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Signal'Out'of'Noise'in'Digital'
Circuits'
'
Op5mized'Code'Table'Signaling
Presented(to(the(RTCM/CIRM(2014(
(
Lou(Halperin(BSEE,(MSEE(
Chief(MarkeBng(Officer(
OptCTS,(Inc.(
©(2014(OptCTS,(Inc.(All(Rights(Reserved(
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Op5mized'Code'Table'Signaling'(OCTS)
•  IntroducBon(
•  Framework(for(OCTS(
•  Defining(OCTS(
•  ApplicaBons(for(OCTS(
•  LimitaBons(of(OCTS(
•  Summary(
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Introduc5on
More%Data%….%Less%Noise%
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Radio'Cannot'Work'Everywhere,'All'
the'Time
•  Barriers(to(Radio(OperaBon(
•  Distance(
•  Interference(
•  Noise(
•  ConfiguraBon(
•  OperaBon(Enhancements(
•  Power(
•  Frequency(ShiT(
•  ModulaBon(VariaBon(
•  Antenna(Design(
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Op#mized)Code)Table)Signaling)(OCTS))is)a)
new)technology)that)may)increase)data)flow)
in)noisy)signal)environments)as)an)addi#ve)
solu#on;)e.g.)OCTS)works)with)exis#ng)error)
correc#on)and)noise)suppression)
technologies.
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Benefits'of'OCTS
• Consistent(data(throughput,(especially(in(the(
presence(of(noise(
• Enhanced(“Quality(of(Service”(than(tradiBonal(
approaches(
• Less(complex(“Endpoint(AuthenBcaBon”(than(
tradiBonal(approaches(
• Naturally(resilient(against(unwanted(data(sniffing/
observaBon(
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Framework'for'OCTS
More%Data%….%Less%Noise%
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Communica5ons'Framework'for'OCTS
•  Bound(and(Unbound(Signals(
•  Analog(or(Digital(Data(Transmission(
•  Complements(Most(ModulaBon(Schemes(on(a(Carrier(
•  Works(with(ExisBng(Error(CorrecBon,(Noise(Suppression,(
and(EncrypBon(Technologies(
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OCTS'in'the'Physical'Circuit
•  An(OCTS(Signal(ConfiguraBon(Module((SCM)(is(Required(for(
Transmit((Tx)(and(Receive((Rx)(
•  Tx(Module(is(between(Binary(Bit(Stream(and(Tx(Modulator(
•  Rx(Module(is(between(Rx(Modulator(and(Binary(Bit(Stream((
Signal(
GeneraBon(
Processes(
Binary(
Bit(
Stream(
OCTS(
SCM(
MulBa
Value(
Signal(
Transmission(
Medium(
MulBa(
Value(
Signal(
OCTS(
SCM(
Binary(
Bit(
Stream(
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Signal(
Receive(
Processes(
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Noise,'Interference'&'Errors
•  Noise(Tolerant(Performance(
•  Noise(is(present(in(all(communicaBon(channel(types(
•  Generated(by(atmospheric,(thermal,(vibraBonal,(heat,(
physical,(staBc(or(other(internal(source(
•  Improvement(is(independent(of(source(
•  Reduced(SuscepBbility(to(Interference(
•  Environmental(a(Crossatalk,(CongesBon,(Channel(‘bleeda
over’…((
•  IntenBonal(–(jamming(to(inhibit(or(prevent(successful(
transmission(
•  ReducBon(in(Error(Rates(for(Transmissions(
•  Fewer(retransmissions(of(data(
•  Less(power(consumed(
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Signal'to'Noise'Ra5o
•  Signal(to(Noise(RaBo((SNR)(is(Key(Measure(for(
Performance(
•  Applicable(to(all(communicaBon(channels(
•  Expressed(in(two(forms((
•  A(raBo(of(Signal(to(Noise;(i.e.(1:1,(2:1,(10:1,(etc.(
•  In(Decibels,(which(is(based(on(Power;(i.e.(0(db,(3.01(db,(10(db(
•  The(decibel(unit(is(a(raBo(of(the(measurement(to(a(
reference(
•  Input(–(Output(
•  Measured(to(Reference(Standard(
•  Used(across(all(transmission(mediums(
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Op5mized'Code'Table'
Signaling
More%Data%….%Less%Noise%
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Op5mized'Code'Table'Signaling'(OCTS)
•  An(emerging(technology((
•  An(independent(module(operaBng(between(binary(source(
Tx/Rx(
•  An(engineered(method(to(maintain(the(channel(capacity(
•  Improved(noise(tolerance(
•  Reduced(suscepBbility(to(interference((
•  Logical(reducBon(in(transmission(errors(
•  Dynamic(response(to(Quality(of(Service((QOS)(measures(
•  Changes(to(OCTS(to(maintain(desired(performance(metrics(
•  Variable(adjustments(as(the(circuit(condiBon(improves(or(
degrades(
•  Simple,(inherent(methods(to(conBnually(assure(
authenBcaBon(
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OCTS'Design'Considera5ons
The(primary(development(consideraBons(for(OCTS(
were(to(improve:(
•  Data(Transmission(in(high(noise(and/or(high(interference(
circuit(condiBons(
•  Maintain(Signal(SynchronizaBon(past(circuit(drop(condiBons(
without(OCTS(
•  Maintain(Data(Flow,(albeit(at(a(slower(bit(rate,(past(circuit(
drop(condiBons(without(OCTS(
•  Allow(for(Quality(Of(Service(measures(to(be(derived(and(
used:(
•  The(transmioed(bit(rate(becomes(a(direct(funcBon(of(the(
errorafree(received(bit(rate(
•  The(Quality(Of(Service(measures(can(be(‘connected’(to(both(
transmioer(and(receiver(for(addiBonal(correcBve(acBons(
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OCTS'Theory'of'Opera5on
•  Input(binary(data(stream(
•  Translate(data(through(an(
maelement(table(into(a(
mulBavalued(signal(
•  Tables(are(dynamically(
modified(based(on(QOS(
and(performance(
requirements(
•  Reverse(process(translates(
mulBavalued(signal(back(to(
a(binary(data(stream(
•  System(designed(to(
achieve(the(most(
consistent(and(reliable(
data(throughput(on(the(
channel(
(
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Results'of'Tes5ng
•  Frequency(ShiT(Keying(ModulaBon,(1(KHz(bandwidth,(
Standard(CiBzen’s(Band(Radios(
• (Without(OCTS,(Signal(Loss(at(a(SNR(of(15db(
• (With(OCTS,(Signal(Loss(at(SNR(of(7db(
(
•  Quadrature(Phase(ShiT(Keying(ModulaBon,(1(KHz(
bandwidth,(2.4(GHz(Frequency,(GNU(Radio(
• (Without(OCTS,(Error(Rate(of(0(@(SNR(of(17db(
• (With(OCTS,(Error(Rate(of(0(@(SNR(of(9db(
(
Signal(Transmission(w/o(OCTS(Requires(6.3x(More(Power(
((
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Detailed'Results'for'GNU'Radio
GMSK Bit Error Rates
Without OCTS vs. With OCTS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-4.370340028
-11.95241713
-18.2112143
-26.25165376
-37.1924596
-46.30088715
-58.85295967
-60.96149332
-65.22379019
3.66E-001
6.38E-002
1.51E-002
2.37E-003
1.91E-004
2.34E-005
1.30E-006
8.01E-007
3.00E-007
0.00E+000
0.00E+000
With OCTS
BER
Error Rate
-7.939506839
-16.57691314
-26.55993519
-37.99536222
-48.03698439
1.61E-001
2.20E-002
2.21E-003
1.59E-004
1.57E-005
0.00E+000
0.00E+000
0.00E+000
0.00E+000
0.00E+000
0.00E+000
0
-10
-20
BER (dB)
SNR
Without OCTS
BER
Error Rate
Comparison With and Without OCTS
!
No OCTS
-30
OCTS
-40
-50
-60
0
2
4
6
8
10
SNR (dB)
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Impact'on'Performance
•  Latency(
•
•
•
(Dependent(upon(data(structure,(CPU,(RAM,(circuit(and(modulaBon(
(Designed(to(be(lightweight(with(limited(impact(on(transmission(
(Measured(latency(of(60(ms(for(batch(processing(of(a(7(Mbyte(file(
•  Overhead(
•
•
•
(
(Processing(cycles(for(encoding(of(a(binary(bit(stream(
(Encoded(data(may(increase(in(size(by(10(–(60%(
(Overhead(scales(with(noise(tolerance(and(signal(integrity(requirements(
Performance(is(a(funcBon(of(system(design(requirements(
(
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OCTS'Summary
•  Complements(and(is(agnosBc(to(exisBng(technologies(
•  Binary(bit(stream(standards((i.e.(TCP/IP,(SD,(HD,(etc.)(
•  Transmission(medium(standards((i.e.(spectrum,(frequency,(
modulaBon,(etc.).((
•  Significant(noise(and(interference(performance(
improvement(
•  Unbound(Circuits((6.3x(Beoer)(
•  Bound(Circuits((TBD)(
•  Performance(Improvement(defined(as:(
•  Improved(reliability(
•  Lower(power(
•  Higher(Signal(Integrity(
©(2014(OptCTS,(Inc.(All(Rights(Reserved(
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Applica5ons'for'OCTS
More%Data%….%Less%Noise%
%
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OCTS'Context
•  OCTS(for(Unbound(circuits(may(be(PointatoaMulBpoint(
•  One(transmioer(for(many(receivers(
•  May(be(pointatoapoint(radio(
•  OCTS(for(Bound(circuits(is(PointatoaPoint(
•  One(transmioer(for(One(receiver(
•  The(receiver(can(deliver(the(signal(to(many(other(receivers(
•  The(transmioer(can(deliver(to(many(duplicate(receivers(
•  OCTS(takes(an(input(binary(bit(stream(and(outputs(a(
binary(bit(stream(
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Unbound'Networks
•  Public/Private(Radio(
•  VHF(
•  UHF(
•  HF(
•  Marine(Radio(
•  Marine(Band(VHF(
•  Marine(Satellite(Radio(
Systems(
•  Private(Cellular(Systems(
•  Heavy(Haul(Rail(
•  Campus(CommunicaBons(
©(2014(OptCTS,(Inc.(All(Rights(Reserved(
•  Private(Radio(Systems(
•  Emergency(or(First(
Responder(Digital(Radio(
Networks(
•  Cluoered(Channels(
•  Noisy(OperaBon(
•  Port(OperaBons(
•  Oil(&(Gas(Platorms(
•  Singleaoperator(
Microwave((
•  SCADA(Systems(
•  Signaling(Systems(
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IEEE'802.nn'Networks
• OCTS(equipped(802.11x(
Next(GeneraBon(High(Speed(Secure(Access((WiFi)(
• OCTS(equipped(802.15(UltraWideband(&(Mesh(
Networks(
Wireless(Personal(Area(Networks((WPAN)(
• OCTS(equipped(802.16(WiMax(Advanced(
Metropolitan(Area(Networks((MAN)(
• OCTS(equipped(802.22(White(Space(
Wireless(Regional(Area(Networks((WRAN)(in(Television(
Frequency(Spectrum(
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Bound'Networks
•  Telephonic(Circuits(
•  Noisy(Copper(lines(
•  Extend(the(life(of(installed(base(
•  Cable(Circuits(
•  Increase(data(throughput(in(the(presence(of(noise(
•  Decrease(the(need(for(intermediate(equipment(
•  OpBcal(
•  Increase(the(distance(between(amplifiers(
•  Decrease(the(frequency(of(fiber(opBc(cable(replacement(
•  Increase(the(throughput(from(Fiber(Node(to(the(Premise(
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Limita5ons'of'OCTS
More%Data%….%Less%Noise%
©(2014(OptCTS,(Inc.(All(Rights(Reserved(
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All'Networks
•  OCTS(does(not(break(the(laws(of(physics(
•  Cannot(‘jump’(an(open(circuit(
•  Cannot(overcome(powerful(EMF(jamming(
•  Cannot(‘fix’(broken(equipment(
•  OCTS(requires(a(digital(signal(
•  OCTS(was(created(to(improve(SNR(performance(
•  OCTS(provides(addiBonal(benefits(
•  Lower(power(requirements(
•  Integrated(authenBcaBon(technique(
•  Inherent(resilience(to(unwanted(observaBon(
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Summary
More%Data%….%Less%Noise%
©(2014(OptCTS,(Inc.(All(Rights(Reserved(
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So'What?
•  OCTS(improves(performance(in(the(presence(of(noise(
and(interference(
•  Tested(to(improve(SNR(up(to(6.3x(over(the(same(circuit(
without(OCTS(
•  OCTS(is(complementary(and(agnosBc(to(digital(bit(stream(
and(transmission(standards(
•  Improvement(in(network(performance(means:(
•  Beoer(and(more(reliable(communicaBons(
•  Lower(operaBonal(and(maintenance(costs(
•  Longer(capital(investment(cycle(
©(2014(OptCTS,(Inc.(All(Rights(Reserved(
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Thank'You'for'Your'
AXen5on
Lou(Halperin((a(lhalperin@optcts.com(
©(2014(OptCTS,(Inc.(All(Rights(Reserved(
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