1. health and fitness
2. disease
3. cholesterol

Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
ISSN 1110-7219
191
COAT COLOR BREED VARIATION IN BLOOD CONSTITUENTS
AMONG INDIGENOUS SAUDI ARABIA CAMEL STRAINS
Hussein, Y. A.*'***; M. M. Al-Eknah*;
S. A. AL-Shami**; M. A. Mandour**; T. A. Fouda*
*Department of Clinical Studies
**Department of Veterinary Public Health & Animal Husbandry,College of
Veterinary Medicine & Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
***Dept. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinar Medicine, Alexandria University,Egypt.
E-Mail: yehia_hussein@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to study the biochemical and haematological indices of three coat color breed groups, black, brown and white, of Saudi dromedary
camels. Twenty, one hundred and fifty seven and thirty two samples were collected
from each of the three groups, respectively. Normal hematological (RBC: erythrocyte
count, PCV: packed cell volume, Hb: hemoglobin concentration, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH: mean corpuscular haemoglobin and MCHC: mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration) and biochemical parameters (mineral indices: calcium
“Ca”, magnesium “Mg” and phosphorous “P” and organic indices: T.protein ‘’T.P’’, Albumin ‘’Alb’’, glucose “Glu”, cholesterol “Chol”, and urea “urea” and enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase “AST”, creatinine kinase “CK”, alanine amino transferase
“ALAT” and alkaline phosphatase ‘’ALP’’) have been determined in three coat color
breeds of Saudi Arabia camels (Camelus dromedaries). Statistical analysis showed
some significant differences between the three breeds.
In conclusion, There are few variations between the present findings and those
from previous workers that may be attributed to the breed differences, nutrition, and
husbandry or assay methodology besides the obvious differences in physical characteristics, such as hair color, there are basic metabolic differences, since this experiment was conducted within the critical thermal high zone for the three breeds. Findings of the current study provide baseline values that may be used by clinicians for
the main breeds of camels in Saudi Arabia.
INTRODUCTION
Camels have been known to be of considerable economic importance for Bedouins in Saudi Arabia; they drink their
Mansoura, Vet. Med. J. (191 - 204)
milk, eat their meat, weave the hair for
their tents and burn the dung . Also camels are considered as a sign of wealth in
the Bedouin society. Several factors affect
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Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
camel production and reproduction, they
are related to the husbandry system, management, breeding programmes and health
status.
Coat colour has long been a popular
area of genetic and phenotypic research, likely
due to its highly visible nature. Coat colour is
a trait that is easily observable and often
serves to rapidly distinguish individuals,
strains, and breeds in many mammalian species. In some species like cats and horses,
coat colour is a critical feature distinguishing
breeds. Mammals are capable of producing
two forms of pigment. Eumelanin is black,
brown, or grey in colour, while phaeomelanin
is red, yellow or cream in colour (Searl,
1968).
1968)
Despite this simplistic starting point, mammals are capable of producing a wide variety
of coat colour shades and patterns that extend beyond simply black or red. Adding to
the intricacies of coat colour genetics is the
ability of a similar colour phenotype to be
created through various mechanisms (Dreger,
2008).
2008)
Camel breeds vary in size, body conformation and color. Color is the most common
character used for classification of camel
breeds. Some are dark black and others have
white or brown colors. Based on their colors,
three main breeds of Saudi camels were distinguished, namely black (Magaheem), white
(Magateer) and brown (Al Homr and Al Sofr)
(Al-Akna et al. 1997)
1997).
Since the camel is an adaptable species,
standard hematological and serum biochemi-
Mansoura, Vet. Med. J.
192
cal values need to be determined in a
number of animals in variable environmental
and physical conditions. Haematological and
biochemical analysis of blood can often provide valuable information regarding health
and sickness of animals. The standard of this
parameters in camels were determined in Tunisia (Benromdhane et al. 2003)
2003); in Morocco
camels (Bengoumi, 1999)
1999); Iranian (Ghodsian
et al. 1978; Badiei et al. 2006 and Mohri et
al. 2008); Turkmen (Rezakhani et al. 1997);
Pakistani (Majeed et al. 1980; Ziar-urRahman et al. 2007); Kenyan (Nyang’ao et
al. 1997 and Kuria et al. 2006); Sudanese
(Damir et al. 2008; Muna et al. 2003 and
Mohamed, 2004)
2004); Kuwaitian (Mohamed and
Hussein, 1999)
1999); Emiratian (Faye et
al.
2008); Omani (Yasmin et al. 2010)
2010); European (Faye et al. 1995) and Saudi Arabia (Osman and Al busadah, 2003; Al busadah,
2007 and Al shami, 2009)
2009).
Blood is an index for several metabolic processes of the body, so differential concentrations and periodic change of blood metabolites may determine the genetic potential of a
species. The existence of a strong relationship
between levels of glucose, total protein, blood
urea and certain enzymes with growth characteristics in different farm livestock has been
established. The present paper gives a comprehensive review of these indicators of blood
hematology and biochemistry in Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia camel breeds due to coat color
variation.
The objective of this study is to investigate
the comparative hematological and biochemical studies in different coat color breeds of
camels in Saudi Arabia.
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Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
Experimental Design:
First Phase:
Geographic Survey and Blood and Wool
Samples Collection:
In this project, we aim to sample the same
number of males and females from in unselected camel populations with substantial
morphological variation as possible, for a total
of 30 - 40 camels per type. The description
and distribution of these different types are
given in Al-Eknah et al. (1997). (Awark and
Mugateer (white); Mugheem (black); Sahlia,
Shaual, Sufur, Awadi, Hadana, Hura, and
Humur (Brownish red).
Phase Two:
Samples and sampling protocol:
1. Whole blood in Vacutainers containing
lithium heparin, placed on crushed ice,
and were subjected to complete blood
counts (CBC) including total RBCs, total
WBCs counts, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and differential
leucocytic count, using the electronic
cell counter (Coles, 1984)
1984).
2. Venous blood will be also collected in
Vacutainers containing lithium heparin,
placed on crushed ice, and centrifuged
at 1,500 x g for 15 min. Plasma will be
then retrieved, transferred to 5-mL plastic tubes, and frozen at -15°C for further
biochemical analysis.
Biochemical parameters: The concentrations of the selected biochemical parameters
were measured colorimetrically using auto analyzer (Ellipse-UDI) machine, using commercially available test kits (Zak, 1958)
1958):
- Organic indices; Glucose, Cholesterol,
and Urea.
Mansoura, Vet. Med. J.
193
- Enzymes: Aspartate Amino transferase
(AST), Creatinine kinase (CK), Alanine
Amino Transferase (ALAT) and Alkaline
phosphatase (ALP).
- Mineral indices: Calcium (Ca), Phosphore (P), and Magnesium (Mg).
Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed
by student t-test using GLM procedure of SAS
(2004) and Duncan’s multiple range test
(1955) was used to detect significant difference among means.
RESULTS
Results of blood picture are shown in Table
2 & 3. Statistical analysis showed nosignificant breed effect (P≤ 0.05) in WBCs,
MCHC and PLT While there are significant
breed effect (P≤ 0.05) in other parameters.
There are statistically significant differences
between black breed and the other two
breeds, brown and white in LYP, GRP, RBCs,
HGB and HCT. Also, there are significant differences between the white breeds and the
other two breeds in MOP, between white and
brown in MCV and between brown and other
tow breeds in MCH. Lymphocytes were the
predominant cells of total leucocytes count,
they ranged (42.67 ± 2.21% to 69.83 ± 1.54)
of the three breeds. The PCV range from
(37.53 ± 0.84 to 44.97 ± 2.72), RBC 10.66 ±
0.31 to 16.16 ± 2.35 106/mm3 and HB 12.79
± 0.31 to 17.34 ± 0.34 g/dl of the three
breeds.
The obtained results of biochemical enzymes change are tabulated in Table 3. There
is no significant difference between black
breed and the other two breeds in ALT and
ALP but there is significant difference in
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Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
brown and white breeds. There is a significant
difference between black breed and the other
two breeds for AST. There is a significant difference between white breed and the other
two breeds for CK. There is a significant difference between brown and white for
T.protein and cholesterol. There is a significant difference between brown breed and the
other two breeds for albumin and glucose.
There is a significant difference between black
and brown breed for BUN.
There is no significant difference between
breeds for Ph and Mg while there is a significant difference between brown breed and the
other two breeds for calcium, Table 3.
DISCUSSION
Camels are adaptable species, so the camel
parameters at a certain environmental condition differ from other localities. The comparisons are being made either with the hematological values obtained in other countries of
the world like Nigeria (Fatihu et al. 2000),
United Arab Emirates (Ayoub, 2003) Saudi
Arabia (Al-Busadah and Osman, 2000 and
2003; Al-Busadah, 2007; Al-Sultan, 2008);
2008)
Iraq (Alsaad, 2009) and Pakistan (Ahmad et
al. 2004) which are internationally famed for
having camel as a major part of their livestock; or with values given in certain text
books (Jain, 1998; Chaudhary and Akbar,
2000) which provide a ready reference.
The mean values of RBC recorded in this
study were 16.16±2.35, 11.05±0.39 and
10.66±0.31 x 106/µl for black, brown and
white animals breeds, respectively Table 2.
These are dis-agreement with the findings of
Ahmad et al. (2004) who reported a mean
Mansoura, Vet. Med. J.
194
RBC of 6.93±0.21x106/µl. Relatively higher
values of 7.40±0.30 and 7.92±1.36 x106/µl
have been reported by Al-Sultan (2008) and
Alsaad (2009),
(2009) respectively. Al-Busadah and
Osman (2000) reported the mean RBC value
of 10.8 and 10.0x106/µl in dry and lactating
camels, respectively. Camels, like humans,
seem to lack a splenic reserve of red cells, as
indicated by a minimal increase in Hb and
PCV after maximal exercise over 4 to 5 km
(Snow et al. 1988)
1988). Hence, the variation in
RBC may not be correlated to stress. These
higher differences may be attributed to variable age and health status of the camels.
Blood hemoglobin concentration Table 2
for the three breeds recorded in this study
(17.34±1.34, 13.40±0.30 and 12.79±0.31 g/
dl) is higher than the previous values reported
by Al-Busadah (2007) and Alsaad (2009) in
Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Similarly, Jain (1998)
also documented a value of 11.1±0.3 g/dl for
hemoglobin in camelus dromedarious. However, the values of the present study are higher
than 9.68± 0.27 g/dl reported by Ahmad et al.
(2004) in healthy camels of Faisalabad, Pakistan.
The mean values of PCV recorded in this
study were 44.97 ± 2.72, 37.53±0.84 and
36.27 ±0.98 % for black, brown and white animals, respectively Table 3. These values are
dis-agreement with most of the previous studies. Ahmad et al. (2004) reported a mean value of 27.66±0.72% whereas Al-Busadah
(2007) and Al-Sultan (2008) reported mean
PCV values of 25±0.23 and 33±0.30%, respectively. Compared with the hematologic values
for horses and cattle, camels have more RBCs
but a lower PCV because the smaller elliptical
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Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
cells pack tighter (Jain, 1998). However, the
present study revealed the mean PCV value to
be in close agreement with those of healthy
equine species of Faisalabad, Pakistan (Gul et
al. 2007). Abdallah et al. (1988) reported
higher PCV and Hb values in the racing camel. These high values were attributed to the
good level of nutrition and regular exercise.
The mean MCV values for three camels
breeds in this study (34.00±0.61, 35.12±0.19
and 34.19±0.31 fl) are higher than most of the
work done earlier. Al-Sultan (2008) has reported the mean MCV value of 31.1±0.20fl in
young Magaheim Dromedary camels, whereas
Alsaad (2009) and Fatihu et al. (2000) reported the mean values of 37.68±4.52 and
27.39±11.64fl, respectively. The obtained results are lower than the results recorded by
Farooq et al. (2011)
(2011), in male & female
(57.13±5.09 and 50.24±7.72 fl). The mean
MCH values of this study are in consistence
with those reported by Kamal (2008) i.e.
12.45±1.21 pg but lower values of 17.51±0.38
pg have been reported by Al-Sultan (2008)
for males. The MCHC in camels is generally
over 40%, which is considerably in access of
the range of 30 to 36% common to animals
with discoid erythrocytes. It is a species
characteristic and not a technical artifact
(Jain, 1998)
1998). The mean MCHC values of
64.65±5.92, 43.9±0.2 and 42.6±7.81 have
been reported by Kamal (2008), Al-Busadah
and Osman (2000) and Alsaad (2009), respectively. The mean MCHC values in this
study are lower from above referred reports. However, our value is in accordance
to the value of 31.16±6.51 reported by Fatihu et al. (2000) and 33.61±1.42 (22-46)
and 34.81±2.16 (27-42) for male and female
Mansoura, Vet. Med. J.
195
recorded by Farooq et al. (2011)
(2011). The variation in various erythrocytic indices may be attributed to variable RBC size, its oxygen carrying capacity in connection with age and
physiologic state. The difference due to technique variance cannot also be ruled out.
The mean WBC values (Table 2) recorded
for the three animals breeds in the present
study were 7.53±1.25, 7.44±0.65 and
9.67±1.19x 103/µl, respectively. These are
lower than with those of 11.970 ± 0.461,
11.54±1.74 and 12.38±0.97 x 103/µl reported
by Ahmad et al. (2004), Alsaad (2009) and
Farooq et al. (2011)
(2011), respectively. However,
higher mean values of 20.1±0.44 and
19.5±0.32 x 103/µl have been reported by AlBusadah (2007) for male and female camels,
respectively. Al-Sultan (2008) also has reported a higher mean WBC value of
17.90±0.20 x 103/µl. The data on DLC of this
report revealed that lymphocytes were the
most predominant of leucocytes with neutrophils being the next. This is controversial
with the work of Al-Busadah (2007) and
Jain (1998). However, an inverse ratio of neutrophils and lymphocytes has been documented in the work of Al-Sultan (2008), AlBusadah and Osman (2000), and Ayoub et
al. (2003)
(2003). This variation in white cell values
can be attributed to breed differences or
stress prior to sampling (Higgin and Kock
1986).
1986)
These haematological differences may be
attributed to age and sex of experimental animals, the climatic and geographic conditions,
the genetic variation in population and the effects of sampling and laboratory techniques
employed.
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Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
Creatine kinase (CK) is of diagnostic significance in skeletal muscle. The activities of
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) are also of clinical interest in the differential diagnosis of certain
muscle and liver disorders. Serum CK, AST,
ALT, and ALP activities (Table 3) found in
three camel breeds are dis- agreement with
the values reported by Bengoumi et al.
(1977), Osman and Al-Busadah (2000 and
2003). The activities of these enzymes are
2003)
highly lower than those given in some previous studies (Khataria et al. 1991; Beaunoyer, 1992; Sarwar et al. 1992; Nyang’ao et
al. 1997)
1997). These findings indicate that differences in normal serum activity values of some
enzymes exist between camel and true ruminants, as well as between cattle and sheep.
The mean values of serum glucose, and
cholesterol of the three camels breeds were
dis-agreement with those reported by Soliman and Shaker (1967), Abdel Gadir et al.
(1979), Abdalla et al. (1988), Rezakhani et
al. (1997), Mohamed and Hussein (1999)
and Osman and Al-Busadah (2000 and
2003). The glucose concentration determined
2003)
in the serum of the three camels breeds used
in the present work is in agreement within
values obtained by Barakat and AbdelFattah (1970) 80-140 mg/dl, Chandrasena
et al. (1979) 129 mg/dl, Al-Ali et al. (1988)
138 ± 17.7 mg/dl, Nyang’ao et al. (1997)
91.8 - 178.2 mg/dl and Mohamed and Hussein (1999) 45 - 167 mg/dl. This could be the
cause of high levels of blood lactic acid reported in camels (Mathur et al. 1981)
1981).
In our study significantly higher serum
cholesterol concentration were found in the
Mansoura, Vet. Med. J.
196
three camels breeds Table 3. These findings of
high cholesterol level in the camel were disagreement with those reported by Al-Ali et al.
(1988), Manefield and Tinson (1996), Nazifi
and Maleki (1998), Mohamed and Hussein
(1999) and Osman and Al-Busadah (2000
and 2003).
2003)
Urea nitrogen concentration of the serum
was also higher (P≤0.05) for black and white,
16.56±0.77 and 14.89±0.60 than brown
14.67±0.35. The high value for serum urea nitrogen in the preceding two breeds may be
due to a more efficient digestion of dietary
protein as found by Howes et al. (1963) in
cattle. Another possible explanation for the
ability of the two breeds to utilize low protein
forages would be that they have a greater ability to reutilize nitrogen. For instance, reutilization of urea has been shown to be very efficient in camel (Schmidt-Nielsen et al. 1957)
1957).
Concerning trace elements Table 4, Similar
results in these serum biochemicals with no
significant difference in male and female camels of Majaheem, Maghateer and Awarik
breeds were reported (Al-Busadah K. A.
2007). The mean values of serum calcium in
2007)
this study are in agreement with those reported by Soliman and Shaker (1967), AL-Ani et
al. 1992, Dalvi et al. (1998), and Rezakhani
et al. (1997)
(1997). While the levels of P and Mg
were lower than that reported by Osman and
Al-Busadah (2003).
(2003) In camels, as in other
animals, plasma phosphorus concentration is
high when young and increases by cereal
feeding and by haemolysis, while serum calcium elevates significantly by racing (Snow et
al. 1988) and by dehydration (Yagil et al.
1975) and decreases by long serum separa-
Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2012
Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
tion time. There is no-significant difference
in Mg between the three breeds. The obtained results for Mg are lower than that
reported by Wahbi et al. (1980) in the serum
of healthy camels who found 2.5 mg/100 ml
Mg in the blood of nomadic camels in the Sudan.
CONCLUSION
There are few variations between the
present findings and those from previous
Mansoura, Vet. Med. J.
197
workers that may be attributed to the breed
differences, nutrition, and husbandry or assay methodology besides the obvious differences in physical characteristics, such as hair
color, there are basic metabolic differences,
since this experiment was conducted within
the critical thermal high zone for the three
breeds. Findings of the current study provide
baseline values that may be used by clinicians for the main breeds of camels in Saudi
Arabia.
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Hussein, Y. A.; et al...
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‫ا ﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻮ دراﺳـﺔ ا ﺆﺷﺮات اﻟـﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴـﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ واﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳـﺔ ﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﺠﻤـﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ أﻟﻮان أوﺑـﺎر ﺳﻼﻻت اﻹﺑﻞ ‪ :‬أﺳﻮد ﺑﻨﻰ وأﺑﻴﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻦ إﺑﻞ اﳉـﻤﻞ اﻟـﻌﺮﺑﻰ اﻟـﺴـﻌﻮدى‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـﻤﻊ ﻋـﺸﺮﻳﻦ وﻣـﺎﺋﺔ وﺳـﺒـﻌﺔ وﺧـﻤـﺴﻮن وﺛﻼﺛـ ﻋﻴـﻨـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠـﻤـﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺠﻤﻟـﻤـﻮﻋﺎت اﻟـﺜﻼث ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟـﺘﻮاﻟﻰ‪ .‬و ﻗـﻴﺎس )‪ (RBC‬ﻋـﺪد ﻛﺮات اﻟـﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ‪ PCV‬اﻟﺘـﺠﻤﻊ اﳊـﺠﻤﻰ اﳋـﻠﻮى ‪ HB‬ﺗـﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟـﻬﻴـﻤﻮﻏـﻠﻮﺑ‬
‫‪ MCV‬ﻣﺘـﻮﺳﻂ اﳊﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺮات اﻟﺪم ‪ MCH‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ ‪ MCHC‬و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ( وﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ )ﻣﺆﺷﺮات‬
‫ا ـﻌﺪﻧـﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻟـﻜﺎﻟـﺴﻴﻮم ‪ CA‬ا ﻐـﻨﻴـﺴﻴﻮم ‪ Mg‬واﻟـﻔﻮﺳـﻔﻮر ‪ P‬وا ﺆﺷـﺮات اﻟﻌـﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪'' :‬اﻟـﺒﺮوﺗـ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ‪ T.P‬اﻟﺰﻻل ‪ ALB‬واﳉـﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬
‫‪Glu‬‬
‫واﻟـﻜﻮﻟـﺴﺘﺮول ‪ Chol‬واﻟـﻴﻮرﻳﺎ ‪ BUN‬واﻻﻧـﺰ ﺎت ‪ :‬اﺳﺒـﺎرﺗﺎﺗﻰ اﻷﻻﻧ ‪ AST‬اﻟﻜـﺮﻳﺎﺗﻴـﻨ ﻛـﻴﻨﺎز ‪ CK‬ﺗـﺮاﻧﺴﻔـﻴﺮاز اﻷﻻﻧـ اﻷﻣﻴـﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ALT‬‬
‫واﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔـﺎﺗﻴﺰ اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ALP‬ﻓﻰ ﺛﻼث ﺳﻼﻻت ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮن أوﺑﺎر اﻹﺑﻞ )اﳉﻤﻞ اﻟـﻌﺮﺑﻰ( ﻓﻰ ا ﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌـﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳـﺔ‪ .‬وأوﺿﺢ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺑ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث‪.‬‬
‫واﳋﻼﺻـﺔ ان ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑـﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑـ اﻟﻨـﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﳊﺎﻟـﻴﺔ وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟـﺘﻰ ذﻛﺮت ﻓﻰ اﻻﺑﺤـﺎث اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ و ـﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻌﺰى اﻟـﻔﺮوق إﻟﻰ ‪ :‬اﺧﺘﻼف‬
‫اﻟﺴﻼﻻت واﻟﺘـﻐﺬﻳـﺔ وﻣﻨﻬـﺠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑـﻴﺔ أو اﻟـﻄﺮﻳﻖ ا ـﺴﺘﺨـﺪﻣﺔ ﺑـﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺧـﺘﻼﻓﺎت واﺿـﺤﺔ ﻓﻰ اﳋـﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔـﻴﺰﻳـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣـﺜﻞ ﻟﻮن اﻟـﺸﻌﺮ‬
‫واﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴـﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﺟﺮاﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ا ﻨـﻄﻘﺔ اﳊﺮﺟﺔ ذات اﳊﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪم‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء ﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻹﺑﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ا ﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫)‪J (1 - 10‬‬