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25/05/2011
How to Maintain
the Unpaved Road in Rural Area
Makoto KIMURA
Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering,
Kyoto University, JAPAN
kimura.makoto.8r@kyoto-u.ac.jp
Civil Engineer, Geotechnical Engineer
Structure foundation,
Tunneling,
New construction material
Phase III
Shore
Phase I
Phase II
What can I do for rural
people as an engineer.
Offshore
How do we repair
without any machine?
Practical construction
in East Uganda
September, 2007
May, 2008
Problems in rural area (Cause of the poverty)
Farm
River
Rural road
(Unpaved)
Cash Crops
Well
Main Road
(Paved)
Agricultural Community Market
One of the causes of the poverty in rural
Can’t Transport
Agricultural Product
during Rainy Season
Crops are
spoiled
Can’t get
money
4
Japanese road condition about 50 years ago
6
Approach to Poverty Reduction
Problems in AFRICAN Need AFRICAN Solution
Solved by AFRICAN People
Poverty in rural
Reduce poverty
Rural road
Unpassable
During rainy season
Establish
New design
By manual labour
With cheap,
Available material
Keep
Trafficability
By villagers
Developing countries
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Kenya, Uganda，
Tanzania
Empower
Expand
Rural community
The technology
Sustainability
Do-nou
Empower rural
(Japanese term
7
communities
of soilbag)
40 cm
Application of the“Do-nou”
40 cm
Do-nou
(Japanese term of soilbag)
Thickness t = 10 cm,
20 kg ~ 25 kg
Prevent floodwaters from going over dikes
Application of the“Do-nou”
Construction of a retaining wall with 30,000 do-nou
Application of the“Do-nou”
Do-nou
́āRNg
600
ñ
400
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A 
y 
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
A 
y 
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
A 
y 
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
A 
y 
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DCcP
Tying the
openings
1600
` 1800
îãnclay
Ձ
Soft
N
l P`Q
N value =
PÊFj
1~2iUnit:mm
Field construction by do-nou to reinforce soft building foundation
How to Generate the Strength of
the ”Do-nou”?
Bag
External force
Soil
Soil is wrapped
with bag
Tensile strength
External force
applied to
“do-nou”
Tensile strength
is generated.
The soil inside
the bag is
reinforced.
Mechanism is simple.
Do-nou is the ultimate geotextile.
Careful work (compaction) is necessary.
Characteristics of “Do-nou”
Material
40 cm x 40 cm, 10 cm, 20 kg
Cheap material
Plastic (polypropylene)
“Do-nou” bag
Bags for sugar/maize Material put inside the bag
Construction
Soil near
the site
Labor based
Simple
No curing period
Wooden mallet
Compressive
pressure
Bearing
Capacity
(250 kN)
13
Target road condition (West Kenya)





Flat
Width = 4.5 m
Deep rut, end of rainy season
Black cotton soil
Traffic; tractor, car, bicycle
(less than 20 cars per day)
Practical Construction in West Kenya
SPOT IMPROVEMENT WITH DO-NOU AT GULLY
10 cm thickness layer of gravel
Item
BEFORE
Unit
Total
Width of the road
m
4.0
Length of the maintained
portion
m
18.0
No.
300
m3
(ton)
14.0
(20)
No.
40
hours
4
M
0.11
No.
2.0
Number of the used “Do-nou”
Murram
Participants
Maintenance duration
AFTER
Productivity (per manhour)
Length of the
maintained road
No. of the laid Do-nou
16
Do-nou in Ghana.
17
Communities’ response to
the road maintenance using Do-nou
Number of the participants
Survey and
Identification
of the maintenance
area
Encourage the group to
Get consensus and
Arrange the required
material
50
151.2 m
11 days
40
30
273.0 m
13 days 183.0 m
16 days
Group A
Group B
Group C
20
10
0
Feb
Demonstration
(training of road
maintenance)
Mar
Apr
May
Demonstration date
Jun
The number of the people who were willing to provide their
labour to the road maintenance was increasing
as the road has been repaired.
Voice of the people who experienced road
maintenance using Do-nou
• Now I am confident I can maintain the road. Initially I was
not very sure I could.
• I am very happy because the road has brought about good
positive changes to our community.
• Initially I felt it was a difficult job needing a lot of energy but
in the end I realized it was easy.
• In the beginning we did not have idea about maintaining
roads but now we have learned.
• Big improvement of the road, I got knowledge.
• I have got technology, idea and murram road. I can do it by
myself.
• I believed that the technology works on road maintenance.
19
Communities’ voice
Above those were the answers
from the group members,
“What is a road for you?”
Above those were the answers
from the group members,
“What is “Do-nou” technology
for you?”
“MICHIBUSHIN” 55 years ago in Japan
Comparison road maintenance between
using “Do-nou” technology and
Labour based technology
Technology Motivation
Do-nou
LBT
Particiapants
Target
Main
material
Machines
1) Natural site
1) Farmers, Community
soil
Self
Unclassified
(Labour/volunteer)
1) Truck
2）Murram
development
(Spot)
3）Do-nou bags
1) Truck
1) Contractor
Labour fee
Classified
1) Murram
2) Water tank
2) Labour
3) Roller
Support , Assistance Method for LBT
Full size model driving tests
To establish a design of the maintenance
of rural roads with do-nou
Measured parameters: Number of the car passes
Settlement of the road surface
 Compaction methods in rural site
 Material put inside the bags
 Efficiency of the do-nou method
23
500200 - 250
Clay
800
1400
800
50
Gravel
Clay
Cross section of Case D
Cross section of Case C
“Do-nou”
(Unit:mm)
100 times
C
D
-100
Settlement (mm)
500 200 - 250
Gravel
0
100
200
0
1000
2000
3000
Distance from the measuring point (mm)
Condition of Tests
C
D
Before
C
D
After 100 times passing
Depth of rut (mm)
Material put inside Do-nou bag
0
Depth of rut：a - b
150 mm
50
Crushed stones
100
Gravel
150
200
Sand
0
50
100
150
200
The number of the passes by car
The formed rut was 150 mm deep such that it prevented the car from driving.
26
Matrix for traffic, material, maintenance and cost
Coarse material
Cost per meter (US$)
Design
Amount
of traffic
Material put in bag
Cross section
3.0
Fine materiial
Purchase material Available material
Aspahlt Crusher Murram Gravel Sand Clay
3
0
18/m3 4.4/m
Unit:m
20
8.3
5.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
Target
Do-nou, 2 layers
Do-nou, 2 layers
21.0
10.8
7.5
28.5
14.8
10.5
7.5
Do-nou, 3 layers
100
(Per day)
Asphalt t=0.05
Unit : m
Gravel t=0.15
Frequency of maintenance
51.0
Low
High
Empower community through road maintenance
5.0 m
Do-nou
After road maintenace with do-nou,
the villagers were motivated and
did repair a bridge by themselves.
Hard cores
Murram
1.0 m
Fragments of
Broken culvert
Labor cost
3,000 US$
Material cost
2007.4
Negotiation with local government
Contribution
Volunteer
2007.8
28
APPLICATIONS TO RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Retaining wall
Culvert
Log B
20 10
10 cm
: Murram
“Do-nou”
filled with
Murram
70
150
50
80
50
Log A
Dam (water harvest)
29
30
TECHNICAL TRANSFER FOR BUILDING THE EMBANKMENT
THROUGH THE STATE UNIVERSITY
- THE PHILIPPINES 1. Demonstration of Do-nou technology to be applied to build the embankment
2. Technical transfer through the state university to the local government, NGOs
Plain view
Circular road
Faculty of
education
Library
Administration
Faculty of
Agriculture
Forestry
Dry season, Building embankment
Stability during
rainy season
Coordinator
Engineers
Consultant services
Technical transfer
to the communities
around the university
Rainy season
31
ACCEPTANCE AND DISSEMINATION OF DO-NOU
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
1.The function was sustained by the maintenance conducted by themselves
2. Dissemination and applications of Do-nou through the staff of the university
Damaged by the typhoon
Maintained by the engineers
Appropriate/demanded technology
Technical transfer through the university
Case history for the other universities
Retaining wall, Cement + Do-nou
Dissemination to all the countries
32
The Cross Section of the Walkway with Do-nou
Use sandbag bag in the whole
135 bags per 1 m
7,500 bags
Active earth pressure
Frictional resistance
between Do-nou
900
1700
900
Do-nou
11
1
1
River gravel
Loading weight is under the Failure strength?
Bearing Capacity is enough?4000
3700
Allowable bearing capacity: 100 kPa
200
300
Pipe
250
500
1000
250
200
The water level in the rainy season
Unit: mm
Walkway Construction-１
Putting Do-nou
Compacting Do-nou
Compacting
gravel
around
pipe
Putting drain pipe
Walkway Construction-２
Covering the
surface
of Do-nou
with mud
Putting
the cement
blocks
Walkway Construction-3
Spraying
seeds
Growing grasses
Rainy
season
COUNTRIES WHERE DO-NOU TECHNOLOGY HAS
BEEN TRANSFERRED
EQUATOR
37
EXPANSION OF THE RANGE OF THE
ACTIVITIES
No.
Country
Donors
Area
1
Kenya
SNV (Netherlands)
Rural development
JICA
Environment conservation
NGO（Fund from Toyota F.,
Hitachi, Mitsui Co. Ltd.)
2
Uganda
JOCV (Japan Overseas
Cooperation Volunteers)
Community development
3
Tanzania
JICA
Infrastructure
4
Democratic Republic
of the Congo
JICA
Community development
5
Cameroon
Research project
Agriculture
6
Viet-Num
NGO（Institute for water
resources）
Rural development
7
The Philippines
NGO (State university)
Civil engineering, Fishery
8
Papua New Guinea
Asian Development Bank
NGO, Research project
Socio-economic benefit
Total length of the maintained road: 13.3 km
38
FARMERS’ RESPONSE
Some farmers have built capacity and are teaching
other farmers through demonstrates on how to
construct and maintain roads using the Do-nou
technology.
Farmers involved in maintenance of roads using
Do-nou technology at past agricultural field day
39
IMPACT OF THE ROAD MAINTENANCE USING
DO-NOU TECHNOLOGY
1. The buyers come to the village
more frequently.
2. The price of the crops, vegetable
and passion fruits, have raised.
3. The income of the farmers has
increased.
4. The farmers were motivated and
expanded their farm.
5. The farmers became able to reach
the market more early in the morning, when the price was set
more highly.
6. The extension officers visit the village more frequently, then the
farmers get more skill and information of the markets from them.
7. The farmers started to new project for income generation, such
as fish pond.
40
MAINTENANCE OF RURAL INFRASTRUCTURES
LEADING TO DEVELOPMENT OF HORTICULTURE,
COMMUNITY IN KENYA
1. Rural road maintenance conducted by farmers with assistance of Min . of Agriculture
and HCDA
2. Farmers’ group approached and gained the fund of local government
3. Motivation and confidence reached to the self development in social services
Demonstration to the District officer
done by farmers’ group
made awareness, then obtained the fund.
The road became passable for children.
Then , the nursery school was launched.
41
THE PROJECT FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
4. The project for building the water harvest and nursery garden
(funded by Mitsui Co. Ltd.and Hitachi)
5. Training project for Mango cultivation funded by SNV
Building ponds for
Irrigation (crops and nursery garden)
and fish farming
Nursery garden
Simple & effective technology motivate people and build confidence for self development
High potential of Do-nou Approach to be applied to several area
(Infrastructure, Agriculture, Community development, Health, Education)
42
Yes, we can!
43