1. home and garden

BACKYARD COMPOSTING
Getting Started
HOME COMPOSTING – The Simple Rules:
1. Mix some organic material into a pile or in a bin.
2. Add some dirt.
3. Keep the material moist.
4. Turn it occasionally.
What Goes in a Composter?
In a typical household, organic materials make up approximately one-third of household
waste. Much of this organic material can be properly handled in a backyard composting
operation. Backyard composting reduces the amount of waste going to the landfill, and
supplies nutrient-rich compost for use in your yard and garden.
Composting Materials
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All vegetable and fruit waste – e.g. bananas and skins, beet tops, berries, citrus
rinds, grapes, potatoes, peanut shells, cabbage, cucumber, onion, pumpkin, tomato,
turnips, zucchini, etc., etc. (Bigger items such as corn cobs should be chopped up)
Yard waste -- grass clippings, leaves & twigs, flowers.
Coffee grounds & filters, tea leaves & tea bags, eggshells (crushed), bread, beans
Garden wastes
Hay, straw
Soil (need to include some soil to help the composting process)
Other Stuff – hair, rope, shredded paper, sawdust, peat moss, pine needles, string,
cloth rags, feathers, etc., are compostable … but not TOO much of any of those
items (see ‘Materials Requiring Caution’ section)
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Materials Requiring Caution in Home Composting
Material
Rationale
Weeds
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Paper
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Sawdust, wood shavings
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Pine needles
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Rhubarb Leaves
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Animal manure (cow, pig, horse, sheep,
chicken, goat)
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Herbicide/pesticide treated plant material
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Weeds such as crabgrass (with a
rhizomatous root system) may survive
the composting process. Most weeds
are okay as long as they haven’t gone
to seed.
Small quantities of shredded paper are
okay (not glossy magazines). Paper is
slow to break down and tends to mat,
but is a good carbon source.
Small quantities okay. Slow to break
down. Use of treated wood is not
recommended as the toxic chemicals
from the treat may leach into the
surrounding material.
Small amounts okay. Acidic, with waxy
coating. Slow to break down.
Small amounts okay. Contains an
organic acid toxin (calcium oxalate)
Some care required. Well-rotted
manure is better, due to lower nitrogen
and moisture content. Manure may
also contain active weed seeds.
Caution required, as some residues
may remain. Domestic (residential)
pesticides & herbicides usually not as
long-lasting as commercial products.
Materials NOT Recommended for Home Composting
Materials to Avoid
Rationale
Meat, bones, fish scraps
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Oily or fatty materials, cheese and dairy
products
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Pet litter, cat and dog manure
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Diseased plants, weeds that have gone to
seed
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Dishwater
BBQ ashes/coal
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Odour problems. Attracts dogs, cats,
rodents and insects
Oil and grease take a long time to
break down, and may coat other
materials, inhibiting their breakdown.
Also attractive to insects.
May contain disease organisms that
are pathogenic to humans.
The heat from the compost pile may
not kill the disease, or inactivate the
weed seeds
Usually contains perfumes and grease.
Highly resistant to decomposition.
Contain excessive amounts of sulphur.
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Five Important Points for Successful Composting:
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Carbon to nitrogen ratio (i.e. the mix of ‘brown’ material to ‘green’ material)
Exposed surface area (i.e. the size of the material put in the composter)
Moisture content
Aeration (turning the pile to increase oxygen content)
Volume of material.
1. Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio – “Browns to Greens”
It is useful to think of materials with a high carbon content as being “brown”, and those
with a high nitrogen content being “green”. Both are important in composting.
Examples of each:
Browns -- dead leaves, straw, hay, dryer lint, sawdust, dead plants, dry grass.
Greens -- fresh grass clippings, fruit and vegetable scraps, plants, manure.
It works best to have a mix of brown and green materials in the composter. Ideally, the
proportion of browns to greens should be about 60% to 40%, but half and half works
fine, too. Compost piles with too much ‘brown’ content are slow to heat up and break
down. Piles with too much ‘green’ content will turn slimy and give off an ammonia smell.
2. Surface Area
This refers to the size of the material being put into the composter – the smaller the
pieces, the faster the rate of decomposition. Splitting, chopping or shredding of material
will help to provide the additional exposed surface area. It also pays to have materials of
different sizes and textures blended together in a compost pile. That way, things such as
fresh grass clippings are less likely to compress and clump up in the pile.
3. Moisture Content
The compost needs to be moist, as water is required to make nutrients available to the
microbes. The rule of thumb is to keep the material as “moist as a wrung out sponge”. If
you squeeze a handful of compost, only a couple of drops of water should come out. It
works best to add water as you’re building up the layers in the pile (rather than pouring it
all on afterward, as can be difficult to get the water all the way through the material). If
the compost crumbles and doesn’t hold together at all when you squeeze it, the pile is
probably too dry. You can add water when you’re turning the pile. A hose or watering
can works well. Adding ‘greens’ will also increase moisture content.
If the compost has a foul odour, it may be an indication of too much water. To reduce
moisture content in a compost pile, you can mix in drier material (such as dead leaves)
and/or turn the compost more frequently.
4. Aeration
Bacteria need oxygen in order to break down the organic waste. It is important for air to
reach the centre of the pile, as this is the area of most biological activity and where the
oxygen is used the fastest. Different methods to ensure aeration include:
1. Incorporate loose or coarser material (dry twigs, dead leaves or straw) throughout
the pile in layers, or mixed in with denser material
2. Periodic turning or stirring of the pile to loosen it up. A pitch fork or garden fork works
well, but you can also use a broom handle or hockey stick.
3. In bigger piles, you can use an air stack or pipe to ventilate the centre of the pile
(usually not necessary when using a smaller backyard compost bin).
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The frequency for turning or stirring depends on a variety of factors such as size of the
pile, type of material in it and ambient air temperature. A good rule of thumb is to turn it
every ten days or so. You may need to turn it more frequently during the late spring and
summer than during the cooler fall period. Turning the pile too frequently (i.e. more than
once a week) may reduce the heat too much in the centre of the pile – this will slow
down the compost process.
5. Volume of Material
The general rule of building a compost pile is to have it a minimum of one cubic metre in
volume (3 ft by 3 ft by 3 ft). This size is required for self-heating purposes and for
general aeration adequacy. The self-heating capability of a compost pile also depends
upon the time of year and the type of compost container (if any). Closed black plastic
containers – many commercial bins are made from black plastic – are useful in trapping
solar heat, which increases the temperature of the compost. That means you can have a
bit less material in an enclosed bin than in a pile.
Using a Compost Container
Composting can take place in an open pile or in a compost bin. The choice depends on
your specific needs. A bin can:
• Provide some protection from wind and rain that may otherwise scatter material, or
make it too wet or too dry
• Aid in pile heat retention and trapping of solar heat
• Aid in keeping out rodents and other pests.
Some bins may not be large enough for the amount of material you have available to
compost. Bins may also make it more difficult to turn or aerate the material.
End Uses of Compost
Some benefits of incorporating compost into the soil:
• Loosens heavy clay soils to allow better penetration of air and water
• Increases the water and nutrient holding capacity of sandy soils
• Adds to the overall soil nutrient content
• Enhances soil’s buffering capacity
Compost can be used:
• In the flower or vegetable garden: Mix compost into the soil in the spring or fall (a
good rule of thumb is about one inch of compost per six inches of soil) or use
throughout the growing season. If digging trenches for seeds or seedlings, sprinkle
some compost in the trenches, or add as a top dressing.
• On soil around trees and shrubs: If planting new trees or shrubs, place some
compost in the hole around the plant. For growing trees and shrubs, apply compost
as a top dressing from the trunk out to the drip line (ends of the branches).
• As top dressing in planter boxes or house plants, and as part of a potting soil mixture
(one-third compost with two-thirds potting soil).
• A top dressing for lawns. It’s best to screen the compost first, so it is a finer material.
• Making ‘compost tea’ for watering plants. Fill a container with water, place compost
into a sack (an old pillowcase works fine), then put it in the water. Let sit until water
turns pale yellow. Water can be used on houseplants or in the garden. One batch of
compost can be used a couple of times to make tea.
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Common Compost Questions
Why Should I Compost?
Organic materials are a valuable resource in the garden. Mulches and compost improve
soil texture and plant health, prevent erosion, and hold moisture and nutrients. By
composting, a typical household can reduce the amount of garbage they send to a
landfill by one-third. This saves waste collection and disposal costs, and extends the life
of landfills (all of which ultimately save taxpayers’ dollars).
Where Should I Place the Compost Bin?
The main thing is that the bin is in a CONVENIENT location for you. The easier it is to
use, the more you will use it. Aside from that, try for a level, well-drained sunny area. If
you have neighbours close by, ensure that the bin’s presence and operation will not be a
nuisance to them.
How Do I Know When the Compost is Ready to be Used?
Finished compost:
• Is dark in colour (like soil)
• Has a crumbly texture
• Smells ‘earthy’
• Typically requires one growing season to be ready
Can I Compost in Winter?
Bacterial activity slows down dramatically under typical Alberta winter conditions, and
the compost pile will enter a dormant state. Materials can, however, still continue to be
added. If the composter fills up, kitchen wastes can be stored outside in sealed
containers or plastic bags and left to freeze. In the spring, the material in the composter
will undergo several freeze/thaw cycles that aid in the breakdown of cell structure, and
the pile will begin to shrink fairly quickly. The compost pile will become active again as
ambient temperatures rise. If a lot of kitchen waste has been added, you may need to
mix in drier materials such as straw or dead leaves to absorb the excess water
generated from the thawing kitchen waste.
Do I Need to Use a Commercial Compost Starter or Accelerator?
No. You do need to provide ‘starter bacteria’ when you first begin a compost pile, but
that can be done by adding garden topsoil or finished compost to the mixture. You can
also add bonemeal or bloodmeal. Once your compost bin is started, the main thing is to
keep a proper mix of brown and green materials.
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TROUBLESHOOTING
Concern
Rotten Odour
Possible Causes
Solution
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Excess moisture
(anaerobic conditions)
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Compaction
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Ammonia Odour
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Too much greens
(nitrogen)
Low Pile Temperature
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Pile too small
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Insufficient moisture
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Poor aeration
Lack of greens
(nitrogen)
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Cold weather
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Pile too large
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Insufficient ventilation
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Presence of meat
scraps, dairy products
or fatty food
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High Pile Temperature
Pests – rodents, insects
Turn pile. Add dry,
porous material such
dead leaves, sawdust or
straw
Turn pile, or make
smaller
Add brown (carbon)
material, such as
leaves, sawdust, straw
Make pile bigger or
insulate sides
Add water while turning
pile, or cover top
Turn pile
Mix in green sources
such as grass clippings,
manure or food scraps
Increase pile size or
insulate pile with an
extra layer of material
Reduce size of pile or
turn into two piles
Turn pile
Remove inappropriate
food from the pile, or
cover with a layer of soil
or sawdust, or turn pile
to increase temperature
Most of the information included in this hand-out came from the ‘The Master Composter
& Recycler Resource Manual”, written by the City of Edmonton, Asset Management and
Public Works. The manual is not available for purchase, but I can supply you with further
information from it if you are interested. Good web-sites to check out include:
City of Edmonton: www.gov.edmonton.ab.ca/waste/
Action on Waste: www3.gov.ab.ca/env/waste/aow/
Canadian Composting Council: www.compost.org
For further information or if you have any questions about backyard composting, contact:
Christine Della Costa, Executive Director
Northern CARE
Toll Free: 1-866-818-CARE(2273) Fax: 780-732-9312
E-mail: executivedirector@northerncare.org
Web-site: www.northerncare.org
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