1. business and industrial
2. construction

SESSION 11
PR 4: HEALTH AND SAFETY – TOP ISSUES FOR THE EBRD
Presented by
Monkey Forest Consulting
OUTLINE PR 4: HEALTH AND SAFETY – TOP
ISSUES FOR THE EBRD
EBRD Project Statistics
  Practical Risk Management
  Identification of Chemical Hazards
  Excavation Safety
  Confined Spaces
  Dust Explosions
  Movement of Plant, Vehicles and Rolling Stock
  Electrical Safety
  Contractor and Subcontractor OHS Management
 
EBRD PROJECT STATISTICS
Group question: How many fatalities do you think there
were on EBRD projects in 2013?
Data from: EBRD Sustainability Report 2013:
  72 significant incidents reported
  102 fatalities (63 worker fatalities and 39 third party fatalities)
  59 major injuries to workers
  1 incident of property damage
3 or more fatalities were encountered in the following countries:
  Ukraine (19)
  Turkey (14)
  Russia (11)
  Romania (10)
  Kazakhstan, Lithuania and Moldova (3 each)
PRACTICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
OUTLINE
Practical Risk Management
Hazard and Risk
  Risk Assessment Overview
 
 
OHS Hazards
 
Risk Hierarchy
 
Spot the Hazard
 
Summary
HAZARD AND RISK
Hazard
ü  Inherent properties of chemicals, biologicals, radiation
ü  Characteristics of physical and mechanical situations
ü  Requires an exposure route
Risk
ü All about probability/chance/likelihood/potential for harm
ü Higher probability of occurrence ⇒ higher risk
ü High hazard potential + exposure route ⇒ greater injury/damage
Hazard + Exposure Route (Pathway) = Risk
Ø Thus, to control risk, aim to break exposure route or remove hazard
Ø Prevention not Reaction
RISK ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
Basic Steps
 Identify the Hazards (what can go wrong?)
 Decide who might be harmed and how (i.e. the
consequences)
 Evaluate the risk (how much does it matter?)
 Record findings and implement risk
management measures (what are you going to
do about it?)
 Review and update (Keep it current)
RISK ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
Risk Matrix Example
1 Trivial
2 Minor
3 Significant
4 Critical
Consequence
5
Catastrophic
Likelihood
1
Improbable
2
3
2 Remote
3
3 Possible
4
5
4 Likely
5
6
5 Very Likely
6
7
4
4
5
6
5
6
7
6
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8
8
9
9
10
7
8
RISK ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
Workplace Risk Assessment Example
Ac#vity
Hazard
Who Affected Risk
Management
Li;ing of container
Dropped load
Li;ing crew
Poten#al for fatality/serious injury Li;ing plan Oversight by foreman, restricted access
WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY?
What topics make up key Occupational Health and Safety Hazards?
OHS HAZARDS
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Chemical
Physical
Radiological
Biological
Ergonomics
Psychological
Environmental Health
Off-site Accommodations
Sensitivities (Fertility and Pregnancy)
Others?
OHS HAZARDS
§  Watch out for the “Elephant in the Room”!!
OHS HAZARDS
§  “Elephant in the Room”?
§  The ‘OH’ part of OHS!
§  UK Health and Safety Executive said in 2013:
“Ill health accounts for 43% of the health
and safety incidents, 84% of the related
sickness absence and over 99% of the
work-related deaths each year”
•  133 workers killed at work in the UK
(2013/14)
•  That is, there are over 13,000 workrelated deaths each year in the UK are
related to ill health!!
RISK HIERACHY
Elimination
Stopping the activity entirely
Substitution
Switching the activity for something less inherently dangerous
Engineering Control
Putting in some form of control or barrier such as machine guards
Administrative Control
Such as a lock out/ tag out system
Personal Protective Equipment
Such as ear defenders or goggles
Personal protective equipment is always the ‘last resort’
SPOT THE HAZARD
(interactive group session with pictorial examples)
SPOT THE HAZARD
§  If you observed asbestos-containing roofs like these on a site, what
would be your recommendation?
SPOT THE HAZARD
SPOT THE HAZARD
SUMMARY
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Practical risk management
Hazard versus Risk
Range of OHS Hazards
Do not forget the “Elephant in the Room”!
Use Risk Hierarchy to control risks
Practical ‘Spot the Hazard’ exercises – stop, look, listen and
think holistically
IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Group Exercise (20 minutes total) – break into smaller groups (for
10 minutes) and report back (another 10 minutes)
IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
You have been asked to carry out a site audit to an industrial site.
You know that they are likely to use some chemicals at the site as
part of the process, but currently have no details.
1.  Before you go to site, what information will you use or request
from the site in relation to potential chemical hazards at the
site?
2.  When on-site, what types of observations and data reviews will
you make to better assess chemical hazards at this site?
IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
1.  Before you go to site, what information will you use or request
from the site in relation to potential chemical hazards at the site?
Possible Answers:
•  Process details
•  Chemical Inventory list
•  Permits, Authorisations, Licences
•  AST and UST inventories, capacities, etc.
•  Site diagrams
•  Previous audit and monitoring reports
•  Your existing knowledge of other sites in this industry
•  Internet searches on this site and/or industry sector
IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
2.  When on-site, what types of observations and data reviews will you
make to better assess chemical hazards at this site?
Possible Answers:
•  Site observations using your senses
•  Strange odours (do not intentionally smell chemicals!)
•  Stored chemicals (labelling, drums, IBCs, tanks, warehouse storage)
•  Process conditions, housekeeping, ventilation
•  Spill management
•  Presence of confined spaces
•  Fixed monitoring units
•  Personnel wearing personal alarm monitors
•  Inventory and Safety data sheets
•  Documented risk assessments
•  Product recipes and technical sheets
EXCAVATION SAFETY
EXCAVATION SAFETY - VIDEO
Play ‘Trench Cave In video (2 minutes)
EXCAVATION SAFETY - VIDEO
 
What caused the trench to collapse?
Suggestions:
 
Ø 
No shoring or shielding in place
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Heavy equipment parked near by
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Lack of training, management processes and supervision
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Time and cost pressures
How much does 1 m3 of soil weigh?
Answer: About 1.6 tonnes! So you can imagine why people are
crushed in trench and excavation collapses!
RECENT EBRD EXAMPLES
 
In recent years, there have been 14 to 15 trench and excavation
fatalities on EBRD-invested projects per annum
 
Romania: a lot of trenches and excavations in EBRD-invested water
and wastewater projects
 
Croatia: good examples of trench and excavation practices down to
4 m depth with one company
 
Good practices needed, however, across all projects
RECENT EBRD EXAMPLES
Two Trench Boxes
being used rather
than the correct size
for the excavation
Not supporting lower
sections of the excavation
where workers are working
– Should be stacked
RECENT EBRD EXAMPLES
Access and egress not
suitable – needs to
extend 1m from stepping
off point and tied off to
prevent slipping
RECENT EBRD EXAMPLES
Partial timber supports being used –
Above Backhoe boxes were
available on site (22 in total)
although not utilised in this area
RECENT EBRD EXAMPLES
Sheet piling unsafely
installed and not utilised in
all areas of excavation - 3m
BGL (Below Ground Level)
RECENT EBRD EXAMPLES
Recently backfilled
materials – Worker
entering trench with
no supports
RECENT EBRD EXAMPLES
Unsupported
excavation
Other risks:
build up of fume
from passing
vehicles and
damage to gas
pipe (used to
assist exit out of
excavation)
CONFINED SPACES
CONFINED SPACES
Quick Fact:
Accidents in confined spaces are often fatal
Another Quick Fact:
55% of fatalities in confined spaces are to rescuers
What does this mean?
For every fatality of someone working in a confined
space, more than one rescuer also dies!
CONFINED SPACES
Some confined spaces are fairly easy to identify, e.g.
enclosures with limited openings:
Ø storage tanks
Ø silos
Ø reaction vessels
Ø enclosed drains
Ø sewers
CONFINED SPACES
Others may be less obvious, but can be equally
dangerous, for example:
Ø open-topped chambers
Ø vats;
Ø combustion chambers in furnaces, etc.
Ø ductwork
Ø unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms
CONFINED SPACES – RECENT INCIDENT
•  17th June 2013 at 1130hrs, two workers entered a well at a sewage
pumping station, to carry out maintenance work
•  One worker entered the well using the fixed ladder (8m deep) started to have difficulty
•  Second worker called for help with mobile phone and then entered
the well to help – he also started to have difficulty
•  Three more workers arrived, one by one they entered the well to
rescue the two workers (last worker rang HO to inform them of the
incident before entering) - all three workers started to have difficulty
•  Two workers from HO arrived, one went down the well while the
other rang the emergency services – once he finished the call he
also went down the well
•  All 7 Workers Died
CONFINED SPACES – RECENT INCIDENT
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What went wrong?
Complacent?
Didn’t appreciate the risks?
Right equipment, training and supervision?
Investigation outcome suggests workers were
overwhelmed by H2S or Methane
CONFINED SPACES – SUMMARY OF CONTROLS
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Avoid Entry
Risk Assessment
Isolate the space
Permit to work
Ventilation
Testing the Atmosphere
Air-supplied respiratory protection
Correct personal protective equipment
Access and egress arrangements
Emergency arrangements – rescue team present
Training
DUST EXPLOSIONS
DUST EXPLOSIONS – RECENT INCIDENT
In Belarus at a wood pelleting facility:
 
Inadequate / inefficient dust extraction system
 
Also not fitted with a metal-removing magnetic device
 
Wood dust cloud exploded twice, presumably ignited by a spark
from piece of metal / friction
 
Roof of building fell down inside into the building and killed 14
persons
DUST EXPLOSIONS – COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS
 
Examples of combustible dusts:
Ø 
Wood
Ø 
Grain (e.g. silos)
Ø 
Sugar
Ø 
Coal
Ø 
Certain metals
Ø 
Many synthetic organic chemicals
DUST EXPLOSIONS – EXAMPLE CONTROL MEASURES
 
Controls over dust cloud formation
 
Preventing the explosive atmosphere by inerting
 
Avoiding ignition sources
 
Plant controls e.g.
Ø 
Explosion relief venting
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Explosion suppression and containment
Ø 
Plant siting and construction
MOVEMENT OF PLANT, VEHICLES AND ROLLING
STOCK
TRAFFIC - RECENT INCIDENTS
Serbia: During working hours in a company vehicle; crashed into
another company vehicle; location was off site on Rudovci-Belgrade
road close to village of Mali Crljenci; 3 workers killed
Turkey: 30 year old male fatality; driving at work; a truck pulled out to
cross a road and company van hit the truck head on
Ukraine: 36 year old female fatality; accident happened at the trolleybus
garage; after the trolleybus had been washed the driver parked vehicle
in garage; defect spring on drive pedal - caused uncontrolled movement
of a trolleybus; at 2130 hrs her body found under the back axle of the
trolleybus
Russia: Russian Railways – about 3,000 3rd parties are killed each year
(e.g. walking along easily accessible tracks) and 3 to 4 workers are
killed every fortnight
TRAFFIC - RECENT INCIDENTS
Kazakhstan: CNG-fuelled bus caught on fire; cause assessed as being
due to lack of maintenance
Serbia: Tipper truck accident on the Corridor 10 Road Project near
Dimitrovgrad; Driver pulled away after discharging load from tipper truck
but did not drop body back down on to the tipper; hit bridge and about
80 tonnes of concrete debris fell on the cab and killed the driver
TRAFFIC – EXAMPLES OF CONTROL MEASURES
 
About 33% of road accidents are business / work driving so consider:
Ø 
Driver monitoring such as telemetry for speed and braking
Ø 
Alcohol-test interlocks on vehicle
Ø 
Fit-to-work assessments
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Enforced maximum driving hours (e.g. AETR rules)
Ø 
Properly specified & maintained vehicles
TRAFFIC – EXAMPLES OF CONTROL MEASURES
 
Site road design and pedestrian segregation
 
Site procedures, monitoring and audits
 
Correctly designed & maintained access roads & highway interfaces
 
Rail track security, fencing, warnings, signage, etc.
 
Training of site workers and vehicle operators
 
Community education programmes
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY - STATISTICS
As at March 2014 on EBRD-invested projects:
 
64 fatalities involving electricity
Main Sectors:
 
Power and Energy
 
Transport (Rail)
COMMON PUBLIC SAFETY ISSUES
 
Illegal Construction – identified problem in Turkey & Moldova
 
Illegal connections & cable theft
 
Entering substations - homeless
 
Downed cables – inclement weather
 
Arcing to conductor – knocking nuts off a tree with a pole!
COMMON WORKER SAFETY ISSUES
 
Access to live conductors – bus bars
 
Contact with aboveground cables
 
Cable strikes during excavation
 
Work equipment - grounding
 
Trackside maintenance – Electrified lines
ELECTRICAL SAFETY – EXAMPLES OF CONTROL
MEASURES
 
Isolate electrical system – use Lock Out Tag Out (LOTO)
 
Follow procedures
 
Only authorised / qualified persons to carry put work
 
Work supervision by competent personnel
 
Test before touch
 
No live working
 
Be alert to arcing potential
 
Safe working distances
 
Clear communications and signage
 
Training of all site personnel
ELECTRICAL SAFETY – SAFE DISTANCES
ELECTRICAL SAFETY – SITE SAFETY
CONTRACTOR AND SUBCONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTOR RISK AT SITE
•  Accident statistics show that contractors, subcontractors and
the self-employed represent the most risk in the construction
and services sectors
•  UK Health and Safety Executive statistics are shown in the next
three slides
•  Similar statistics for the rest of Europe and globally
CONTRACTOR RISK AT SITE
Number of Fatal Injuries by Worker Status 300 Number of Fatali#es 250 200 2006/07 2007/08 150 2008/09 2009/10 100 2010/11 50 0 Employee Self Employed Worker Status Total CONTRACTOR RISK AT SITE
Percentage of Fatal Injuries by Worker Status 90 Percentage of Total Fatali#es (%) 80 70 2006/07 60 2007/08 50 2008/09 2009/10 40 2010/11 30 20 10 0 Employee Worker Status Self Employed CONTRACTOR RISK AT SITE
Percentage of Fatal Injuries to Workers by Industrial Sector 40 Percentage of Total Fatali#es (%) 35 30 25 20 2006/07 2007/08 15 2008/09 10 2009/10 2010/11 5 0 Agriculture Other extracCve & uCliCes Manufacturing Water supply; sewerage; waste management and remediaCon acCviCes Industrial Sector ConstrucCon Services CONTRACT MANAGEMENT – THE CHALLENGE?
Ø Fatality statistics show that contractors and the self-employed are
more at risk than employees
Ø Potential damage for employer and/or contractor – e.g. litigation,
prosecutions, fines, media and reputation (current and future work
opportunities)
Ø Project management pressures
Ø Risks of using the cheapest company and corners being cut
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT – CO-OPERATION?
•  Employer – Contractor Tension
RECOGNITION AND CO-ORDINATION OF INTERFACES
•  Interfacing issues on sites
Ø  Open
Ø  Co-ordinated
Ø  Clear understandings on both sides
Ø  Coaching and mentoring relationship rather than punitive
•  Make contractors part of team
RECOGNITION AND CO-ORDINATION OF INTERFACES
Practical Approaches to Improve Co-operation between
Employers and Contractors e.g.
 Removal of Barriers to Co-operation
 Early engagement
 Open culture
 Mirrored structures and behaviours
 Incentives
 Metrics
 Joint publicity, branding, etc.
 External collaboration e.g. Local school, nature reserve, sponsorship
COMPETENCIES OF SUPPLY CHAIN
•  Contractors treated as professionals
•  Demonstrated knowledge, training and experience for every
member of the contractor team before the job is awarded
(Suitably Qualified and Experienced Person (SQEP))
•  Includes the sub-contractors and temporary or agency
personnel
•  Assessed and approved by the client before the job is
awarded, and is monitored throughout the contract
MONITORING CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE
•  Traditional contractual performance measures e.g.
Ø  On time, on budget , free from defects, right first time
Ø  Safely
•  Non-traditional (progressive) contractual performance measures
e.g.
Ø  Apprenticeships , use of local labour and local supply chain
Ø  Equality and inclusion
Ø  Legacy
Ø  Sustainability
POSITIVE OHS CULTURE
POSITIVE OHS CULTURE
•  How can we encourage a positive OHS culture on a project?
Group discussions for a large construction project
POSITIVE OHS CULTURE
Example of approaches from a construction project
•  Close working between Contractor & project OHS personnel common understanding, knowledge transfer, training &
mentoring
•  Regular communications - initial inductions, daily toolbox talks,
weekly OHS meetings, fortnightly OHS supervisor training
sessions
POSITIVE OHS CULTURE
Example of approaches from a construction project
• 
Encouragement of a ‘Reporting culture’ –
management commitment and positive
reinforcement engenders more near-miss
incidents being identified and reported.
•  All near-miss incidents should be reported,
investigated and feedback provided to the
initiator and the workforce.
POSITIVE OHS CULTURE
Example of approaches from a construction project
•  Weekly/monthly OHS themes, promoted on site by toolbox
talks, method statement reviews and specific training sessions
•  Daily topic-based inspections / visits by project OHS personnel
to different work areas
•  Supervisors & managers demonstrate positive OHS behaviour
- wear proper PPE, are responsible for OHS incident
investigations, lead OHS meetings & carry out regular
workplace inspections
POSITIVE OHS CULTURE
Example of approaches from a construction project
•  Cooperative approach in issue
solving by explaining, training,
coaching & mentoring before
taking an authoritative approach
•  Monthly site newsletter
•  Site training / briefing facilities
•  Individual &work group incentive
scheme to reward positive OHS
behaviours
SUMMARY
The EBRD treats health and safety seriously on all its projects
  When evaluating sites, remember to consider the hazard and the risk
  Think holistically, and consider the whole site, process and activities not just the raw materials and products
  Do not forget the “Elephant in the Room”!
  EBRD’s Key H&S Issue areas:
Ø  Excavation Safety
Ø  Confined Spaces
Ø  Dust Explosions
Ø  Movement of Plant, Vehicles and Rolling Stock
Ø  Electrical Safety
Ø  Contractor and Subcontractor OHS Management
 
1 800 491 0274
info@monkeyforestconsulting.com
www.monkeyforestconsulting.com