive (LVC) simulation. Constructive combat mission rehearsal Constructive mission rehearsal simulators are used to train troops in tactical operations, combat readiness, decision making and knowledge on vehicle, weapons, language and culture skills. In a normal mission rehearsal exercise various situations are presented to the troops. The scenario is painted 21 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Simulators are rapidly reducing the gap between actual combat conditions and simulated conditions. But can they completely replace the actual on-field training exercises? 22 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 SIMULATION by the commander/simulator where a casualty has taken place during operations and the individual is tested based on his responses under high stress conditions encountered. This way a soldier also learns the steps to be followed when faced in a chaotic battle situation and subsequently train him in execution of tasks in reply to the given scenario. Combat mission simulators provide real-world capability to train, validate (through after action report) and also to verify the tactics, standard operating procedures (SOP) and techniques to support training and mission rehearsals. The aim of training on any simulator is to be as close to reality as possible. The soldiers get the same kind of tools and reports as they would handle in an actual battlefield. The scenarios are real things that happen too. To test their leadership abilities during mission rehearsals a company commander is declared killed and now having the company second-in-command take his responsibilities. Constructive simulation for mission rehearsal can be at the local/tactical level, theatre/ operational level or global/strategic level based on the type of training to be imparted to soldier. The various areas of training could include tactical decision making, operational analysis, strategic planning. Among various areas of utilisation of constructive simulator based training for military mission rehearsals, the following are of significant use: • Training of troops during various stages of operation such as induction/ de-induction. • Training on logistics and convoy management. • Training on casualty evacuation. Live combat mission rehearsal Due to the inherent advantages of simulation, the armed forces needs to train effectively even if they don’t have frequent opportunities to participate in high level field training exercises. Also live simulation plays a key role in training of troops for effective mission rehearsals and prepare for effective combat missions in different kind of terrains. This helps to assess the doctrine of the army, organisation, gear and soldier characteristics. Live simulation involves real soldiers operating in real systems and involves training with the actual weapons. Live combat mission rehearsal simulators have live component of simulation training and provide more realism by giving a realistic battlefield environment for soldiers. In this case, the troops are divided into two teams and the soldiers sustain and improve upon their advanced tactical engagement skills. The training is conducted in the field, providing a high level of realism, enforcing correct procedures, and yielding outcomes that would be expected in actual operations. The training can be conducted in varying conditions of terrain (built up area, jungle, desert), weather and light. Virtual reality based combat mission rehearsal Virtual reality based simulators involve real world soldiers interacting with simulated systems. These simulators offer a game-based virtual environment of varying fidelity in order to provide realistic visuals. The simulator involves both individual and collective training. The soldiers get the feel of being in the middle of action. These simulators provide exhaustive tools for creating different scenarios, videos and interfaces. These simulators allow the soldier to have first person perspective of the situation. The combatants are able to evaluate their progress in real-time for immediate/after action and analysis by the instructor or soldier. The simulator provides a full 360 degree view of virtual environment and allows use of dummy weapons to give the same effect as in the Combat mission simulators provide real-world capability to train, validate and also to verify the tactics, standard operating procedures (SOP) and techniques to support mission rehearsals actual scenario. The system uses highly sophisticated physics engine, artificial intelligence, totally immersive environment, IED simulation, highly developed infra red simulation, large number of participants, interactive command and control interface to name a few. These simulators provide a means for combatants, leaders and units to train efficiently over varying conditions. ers. Also it enables training on virtual replication of various light conditions, varying sound and stress variations of the battlefield. The flexibility of such a simulator allows it to be used in any location and installed in large interior space such as basketball court (upto 5,000 square feet) allowing complete freedom of movement of troops. Based on the camera feed, the soldier gets his HMD and allows use of actual communication devices among the soldiers and laser mounted weapons carried by them to simulate the effect of weapon shot. The simulator allows training of soldier in different atmospheric and terrain conditions without actually changing his location. Audio and video feeds create a situation of stress for the soldier and add to the realism. the gap between actual combat conditions and simulated conditions. The advanced features available in the present day combat mission rehearsal simulators allow the instructor and the soldier to learn from their mistakes by making use of advanced and detailed after action report. The reports evaluate each and every shot fired by each soldier, playback of all actions, trainee body actions etc. These reports are exhaustive and allow the soldier to learn from his errors, which otherwise is not possible in actual combat conditions. The present day simulators allow amalgamation of live, virtual and constructive simulation under the same umbrella, like Mission Rehearsal Planning System (MRPS). Conclusion With the use of simulators we cannot discount the combat exercises. But with the present day advancement of technology, there is a thin line which separates real life missions and simulated battlefields. Though we cannot totally ignore the actual training, but we agree to the fact that simulators have definitely reduced Lt Col Romil Barthwal Simulator Development Division, MCEME romil.barthwal@gmail 23 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 These can further be used to formulate various doctrines, SOPs and tactics. Among various companies operating in this field, Virtual Battle Space (VBS) from Bohemia Interactive simulations and VIRTSIM from Raytheon are the leaders. Raytheon uses IED Reality Training (IRT) in its products which are an amalgamation of motion capture, simulation-based realism and fully immersive battlefield environment. This IRT is based on Virtual Tactical Training Simulation System (VIRTSIM), which is an animation of real-time soldier simulation providing full body movement interaction with simulation. The highly immersive setup includes a complex system of enhanced muscle simulation technology, and devices which provide tracking, use of wireless stereo head mounted displays (HMD), mesh of cameras, markers on soldiers and networking of various entities. The system could be tethered or in advanced versions available, completely tetherless. It allows a trainee to have complete freedom of movement allowing him to stay and fire at different positions, to run, jump, crawl and doesn’t restrict him by wires or teth- Credit: antycipsimulation.com Terain generated by Terra tools AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS Bringing Augmented Reality Systems on the Battlefield Commercial augmented reality technologies can enhance training, education and operational performance, but they are rarely used by the defence forces. The UK Ministry of Defence is looking at ways to make the most of this technology so that it can become an asset A 24 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 ugmented Reality (AR) is a live, direct or indirect experience of a physical real-world environment that is modified by supplementary information. This effectively enhances a user’s perception and understanding of their surroundings. In contrast to virtual reality, AR is not simulation, but involves augmentation of the real world, and the technology covers a range of senses including visual, auditory and haptic. AR hardware and software applications are now increasingly available within the consumer market, such as adding an overlay to televised swimming races to show the world record pace, or Google Glass displays providing supplementary information about the surroundings. However, the technology has yet to be widely exploited by the defence industry. UK Defence AR research The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) is looking at ways to reap greater benefits from AR technology in the defence environment. SEA, part of Cohort PLC and a specialist provider of augmented reality research, has been working on the MoD’s Joint Focus Experimentation 3(JFX3) project, which aims to increase MoD’s understanding of AR technologies, as well as reducing the barriers to their exploitation and use. JFX3 is part of the Synthetic Environment (SE) Tower of Excellence, a UK MoD research initiative, established to provide a mechanism to enable the ministry, industry and academia to work together on future areas of research for mutual benefit. The JFX3 project was given the following statement of purpose: “To identify, demonstrate and assess the role of Customer of the Shelf (COTS) and Government of the Shelf (GOTS) AR technologies for defence purposes. To conduct a benefits-focussed evaluation of AR solutions which could be deployed rapidly at a low-cost into defence operations and training, exploiting recent developments in the commercial domain.” The JFX3 project was divided into two phases. The key findings from Phase 1 were: AR technology is evolving very quickly (faster than other similar technologies) and becoming more accessible via the use of COTS applications on portable devices (e.g. AR browsers available on smartphones and tablets); issues with information criteria (e.g. priority, dynamism, timeliness, format and commonality) and system requirements (collection, processing, network/bearer and display) will need to be considered for any new AR technology and; there are AR field evaluation The field evaluation investigated the potential delivery of enhanced Situational Awareness (SA) for both mounted (i.e. within a vehicle) and dismounted troops via the use of AR technology. Based upon Phase 1 feedback, four main sub-concepts were investigated: • Augmented Navigation (dismounted): Participants following a set of waypoints, in both day and night conditions; • Directional Alerts/Cueing (dismounted): Providing participants with directional information related to alerts/cueing; • Proximity Alerts (dismounted): Providing stimulation to participants when encroaching/nearing an area or point of interest; and • See-through Vehicle (mounted): Providing the participant with virtual camera views of the environment outside of the vehicle, based on the pointing direction of the visual display device. The task performance of each participant was evaluated to provide an insight into how well the AR technology supported the participant, when compared against using a current baseline technology (e.g. using a map, compass and GPS locator for navigation). Three separate AR technology types were assessed in the field evaluation, in order to investigate the relative merits of the different means of presenting information. First was audio, whereby headphones were used to convey information to the participant through the use of verbal or non-verbal audio signals. Second was haptic technology, which is a tactile feedback technology that simulates the sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations or motions to the participant. A haptic belt was used in the evaluation consisting of a number of haptic actuators that produce vibrations to convey information to the participant. Lastly, The field evaluation investigated the potential delivery of enhanced situational awareness for both mounted and dismounted troops via the use of AR technology visual technology was used, whereby computer-generated inputs were augmented with real-world environment visuals provided by an AR-enabled sight or camera and tablet display to provide additional visual information to the participant. Field evaluation results The collected data provided both quantitative as well as qualitative indications on the performance of the technology. Each technology was evaluated using metrics based upon task performance, user workload, system usability and SA benefits and qualitative results were generated from observer and participant comments. The captured information provided the following insights: • Navigation & Proximity Alerts: Route following using the audio visual AR concepts was more accurate in day and night conditions as compared to the baseline. Accuracy was improved using haptic during night time only. The results showed that the workload decreased for all the AR concepts and that audio and visual AR for day and night navigation and haptic AR for night navigation were rated in the top 10% of technologies tested for system usability. 25 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 more concerns over barriers to AR within defence, rather than cocerns with the technology itself. Phase 2 of the project, conducted in 2013, focussed upon the planning, execution and analysis of a field evaluation of AR technologies. In addition to these activities, stakeholder feedback in Phase 1 also prompted further investigation of the barriers to AR adoption within defence. AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS AR Simulation 26 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Simulated indirect fire detonations could be used to provide appropriate AR simulation associated with the detonation • Cue-in: None of the AR technologies performed better than the baseline radio call for the cueing tasks. The visual and audio AR solutions were both liked by the users, but the trial showed how the lack of angular precision had a negative impact on task performance. The audio and visual AR did provide instant cues as compared to the radio call baseline, where it took approximately 10 seconds before a target was resolved. • See-Through Vehicle: The results indicated that the system used caused an increased workload against the baseline, but scored higher on task performance and system usability. Opportunities galore The JFX3 project considered AR concepts across the full range of potential defence domains. The following opportunities were identified where AR technologies could be applied in the following ways to provide augmented targets and/or weapon effects to large scale training environments, using a combination of auditory, haptic and visual AR. • Indirect Fire Augmentation: Simulated indirect fire detonations could be used to provide appropriate AR simulation associated with the detonation. The ‘own’ position of the soldier will need to be known to determine their relative position (heading and range) to the detonation. Different combinations of visual, auditory and haptic methods could be used to provide appropriate stimulations associated with the detonation effects. • Entity Injection: Virtual targets, neutral or friendly forces could be provided via the use of AR. One of the greatest challenges will be the ‘registration’ of the virtual entity (i.e. does the entity appear to be in a plausible location, such as closely following the terrain for a land vehicle). Target occlusion will also be a challenge (i.e. is the entity hidden behind a physical feature or other entity?). • Direct Fire ‘Crack Thump’ Augmentation: Auditory AR could be applied to simulate the sonic ‘crack’ of a round passing close by. Direct fire weapon effects simulation can detect near misses. However, because there is no actual round, there is no stimulation associated with the passage of the round. This concept could obtain information from the soldier’s tracking equipment which would detect the near miss. The critical aspect is the timing — the delay between the crack (from the round) and the thump (from the weapon fire) provides an indication of the range of the engagement. AR for Maritime Training A maritime AR training environment could be provided for those personnel who directly interact with the outside world (as opposed to those in the operations room who interact indirectly through sensors e.g. radar.) Personnel may be located at a ship’s bridge, upper deck mounted guns or a flight deck. AR for Command and Staff Training The use of AR is also being considered to support planning and operations within a headquarter environment (either in a building or deployed in field). An AR system such as a virtual ‘bird-table’ provides an interactive 3D representation of the battlefield to support briefing and shared situational awareness and the presentation of overlaid information. This will allow individuals to interact with the representation. Barriers to AR adoption A more in-depth study of the barriers was conducted as part of the JFX3 phase 2 project, including further discussions with key stakeholders. These discussions identified a variety of barriers, not all of which are unique to AR. • Registration: a unique challenge for AR. It is the accuracy with which the synthetic overlay aligns with the outside world it is augmenting. Good registration is essential for defence work. It is rare in consumer AR technology, but can be achieved with thorough engineering. • Atmospheric Isolation: ‘Atmospherics’ are the intangible cues in the environment which while hard to define, help the user get a feel for their surroundings. Any reduction in the intensity of these has an isolating effect on the user. Most AR technologies create a measure of atmospheric isolation since, by definition, they must insert some sort of device between the user and the environment in order to provide the augmentation. • Immaturity of Eyewear: AR Head Mounted Display (HMD) and AR eyewear technologies are still quite immature. Since these are also the primary medium for delivering visual AR, this issue is the defining factor for the deployment and usefulness of visual AR. • System Readiness versus Technology Readiness: Many types of AR are in fact already quite mature as individual technologies within their current markets. What is immature is their integration into full-blown real time systems or solutions that could be deployed for defence use. • Pace of Obsolescence versus Pace of Acquisition: The pace of advancement in mobile technologies like AR vastly exceeds the normal defence acquisition cycle. • Size, Weight Power and Robustness – Burden on the Soldier: This was one of the most clearly articulated barriers that must be addressed in order to gain acceptance for any new technology to be carried by the dismounted soldier. One stakeholder stated, “The soldier is not a Christmas tree. We can’t hang any more equipment on him.” If the soldier is required to carry additional kit this must be at the expense of an item that is being carried at the moment. • Security: Areas of concern included how AR systems would handle the communication and storage of sensitive data; and policy and accreditation of AR equipment and software. about the opportunities and barriers for AR in the defence industry. When used to support navigation, for example, AR facilitated more accurate route following, lower workload and enhanced system usability. One important provision, however, is that AR implementations are intuitive and easily used — without the need for any significant training — if they are to become a real asset for service personnel. The adoption of AR in the defence industry is still in its early stages but it is already becoming clear that the benefits could be maximised by using AR in conjunction with current baseline technologies and procedures. In fact, there is considerable scope to deploy a range of COTS capabilities with system integrators to create more innovative and effective AR solutions. We will no doubt see more of this in the years to come. Ian Cox, Project Manager, Systems Engineering & Assessment (part of Cohort PLC) Ian.Cox@sea.co.uk Conclusion JFX3 has been an important project to understand more 27 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Synthetic entities (and weapon effects) could be injected that would be consistent with the stimulation provided to the operations room, to provide a collective training capability while at sea. Again, the challenge of correct entity registration will be important, as synthetic entities may need to appear to be floating on the real sea surface, and the effects of the own ship motion upon the AR viewpoint will need to be considered. INTERVIEW ‘There is simulation work going on Across the Globe’ The role of simulation is growing fast in military operations. Stephen Eckman, Chief Scientist, GameSim, explains how the company is working with the US Army, Navy and Air Force to breed the next generation of warriors 28 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 What are the main business areas of GameSim? GameSim, which was founded in 2007 by Andrew Tosh, works with the game and simulation industries. Because of our association with the simulation industry, we also have to work in the field of GIS. When companies want to implement a particular feature and yet do not have skilled professionals, we are contracted to implement them. We have done research work for the US Army, NASA as well as the Air Force research labs. Recently, we have started working on a research project for the US Navy. For the GIS industry, we have our own product, called ‘Conform’, which bridges the gap between simulation and GIS. GameSim is also working on a programme called Synthetic Environment Core (SE Core) for the US Army. Under this programme, the Army takes GIS data and generates simulation database for other customers of the Department of Defence and some foreign entities. We supply tools for this programme, and Conform is one such tool. It is a concept of data fusion which enables a person to easily load large amounts of data quickly and easily. So you just have to drag and drop it into the tool. You don’t have to sort out the data as the system is equipped to figure that out itself. Conform offers an instantaneous 3D view of raw source data. Users are able to easily import large amounts of data (e.g. Shape Files, DTED, GeoTIFFs, LiDAR) and immediately view them in both 2D and 3D displays. Concepts of GIS and simulation have a lot of potential in the gaming industry. Is that the reason why the company is called ‘GameSim’? Most of our employees come from the gaming and simulation industry and our area of work largely lies in this domain; hence the name GameSim. We have also started doing a lot of work in the GIS field. We have been successful in deriving concepts that came out of the gaming industry. So, technologies, processes, tools and techniques are applied to simulation problems. Recently, I concluded a research problem where we decided to run the whole thing as kind of an agile software development IPT type environment with several stakeholders. In the gaming industry, it is not very important to know how the government does software development. As a result, we were able to bring those processes, tools and techniques from the gaming industry and apply that to a gaming problem for the army. And this worked out really well. Comform’s video integration Combat flight simulator Conform offers an instant 3D view of raw source data. Users are able to view them in both 2D and 3D displays project named ‘The Tactical Training and Rehearsal Environment’. The project is about training the pilots of fifth generation aircraft. There is one project called ‘The Procedural Model Generation Service’, where we will procedurally generate models for the government so that they will not have to hand-create every model and their artists can focus on the generation of other important models in a scene. For example, if you want to make a simulation database of Paris, then first you will have to find out what makes Paris. The Eiffel Tower, the Louvre etc. make Paris. So you would create models of these iconic buildings to ensure that these models look good. For other buildings, they just need to be of the right size and located at the right place; they need not be as detailed. This is procedural model generation where you fill necessary gaps without a large group of artists working on it. We use a lot of different tools for this. Usually when we are doing 3D modeling, we use Maya and 3DS Macs. The customers on the other hand set up their own guidelines on how they want their files to be delivered. GameSim is really tool agnostic and we will use the best tool that fits the customer needs. If they have specific requirements about using specific games and tools, we will do that. If a customer wants us to use any other product than our own product, say he wants to visualise something in ArcGIS, we are okay with it. We do not insist on it being converted into a feature of Conform. While building a simulation database real-world location, real-world data and GIS data are required. We provide such services, tools and technology. We can create a database which will fit everyone’s requirement. On the flipside, one already knows what they want and have a guideline for it so we provide tools and technology which will make that guideline more efficient. We have already done this for a large system integrator using the Conform tool. They saw the tool and the visualisation, and realised that it looks good and that is what they need as a starting point. We developed a specific exporter for them to go into their guideline so that they could take GIS, explore it and use it in CryEngine. Are there other international projects in the pipeline? At present, we do not have any international projects. But we are certainly interested in expanding our horizon. The kind of work we did for the US Air Force research labs by training the F-35 pilots could be a big break for us. The F-35 will be deployed around the world and the UK is going to be a big customer for that. There is simulation work going on across the globe. The next step for us would be to get some international business. 29 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 What kind of project are you taking up in the gaming industry as well as the defence sector? We are doing a lot of projects in the gaming industry and most of our work is through Electronic Arts. They develop many popular video games. For example, if we work on something that sells 5 million copies a year and we do that on the next generation consoles, so we have, say, PS4s and Xbox360s as well. They need some internal management tools which are required for tracking their projects. We are also working with Electronic Arts on their project called ‘Origin’ which is their digital distribution forefront and platform. We are the exclusive developer of Mac version for the clients as well. In the simulation industry, we have other projects like the research project for the Navy which is about run-time correlation of databases. We are about to wrap up the Air Force research VIRTUAL SIMULATION Modelling and Simulation for Indian Armed Forces Simulated training is becoming as valuable as the real on-field training today. Recreating battlefield environment through simulation and modelling prepares a soldier for almost any situation 30 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Infantry weapons training simulator I n order to keep the armed forces fully prepared for war, men and machine of the three services need to be kept in highest state of battle readiness all the time. While the machines can be kept battle-ready by regular and proper upkeep, men need to train hard to be fully battle-ready for the wars which may start any time at short notice. Best method to train would be to use the original equipment or a system in an environment akin to the actual operational environment. However, because of numerous oper- ational, administrative and logistical constraints such as international laws related to training in the proximity of international borders/LOC/LC, limited availability of training areas, limited availability of officers and men due to various reasons, various kinds of restrictions in the use of equipment for operational reasons and also for conserving precious equipment, ammunition and fuel for operational tasks, limited availability of firing ranges including field firing ranges for regular organised training, armed forces find it extremely difficult to conduct proper, meaningful and effective training for their officers and men as regularly and rigorously as is desired. In order to ensure realism in the training of the personnel, armed forces regularly carry out their annual training in and around their operational areas where they actually practice and rehearse their operational tasks. While everything else is realistic to the extent possible, live ammunition, bombs, missiles are never used in such exercises. Thus under such circumstances operation of the system (both real world and abstract) in time and space. A simulator is a device that uses sound, visuals, motions and smell to make you feel that you are experiencing an actual situation. Advancement in computer and other technologies has revolutionised simulation as imitating or replicating the original and much more can now be achieved more accurately, realistically and with greater details. Technology has now made it possible to develop a simulator which is exactly like the original equipment or the system. It is now for the user to decide the level of fidelity of the original system depending on the purpose for which the simulator is designed and the cost at which it is required. Higher fidelity system would always be more expensive. Simulators may not always be replicas of the original equipment. More often than not, simulators are designed for the specific purpose or task they are supposed to perform. While a tank gunnery simulator will be as close to the actual gunnery of a tank or the tasks required to be performed by a gunner and/or a commander to engage enemy targets, using their authorised ammunition, in different kind of operational scenario, terrain, weather and visibility condition, it will have very little else of a tank and other tasks required to be performed by its crew. For example, it would not have the facility to train the tank driver for which there may be a separate simulator. Understanding modelling & simulation Purpose of simulation Simplest definition of simulation would be that it is an imitation of the operation of the original. Both, simulation and modelling are forms of representation, an abstraction of reality. While simulation is physical, modelling is symbolic representation of an equipment/system, event or task performances. For simulating something, a model has to be developed first which represents the key characteristics, functions and behaviour of the equipment or system, whereas simulation represents the Because simulators are able to recreate experiences, they are extremely useful and have a great potential for training personnel for almost any situation. It is an established fact that one learns much more by actually experiencing something than learning about that through reading the books, pamphlets or listening to lectures. Simulated experiences are therefore just as valuable a training tool as the real thing. Simulations are complex, computer-driven re-creations of the real thing. When used for training, they must recreate reality accurately so as to enable trainees to learn the right way to do a task. While most of the simulators used in the armed forces and many models replicate already existent equipment, systems such as specific tanks, Infantry Combat Vehicles (ICVs), UAVs, Anti-Tank Guided Missiles, automobiles, aircraft, UAVs, ships for the purpose of the training and developing the operational skills of the trainees, both raw and trained soldiers, simulators are also constructed and used in the armed forces for a variety of tasks and scientific pursuits, research and analysis, equipment design, development, testing and evaluation, behavioural studies, decision making, safety engineering, experimentations, stress and performance assessment, repair and maintenance of the equipment/systems and much more. Types of simulation Simulation in the armed forces is primarily used for the basic, advance and refresher training of the raw recruits as well as trained officers and soldiers. For this purpose, simulators are available for class room training, for training within unit areas, validating the efficacy of the class room training in a near Simulators may not always be replicas of the original equipment. More often than not, simulators are designed for a specific purpose or task they are supposed to perform 31 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 the skills, ability and training standards of a soldier in the field craft, to operate and survive in a hostile battle field environment is never realistically assessed and tested. To overcome these challenges, armed forces world over have been using simulators since time immemorial. History of present generation of simulators dates back to the World War I where very primitive and generic devices were used for the flight training. Quality of the training devices improved over the years. During and prior to the World War II, link trainers were used for instrument flight training. Simulation technology has grown in leaps and bounds and today we have specific training simulators for all types of weapons, tanks, BMPs, artillery guns, fighter/transport aircrafts, ships, destroyers, troop carriers, electronic warfare, air defence etc. Simulators have been able to overcome, to a very large extent, the problems associated with uninterrupted, round-the-clock meaningful basic, advance and refresher training in efficient handling of the weapon systems, in the realistic tactical training, manoeuvres, counter manoeuvers, firing of main and auxiliary armaments in all operational scenarios, terrain, weather and visibility conditions. Development of laser technology and laser detection systems have brought in far more realism in the conduct of the training where live firing and its effect can now be simulated without the need to fire live ammunition. 32 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 VIRTUAL SIMULATION real world and for validating and testing theories of warfare and the efficacy of the operational plans from tactical to strategic or higher level. Thus, training simulations typically come in one of the three categories: ▶ Virtual Simulation, where actual players (soldier trainees) use systems in a synthetic environment i.e. computer-controlled setting. A tank gunnery simulator, a small arm training simulator, a full mission UAV simulator and a flight simulator etc. fall into this category where the trainees use the simulated system to learn and enhance their skills in handling equipment/system in different operational, terrain and environmental scenario. ▶ Live Simulation, where actual players use genuine equipment, systems and carry out the activities as in a real environment. Time is continuous as in the real world. Live simulation is used for assessing the efficacy of the soldier’s class room training and field craft and for assessing other aspects of warfare which cannot be otherwise tested in a real world such as attrition rate in a battle field. Systems such as SIMFIRE (Simulated Fire) used by mechanised forces in full scale field exercises with troops where lasers fitted on the barrel of the gun are used as tank/ICV ammunition and laser detectors fitted on the tanks/ICVs are used to record the hits. TACSIM (Tactical Simulators) used by infantry units and formations is also for the same purpose where laser is fitted on the weapons and detectors on the soldiers body harness. ▶ Constructive Simulation often referred to as ‘war-gaming’, is where the theories of the warfare and doctrines can be simulated, tested, validated and modified without the need for actual hostilities. Constructive simulation is also used for validating and modifying actual operation- al plans at the tactical, operational, strategic and even higher level in a Joint Warfare Scenario. These are also referred to as conflict simulation. Unlike virtual and live simulation, they do not involve humans and the equipment as participants. Requisite data such as operational plan, Order of Battle (ORBAT) etc. of the opposing forces (two or more including neutral forces), is fed into Constructive Simulation System. Thereafter, the simulation is driven by certain well-defined sequence of activities. Time is generally faster than the real time and can be further compressed in discreet steps or stopped as per the requirement. Outcome of the activities and war game results are automatically recorded for evaluation and analysis. Advancement in IT technologies has enabled conduct of war game from multiple locations far away from each other. The Indian Army has been using DRDO-developed ‘DRONA’ war-gaming system for some time. The Indian Armed Forces are also in the process of acquiring wargaming solutions through open tendering. request for information (RFI) for establishment of wargaming centre for Indian Air Force. The operational level wargaming system for Indian Navy has already been published. Advantages ▶ Effectiveness of simulators in adding realistic training: Simulators have proved to be very effective training aids in imparting realistic and meaningful training to the armed forces personnel in units, formations, Class A & B establishments. Users are happy with the capability of these simulators which provide real-time feel and performance of the original equipment. The simulators truly replicate ergonomics of the actual systems and have realistic controls, indicators, viewing devices and instrument panels. Experts have evaluated a trainer or a simulator by evaluating the skills it has been able to impart a trainee in carrying ▶ Ease of training: With a trainer at hand, training can be conducted anytime at a very short notice. Units do not have to wait for the allotment of range for conducting small arms training or classification firing. Tanks should not be taken out to such training areas where they can manoeuvre or catch fire. It is not always easy to release troops and other resources for an outdoor training. Such training sessions can be carried out as per the convenience with in the unit areas and training can be imparted round the clock, seven days a week, if desired. ▶ Training under the watchful eyes of the instructor: Most simulators come with an instructor station. It is the instructor who sets the exercise for the trainees and monitors their performance in real time while they are practicing. He counsels them when they make mistakes and helps them in correcting their mistakes. System records the performance of each trainee which can be replayed to understand rights and wrongs and take corrective actions. Simulators are able to indicate the actual mistake made by the trainee. Such immediate feedback mechanisms allow the trainee to apply this newly acquired knowledge. ▶ Training on high risk systems or high risk tasks: Training of newly commissioned officers to become expert fighter pilots is an extremely risky business. Making them fly an actual fighter aircraft, despite most extensive class room training, will be extremely dangerous as it may result in loss of precious life. Similarly, training of medical officers on actual patients may endanger the life of the patients. It is well known that the Indian Air Force permits new pilots in the cockpit after an extremely extensive training on flight simulators. Similarly, medical fraternity is using simulators for training of their medical staff. Simulators have been found to be very effective method of training in such high risk jobs as they not only reduce the danger, but also prepare the trainees with such skills that makes them confident to take on such jobs with minimum or no risks. Conclusion Armed forces world over have been using simulation for a long time now. With the advancement in technology, weapons and systems are becoming more and more complex and expensive. Nature of warfare is also changing due to the threats posed by terrorist organisations and non-state actors. With rapid urbanisation, training areas are shrinking. Resources are getting scarcer. It is becoming extremely difficult to relieve men from operational duties for the purpose of training. Thus there will be greater reliance on training using simulators. It is learnt that the Ministry of Defence has taken certain policy decisions with regards to training through simulation. As a result, a very large variety and numbers of simulators have been procured in the last two decades and many more are there in the pipeline. Simulators have now become a necessity to train the men for war in right earnest. Brig Anjum Shahab, Zen Technologies anjum.shahab@zentechnologies.com 33 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 out an operational task effectively. Their experiment consisted of forming two groups of trainees; identical, compatible and equally qualified. The first group (experimental group) trained on the simulator while the other group (control group) trained on the actual system for the same duration of time under similar conditions. Both groups were later tested on the actual system and it was noticed that the experimental group invariably performed better than the control group. Thus, the efficacy of a simulator in imparting better quality of training was established. ▶ Cost effectiveness: A trainer is far more cost effective method of imparting training. In the first place, trainers are much cheaper than the original equipment. A gunnery simulator for a tank is available at a fraction of the cost of a tank. Then it saves on the recurring expenditure on fuel and costly ammunition. It also saves on the wear and tear and of the original equipment, thus reducing the expenses on repair and maintenance. One simulator can train more trainees who would have otherwise required more numbers of original equipment to achieve same level of training. More than anything else use of a simulator conserves the life of the equipment and leaves more fuel and ammunition in the hands of the units for their operational tasks. WEAPONISATION OF SPACE Geoint Modelling and Simulation Forward to the Future Integration of geoint with the discipline of modelling and simulation has led to possibilities of predictive intelligence for the armed forces. In India, there is huge room for investments in this niche area, given the potential 34 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 S urface with inputs from varied sources such as signal, electronic and human intelligence. Geoint could thus be viewed as a standalone system for acquiring information as well as a part of an integrated intelligence vista, be it at the national or the lower tactical level. The discipline has, within the span of just over a decade, transcended utility in the defence and security domain, benefitting from significant advances made in commercial technologies of computing software, Big Data analytics and augmented reality, to name a few. The potential of acquiring imagery through a variety of sources including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has added to possibility of providing real-time intelligence to the forward trooper on the tactical battlefield. Integration of geoint with the discipline of modelling and simulation has led to possibilities of predictive intelligence. These advances have contributed to reduction of uncertainty and provided greater scope for predictability in the combat zone where the unknowns are many. While traditionally simulation and modelling applications in the military have been in the field of training, potential of geoint facilitates intelligence analysis, a powerful function that can provide invaluable insights to military planners. Predicting alternate futures and narrowing these down to the most likely has been a nightmare for intelligence analysts. Given the importance of geography to military operations as well as logistics, capability of geoint platforms for integration of data from varied sources facilitates modelling for varied terrain panorama and operational situations. This is particularly important in India where diversity of topography varies from the hot and arid deserts of Rajasthan to the super high-altitude glaciated terrain in Siachen and humid jungles of the North East. Simulation is the next step which can, through tweaking based on varied criteria, envisage diverse outcomes. This could be useful for force planning, capability development and logistics. Thus, geoint modelling and simulation can not only provide real-time solutions to the intelligence problem but also provide projections for terrain and force development. Moreover, this is economic as options can be generated through simulation without employing tangible assets. With enhanced visualisation tools such as augmented reality, computer models can provide near perspicacious vision to military commanders in the field as well as planners at the grand strategic level. For a military model, terrain features such as altitude, gradient, nature of soil and so on are critical elements. These can be acquired through satellite im- Preparing the pitch In another dimension, this combination can take the game to the next level by providing solutions for force and capability development. A similar model can be developed to create terrain and operational obstacles on the envisaged battlefield by the defender. The standard pattern in defence is to lay minefields, obstacles, construct bandhs and deploy tactical subunits as sections, platoons and companies to cover the same by observation and fire. A geoint-based modelling and simulation model can provide far more rigourous solutions than that offered by experiential applications and legacy information. A long view can also be taken envisaging expected transformation in terrain thus providing templates for enhancing the defence potential either by creating additional obstacle layers or construction of permanent ones as the ditch cum bundh. Impact of such permanent systems on the environment and local economy including socio economic profile can also be factored in through geoint modelling and simulation. This can overcome the present impasse in sanctioning of defence projects by the Ministry of Environment in India. Another related aspect is force development. At present visualisation of operations by the ‘Red Force’, in a given set of terrain is descriptive augmented by images and corroborated through war games. This can be predictive with a modelling and simulation model generated through geoint, providing a high degree of clairvoyance and a common picture from the military commander to the budget head to technology developer. This will facilitate greater accuracy and consensus for force development thereby ensuring focused allocation of resources for developing key capabilities. While force development in foreign armed forces is joint, in the Indian context this is carried out by the Army, Navy and Air Force in silos. Through modelling, geoint can merge the A geoint-based modelling and simulation model can provide far more rigourous solutions than that offered by experiential applications and legacy information 35 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 agery and supplemented by real-time UAV streaming. At present suitability of terrain for varied type of operations is essentially based on experience of the commanders with prior employment in similar geographical areas providing a benchmark. During the World War II for instance, German General Von Manstein was faced with the dilemma of employment of tanks in the Ardennes Forest. Given the nascent stage of armoured warfare in the late 1930s, adequate knowledge about the use of tanks in Ardennes was not available. Manstein turned to General Heinz Guderian, architect of the German Panzer (tank) Corps. Guderian confirmed that panzers would indeed be able to operate in the Ardennes. Despite expertise of Guderian the Manstein Plan envisaging an advance through the Ardennes was highly risky, thus the German General Staff refused to initially accept the same. Today, geoint provides a far better solution. By combining terrain intelligence with other sources, a model of the Ardennes can be created, and movement — be it of tanks, armoured personnel carriers or other heavy vehicles — simulated to accurately predict the possibility of passage of tank columns. And as power of computing increases, modelling and simulation will gain exponentially thus adding to overall “reality” that can be generated providing near perfect solutions to military planners. GEOINT MODELLING AND SIMULATION 36 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 plans of the services to evolve a joint force development model and while this may not be the ideal way, till the armed forces in India integrate, this could provide an alternative. In the larger perspective, this will overcome the perpetual dystopian nightmare of operational hollowness and gaps in capacity that face the Indian armed forces today by providing a real-time visual picture of force on force capability in relation to the opposing forces and terrain developments on the northern or western border. For the operational planner, geoint can be an invaluable tool for planning future and current operations. Take the case of the Tibetan plateau. Infrastructure development on the Tibetan plateau has been ongoing for the past two decades. Geoint simulation can provide an accurate picture of the Chinese build up on the Qinghai Tibet railway line. Thus, one can create a realistic view of the Chinese army’s mobilisation and depict on a computer screen with relevant details denoting movement at various stages. Application of augmented reality in military A simulated model will be able to provide the Blue Force commander corresponding actions required to be taken again depicted on the real-time terrain format and can be a powerful tool for exploitation eliminating a high degree of uncertainty and providing a common operational picture from the commanders in the field to the staff at the Military Operations directorate in Delhi. The opportunities for exploitation are therefore substantial and can vary from designing transportation axes to operational areas to tactical deployment of troops. Geoint modelling and simulation is a tool that will provide more options to a planner and suggest a best course to the commander for making a decision. Geoint for policing and disaster management In the domain of law enforcement, geoint modelling and simulation can provide options for predictive policing. One of the challenges faced in India is of communal violence. Predicting the same by using Geoint modelling and simulation tools is feasible. Geoint can provide a consolidated picture of the terrain, community, ethnicity and religious density and superimpose the policing grid. Building a holistic picture the model will provide an all-factor profile with vulnerable pockets. Simulation of varied situations such as religious festivals, community meetings and rallies when superimposed on the model should provide a clear picture of various scenarios that may lead to tension thus and options for control through proactive community or policing action. Many of the tools are already being employed by the police in India such as GPS, mobile internet, satellite imagery and UAVs, though in a nascent stage. Recent use of UAVs by the police in Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh during communal riots was well publicised in the media. Predictive modelling would have added to the picture obtained in real time, providing effective solutions for management of violence. For normal policing and law and order the geoint M & S model will be simpler. This will provide solutions for optimal policing by integrating location, crime and police deployment. Geoint will provide a very discerning picture of locations where crime is rampant. GIS-based Blue Force tracking tools will enable the police control room to identify deployment and move forces based on the crime pattern or a set frequency daily or diurnally from day to night time. As criminals establish patterns, geoint, with the help of Big Data, can identify varied locations which are crime prone and thus facilitate deployment of police to prevent crime. Augmented reality in the future will enable a policeman to merely glance at a stranger and obtain his full profile, including criminal record on tools as Google Glass and even indicating the location from where the person has come and his likely destination.There are downsides in employing high technology such as encroachment of privacy for which regulations have yet to be evolved. Disaster management is a major challenge in India, particularly in the hilly terrains and urban areas. Fires in highrise buildings in metros are resulting in a number of crises. Identifying intensity of fire, targeting the main source and rapid deployment of fire fighting personnel to the spot are functions that can be simulated through geoint. Modelling and simulation can dictate the ideal location of the emergency. This can also give safety gradations to buildings, thereby raising a high level of awareness of the fire threat and investment in mitigation. This information will provide the pattern of vulnerability of a particular building as also particular sections of a building depending on the nature of the occupant. Direction of fire fighting personnel to the site through a maze of urban traffic channels can be effected through the geoint-modelling and simulation combination while the package can be effectively utilised for training. Mitigation through safety of buildings in the designing stage would be the next stage. At the macro level, this combination is an important tool for disaster mitigation. An appropriate example from the recent past is the tragedy in the state of Uttarakhand in India as thousands of pilgrims were stranded in the mountains in June 2013. Geoint data on terrain, geological strength of the roads and tracks, river flow and precipitation if modeled would have generated the devastating effect that a certain degree of precipitation would have brought about well in advance preventing loss of hundreds of lives and property. For instance, a model could be built with projected roads to denote maximum traffic that these can take in varied periods and particularly during the monsoons thereby restricting the tourist flow in the area and ensuring a high degree of safety. GIS can also facilitate management of scarce resources to maximum effect by directing the required number of rescue personnel to the affected site during disaster management while dictating the best type of transporta- tion to be used. All this through models prepared in normal times. Technologies making this powerful tool A number of advances in technology are making modelling and simulation a powerful tool for military planning and warfare. Employment of persistent full-motion video with UAVs can add to the potential of existing geoint tools by providing opportunities for real-time scan of the terrain and operational environment that can be built into the existing model seamlessly. Development of software is another major advantage. The application Earth Viewer, for example, can superimpose maps onto satellite images, and today is commonly used as Google Earth which has revolutionised location mapping enhancing personal as well as business mobility. Open standard development is also an important marker in this area. Augmented reality (AR) is likely to revolutionise the manner in which geoint will be used by superimposing computer-generated image on a user’s eye view creating a composite picture. Google Glass is the next generation computer which provides immense potential in real-time communication to the individual soldier on the battlefield with requisite tools. The use of AR in Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightening II fifth generation combat fighter helmet is seen to be a true exploitation of this technology. The heads up display of the Lockheed Martin’s F-35 Lightning II helmet eliminates the need for heads down display and provides pilot night vision capabilities. The Distributed Aperture System (DAS) enables “see through” the fuselage creating high level of situational awareness. Modelling and simulation can enhance the AR further and as technology downstreams both in terms of costs and availability, this can be replicated in the soldiers or the police beat constable’s helmet in the future. States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF) is bringing together the modelling and simulation community with the geoint community with formation of a Modelling & Simulation Working Group. In India, there is increasing interest in geoint recognition of importance by the mapping community and increasingly by the general staff. Achieving a confluence between modelling and simulation and geoint will, however, require a high degree of competence which may not yet be available in the country and will have to be developed. The level of expertise required to generate geoint-linked modelling and simulation applications is very high. Conversion of standard GEOINT data formats of terrain into simulation formats is cumbersome and there is a need for common formats for both applications, which may prove to be complex and costly. Use of open standards for both purposes for ready integration may be one option but how far this will be successful is not clear so far. Once adequate competencies are developed the advantage would be to transfer data generated through simulation to operational models thereby enhancing perspicuity of the planner faced with devising real world solutions. There is a need for investments in this niche area in India, given the potential. Developing indigenous capacities may be difficult at present but a fast-track joint development model with new cooperation frameworks that are being established with countries as the US, which is the leading geoint technology power in the world, will provide rich dividends and needs to be explored. The way ahead in India Developments in the field of geoint modelling and simulation are mainly happening in the US where the United Brig Rahul Bhonsle (Retd) rkbhonsle@gmail.com 37 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 GeoInt for disaster management MILITARY SIMULATION The military uses virtual reality technology for almost everything, from training and safety enhancement to analyse military manoeuvres and battlefield positions 38 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 V irtual reality (VR) is artificial creation of situations that appear ‘real’ to our senses. It is immersive multimedia that is computer-simulated. It can simulate physical presence in places in the real or imagined worlds. VR can recreate sensory experiences, including virtual taste, sight, smell, sound, touch, etc. VR environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. For a common man, experiences of VR are mostly limited to movies. Some advanced, haptic systems now include tactile information, generally known as force feedback in medical, gaming and military applications. Furthermore, VR covers remote communication environments that provide virtual presence of users with the concepts of telepresence and telexistence or a virtual artifact (VA), either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired glove, the Polhemus and omnidirectional treadmills. The simulated environment can be similar to the real world in order to create a life-like experience — for example, in simulations for pilot or combat training — or it can differ significantly from reality, such as in virtual reality games. VR for military Along with the entertainment industry, the military is responsible for the most dramatic evolutionary leaps in the VR field. Virtual environments work well in military applications. When well-designed, they provide the user with an accurate simulation of real events in a safe and controlled environment. Specialised military training can be very expensive. Some training procedures have an element of danger when using real life situations. While the initial development of VR gear and software is expensive, in the long run, it is much more cost effective than putting soldiers into real or physically simulated situations. VR technology has other potential applications that can make military activities safer. That is why when first experiments with Head-Mounted Displays (HMD) began, the military was excited. A user wearing an HMD could control where the camera is pointed by turning his head. Today the military uses VR techniques not only for training and safety enhancement, but also to analyse military maneuvers and battlefield positions. Military simulators Out of many VR technology applications, military vehicle simulations have probably been the most successful. Simulators use sophisticated computer models to replicate a vehicle’s capabilities and limitations within a stationary — and safe — computer station. Possibly, the most well known of all the simulators in the military are the flight simulators. The air force, army and navy all use flight simulators to train pilots. Training missions may include how to fly in a battle, how to recover in an emergency, or how to coordinate air support with ground operations. Although not as high profile as flight simulators, VR simulators for ground vehicles are an important part of the military’s strategy. In fact, simulators are a key part of the Future Combat System (FCT), the foundation of the armed forces’ future. These consist of a networked battle command system and advanced vehicles and weapons platforms. Computer scientists designed FCS simulators to link together in a network, facilitating complex training missions involving multiple participants acting in various roles. The Army uses several specific devices to train soldiers to drive specialised vehicles. They not only accurately recreate the look and feel of the vehicle they represent, but also can replicate any environment. Trainees can learn how the real vehicle handles in treacherous weather conditions or difficult terrain. Networked simulators allow users to participate in complex war games. Simulators can be pretty expensive. Still, when you compare that against the cost of an actual vehicle (which, depending upon the model variant, could be millions of dollars) and keep in mind that the soldier behind the controls will be safe from harm, it’s easy to justify the cost. Counter insurgency Today, many training facilities are using simulators to familiarise soldiers with counter insurgency (CI). Simulators give the military a chance to teach soldiers how to navigate and operate effectively within CI landscapes and what to expect from the insurgent when confronted. Counter Insurgency Operational Planning Tool and Wargame have been developed for this purpose. Apart from familiarising soldiers with some of the most complex vehicles in the military fleet, trainers have discovered that virtual environments can come in handy in other applications as well. Military officials and video game studios have partnered to create realistic, immersive virtual scenarios that help Simulators give the military a chance to teach soldiers how to navigate and operate effectively within CI landscapes and what to expect from the insurgent when confronted. 39 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Aircraft Recognition Trainer MILITARY SIMULATION 40 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 Establishment of Company Operating Base in CI Operations. soldiers acclimatise to various combat environments and situations. An Aircraft Recognition Trainer wherein different aircraft, individually or in formations, fly in operations like situation in battlegrounds with surround sound effects and soldiers are taught to identify them. 118 Aircraft models and 42 terrain configurations have been modelled. Magnification of binoculars can also be simulated. Military officials are quick to stress that virtual training in no way replaces actual training. While virtual environments continue to support useful training applications, the military requires soldiers to undergo extensive training on real courses. The armed forces don’t see virtual reality replacing real training techniques in the future. However, there are some situations that will never be experienced outside war. How can training be provided on enemy aircraft jamming own Air Defence (AD) Systems and train the AD operator to track the enemy aircraft by employing appropriate ECCM techniques? A class Room Electronic Warfare Simulators (CREWS) wherein sorties of enemy aircraft can be simulated using preprogrammed or on-the-fly ECM to jam AD and the reactions of the AD operators to gain control has been developed. Another application of VR is in the field of battlefield visualisation to control combat operations in real time. It may be a key element in the training regimen of commanders. It helps commanders assess their options before making decisions that could risk a soldier’s life. The military needs to look at VR workbench as a display technology for battlefield visualisation. The viewer wears a pair of special goggles that create the illusion of three dimensional battlefield. Multiple users may view the same display at the same time by wearing the special goggles. As personal computer and graphic card becomes more powerful, the need for specialised display technology decreases. Today, a laptop can meet such needs for visualisation. It is possible to adapt commercial software and hardware packages for this purpose. You don’t get the same level of immersion when working with a personal computer as you would with a dedicated VR system, but the computers are much less expensive and easy to network. It is also possible to watch films and television programmes with an HMD and computer control the image so that the viewer appears to be inside the scene. Displays present the view that corresponds to the direction the viewer is facing, through a system of head tracking. This would give the viewers the feeling that they are actually going to the scene in person instead of looking at pictures on a screen. VR enables us to do so without the risk of death or a serious injury. Soldiers can re-enact a particular scenario, for example, engagement with an enemy in an environment in which they experience this but without the real world risks. This has proven to be safer and less costly than traditional training methods. Brig SC Sharma (Retd) President & CMD Axis Aerospace EVENTS Land Forces 2014 September 22- 25, 2014 Brisbane, Australia www.landforces.com.au/exposition/index.asp OCTOBER Euronaval 2014 October 27-31, 2014 Paris Le Bourget, France www.euronaval.fr Airshow China 2014 November 11 - 16, 2014 Zhuhai, Guangdong China www.chinaexhibition.com Geointelligence Brasil 2014 November 13-14, 2014 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil geointworld.net/Brasil DECEMBER Exponaval LAAD Defence & Security 2015 April 14-17, 2015 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil www.laadexpo.com.br/?lang=en Counter Terror Expo 2015 April 21-22, 2015 Olympia, London www.counterterrorexpo.com ITEC 2015 December 2-5, 2014 Valparaíso, Chile April 28-30, 2015 Prague, Czech Republic www.airtec.aero/index.php?id=1&L=1 FEBRUARY JUNE Expodefensa 2014 Avalon 2015 UDT 2015 www.airshow.com.au/airshow2015/index.html www.aadexpo.co.z 9th AIRTEC 2014 October 28-30, 2014 Frankfurt/Main, Germany October 29-31 Bogota, Columbia www.expodefensa.com.co NOVEMBER 16th Annual Global MilSatCom November 4-6, 2014 London, United Kingdom www.smi-online.co.uk Indo Defence 2014 November 5-8, 2014 Kemayoran, Jakarta-Indonesia www.indodefence.com www.exponaval.cl February 27- 1 March 2015 Geelong, Victoria Australia MARCH GeoIntelligence Asia 2015 March 17-21, 2015 Langkawi, Malaysia www.lima.com.my APRIL Sea Air Space 2015 April 13-15, 2015 Maryland, US www.seaairspace.org www.itec.co.uk June 3-5, 2015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands Geoint 2015 June 21-24, 2015 Washington, D.C. US geoint2013.com JUNE Land Forces Africa 2015 July 5-8, 2015 Midrand Gauteng, South Africa www.landforcesafrica.com 41 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 SEPTEMBER IMAGE INTELLIGENCE Courtesy: NRSC CARTOSAT image showing flooding in parts of Srinagar city. 42 | GEOINTELLIGENCE SEPTMBER - OCTOBER2014 Water Locked: The Deadly Kashmir Floods Severe floods were reported in Jammu & Kashmir during first week of September, 2014. The flooding is being described as the area’s worst in five decades. The situation aggravated when heavy rains and rise in the water levels of Jhelum river led to flooding in the districts of Pulwama, Anantnag, Badgam, Supore and Kulgam. Five days of heavy rain subsided, but flood waters in Srinagar have risen dramatically. About 400 villages have been completely submerged by the floods forcing residents to seek refuge in temporary shelters. At the time of going to the press, large parts of Srinagar were still under several feet of water and telecommunications and electricity lines had snapped. Officials have revealed that at least 200 people have died in the floods and 50 villages have been damaged across the state. According to Omar Abdullah, the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, boats have been brought from Delhi to help with evacuations, and the air force has begun rescue operations in the city. Armed forces, NRDF and other agencies have evacuated over 96,000 people so far while the government agencies are trying to restore roads and communications links. Source: BBC Credit: Photographer, Shahid Tantray/ Thekashmirwala.com publiCations TM our offerings for the defenCe and homeland seCurity Communties... www.geointworld.net ConferenCes New Delhi 13-14 November 2014 Hotel Sheraton Av. Niemeyer Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 17-18 March 2015 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia SAVE THE DATE 13-14 November 2014 Hotel Sheraton Av. Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Brasil THEME: Geospatial for Modern Warfare Plenary SeSSionS Technical SeSSionS Internal Security GeoIntelligence Enablers Maritime Security Image Interpretation and Terrain Modelling Geospatial Data Infrastructure Data Fusion and Sensor Web UAVs, LiDAR, Cloud Computing Data Infrastructure and Interoperability Disaster and Risk Management GNSS and Augumentation Systems SPeakerS rear adm luiz correa Div. gen orlando MoD (Operational Intelligence) Brasil MoD (Suport to Cartography Systems of the Logistics of the Mobilization), Brasil Prof guy Thomas Brig gen Silva neto Chairman, Global Maritime Awareness Institute for Safety Security and Stewardship, USA DSG, Geographic Board of the Army Brasil Brig gen carlos roberto SISFRON, Land Frontier System Brasil luiz castro menezes General Comander Military Police Rio de Janeiro Brig gen Walter Stoffel ECEME Brasil Div gen araujo* EME, Staff of the Army Brasil Dr edval novaes Dr Fernando guevara Subsecretary of Comand and Control, State of Rio Brasil CEO, Visual Intelligence USA air marshal carlos aquino* Div gen carlos dos Santos* CISCEA Brasil Cybernetic Warfare Brasil *Confirmation awaited PlaTinum SPonSor co-SPonSor organiSer
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