1. No category

OKZPBP
KRG[BZ :OKRK[B[IF
OBNSBF O[C OKECB\PF
OKECB\PF NTG ZGZJF KRGDZB NT O\TV[F
GRKPKC OKPNSGPF
YIXK QRGZ
F
KZGJSKF TYZ &
F\NTG FXX \KPNSGPF FETF \DFRF CKCS FKDGS
BKCRF .632 \R[C EPIGP BKCRF N[ G\GP ZIBN EKP
ZCEFG [ZGK NT HKZMF[ BNC ONGTF QP YN\SF
1
.ORGXZN OB\FC [ZGKF \B TGCYN OKPNSGPN I\V ZK\GF
OEKYV\N GRP\F ,(BKCRF OGYP KBNPP) OKVKN'IF \TCZB
OFKZIB LB ,\GEIGKP \GKTC ZZGT BN OKGRKPG FPMSF LG\
UKN'IF ,KNT N[ GRC ,QSINB 2.F[GZKF \KKTC FVKZIF
(FPJBV G\CP) BKCRF N[ GR\IG GEGE QC FKF[ ,KTKCZF
JKN[ ,FKGBTGP \CGJN F[GZKF NT Z\KG ,661 \R[C IXZRG
FBP GNKI\F LM .USM OGMS GRPP NCKY[ ZIBN ,FKZGS
G\GP ZIBN .\KPNSGPF FKZVPKBC FKPGB \KC QGJN[ \GR[
FSKR ,680 \R[C QGJN[N EKH GRC \KKNT OT ,FKGBTGP N[
.KNT \KCN \GVKN'IF \B CK[FN ,KNT N[ KR[F GRC ,QKSGINB
,FRKEPNBP TKDF O[N ,YBZKTC[ FVGMNB KC[G\ EGEKTC
BCXF EDR \N[GM FMZTP 680 ZCGJYGBC QKSGINB NFKR
FPGKSC[ ,YBZKTC[ BNCZM ZKTC EKH N[ GEGYKVC KBPGBF
KBXBXPG KNT \IV[PP OCGZ { GK[RBG BGF GICJR
3
.BKCRF
OEGY F[CD\F[ ,\KJKNGVF FTGR\F FMNF ZXY QPH LG\
\KCP OKJKN[C FKPGB \KC KJKN[ \B UKNIFN FZJPC QMN
GBZYR FC OKRKPBPFG) FTK[F ,\K\E FTGR\N FMVFG ,KNT
KNT KBXBX ,BKCRF KBXBXC \GYCEF \B FPPGZ[ ,(OKTK[
OBNSBF QP FYIZ\F GH FTGR\ .QINGV \DZEN ,FPJBVG
QKTP F\GGKFG ,OKRG[ \GRGZYT FPXTN FNDKS ,KP[ZF
N[ G\GP ZIBN .OKKYF KPNSGPF QGJN[N FKXKHGVGB
F
FKNKTBPSBF \M KDNVP EIB N[ GKGRKM FKF QK[B[I
13=11=F \GBPC GHIBR FK[RB[ { OKZBHKRF {
G B X K O F P G , F K Z G S C G S Z V C O K K Z Z F O KZ X C P C
,GGN IXZ F \GN GT V . KJKNGV ZGZ JG IXZ \GKGI KN[N
BGF KM FRGPB LG\P ,IXGZF N[ G\GECB\FC ,NNM=LZEC
\XGCYN QK[B[IF GC[IR ,LMN KB .QET QDN SRMKFN EK\T
ONGTC FRG[BZF \RDZGBPF OKECB\PF OKIXGZF
OZJC KM ZGVKSF LPS NT OFN Q\KR OP[ .KPNSGPF
OZM[N \RP NT ,[K[I \RP OFN FR\KR FNGTVN GBXK
GTXKC OFC OKR[ \GBP [GN[ ZIBN .\GKHF OFC ZZGTNG
{ \E K[RBG BCX K[RB ,OKKJKNGV OKDKFRPC { IXZ K[TP
GNKBG ,1258 \R[C OKNGDRGPF KEKC SZVC :QK[B[IF GNSGI
QBJNGSF KEK=NT ,1272 \R[C ,GECTG[ FKZGSC QK[B[IF
O KI XGZ M OF C [ P\[ F N L K[ PF [ ,S Z C KC KM GN PP F
.GK\GZJPN OKZKM[
,\GCZ \GEDB GPYZR OCKCS ,QK[B[IF N[ OFK\GNGTV
ZG ZJ K RGDZBN KGYKIN NEGP OKR[F \XG ZPC GMVF
ZPBP .GNTV QFKV NTG OFK\GJK[ \B GXPKB[ ,OKPBNSB
QGICN FSRPG QK[B[IF N[ O\GNKTV ZYKT \B ZYGS FH
.GRKPKC OKNTGVF OKPNSGPF OKECB\PF NT O\TV[F \B
FNNMPC QGMK\F IZHPF N[ FKZGJSKFN FXZP ,YIXK QRGZ Z"E
,KCZTF ONGTC OHKZJKNKPG ZGZJN FIPGP .KCZTP NKND \KPEYBF
GZVS .1948 \PINPG KCZTF QGKDNF NT OKZPBP ZVSP OSZKV
1948 \PINPG KCZTF QGKDNF ,FNNBECT :\GRKGT EXC \GV\G[
SRDP N"K ["T OKZVSF \BXGFC CGZYC ZGBN \BXN EK\T
.QGIJKCF EZ[P N[ ZGBN FBXGFFG
QGZYKTF KV=NT F[TPN
-BNSBF FMNFC QDGTPF
-P'DKBF QGZYKT { \KP
FPMSF ZPGNM ,TB
\B \ CK K IP F ,\ KN NM
NC YN O KP NSG PF N NM
TCYR Q GZYKTF . F\GB
BKCRF KZCE LPS=NT
BN ONG TN" :'\KEIC
NNMN K\NKFY TKD\
YIXK ."\GTJC FPMSF
-XZF ,ZKFXENGD FEGFK
-[GZK) OBNSBF NT \GB
,YKNBKC ESGP :OKN
KZKF SKZM ;46 ,(B"K[\
-NSB ,NKERKVG'X ZJKVG
:C KC B N \) ? GF P OB
'PT ,(B"R[\ ,USBKIB
.58
:GKF OKVKN'IF \TCZB
-GT ,(634=632) ZMC GCB
QBP'\GT ,(644=634) ZP
=656 ) KNTG (656 =644 )
.(661
' IK ZB\ ,Z PB\ U ZBT
-ENB { FKNKTBPSBNB
:QGERGN) FEKYTNBG FGT
C \ M N N S K B Z N B 'W B KZ
-BZ LZM ,(1991 ,Z[RNBG
.111=107 'PT ,QG[
C Z K S F T K [ F Q P DN V
-BCNB EPIGPC ZKMFN
K[ KP I F O B PKB M ZY
EKH ZIB QCC LP\G
GKMPG\ . OBPKBM
\KEKHF \MF \B OKGGFP
ET QPK\C \JNG[F
.OGKF
1
2
3
4
8
-K[F \GGF\F NT OKJZV
-B\ ,ZPB\ :FBZ FT
,FKNKTBPSBNB 'IKZ
'PT ,QG[BZ LZM
Farhad Daftary, ;145=106
The Assassins Legends,
Myths of the Isma`ilis, Lon-
don: I.B.Tauris and Co.
Ltd. Publishers, 1994, pp.
.8-18
Farhad Daftary, ``Hasan-I
Sabbah and the Origins of
the Nizari Isma`ili Movement'', Mediaeval Isma'ili
History and Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 183.184
W.B. Bartlett, The Assassins: The Story of Medieval
Islam's Secret Sect ,
Stroud: Sutton Publishing,
.2001, pp. 39- 40
Laurence Lockhart, ``Hassan-i-Sabbah and the Assassins'', Bulletin of the
School of Oriental Studies,
Vol. 5, No. 4, 1930, p. 677;
Yoseph Hammer-Purystall,
The History of the Assassins, New York: Franklin,
-GN EZRZC ;1968, p. 41
5
6
7
8
-KY \M :OK[K[IF ,SKB
,OBNSBC \KRGX
-VSF \BXGF :OKN[GZK
,SRDP N"K ["T OKZ
.39 ,S"[\
.41=40 'PT ,O[ 9
NT OKKVZDGVGJ OKJZV 10
-[Z QMG \GPBNB \EGXP
O K Z K K\ N [ Z G Y K C KP
Peter Willey, :FBZ O[
The Castles of the Assassins, London: G.G. Harrap,
1963, pp. 204-226; Vladimir Alekseevich Ivanov,
Alamut and Lamasar: Two
Mediaeval Ismaili Strongholds in Iran, Teheran:
Ismaili Society, 1960, pp.
1-11, 30-59; W. Ivanow,
``Alamut'', The Geographical Journal, Vol. 77, No. 1,
Jan. 1931, pp. 38-45; C.J.
Edmonds, ``A Visit to Alamut in 1920'', The Geographical Journal, Vol. 77, No.
6, Jun. 1931, pp. 553-558;
B. Hourcade, ``Alamut'',
Encyclopaedia Iranica,
-GN ;Vol. 1, pp. 797-801
.41 'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKB
.43 'PT ,O[ 11
Daftary, ``Hasan-I Sabbah 12
and the Origins of the
Nizari Isma`ili Movement'',
NT OKJZV ;pp. 191-192
Freya : F B Z Z X C P F
Stark, ``The Assassin's
Castle of Lambesar'', The
9
[P\[FN [YC OFC ,CIZ OKRKPBP NFY SKKDN ,ZXY
GBZ[ ,SZVC OKYG'DNSF OKJKN[F .OKKJKNGV OK[YR\PM
SGV\N GIKNXF BN LB ,GKZIB UGEZN GNIF ,OGKB G\GNKTVC
9
.G\GB
NT FPZGT KMZEC IBCXNB QSI JN\[F 1090 \R[C
\KRGVX P"Y 40=M ,(Alborz) HZGCNB KZFC EEGCP ZXCP
\B FRPKS ZXCPF \SKV\ 10.\GPBNB ZXCP ,QZFJN
Q G J N [ F E D R \ K S Z V F \ K N K T B PS B F F M V F P F \ K [ B Z
,[EIF IGMF N[ G\KKNT \K[BZ \B FRKKXG KYG'DNSF
[PK[ EIB EXP :NGVM EKYV\ FKF ZXCPN .QK[B[IF BGF
EXF QPG G[VR K[YCP KRVP IBCXNB QSIN ZG\SP OGYP
CKIZFN NTV FRPP \KNNM FEYVP QKTP GN [PK[ ,ZIBF
\GPGYPC .FKZGSNG SZVC OKVSGR \GPGYPN GRGJN[ \B
\B IBCXNB QSI NKTVF ,OKC[G\F \GRTKFN FMH BN OFC
BGF .IGMC \GEGXPFG OKIJ[F \B [GCMN KEM GK[RB
BXP[ OGYP NMCG ,GIM GN EPT[ NMM OKZXCP NT JN\[F
G[CMR[ OKZXCPC[ CG[IF 11.ZXCP GKNT FRC OKB\P YGX
ZXCPM OD TGEKF) ZBSBPBN ZXCP FKF FVGY\ F\GBC
FINXFF ZYKTN 12.1096 \R[C [CMR[ (Lanbasar ZBSCRBN
ECNC GH BN .QJSKRDVB=SZV NGCDC IBCXNB QSI FMH
GSV\G FTNKTBPSBF \B OFKNT GNCKY OGYPF KC[G\[
EDR FKGND \GPPGY\F FNIF OD O[[ BNB ,OKZXCP ZVSP
.OKNKTBPSBF OKVKJPF N[ OEGEKTC ,KYG'DNSF QGJN[F
QKTP OKYFN FH ZGHBC QK[B[IF GIKNXF OKR[ ZVSP LG\
,\KRGSF \KYG'DNSF FRKEPF LG\C \KTK[ \KBPXT FRKEP
FNGEDF \KTK[F FRKEPF N[ F\PYF \BZYN QG[BZ CN[M
13
.OKYFN FXZ IBCXNB QSI[
QGJN[F \B FDKBEF QK[B[IF N[ O\GSSC\F
.BCX OEDR IGN[N JKNIFG OGKB OFC FBZ[ KYG'DNSF
BYGGEG ,FN[MR 1092 \R[ LNFPC OEDR FI\VR[ FPINPF
LGVFN EK\T[ ,IXZ \GTXPBC ,FINXF GNIR QK[B[IF
OBHKR FKF QG[BZF ORCZGY .ONXB \NCGYPF FJK[N
GKXPBP[ ,KYG'DNSF QGJN[F \B \ZK[[ ZKHGGF ,MNGPNB
N[ Z\GKC QMGSPF CKGBN GFGMVF IBCXNB QSIC OINKFN
ZCGJYGBC 16=F \C[ NKNC [IZ\F IXZF 14.QK[B[IF
OBHKR \B ZYE[ IXGZF .ERBGBFKR HGIPC[ BRFSC 1092
,KRBZB ZFBJ GCB O[C K[B[I FKF ,QGKDVC \GGPN MNGPNB
FMHK KM FGGY\ LG\P ,FPK[PF \B GPXT NT \IYN [YKC[
15
.BCF ONGTC
\B GBXP QFC ZGZJ \GVY\F \ZESC FRG[BZF F\KKF GH
K[RB GNKVBG OKN[GP ,OKBKCXP ,OKMKSR ,OKJKN[ O\GP
Z\KF GYKRTFG \GKNKTBPSBF \GZG\F \B \GRDN GHTF[ ,\E
FIGMC QKB KM TEK IBCXNB QSI .QFC OKNDGEF \B BMEN
FRKEPF NGP EGPTN FECN \KNKTBPSBF FVJFF N[
Z[VB\[ F[EI FJK[ BXP ,QMNG ,FZKEBF \KYG'DNSF
GKNT FNGTF BCXC \GMFN ,QDZGBPG TP[GPP ,QJY IGMN
O\[NGIP FTCR GH FJK[[ ZGZC .GEKIVFNG OKRGP \GZ[T
EEGP\FN O\NGMK ZSGIPG ,CZYF FE[C OKNKTBPSBF N[
FJK[F[ YVS QKB ,\BH OT .\RDGF FZGXC OFKCKZK OT
N[ \GRG[BZF OKR[F \GZ[TC \GIVN F\GNKTK \B FIKMGF
G[P\[F[ OKRG[BZF GKF BN OKNKTBPSBF .QK[B[IF
OFN GPEY ,\GKJKNGVF \GIKXZFG \GKGECB\FF \JK[C
GNKTVF[ OKRG[BZF GKF OF LB .\GRG[ \GKPBNSB \GXGCY
OFKCKGBC FPINP NFRN LZEMG \RDZGBP FZGXC FJK[F \B
,Z\GK ZIGBP 16.ONSING ORGJN[ \B ZTZTN { OKRGSF {
OBNSBF O[C OKECB\PF KRG[BZ :OKRK[B[IF
N X KR [ , Q K E C B T N B QK H G R C C O KT K[ F GZ K M F , Q K S G I N B
\B \GRMN OKTK[F GNIF F\T[ BNB ,[ZGKM ,ICJFP
LK[PF[ KRGSF OBNSBN EGDKRC) OBPKB ZBG\C [ZGKF
NXB TGEK QKECBTNB QKH .(UKN'I ZBG\C GK[ZGK \B \GRMN
.QKSGINBG QSINB ,KNT ZIBN KTKCZF OBPKBM OKTK[F
,ZYBCNB EPIGP ,GRCC OKTK[F CGZ GZKMF G\GP ZIBN
BNKP ZYBCNB EPIGP N[ G\GP ZIBN 4.K[KPIF OBPKBM
,ZVT'D N[ G\GP OT .YEBXNB ZVT'D GRC GPGYP \B
YCE FTK[F QP DNV .FTK[C USGR DGNKV NI ,K[K[F OBPKBF
GKIBC LP\ ,FTK[F ZB[ EGTC ,NKTBPSB ZGMCF GRCC
NKTBPSB KMPG\ { OKNKTBPSBF .OHBMNB BSGP ZKTXF
C[IR[ ,NKTBPSB QC EPIGP ,GRCN \GKGMHF \B GZKCTF {
BSGPC GMP\[ ,OKTK[F CGZ .QGZIBFG KTKC[F OBPKBN
EPIGP Z[T=OKR[F OBPKBF ET GKBXBXC GZKMF ,OHBMNB
OKBZYR OF QM NTG ,940 \R[C \P[ (ZH\RGPNB) QSINB QC
Z[T=OKR[C GZKMF[ GNB ,GRKKF ,"OKKZ[T=KZ\F"
\B GGKF[ OG[P ,OKTK[F OD OKRGMP FNB .OKPBPKB
5
.FTK[F N[ FCGZ
LMN KBG ,FCZ \GKEGSC O\E \B GRDZB OKNKTBPSBF
Q G V X C \ K P BN SB F K Z V P K B O K YF N G I \ V \ F N G I K N X F
LM GBZY OKPKJBVF) OKPKJBVF QGJN[ \I\ FYKZVB
.(FPJBVG KNT KBXBX O\GKF \B [KDEFN \RP NT OPXTN
ZKFY \B GRC ,OKZXP \B OKPKJBVF G[CM 969 \R[C
.\KNKTBPSBF FRGPBN HMZP [PK[[ ,ZFHBNB \B GESKKG
N[ GKPKC \KPKJBVF FKZVPKBF FTKDF F\NGED BK[N
QGJN[F TKDF HB ,(1094 =1036 ) ZXR\SGPNB UKN'IF
QPHNG CZT KBF KXIG FKZGS ,NBZ[K WZBN OD KPKJBVF
OKTK[F=OKPKJBVF \KKNTN NKCYPC[ BNB .EBEDCN OD FP
OKJC[ SZVN TKDFN 11=F FBPF \K[BZC GNIF ,CZTPC
FBKCF[ FECGT ,OKRGS OKPNSGP ZPGNM ,QGVXP OKYG'DNS
OKYG'DNSF \TDF .\KPGYPF FKKSGNMGBF OT \GIK\PN
FMNF[ \GEDR\F ,[EIF QGJN[N \GEDR\F FZZGT ZGHBN
FH TYZ NT 6.GZCD OKYG'DNSF N[ KGMKEF K[TP[ NMM FZCDG
KEM ,OKZXPP OKNKTBPSB OKTK[ OKRNPTG\ SZVN GTKDF
UZXNG OKYG'DNSF EDR OPGY\FN OKC[G\F \B EEGTN
\B CKIZFN FZJPC \BH NM ,OKNKTBPSBN ,LM CDB ,O\GB
OKRNPTG\F KZKMCP EIB .\KPKJBVF FRKEPF N[ FK\GNGCD
\TGR\ \B QDZBN IKNXF[ IBCXNB QSI FKF FNBF
7
.QK[B[IF \TGR\ \B OKYFG OKYG'DNSN \GEDR\FF
EGSKKG IBCXNB QSI N[ G\GDKFRP &
QK[B[IF \M
I
SZVC[ OGY ZKTC 1050 \R[C LZTC ENGR IBCXNB QS
GEGTC .OKKZ[T=KZ\F FTK[F OT \KRPRF FIV[PN
LGPS FRM[[ ,KBZ ZKTN OGY ZKTFP GKCB ZDKF ,ENK
\GNKTV HMZP F\KKF KBZ .K\EF GMGRKI \B DVS O[ ,QZFJN
CZ QPH UNI BNG ,9=F FBPF HBP OKKNKTBPSB OKVKJP N[
OFKNB UZJXF Z\GK ZIGBP .O\TV[FN ZS GPXT QSI[ ET
,GEKYV\ \ZDSPC 8.OFN[ FVJFF QGRDRPC \Z[N OKMSFG
KRGVXF ZGHBC ,1080 \R[ UGSC ,ZYKCG SZV KCIZC QSI TSR
OKXKPB OKPIGNM GTEGR ZGHBF KC[G\ .KVSMF OKF EKN[
O SKKD N QS I C[ I QMNG , OK RMG SP O K[RB N GC[ IRG
QPH LG\ ,IKNXF \KJPHKZMF G\GK[KB \GMHC .GK\GZG[N
OKZCEF \GTP[P \B GN ZKCSK[ LKZEPN YGYH BGF QMNG
TEK KNTC N[ FKMZZKF FZXK GH FJK[ .NBF QKCN GRKC LGG\KG
OKMPG\F N[ \JNIGP \GR\KKXN FBKCFG \GRG[ \GDZEP
OKYFN IBCXNB QSI IKNXF ,ZXY QPH LG\ ,LM 21.OFKZGPC
GKFG ,QGEB GC GBZ ,\ZGGKT FZGXC GN G\KKX[ OKRKPBP \ET
\GBZN Q\KR LMN KGJKC .NGMF GNKC[C \G[TN OKRMGP
IBCXB QSI \B ZYCN TKDF OKPKF EIBC GKVN ZGVKSC
GN \GBZFNG GIZGB \B OK[ZFN FXZ IZBPF .CG[I IZGB
DD NT GEPT[ GKZTRP OKKR[N FZGF BGF .KFP \GR\KKX
NB GXVY ,SGSKF NM BNN ,OFG ,FJPN WGVYN ZXCPF
22
.O\GP
OKDKFRPF N[ ONCS \B QSI ZZGT FH ZGCKX CZYC
O\RGPB KVN .FPYRN UKJFG OKRGSF KEKC GIXZR[ OKTK[F
OEB KRC KEK=NT GRGPG GZICR[ OKVKN'IC OKZKMP OF QKB
BGF[ ,OBPKB OBNSBF [BZC EGPTN FKF LKZX OEKENG
[BZP GEKYV\N ZICR[ ,FPJBVG KNT KRCP ,BKCRF KBXBXP
QSI N[ G\VJF \B QKCFN Q\KR FH TYZ NT 23.FNNB KEK=NT
\NKHD NT OGYRN KEM \GECB\F \GNGTVN Q\R[ EGEKTFG
KEKP NGPDN FIJCF LG\ ,BKCRF \IV[PP F[GZKF \GKGMH
OK\PF QFKVN \GKPBNSBF \GZGSPF .BCF ONGTC FNNB
QF OD ,QET QDN Z[K OKSRMR QM NTG ,OKEKF[N OKMVGF CZYC
\NGTVN CER\FN G[YKC[ OKZKTXF NT GTKV[FG GEPNR
BNB ,JNPKFN OKIXGZF GSKR BN LM OG[P .\GECB\FF
LNFPC \GGP .BCF ONGTC EKP \GMHN KEM ,\GPN GGKY BYGGE
TGXKC ZIBN \GEZ[KF GNKBG NGED EGCMN C[IR IXZF
LMN KGJKC .[KCP ZCEN GC[IR FPK[PC QGN[KM GB FPK[PF
\B F[CN[ OKECB\PF EIB OB NT ZGVKSC \GBZN Q\KR
DZFR FRC KM FC[I Z[BM F\IP[ \B FTKCFG FKEDC CJKP
FZTJXF ,NXKR FRC KM FN TEGR[M .\GECB\FF \PK[PC
\B G\IV[PNG GN YKRTF BN KM GKRVC FRRGN\F UBG CZ ZTX
24
.KGBZF EGCMF
ZGZJ KRGDZBN KGYKI NEGPN LVF QK[B[IF QGDZB FRCP
ZG ZJ K [TP NTG VN G BK XGF G 20 =F \GR [C GPYG F[
OK IB F \ TGR \ KZ C IP . O BN SBF O [C \GKGE C B \F G
KEK=NT 1929 \R[C FKNTBPSBC FPYGF[ ,OKPNSGPF
DKFRPN JNIGP \GKXG \TP[P F[ZER ,BRCNB QSI 'IK[F
EK[ZGPNB) KNNMF LKZEPF OFKVC BZYR[ ,BRCNB FTGR\F
,'IK[ G\GKF OXTP ,BRCNB KM GRKPBF[ OG[P ,(OBTNB
OFKNT FKV NT Z\GKC FCGJF LZEF KFP OFP CGJ TEGK
FTGR\N OKRGPB TC[KFN G[ZER FTGR\F KZCI .\GKIN
BNP \GKX .FC O\GZCI ZCE \B EGSC ZGP[NG FKDKFRPNG
25
.OKZIBF ZGZJF KRGDZB CZYC OD [ZER DKFRPF KZCEN
ZGZJF KRGDZB KZCI KRVC OKVKJPF OKB[GR[ \G[ZEF
\GKGGZ ,QK[B[IF KVKJP \BZ[FC ,GRKPKC OKKPBNSBF
NMGK BN JG[VF OEBF[ \RP NT \BHG ,OKK\E OKIGRKP
FNGTF FRYSPF \BH OT .FDFRFF KESIN QG\R FKFKG QRKCFN
KVN .FIGJC QET QDN EKF[F N[ GMZE :FZGZC \G[ZEF QP
,EPIGP BKCRF \VGY\C F\K[BZ[ ,\KPBNSBF \ZGSPF
SRMKFN KBMHG "EKF[" BZYR \EF [GEKY NT \PF KPNSGP
\PINPC \GPN BKF EPTPC \GMHN FNYF LZEF .QET QDN
OKZIGC OKCZ .(OKZXGR GB OKEGFK) OKZVGMF EDR FGGXP
26
.FH ZBG\C \GMHN \RP NT \GKGECB\F \GPK[PN \BXN
OKT[GV GKF QK[B[IF ,\GRCZGYF N[ O\GBZ \EGYRP
QK[B[IF LB .\KPNSGPF FZCIF EDR ZGZJC GYST[ OKBRY
,\KNKT \XGCYM ,OKK\KPB OKPNSGPM OPXT \B OK[VG\
(EBF[K\SKB) \GKGECB\FF \JK[ LGVF\ ,GRKPKC EIGKPCG
OKTK[F YZ BN ,ZGZJF KRGDZB CZYC Z\GKC IGGZF KTXPBN
,I"\VF ,SBPIF GPM) OKRGSF OD OB KM (FNNBCHIF GPM)
GH LZE GXPBK[ ,(OKZIBG FEKTBYNB ,KPBNSBF EBFK'DF
WZBC OKEGFKF EDR GNFRK G\GB (FGGXP \PINP) EBFK'DC
.ONGTF KCIZC OKZXGRF EDRG NBZ[K
LKNF\ ,QK[B[IF N[ ORGDZB \GEGB OKPEYGP OKJZV
N[ GZVSC FRG[BZN GBCGF ,OKCER\PF \Z[MFG SGKDF
\R[C WZBC GZGYKC ZIBN ,FNEGJP QKPKRC KEGFKF TSGRF
GNGV GYZP N[ GKVP GMH KPNGT OGSZVN ONGB 17,1170
\R[C ,QKSN GMZEC .OFK\GNGTV \B ZBK\[ ,(1324=1254)
ZIBN ,SZVC[ \GPBNB \EGXPC GNGV GYZP ZYKC ,1273
KC[G\ N[ OZGVKS \B TP[G OKNGDRGPF KEK=NT F[CMR[
QP QYHF" GN KI FH WZB NCIC ,GNGV GYZP KVN .OGYPF
LG\C .OTV KB FBZR[ Z\GKC FVKF QDF \B OKYF[ ,"ZFF
CNI ,QKK GPZH QFC[ \GNT\ ,OKCFHGP \GRGPZB GPYGF QDF
QKTNG Q\ZK[C QHGBN GPKTRF[ QI \GPNT GZD GCG [CEG
QETF QD GFH KM OKRKPBPF \B TRM[ QYH G\GB .QEGYKZC
QYHF N[ GZXIC .QBZGYC GKRKPBPN EPIGP IKJCF G\GB
OFKNT NKVF[ KGYK[C FY[F O\GB ,OKRKPBP OKZKTX GRM[
GKF GZZGT\F[MG ,QDN OSKRMP FKF GR[K[ FT[ .FPEZ\
O\GB IGN[N QYHF FXZ[M .QET QDC OKBXPR OF KM OKIGJC
.QDFP OBKXGPG OPKEZPG C[ FKF ,\GECB\F \GPK[PN
GKNT QDC OKBXPR ORKB KM \GNDN GBNV\F ,GZZGT\F[M
,\GECB\FF \PK[PN \BXN OTRM[P QYHF FKF HB .GPNI
18
.USMRF QDN ZGHIN GMHK FVGSC KM FIJCF LG\
QK[B[IF \M KRC GBZYR ,GNGV GYZP N[ GZGBK\ \GCYTC
KVN QM[ ,(OKIXGZ) Assassins OKBVGZKBF \GZGYPC
ZZIK[ [K[IF .[K[I FKF OFN Q\KR[ KGYK[F FZCSF
OFN Q\KR ,FBZRF NMM ,QMNG \GKHF OFC ZZGTG EIVP O\GB
F[T[ QG[BZF[ FBZR .\GECB\FF \NGTVN GBXK OZJC
[GPK[N FNKPF FSRMR GN \GEGFG Assassins FNKPC [GPK[
K Z K K DK NB F J R E K Y N J K B F Z Z G [ P F F K F , F V [C I G G Z
FC [P\[F 14=F FBPF \K[BZC ZCM[ ,(Alighieri)
ZKHRM GP XT \B ZB K\ FJRE . "\KFGNBF FKEP GY"C
IRGPC [P\[FG KGHCG NV[ IXGZ G\GKF NT FEGG\PF
``Io stava come il frate che confessa lo :Assassins
.perfido assassin...''
(Assassins) SRKSSBN [K[IF QKC KDGNGPKJBF Z[YF NT
De) KSBS FE ZJSCNKS K\VZXF JSKCZTF FRG[BZN EPT
NM QKB KM TGEK OGKF ONGB ,19=F FBPF \K[BZC (Sacy
OFN Q\KR FNGTVN OK[YR\PF GBXK OZJC KM FRTJN SGSKC
F[YG ZKER LZXP FKF [K[IF KM FECGTF N[C GNG ,[K[I
"QK[B[I" ZBG\F \B KM FBZR .OKPK O\GBC FD[FN
OFG ,CGTK\G EIV LG\P ,OFKCKGB BYGGE \MF KRCN GYKCEF
19
.FNGNX FTECG FBNP FZMFC O\PK[PN GBXK OPXT
KEM G\G[ZN GEPT[ OKTXPBF NM \B NXKR IBCXNB QSI
G[TK[ ,OKKJKNGV OKECB\PG OKIXGZ ZK[M\[ \M OKYFN
\EF .OBNSBN \GRPBR LG\ ,FBNP FZMFC OEKYV\ \B
I\VN ICXNB QSIN GTKKS \KNKTBPSBF FKZGJSKFFG
\ K E G S \E BK F F K N K T B PS B F . F P K B \ P F K D G N G BK E K B
{ OKTK[F N[ EGPKNF \JK[) EGPKN \JK[ \P[KKPF
FMGHG FFGCD FDZEN FNTGP [BZC EPGTF FC ,(OKNT\F
EGPKNF \JK[G FRGPBF KV=NT 20.KFGNB JTPM EGCMN
NBF KZCE \B QKCFN OEBF N[ G\NGMKC QKB ,\KNKTBPSBF
Geographical Journal, Vol.
80, No. 1, Jul. 1932, pp.
.47-56
Bartlett, The Assassins, 13
.pp. 45-46
GSKR OKZVGSFP \XYP 14
-HKR IXZC YGEKX BGXPN
-HKR[ LMC ,MNGPNB OB
ZPGTG MNGPNB OB
OSZV\F[ ,OBK'I
,TGEK ZZG[PM LM=ZIB
-NB QSI OT EIKC GEPN
-KEGPKN LNFPC .IBCX
[KB GTC[R OF OF
-K[ QG[BZF KM GFTZN
OG\ OT OKKIC ZE\S
OD ZESN DBEK ,GKEGPKN
OBHKR .OKZ\GRF KR[ \B
FZ[P NCKY MNGPNB
KVNG ,KYG'DNSF QGJN[C
-V\ ZESN CZKS FRTJF
. IBCSNB QSIN EKY
-GPG O\EKN \GR[[ BNB
-KBFP EIB NM N[ O\
KCDN \GYVS OKNTP OK[
OBHKR .ZGVKSF \G\PB
1020 \R[C ENGR MNGPNB
ZPGT ,1092 \R[C \PG
1048 \R[C ENGR OBK'I
QSIG 1131 \R[C \PG
\R[C ENGR IBCXNB
.1124 \R[C \PG 1050
Lock- :FBZ GH FKDGS NT
hart, ``Hassan-i-Sabbah
and the Assassins'', p.
Hammer-Purystall, ;676
The History of the Assassins, pp. 43-44; The As.sassins, p. 39
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 15
Charles Nowell, ``The ;46
Old Man of the Mountain'',
Speculum: A Journal of
Mediaeval Studies, Vol.
22, No. 4, October 1947,
FBZ IXZF NT ;p. 501
M. Houtsma, ``The :OD
Death of Nizam al-Mulk
and its Consequences'',
Journal of Indian History,
.3, 1924, pp. 147-160
-GY GNTV[ \GTGR\F QKC 16
'DZBG'IF GKF QMN OE
IXZC [P\[FN GDFR[
N[ G\KKVGRM ,KJKNGV
-FP KN'DTNB ZGXRP GCB
-GT[ YBZKTC[ FVGM ZKT
\BXN GK[RB \B EE
NCY NG OK[RB IGXZN
QM G ,FNN B KEK P ZM[
OD[ ,EKTS QC FZK'TP
K[TP GTXKC GKEKSI
,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN .IXZ
Daftary, ``Ha- ;123 'PT
san-I Sabbah and the Origins of the Nizari Isma`ili
.Movement'', p. 190
-KRC 'Z N[ \GTSP ZVS 17
,QGERGN ,FNEGJP QKP
-Z\ ,ZNEB R"P \GZEFP
.J'IK='IK 'PT ,H"S
10
Henry Yule (ed.), The Book 18
of Ser Marco Polo, London: H. Cordier, 1930, pp.
.23-24
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 19
Nowell, ``The Old ;46
Man of the Mountain'', p.
KPKC [K[IF NT .500
WZBC G[GPK[G OKKRKCF
FBZ FKZGSCG NBZ[K
[K[I" ,ZPT ZFH :EGT
NBZ[K WZBC OKK[K[IG
,"OKKRKCF KPKC FKZGSG
\TKEKN \T C\M :NBKZB
,120=119 ,NBZ[K WZB
' P T ,1996 Z C P X E
Z G B E Q E ;282 =277
[K[I :C[T KVE ,(LZGT)
N\ ,ONGTF \GZVSC
,NG DZI \BXGF : CKCB
.22=20 'PT ,2003
Daftary, The Assassins Le- 20
.gends, p. 33
FBGNPC FKMZZKFF \B 21
CN [ NM N[ GEK YV\G
-B\ :FBZ GH FKMZZKFC
-BPSBNB 'IKZB\ ,ZP
'PT ,QG[BZ LZM ,FKNKT
Lockhart, ``Has- ;129=123
san-i-Sabbah and the AsQSI ;sassins'', p. 680
QGKNKTBPSBNB ,QKPBNB
Q K E N B Z K X R G NG ' T P NB G
HMZP :\GZKC ,KSGJNB
\BSBZENN ZKE'TNB
,1997 , FKP B N P S B N B
.87 'PT
Anthony Campbell, The 22
Assassins of Alamut, n.p.,
.2004, p. 2
\KT K[ F FRGPB F KVN 23
-BFP FZCT FPBPKBF
TKDF[ ET QG[BZF OE
E CT BK CR F N[ G CSN
NXV\F GRRPP .CNJGPNB
ZCTG KFGNBF WGXKRF
-ECT NB ,GKRCP OKKR[N
.CNBJ GCB NBG FNNB
N[ GKCB ,FNNBECTP
-KRF ZCT EPIGP BKCRF
GRPPG GPXT BKCRN WGX
KNT .FPJBV G\CN TKDF
GKCBP WGXKRF \B NCKY
-BF WGXKRF .CNBJ GCB
E I B \ F D NV \ F [ K F G N
KNT N[ OFKBXBXC CG[
,ZPB\ :FBZ .FPJBVG
,FKNKTBPSBNB 'IKZB\
.94=85 'PT ,QG[BZ LZM
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 24
Campbell, The As- ;122
;sassins of Alamut, p. 20
Lockhart, ``Hassan-i-Sabbah and the Assassins'',
.p. 680
Brynjar Lia, The Society of 25
the Muslim Brothers in
Egypt: The Rise of an
Islamic Mass Movement,
1928-1942, London: Ithaca
11
OGZEP FGMEZKD \EGXP \B ZVBHGP N[ GEGYKVC
FVKY[F[ LMC F\KKF FEGXPF N[ F\GCK[I .QB'TPEN
,FPGYKP .SZV CZTPN QBSZG'I QKC \K[BZF LZEF NT
IZ HPC \K NKT BPSBF FM KP\F K HM ZP N[ O\C ZYC
LNF[ KNKTBPSBF IGMF \B EGBP YHKI ,QBZBERBHBP
\EGXP \B \T F\GBC OKNKTBPSBF GSV\ QM .OXT\FG
OGYP ,QBFVSKB ZKTF \CZYC FTCD NT FRM[[ ,HKEFB[
G M K[ P F O K N K T B P S B F . K Y G ' D N S F Q J N G S F N [ G C [ GP
K\VGPF \B GIXZ 1103=1101 OKR[F QKCG ,IXZF K[TPC
FZJ[PF EYVP \B ,ZKTF N[ Q[KF EDSPC QBFVSKB N[
KJ RB KBCX ZES P ,FKP BZM F [B Z \ BG Y FKC N[
1107 \R[C YZ .ZGVB[KR N[ EDSPC IXZR[ ,KNKTBPSB
,QBFVSKB \EGXP \B OPXTN ZKHIFN OKYG'DNSF GIKNXF
KZXCP NT JN\[FN \GRGKSKRF .FKNT GMZT[ ZGXP ZIBN
34
.GN[MR ZBSBPBNG \GPBNB
\GRPN JKNIF G\GP CZTG IBCXNB QSI FNI 1124 KBPC
LNFPC .[ZGKM ,ZBSBPBN ZXCP EYVP ,EKPGDZGHGC \B
{ OKPNSGP OK[KB 48 GIXZR IBCXNB QSI N[ G\VGY\
ZKHGGF JKNIF IBCXNB N[ G\GP ZIBN .OKRGS ONGM
EDR \XIGP FMZTP NFRN K[BM QKENB QKTGP KYG'DNSF
1127=1126 OKR[C FNFR\F[ FMZTPF .OZDPNG QK[B[IF
{ QK[B[IF N[ OEXP OYR \NGTVN FBKCF LB ,FN[M
16=C ,GNSING K[BM N[ G\KCN ZGEIN GIKNXF OFP OKKR[
\VGY\ N[ F\K[BZ BGF K[BM N[ GNGSKI 35.1127 SZPC
ZXY QPH LG\ GBKCF[ ,QK[B[IF GTXKC[ F[EI \GIKXZ
FZJ[PF EYVP :OFCG OKJNGC OK[KB ZVSP N[ ONGSKIN
,HKZC\ ZKTF \ZJ[P EYVP ,F'TZP ZKTF N[GP ,QBFVSKBC
\GZPN .K[Z\SP KSBCTF UKN'IFG QKGKHY N[ K\VGPF
FJBF FNI KM FBZR ,IXZF \GNGTV N[ \GKCKSRJRKBF
FDFRFF KGRK[ N[C FBZRF NMM ,IXZF K[TP CXYC
QSIP KJPHKZM \GIV FCZF FKF EKPGDZGHGC[ FECGTFG
36
.G[NIRG QK[B[IF GMNF HBP .IBCXNB
, O D K F R P [ Z I B N , Z GH B N O K N GD RG P F GT K D F O K K \ R K C
.1227=C G\GP ET SZV IZHP NM NT JN\[F ,QB'I SKDRK'D
\R[ ETG ,\GJK[VF G[EGI 1230 \R[C LB ,GYSV OK[GCKMF
,FKHGZDN G[NVG SZV CZTP NT OKNGDRGPF GJN\[F 1240
QB'IF ZDK[ 13=F FBPF \KXIPC .YBZKT QGVXNG FKRPZBN
N[ GEGYKV \I\ ,FKNGDRGPP F[EI \KBCX \IN[P FYRGP
\B TKRMFN FEGYV FKVCG ,QB'I SDRK'D N[ GEMR ,GDKNGF GKIB
OKJTP OK[EGI LG\ .OBNSBF \GXZB NMC OKNKTBPSBF
.EBEDC \B G[CM 1258 ZBGRKCG YBZKTN OKNGDRGPF GTKDF
GIXZG ZKTF \B GVZ[G GHHC ,GZT\SF OKNGDRGPF OKPIGNF
EBEDC [GCKM ZIBN .QGZIBF KRGSF KSBCTF UKN'IF \B
\I\ GKF[ OKZGHBF [GCKMN OTSPC OKNGDRGPF GMK[PF
O K NK T B P S B F O K S K S C F NT \ G V Y \ FF . O K N K T B P S B F
37
.\DSN GXNBR OKNGDRGPFG GINX BN QB\SKRGYCG ZBCEGZC
\GR[N OKNGDRGPF GJKNIF ,QK[B[IF \B TKRMFN QGKSKRC
\G\VN GSKR OF ,\GEGXPF NT OKZX OFKNKKI EGTC .FYKJYJ
\GCJF \ZGP\ TRMKFN ,QKENB QMGZ ,QK[B[IF DKFRP \B
LGSIN OKNGDRGPF GGKY LMC .GN YKRTFN GIKJCF[ OKYKRTPG
OKZX GKF GN BKXGFN OKXNBR GKF[ OKCZ OKCB[PG \GRCZGY
FZGF QKENB QMGZG ,FNTV \KRMG\F .\GEGXPF NT OKZT\SPG
.OKNGDRGPN CZY BNN QZKCTFNG TRMKFN \GEGXPC[ GK[RBN
.GJN\[F QMB OKNGDRGPFG GK\GBZGFN GTP[R \GEGXPF CGZC
TP[KFNG TRMKFN \GEGXPF KEYVP GCZKS \GPGYP KR[C
OBNSBF O[C OKECB\PF KRG[BZ :OKRK[B[IF
FZCIN O\GRPBRG O\RGPB \B GIKMGF OFK[TPC[
GBZY OKNKTBPSBF .KEKP Z[GBN GMHK QM NTG \KPNSGPF
,(FNNB QTPN) O[VR KCKZYP ZPGNM ,QGKBEKV OKIXGZN
FZCIN O\GRPBR \BG OCKN WPGB \B GICK[G GNNKFG
K [ T P \ B G ZK Y G F O K N K T B P S B F . \ E N G \ K N K T B P S B F
, O E G C M N N NF K Z K [ G Z C K IG O K Z K T X F N[ \ G E C B \ F F
G M Z T \G E C B\F F \NG T V Z IBN , NN M= L ZE C [ ,\G Z PN
{ KIB" .OKNKTBPSBF EDR CIZ QK[RGT TSP OKYG'DNSF
,QK[B[IN NNFF KZK[P EIBC ZPBR "QGIXKRF OGK BGCK[M
OIGN NMGK ,GR\GB FGGNK BCFG FHF ONGTF N[ CGJF NHPFG"
UNB FBP G\G[ZN[ LNP NT FPKB NKJFN EIB KNDZ
ZGZJF KRGDZB DGFRN OKMK[PP GH FJK[ KV NT 27."OK[ZV
OKZVGSG OKZZG[P \GTXPBC .GRKPKC OD OKKPBNSBF
FCZYFFG FZGCDF SG\KP \B IVJN OKSRP OF OKSKGDP
\ZG[Y\F KTXPBG OFKRG\KTG ,OKRKPBPF N[ \KPXTF
28
.FPC OFN OK[P[P OKZIBF
\[Z \GTXPBC OKNKTBPSBF G[MZ OKRKPBPF \B
F\KKF[ ,(KTBE EKIKC GB) FBTGE \BZYRF FVRT OKRNPTG\
GKF QK[B[IF KSKSC .KPBNSBF ONGTF KRV NT FSGZV
,LZGXF \T[C TGKS OFN GYKRTF[ ,OFKMPG\G ,OKZXCPC
QK[B[IF GMH FN FMKP\F ,\BH OT .FCKCSF KZVMC GC[K
OKMGPSF OKKZZF OKCG[KKNG OKZVMN YZ FPXPJXF BN
KCIZ NMC OKZTC OKCZ OKMPG\ OFN GKF { OKZXCPN
\GCM[ NMP GBC OKMPG\F[ [KDEFN CG[I . SZV
{ ZCT[N BCX K[RBG OKNKM[P \GCZN { FKKSGNMGBF
\GMGPRF \GCM[F N[ O\NIR F\KKF[ FTGR\C ZCGEP BN
ZGZJF KRGDZB GIKNXF \KRZEGPF FVGY\C 29.FKKSGNMGBC
\B SKKDN ,OKPNSGPF OKIBF EIGKPCG ,OKKPBNSBF
GPYGF FNB \GRGM[C .FYGXPF \GRGM[ LG\P OFKRKPBP
,FZGP\CG OKYYHRN TGKS GYKRTF[ ,OKRG[F OKRGDZBF KVKRS
NFYC OKRGDZBF GMH ZXY QPH LG\ LM .O\MKP\C GMH
QVGBC OFK\GZG[N GVZJXF ONGM BN OB OD .CIZR OKMPG\
GKF OF ,\GZKICC EIGKPCG ,LZGXF \T[C KZF ,KP[Z
ZIBN ORGDZB \B OY[N OFN OKZHGTG OZGCT OKTKCXP
30
.OFKCKGBP GDVS[ \GMPF
,FEKVYC OFK\GRCZGY \B GZIC[ ,QK[B[IN EGDKRC
OD DGZFN OKSSFP BN GRKPKC OKPBNSBF ZGZJF KRGDZB
FZCIF NM EDR ZGZJ NTVGF BN QK[B[IF NXB .T[VP OKVI
EDR QGGMP FKF BGF .OKRGSF NM EDR BN UBG \KPNSGPF
OKNECR LMC .\GPKGSP \GZJP \D[F O[N ,OKZEDGP OK[RB
IXZC OKNIGC ORKB[ ,OGKF N[ ZGZJF KRGDZBP QK[B[IF
NM BNN QK[B[IF GTXKC OFK\GNGTV \B 31.T[VP OKVI
\GPGYPC NSIN GVKETF OFK\GRCZY \B ,\PEYGP FZ[MF
QK[B[IF \GNGTVN OKIKM[ OKZ\B .OEB KPGF OKKZGCKX
KPKC NNV\FN OFK\GRCZGY GTKDF OFKNB OKEDSPF GKF
FPGEC[ OG[P ,FPK[PFP CG[I YNI FKF OGSZVF .K[K[
\IB GKF CKZKF \EIVFG OGKBF ,GRKPKC ZGZJF KRGDZBN
32
.\GZJPFP
M
SZVC ONGSKIG QK[B[IF \EKZK &
\P INP \ GCYTC , OKY G'D NSF \[ NGIP FB XG\
S Z V C SS C \ F N O K N K T BP S BF G I K N XF , OK I Z H B
N T J N \[ F N G F Z K V S N 12 = F F BP F \ K [ B Z C
OKNKTBPSBF GSV\ 1096 \R[C 33.OKVSGR OKZXCP
KRGS KPNSGP BKCXP KEK NT NMGS QBRKS Z\I GKNB OKZXP
\GK\EG \GKJKNGV \GZPGK NTC [KB ,QKENB IBNX {
KTK[=KPJBVF QGJN[F \B JJGPN ZXY QPH LG\ IKNXF[
.FRKEPF NT JN\[F 1169 \R[CG OKZXPC
FZJPN QKENB IBNX GN O[ ,OKZXP NT G\GJN\[F ZIBN
.FTK[C OINKFNG \KRGS \KPNSGP FKZVPKB [EIP \GRCN
TKDF LM .OKRCNXF OT GK\GPINP \B EXC IKRF LM O[N
,12=F FBPF N[ 70=F \GR[ \K[BZC FKZGSN QKENB IBNX
Z[YF ZXGR OD LM .GRGJN[N FIVSNG F\GB [GCMN KEM
NSIN QK[B[IF GSKR OKKPTV :QK[B[IF QKCN GRKC ZK[KF
FKF QG[BZF QGKSKRF .FKZGSC G\GF[ \TC QKENB IBNX \B
ZZI\[FN QGKSKRC .CNI ZKTF NT ZX[ \TC 1175 ZBGRKC
TKXFG QK[B[IN FZHT \[YCC ZKTF N[GP FRV ,ZGXPFP
GFRIPN GIN[G GPKMSF OF .USMG \GPEB FZGP\C OFN
ZVSP GIXZR ,GTXKC[ \GECB\FFG IXZF LNFPC .OKIXGZ
KBPC FKF KR[F QGKSKRF .NXKR QKENB IBNX LB ,OK[RB
OKIXGZF .(CNIN \KRGVX) HBHT ZKTF NT ZX[ \TC 1176
G\GB GVY\G GBCXC OKNKKIN OK[VGIP GFRIPN GTKDF
OKTXV QKENB IBNX TXVR [CN[ QGKZ[N \GEGF .OKRKMSC
QKENB IBNX N[ GKKIC \G[YR\FF QGKSKR .ECNC OKNY
FPINPF LB ,1176 WKYC OEDR FPINP TSP LGZTN fBKCF
43
.FVNI BN FRMSFG ,ODKFRP \B SV\ BN BGF ,FN[MR
,QK[B[IF EDR QKENB IBNX N[ \N[GMF FMZTPF ZIBN
\B \GRVFN KEM [B \YSVFN TKDFN OKEEXF KR[ GJKNIF
QK[B[IF GSIKK BN FNKI\ .OKRCNXF ZCTN OKXPBPF
BNG \KNG[ FXGCY OFC GBZ[ OG[P ,FCZ \GCK[I OKRCNXN
LB ,OEDR OKCZTF OT FNGTV GV\K[ ORPB OF .\RMGSP
.\NTG\ FHM TGKSP IPX\ KM GZCS Z[BM YZ FKF ZCEF
OF Z[BM 1126 \R[C Q\KR Z\GKC K\GTP[PF TGKSF
Y[PE N[GP N[ GK[RB OT OKRCNXF EDR FNGTVC GV\\[F
USGR QKKRCG SBKRCF \EGXP \B GKEKP NCYN GMH ,FZGP\CG
FKF FEGXPF \NCY .\K[BZ FEYVPM OFN [PK[[ Y[PEC
FKXPKJKDNN GMH LMC { QK[B[IF ZGCT K\GTP[P D[KF
NBM OFKNB SIKK\F[ FRKEPC OKCG[IF OKN[GPF EIBP
O\GBC QK[B[IF N[ ODKFRP ,OBZFC ,LMN USGRC .OKV\G[
KEM FEGXPF \B NXKR ,\KTK[ FRKEP OKYFN UB[[ ,OKPK
ZGHBF { SBKRCF ZGHBC \KBCXG \KRKEP \GNKTVC NKI\FN
ZYKTC GNTV OF QPH G\GB ET QM[ { FKZGS N[ KPGZEF
\KPGYPF FKKSGNMGBF OT Z[Y ZXK OBZFC .CZTPCG QGVXC
.GKNB UZJXFN OTRM[N FSKRG \GRG[F \GETF KDKFRP OTG
,FTK[FP FKF OBXGP[ OKHGZEC ZYKTC LKN[F GCFK \B
GNB LB ,QK[B[IN UZJXFN OKNBKXRJGV OKEPTGP GKF QMNG
44
.UZJXFNP TRPKFNG OKKNZJKR ZB[KFN GVKETF
,OKRCNXN QK[B[IF QKC GZZ[[ OKZGMTF OKSIKF \GZPN
IXZC QK[B[IF GYST BN ,\GKJKNGVG \GK\E \GCKSP
OKRGSC GBZ OF[ QM\KK .OKRGS IXZC GYV\SFG OKRCNX
ZGHBC OKRCNXF N[ O\GIMGR[ GIKRF[ QGGKM ,KHMZP OGKB
\G[YR\FF LB 45,OTV KEP GIXZR ORPB OKRCNX .\KRPH
28=C F\KKF FKZGSC QK[B[IF N[ Z\GKC \PSZGVPF
EBZRGY OKN[GZK LNP FKF QCZGYFG ,1192 NKZVBC
G[IZ[ FCKBN KGJKC FKF IXZF .(Montferrat) JBZVRGPP
.OKPK O\GBC FBK[N FTKDF[ FCKB ,OKRCNXN QK[B[IF
KEKC OKN[GZK \MNPP \NKVRG 1187 \R[C QKJKI CZY ZIBN
FMNPPF OGYK[C CG[I EKYV\ EBZRGY BNKP ,QKENB IBNX
FKC[G\C ICJ LZT O[ ,ZGXN TKDF 1191 \R[C .\KRCNXF
\GPBNBC \GNGEDF \GEGXPF K\[C { QKENB QMGZ \GBZGFN
OKPK ,1256 \R[CG QFKNT GZX OKNGDRGP \GNKI .ZBSBPBNG
.\GPBNB \EGXP FTRMR ,ZGXPF \NKI\ ZIBN OKEIB
FTRMR BKF OD UGSCNG \VSGR FR[ EPTP FYKHIF ZBSBPBN
38
.1258 \R[C OKNGDRGPN
LZGX EGT OKNGDRGPN FKF BN ,\GEGXPF CGZ GTRMR[ ZIBN
GPXT BGF .G\IV[P \B NSIN GJKNIF QMNG ,QKENB QMGZC
GRPP ,QJYF GRC [ZK GPGYP \BG LM=ZIB ZXY QPH NSGI
N[ OK R G [B Z F OFK \ G CB ,OK P B P K B F \ N[ G[ F B XK
OKNKTBPSBF .19=F FBPC GTKVGF Z[B OKRB'I=BDBF
JGTKP \MM GEZ[G LM=ZIB FP QPH EGT NGTVN GVKSGF
,SZV IZHP KCIZ NMC OKZGHV ,\KSZV \GZCGEF \GXZBC
39
.KJKKCGSF FKSB HMZP OGKF FRGMP[ FPCG QBJSKRDVBC
C
FKZGSC QK[B[IF &
GKIKN[G \GPBNB \EGXPC JNG[ IBCXNB QSI EGT
GKEKSIP FPM GBXK ,KSZVF OTN G\ZG[C \B OKBKCP
\B O[N OD BKCFN KEM FKZGSN 12=F FBPF \K[BZC
.\KZYP F\KKF BN FKZGSN QK[B[IF N[ O\TDF .G\ZG\
\GRKEPN EGDKRC ,BKF QM[ ,OKVKJPN IGR ETK F\KKF FKZGS
\NXGVP FZCI GH F\KKF :\KJKNGV \GEIB FTEK BN ,\GZIB
N[ OEXN .\GKRGXKY \GKTK[ \GXGCYG \G\M \CZ ,\DNGVPG
KEPN \GCGZY \G\KM OD GBXPR ,FKZGSC OKNKTBPSBF
,FTK[C OZGYP[ OKGBNTF GB OKHGZEF GPM ,FKNKTBPSBN
40
.FKNKTBPSBN OKNBKXRJGV OKMPG\ GKF LMKVNG
OFKNB GSIKK\F BN ,FKZGSN QK[B[IF GTKDF Z[BM
,\KZGSF FZCIC CN\[FN OFN GIKRFG \GRKGTC OKC[G\F
\KT K[ FRK EP N[ F\PYFN FVJ FF L[P F \ GZPN
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O K R G S OK DK F R P N G S K I E T G Q B M PG , \G V J F F G V K Z I F
BCXF KEYVPG FKZGSC O\GIMGRN GEDR\F[ ,OKKPGYP
OKJNGCF .FZXY LZEF F\KKF ,OFC OINKFN GIN[R[
,WPGI ZKTF N[GP ,QKSGI FNGENB IBR'D GKF OKIXZRC[
LNFPC ZKTF N[ KHMZPF EDSPC 1103 KBPC 1=C IXZR[
NGXGP N[ KYG'DNSF N[GPF ,EGEGBP QMG K[K[F OGK \NKV\
\GDFR\F 41.1113 \R[C Y[PEC ZYKC[ \TC IXZR[
,\YSGV K\NCF FVJFFG \GIKXZF ,FKZGSC QK[B[IF
OGKB OFC \GBZN \KPGYPF FKKSGNMGBF \B GBKCF
I\V QGJN[ F . ONSIN KYG'D NSF QGJ N[FP TGC\N G
FKZXRBNB NC'D ZGHBC OEDR \KZHMB \KBCX \GNKTVC
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BN ,ZFBJ GCB ODKFRP N[ G\GP \GCZN ,OFN GPZD[
GJNPR OFP OKCZG \KVGS ONSIN OKYG'DNSF GIKNXF
42
.OKEFGB OKKPGYP OKC[G\ CZYC JNYP GBXP GB OKZFN
EGYKVF QSZ \B SV\ 12=F FBPF N[ 40=F \GR[ UGSC
QBPNS QC QBRKS { FKZGSC QK[B[IF N[ OKDKFRPF NGED
\B SSC[ ZIBN .("ZFF QP QYH"M TGEKF) EPIGP QC
OKN[FN \RP NT ZGHBC OKZXCPF \B [EIP FRC ,GRGJN[
.QK[B[IF GBXPR OFC OKIJ[C \KNBKZGJKZJ \GVKXZ
NGT \B YZV[ FKZGSC OKDKFRPF QKCP EKIKF FKF QBRKS
,QBRKS .QKJGNIN \KBPXT \GKRKEP JYRG SZVC \GMPSF
FRKEP OKYFN Z\I ,\K[TP BN F[KD NTC KRGXKY KTK[
FRKEPF OT FEIBNG ZKIP NMC FKZGSC \KTK[
OT K\EF EGIKBF[ BNB .OKZXPC[ \KPJBV=\KTK[F
\RT ;Press, 1998, p. 296
ZGZJ ,(\MZGT) WZGY
-KI :NBZ[KG KPBNSKB
- S K B EB FK ' D , F N N B CH
,SBPI ,KRKJSNV KPBN
- P N H MZ P F : C KC B = N \
OKKDJZJSB OKZYI
\JKSZCKRGB ,FVK ["T
' P T ,1993 , C KC B = N \
NGB[ ;127 ,168 =167
,TNS OFZCBG NT[P
\GPKNB :SBPI QPH
-KEK :CKCB=N\ ,FZ[VG
KZVS ,\GRGZIB \GT
.13 'PT ,1999 ,EPI
QCGBZ :FBZ FH QKKRTC 26
E B F ' D G \G E C B \ F ,H V
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, K R G K T Z F Q V F : K R K J SN
F [ P HM Z P : C K C B = N\
IZHPF KEGPKNN QKKE
,1998 ,FYKZVBG QGMK\F
,K[ NGB[ ;21=20 'PT
OBNSBF :OKEKF[F
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,2003 ,ZGZJ EDR \GKRKE
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NT OKPNSGP \E KPMI"
,"'OKK P[ O[N ICJ'
FC[IPN \T C\M :CK\R
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'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 27
Daftary, ``Hasan- ;124 ,46
I Sabbah and the Origins of
the Nizari Isma`ili Movement'', p. 193; Campbell,
The Assassins of Alamut,
.p. 20
N N F K Z K [ N \ G B P D G E 28
SG\KP IGVKJG OKEKF[N
,HV :FBZ NNMC FZGCDF
'PT ,EBF'DG \GECB\F
.27=25
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 29
.130=129
Brynjar Lia, The Society of 30
the Muslim Brothers, pp.
QPH ,TNSG NT[P ;36-39
,WZGY ;87 'PT ,SBPI
,NBZ[KG KPBNSKB ZGZJ
.165 'PT
Campbell, The Assassins 31
.of Alamut, p. 1
Campbell, The Assassins 32
Daftary, ;of Alamut, p. 20
The Assassins Legends, p.
Bartlett, The Assas- ;34
.sins, pp. 72-73
OKIZHBF \PINP NT 33
Daftary, ``Hasan-I :FBZ
Sabbah and the Origins of
the Nizari Isma`ili Move.ment'', pp. 190-191
12
, O K [ K [ I F , S K B G N 34
.56=49
Bartlett, The Assassins, p. 35
.107
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 36
.65=64
Yoseph ;87=85 'PT ,O[ 37
Hammer-Purystall, The
History of the Assassins,
.pp. 166-179
Bartlett, The Assassins, 38
pp. 181-183; Daftary, The
Assassins Legends, pp.
.43-44
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 39
.91
Q G K [ K [ I F \ G Z G Y P N 40
Bernard :FBZ FKZGSC
Lewis, ``The Sources for
the History of the Syrian
Assassins'', Speculum: A
Journal of Mediaeval Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4, Octo.ber 1952, pp. 475-489
41
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN
.98=97
Bartlett, The Assassins, 42
.pp. 94-95
GCB :FBZ FH QKKRTN 43
-'XGZNB CB\M ,FPB[
-NGENB ZBC'IB KV QK\
\SSBGP :\GZ KC ,QK\
LZM ,1997 ,FNBSZNB
;492 ,350 'PT ,K[KN[
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\ G K PB N SBF \ G M N PP C O D G M [P R \G K JK NG V \ G I K X Z
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\ G I K X Z C F [ P \ [ F [ F ZC I , \ KP B N S B F F K Z G J SK F C
O\PK[P \B TXCN GBXK FK[RB[ FZCI ,KJKNGV Y[RM
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O \ PK [ P \B T XC N O B KC F [ BG F , F Z GB M N , GI Y N [
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GSRMKK F[TPF TGXKC OG\ OT KM FTKEKF QMG ,\K\EF IGPF
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TGRM[G F\SF ,FNGPT\ N[ FBXG\ OF ,(OKZXGRG OKEGFK)
KM OKRKPBPF GTRM\[F NMN NTP .OMZE \YEXC OKRKPBPF
SRMKFN GMHK OFK[TPN FZGP\C ,QM NTG FNNB N[ GRGXZ GFH
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&
Bernard Lewis, ``Saladin
and the Assassins'', Bulletin of the School of Oriental
and African Studies, Vol.
15, No. 2, 1953, pp. 239245; Nowell, ``The Old Man
.of the Mountain'', p. 507
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 44
, ZG GB ZV T [ GFK ;101
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Bartlett, The Assas- ;218
.sins, p. 99
-\FF F\KKF 1152 \R[C 45
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Bartlett, The As- ;51 'PT
.sassins, p. 143
'PT ,OK[K[IF ,SKBGN 47
.117=116
13
OBNSBF O[C OKECB\PF KRG[BZ :OKRK[B[IF
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KVNM SIKF .QKENB IBNX N[ GKEKC QKJKI CZYC KC[C
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46
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N[ OFK\GEGXPG FRGVX LK[PF ,NBZ[K WZB \B [CM[
1273 \R[ UGS ET GKEKN FDZEFC GNVR FKZGSC QK[B[IF
,SZCKCN QK[B[IF GTRMR[ ZIBN .(KCBG'I ,FVBXZ ,FYKNT)
BGF 1271 NKZVBC .G\G[ZN OFK\GZK[ \B GEKPTF OF
\B[ FBZR .KNGVKZJP QHGZF \B O\GTXPBC IGXZN OKKB
\R[C FKNDRBP EZBGEB LKSRF N[ GKKIC \G[YR\FF QGKSKR
GTXKC ,1270 \R[C ZGXC JZVRGPP VKNKV IXZ \B QMG 1272
47
.SZCKC N[ G\BZGF KV NT QK[B[IF
Z
OGMKS &
\GTVG\ QF K\E TYZ NT \GKGECB\FG \GKJKNGV \GIKX
QM[ NM BN ,\K[GRBF FKZGJSKFC \GZMGP
\TCZBP F[GN[ . OBNSBF N[ FKZGJSKFC