1. No category

Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Clade
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Preparada por:
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó y Dra. Vivian Navas
Departamento de Biología
Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Capítulo 34
Filo Chordata- Cordados
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Figure 34.2Phylogeny of living chordates
Echinodermata
ANCESTRAL
DEUTEROSTOME
Chordates
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Notochord
Vertebrates
Myxini
Common ancestor
of chordates
Petromyzontida
Lobe-fins
Actinistia
Lungs or lung derivatives
Dipnoi
Lobed fins
Amniotic egg
Mammalia
Milk
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Amniotes
Reptilia
Limbs with digits
• 3er filo más grande
• Incluye peces (cartilaginosos y óseos),
anfibios, reptiles (con aves) y mamíferos
(incluyendo al humano)
Tetrapods
Amphibia
Osteichthyans
Actinopterygii
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Gnathostomes
Chondrichthyes
Vertebrae
Filo Chordata
1
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Fig. 34-3 Chordate characteristics
Filo Chordata
Dorsal,
hollow
nerve cord
Muscle
segments
• Los cordados poseen las siguentes 4
características unitarias en algún momento de su
desarrollo:
Notochord
Mouth
Anus
Muscular,
post-anal tail
•
1.
•
2.
Pharyngeal
slits or clefts
Continua- cordados
3. Hendiduras faríngeas -cortes a ambos lados de la
faringe función para filtrar agua en cordados
primitivos, en peces las hendiduras tienen branquias
para extraer oxígeno del agua. Presentes solo en los
embriones de vertebrados terrestres (se desarrolla en
estructuras del oído y otras estructuras de la cabeza).
4. Rabo o cola - prolongación del cuerpo posterior al
ano. Función original: natación. En mayoría de los
adultos se reduce.
Filo Chordata-se divide en 2 grupos:
A. Invertebrados (cordados invertebrados):
A. Subfilo Urochordata - Tunicados (parecen esponjas
y viven pegados a rocas y raíces de mangle. Se
alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua
en las hendiduras. Agua entra por un sifón, se filtra
en hendiduras y sale por otro sifón
B. Subfilo Cephalochordata - Lancetas de mar que
viven enterradas en la arena. y también se
alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua
en las hendiduras
B.
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Notocordio - cordón dorsal longitudinal-parecido a varilla
flexible- función: dar soporte al cuerpo. En peces y
demás vertebrados el notocordio es sustituido por cráneo
y columna vertebral. En humanos lo que queda del
notocordio son los discos gelatinosos entre las vértebras
Cordón nervioso dorsal - persiste en adultos de todos los
cordados. Corre por encima de notocordio en los
vertebrados y se ensancha en extremo anterior para
formar el cerebro. Forma sistema nervioso central (cordón
nervioso y cerebro) En vertebrados el cordón nervioso y
cerebro están protegidos por columna vertebral y cráneo
Subfilo Vertebrata: - cordados con columna
vertebral y cráneo.
2
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate
Cephalochordate body plan: lancelet
Figure 34.0 A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristic of a vertebrate
Subfilo Vertebrata (cordados
vertebrados)
• Columna vertebral y cráneo cartilaginoso
u óseo
• Cordón nervioso dorsal y hueco
• Sistema circulatorio cerrado
• Incluye 2 super clases; peces (Piscis) y
vertebrados de cuatro patas (Tetrápodos)
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
3
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Clade
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
• Cordados
– Vertebrados Craniados
• Agnatha (sin mandíbulas)
• Gnasthostomata (con mandíbula)
– Condriicthyes esqueleto cartulaginoso
tiburones y
rayas
– Osteichthyes- esqueleto óseo
» Tetrapoda – terrestres, 4 patas
• Anamniotas - Anfibios
• Amniota - reptiles, aves y mamíferos
Fig. 34-2Phylogeny of living chordates
Echinodermata
(sister group to chordates)
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
ANCESTRAL
DEUTEROSTOME
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Notochord
Myxini
(hagfishes)
Common
ancestor of
chordates
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Head
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Vertebral column
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Lungs or lung derivatives
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Lobed fins
Amphibia (frogs,
salamanders)
Legs
Amniotic egg
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Reptilia
(turtles, snakes,
crocodiles, birds)
Mammalia
Milk (mammals)
Evolutionary
relationships
of vertebrates
4
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Clade
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Clase Agnatha- peces sin
mandíbula
• Lampreas
– sin mandíbula, no aletas, no escamas
• Mayoría parasita otros peces, (se pega
a hospedero y chupa sangre)
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Clade
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Suction-cup
mouth of adult
lamprey
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Three lampreys
attached to a carp
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
5
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Figure 34.13
Clase Chondrichthyes- (Condrictiospeces cartilaginosos)
Evolución de las quijadas
Peces con esqueleto cartilaginoso
Con mandíbula (gnathostomados)
Con escamas (microscópicas)
Aletas pareadas (pectoral y pélvica)
Tiburones y rayas (mantarraya)
Tiburón - Cuerpo mas denso que agua-tiene que
nadar constantemente para mantenerse a una
profundidad (no vejiga natatoria)
• Tiburones son depredadores con buena visión y olfato
y sensores para detectar presas que están cerca
Cranium
Mouth
Skeletal rods
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Clade
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top
left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray
(bottom right)
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Gill slits
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
6
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch
Clase Osteichthyes
•
•
•
•
•
Peces con esqueleto óseo
Con mandíbula (gnathostomados)
Con escamas (cicloide, ganoide, ctenoide)
Con aletas pareadas (pectoral y pélvica)
Un grupo tiene vejiga natatoria - se llena de aire y
contrarresta peso del pez- no se hunde si no nada
• Otro grupo tienen vejiga natatoria conectada por
ducto al esófago (funciona como pulmon para
respirar aire)
• Ej. Chapín, chillo, mero, pez loro, dorado, atún
Figure 34.16
Cut
edge of
operculum
Anal fin
Liver
Gills
Anus
Stomach
Gonad
Kidney
Intestine
Heart
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Pelvic
fin
Lateral
line
Urinary
bladder
Clade
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Nostril
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Caudal
fin
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Adipose fin
Brain
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Dorsal fin
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Spinal cord
Swim
bladder
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Anatomía de Osteichthyes
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
7
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Fig. 34-21Amphibians
(a) Order Urodela
Clase Amphibia- “Vida dual”dos vidas
– Adultos son terrestres y Renacuajos son acúaticos
(b) Order Anura
(c) Order Apoda
– regresa al agua para reproducirse
– Incluye: Salamandras, ranas, y sapos
(incluye coquíes), cecilias (parecen culebras)
– piel húmeda y pulmones para intercambio de
gases
– Corazón de tres cámaras
– Circulación sistémica y pulmonar
Eleutherodactylus
• (Eleutherodactylus)– 17 especies en Puerto
Rico, 3 especies
extintas
– Solo 2 especies dicen
coquí cuando cantan
(E. coqui y E.
portoricencis)
– Co- advierte territorio a
otros machos
– qui- llamada para la
hembra
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Eleutherodactylus
jasperi;
el coqui dorado de
Puerto Rico
8
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Clade
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
• El sapo común
(Rhinella marina o
Bufo marinus) fue
introducido en PR en
los 1920s para
combatir el gusano
blanco de la caña.
• Tenemos un solo sapo
nativo (Peltophryne
lemur) y es raro
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Datos interesantes
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Clase Reptilia
• Primeros vertebrados verdaderamente
terrestres
• Huevo amniótico o cleidoico
• Tortugas, jicotea, cocodrilos, caimanes,
lagartos, serpientes, Dinosaurios, AVES
Evolutionary
relationships
of vertebrates
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
9
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
Fig. 34-25
13/04/2015
Extant reptiles (other than birds)
The amniotic egg
Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)
Chorion
Amnion
Allantois
Yolk sac
Embryo
Amniotic
cavity
with
amniotic
fluid
Yolk
(nutrients)
Albumen
Shell
Fig. 34-26 Hatching reptiles
Clase Reptilia
•
4 adaptaciones que les permitieron independizarse del agua
– Piel impermeable con escamas de queratina-protegen piel y
evitan pérdida de agua
– Producción de acido úrico- (desperdicio nitrogenado secoque les ahorra agua pues puede excretarse casi seco- parte
blanca de excremento de lagartos)
– Fecundación interna- óvulo y espermatozoide se encuentran
dentro del cuerpo de la hembra
– -caja pectoral (con costillas) para ventilación
– Huevo amniótico-con cascarón –(puede colocarse lejos de
agua pues cascarón reduce pérdida de agua)- Embrión se
desarrolla en interior acuoso del huevo
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
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Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
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Fig. 34-30A small sample of
living birds
Datos sobre reptiles en PR
• Lagartijos que encontramos
en las casas es de las
especies más agresivas
(machos hacen push-ups
para marcar territorio)
• Nuestra serpiente nativa
más grande (Chilabothrus
inornata o Epicrates
inornatus) alcanza los 7
pies y no es venenosa.
Rodea con su cuerpo para
asfixiar a sus presas (ej.
ratas, sapos, aves)
(a) Emu
(b) Mallards
(c) Laysan albatrosses
(d) Barn swallows
Figure 34.26 A bald eagle in flight
Clade Aves ( dentro de Clase Reptilia)
• Evolucionaron de dinosaurios
• Presencia de plumas –evolucionaron de escamas
– Función: para conservar calor del cuerpo y luego permitió volar
• Adaptaciones para poder volar
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Plumas livianas
Esqueleto liviano
Cuerpo compacto y fusiforme-poca resistencia al aire
Quijada liviana- no dientes sino pico
Sistema respiratorio alto volumen- sacos aéreos
Metabolismo altoVisión excelente
• Reinita, ruiseñor, pitirre, canarios, mozambiques, cotorra
• Cotorra puertorriqueña- Amazona vittata
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
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Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Description
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
– Temperatura corporal se mantiene constante
mediante metabolismo (alto costo energético)
Clade
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
• Aves y mamíferos son endotérmicos-
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
– Temperatura ambiental regula metabolismo del organismo
(más activos a altas temperaturas con un límite crítico)
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
• Mayoría de los reptiles son ectotérmicos:
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Clase Mammalia (mamíferos)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Evolutionary
relationships
of vertebrates
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Amnióticos
Cuerpo cubierto de pelo - conserva calor
Glándulas mamarias-producen leche materna
Dientes diferenciados- incisivos (cortar), caninos (agarrar),
premolares (trozar) y molares (moler)
Cerebro muy desarrollado- animales mas inteligentes
Temperatura del cuerpo constante
Sistema nervioso bien desarrollado
Diafragma muscular
Tres subclases de mamiferos
– Mamíferos Monotremos (Monotremata) - Platipo y erizo hormigueroponen huevos
– Mamíferos Marsupiales (Metatheria) -canguros –paren embrión que se
arrastra al vientre, entra al saco marsupio con tetilla y sigue su
desarrollo
– Mamíferos Placentarios (Eutheria) - embrión se desarrolla dentro del
útero con placenta para nutrición y oxígeno. (clasificados en 16
órdenes)
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Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Fig. 34-32
Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an Australian monotreme
Macropius giganteus
Macropius giganteus
soon after birth
Figure 34.35 A phylogenetic tree of primates
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
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Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
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Patrones de circulación
Mecanismos
de
ventilación
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Sistema
Nervioso
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Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34
13/04/2015
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2015
Clade
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Amniotes: amniotic egg,
rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,
fused pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
– Ovíparos: deposita huevos en el medio externo
donde completan su desarrollo - aves, tortugas,
cocodrilos, muchos peces, muchos anfibios y reptiles.
– Ovovivíparos: huevos permanecen dentro del
cuerpo de la hembra hasta su eclosión. No salen del
cuerpo materno hasta que está muy adelantado su
desarrollo - muchos tiburones, otros peces, algunos
anfibios y reptiles
– Vivíparos: embrión se desarrolla en el útero (u
oviducto) de la hembra y es alimentado por la
sangre materna (placenta u otra estructura) humanos
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Estrategias reproductivas
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.CORDADOS
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
15