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APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient
Routing and Comprehensive Information
Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks
Arati Manjeshwar, Dharma P. Agrawaly
IPDPS’02
Speaker : Chi-Chih Wu
Outline
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Introduction
Hybrid Network Protocol : APTEEN
Performance Evaluation
Conclusions
Introduction
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Advantages of Wireless Sensor Network over
wired ones
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Ease of deployment
Fault-tolerance
Self-organization
Limitations of wireless media
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Low bandwidth
Error prone transmissions
Collision free channel access requirements
Introduction
Limited Energy
Longevity of
the network
Below 40oF , north-east quadrant
beyond 200oF , next 2 hours
average , north-east quadrant , last 5 hours
Which Area , Between 40oF-200oF
, past 2 hours
Introduction
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Queries
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Historical queries
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One-time query
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What was the temperature 2 hours back in the northwest
quadrant
What is the temperature in the northwest quadrant
Persistent
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Report the temperature in the northwest quadrant for the
next 2 hours
Introduction
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Wireless sensor network’s protocol
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Data centric
Capable of effective data aggregation
Distribute energy dissipation evenly
Efficiently use their limited energy to increase the
longevity of the network
Avoid any single point bottleneck (except BS)
Hybrid Network Protocol communication
: APTEEN
SN
-Hybrid Networks
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Proactive Networks
SN
BS
Sensing
SN
SN
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Reactive Networks
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The nodes periodically switch on their sensors and
transmitters (LEACH)
The nodes react immediately to sudden changes in the
value of a sensed attribute beyond a pre-determined
threshold value (TEEN)
SN
Hybrid Network
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SN
BS
Sensing suddenEnergy
changes
APTEEN (Adaptive Periodic Threshold-sensitive
SN
Efficient Sensor Network Protocol)
SN
Hybrid Network Protocol : APTEEN
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Adequate Power
-Sensor Network Model
Transmit directly to the sensor node
Hierarchical Clustering
Homogeneous
Limited Energy
Hybrid Network Protocol : APTEEN
-Sensor Network Model
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Hierarchical
reduce Clustering
routing complexity
larger distance
LEACH-C
Decide CH (5%)
Evenly distribute
Optimally form cluster
aggregation
most adjacent
transmit only to CH
Hybrid Network Protocol : APTEEN
-Adaptive Periodic Threshold-sensitive Energy
Efficient Sensor Network Protocol
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CH first broadcasts the following parameters
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Attributes (A)
Thresholds
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Hard threshold (HT)
Soft threshold (ST)
Schedule
 TDMA
1.Cluster change
time
2.TDMA schedule
 Count Time
and parameters
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Proactive component
Cluster formation
TC
Frame time (TDMA)
Frame time (TDMA)
…
Hybrid Network Protocol : APTEEN
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-Adaptive Periodic Threshold-sensitive Energy
Efficient Sensor Network Protocol
Modified TDMA Schedule
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BS
CDMA
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Inter-cluster collision
Common CDMA code
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CH
CH
CH -> BS
BS -> N
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
CH->BS
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6
Frame Time
BS->N
1.1.7
1.1.8
CH->BS
BS->N
Performance Evaluation
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Simulation Environment
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NS-2 simulator
100 nodes
Area of 100 * 100 units
Fixed base station
The nodes are place randomly
0 – 200 oF
Initial energy is 2J
Idle power dissipation (10% radio energy)
Sensing power dissipation( 10% idle energy)
Poisson arrival process of the arrival queries
Performance Evaluation
Performance Evaluation
Performance Evaluation
Conclusions
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The hybrid protocol APTEEN
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It combines the best features of both proactive and
reactive networks
Provides periodic data collection as well as near
real-time warnings about critical events
THANK YOU