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What is new in ASHRAE 90.1-2010 ?
Krishnan Gowri
Pacific Northwest National Lab.
Richland, WA
AIA Quality Assurance
Learning Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overview of ASHRAE 90.1 Standard
Approved addenda for 90.1-2010
Energy savings comparison to 90.1-2004
Current Cx requirements in Codes and Standards
ASHRAE 90.1 – Historical Timeline
90.1-1999
major rewrite
90.1-1980
updated
1970
1980
1990
90.1-2001
minor
revisions
2000
2010
90.1-1989
updated
90.1-1975
first issued
90.1-2004
updates,
reorganization
90.1-2007
updates
(courtesy: Mick Schwedler, Trane, Chair 90.1)
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
SSPC 90.1 Work Plan – June 2007
• Goal: 2010 Standard to
achieve 30% energy savings
compared to 90.1-2004
- may not be met for all
buildings types in all locations
Compliance Approaches
Building System
Compliance Options
Prescriptive
Option
Envelope
HVAC
Mandatory
Provisions
SWH
(required for most
compliance options)
Power
Trade Off
Option
Energy Cost
Budget
Lighting
Other
Simplified
Energy Code
Compliance
Prescriptive Building Envelope Option
WWR ≤ 40% of gross wall area
Skylight-roof ratio ≤ 5% of roof area
Each envelope component must separately meet requirements
8 Criteria sets for different climate types
Set = single page that summarizes all
prescriptive requirements
¾Insulation levels for roofs, walls, floors
¾Fenestration criteria
Opaque Areas
Compliance
¾ Meet or exceed minimum R-values in table
Only R-value of insulation, not to include air films, etc
OR
¾ Meet maximum U-factor, C-factor, or F-factor for the
entire assembly
OR
¾ Perform area-weighted average U-factor, C-factor, or
F-factor calculations
Only if there are multiple assemblies within a single class of
construction for a single space-conditioning category
Fenestration
Criteria apply to fenestration, including windows,
glass doors, glass block, plastic panels, and
skylights
Meet or not to exceed maximum U-factors in table
Meet or not to exceed maximum SHGC in table
Use NFRC ratings or default values in Appendix A
Building Envelope Trade-Off Option
Meet mandatory requirements
Envelope performance factor (EPF) of proposed
building is ≤ EPF of budget building
¾ EPF considers only the building envelope components and is
calculated using procedures in Normative Appendix C
¾ Schedules of operation, lighting power, equipment power,
occupant density, and mechanical systems to be the same for
both the proposed building and the budget building
Software tools ENVSTD and COMcheck available for trade-off
compliance
HVAC Compliance Paths
mandatory
provisions
(§6.4)
proposed
HVAC design
prescriptive
requirements
(§6.5)
Energy
Simplified
Cost
Budget
Approach
Method
Option
(ECB, §11)
(§6.3)
Simplified
Approach
Option (§6.3)
(small buildings only)
90.1-compliant
HVAC system
HVAC - Simplified Approach Option
Limited to…
¾
¾
¾
¾
Buildings with 1 or 2 stories
Buildings < 25,000 ft2
Single-zone systems (unitary or split)
Air-cooled or evaporatively cooled
The system shall have an economizer, unless
the economizer Trade-off Option is used
• Limited to unitary systems
• Requires higher minimum cooling efficiency (EER)
• Trade-off EER by system size and/or climate zone
HVAC - Simplified Approach
Manual changeover or dual set-point thermostat
Heat pump supplementary control
No reheat or simultaneous heating and cooling for
humidity control
Time clocks (except hotel/motel guest rooms and
systems requiring continuous operation)
Interlocked thermostats for separate heating and cooling
Exhaust > 300 cfm: gravity or motorized dampers unless
operated continuously
System > 10,000 cfm: optimum start controls
HVAC Mandatory Provisions
Minimum equipment efficiency
•
•
•
•
•
•
Package air conditioners and condensing units
Heat pumps (air, water, and ground source)
Packaged terminal and room air conditioners
Chillers including absorption chillers
Furnaces and unit heaters, Boilers
Heat rejection equipment
Load calculations
Controls
•
•
•
•
Zone Thermostatic and Dead Band, Off-hour, Setback, Optimum Start
Zone Isolation and Ventilation Fan Controls
Humidification and Dehumidification Controls
Freeze protection controls
HVAC system construction and insulation
Completion requirements
HVAC Prescriptive Path
Economizers
Simultaneous heating and cooling limitation
Air system design and control
Hydronic system design and control
Heat rejection equipment
Energy recovery
Exhaust hoods
Radiant heating systems
Hot gas bypass limitation
Lighting Compliance Requirements
Mandatory
Requirements
(Interior and
Exterior)
Interior
Lighting Power
Limits
+
+
Exterior
Lighting
Power Limits
Tradable
Controls
Total
Connected
Power
<
Interior
Lighting
Power
Allowance
Exemptions
NonTradable
Switching
Efficiency
Exemptions
Whole Building
OR
Space-by-Space
Additional Allowances
Total
Connected
Power
<
Exterior
Lighting
Power
Allowance
Interior Lighting Power - Building Area Method
Used for projects involving
¾ An entire building
¾ A single, independent, and separate occupancy in a multioccupancy building
Gross lighted area is multiplied by allowance
from Table 9.5.1
Limitations
¾ Insensitive to specific space functions and room configurations
¾ Generally is more restrictive
¾ Does not apply to all building types - but “selection of a
reasonably equivalent type” is permitted
Interior Lighting Power - Space-by-Space Method
Used for projects with well defined space types
Lighting power allowance calculated by multiplying area
of space type by lighting power density for that specific
space type
Advantages
• More flexible
• Applicable to all building types
• Accounts for room geometry (e.g., lighting needs of enclosed
office vs. open office)
Exterior Lighting Power
Building grounds lighting luminaires over 100 watts must
have lamp efficacy of at least 60 lumen/Watt
Exterior Building Lighting Power must meet prescribed
wattage limits. Exterior applications divided into 2
categories:
¾ Tradable: allowed wattage may be traded
among these applications
¾ Non-Tradable: allowed wattage cannot
be traded between surfaces or with other exterior lighting
Addenda Summary
¾ 71 addenda since 2004 publication
• 45 addenda to 2004
• 26 addenda to 2007 (approved through February, 1 2009)
•
•
•
•
11 addenda to Envelope
32 addenda to Mechanical
11 addenda to Lighting
17 addenda to “Other” (ECB, Appendix G, etc.)
¾ 28 characterized as having energy savings
• 17 addenda captured in the first six prototype buildings
• 5 addenda captured in future prototypes
• 6 addenda have savings but are not captured in prototypes
Approved Addenda Highlights
Envelope
¾
¾
¾
¾
High albedo roofs
Opaque and fenestration envelope requirements
Projection factor adjustment to SHGC
Vestibule requirements
Mechanical
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
VAV fan requirements for large single zone units
Alternate compliance path for water-cooled chillers with high part load efficiency (VFD)
Ventilation rates based on ASHRAE 62.1-2004
Demand control ventilation requirements
Fan power limitations
Lighting
¾ Lighting control credits for automatic lighting controls
¾ Automatic lighting shutoff in guest room bathrooms
¾ Four-zone lighting power density approach for exterior lighting requirements
Other
¾ Appendix-G Normative
¾ Requirements for low-voltage dry-type transformers
¾ Heatpump pool water heater requirements
Progress Indicator - Overview
Purpose is to measure progress toward the 30% goal in
90.1-2010 improvement over Standard 90.1-2004
Baseline is 90.1-2004 prototypes
¾ 71 addenda (approved for publication through February 2009)
¾ 6 prototypes complete
¾ 17 climate zones
Preliminary weighting factors assigned by climate zone
¾ National weighted-average energy savings for each building type
¾ National weighted-average energy cost savings for each building
type
Results are preliminary
First Six Prototypes
Large Office (500,000 sf)
Medium Office (54,000 sf)
Hospital (200,000 sf)
Small Office (5,500 sf)
Mid-rise Apartment (33,600 sf)
Non-refrigerated Warehouse
(50,000 sf)
Savings – Medium Office
90.1 Progress Indicator Savings – Summary
(April 2009)
National Weighted‐Average Energy Savings
National Weighted‐Average Energy Cost Savings
Large Office
9.9%
7.1%
Medium Office
11.2%
12.2%
Small Office
8.3%
7.9%
Mid‐Rise Apartment
8.4%
7.8%
Warehouse
5.6%
4.9%
Hospital
3.3%
3.3%
Prototype
24
Pending Addenda
(includes approved unpublished addenda and addenda in public review)
Envelope
¾ Prescriptive requirements revised for all climate zones (Addenda-bb)
¾ Continuous air barrier requirements
¾ Skylight requirement
Mechanical
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
VAV fan requirements for large single zone units
Heat pump requirements to include IEER
Centrifugal fan cooling tower limitation
Pump head calculation requirement
Pipe sizing and insulation requirements
Lighting
¾ Interior lighting power density
¾ Day lighting requirements
¾ Electric motor efficiency requirements
Envelope Addenda-bb
(example comparison of requierments with 90.1-2004 for Insulation Above deck Roof)
Insulation Above Deck Roof Requirements:
ASHRAE 90.1-2004
(Baseline)
nonres
Climate Zone
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
(proposed)
res
nonres
res
R-value
U-factor
R-value
U-factor
R-value
U-factor
R-value
U-factor
Zone 1
15ci
0.063
15ci
0.063
20ci
0.048
25ci
0.039
Zone 2
15ci
0.063
15ci
0.063
25ci
0.039
25ci
0.039
Zone 3
15ci
0.063
15ci
0.063
25ci
0.039
25ci
0.039
Zone 4
15ci
0.063
15ci
0.063
30ci
0.032
30ci
0.032
Zone 5
15ci
0.063
15ci
0.063
30ci
0.032
30ci
0.032
Zone 6
15ci
0.063
15ci
0.063
30ci
0.032
30ci
0.032
Zone 7
15ci
0.063
15ci
0.063
35ci
0.028
35ci
0.028
Zone 8
20ci
0.048
20ci
0.048
35ci
0.028
35ci
0.028
Envelope Addenda-bb
(example comparison of requierments with 90.1-2004 for Steel-frame walls)
Steel Frame Wall Requirements:
ASHRAE 90.1-2004
(Baseline)
nonres
Climate Zone
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
(proposed)
res
nonres
res
R-value
U-factor
R-value
U-factor
R-value
U-factor
R-value
U-factor
Zone 1
13
0.124
13
0.124
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+7.5ci
0.064
Zone 2
13
0.124
13
0.124
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+7.5ci
0.064
Zone 3
13
0.124
13+3.8ci
0.084
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+7.5ci
0.064
Zone 4
13
0.124
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+18.8ci
0.037
Zone 5
13+3.8ci
0.084
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+15.6ci
0.042
13+18.8ci
0.037
Zone 6
13+3.8ci
0.084
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+18.8ci
0.037
13+18.8ci
0.037
Zone 7
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+18.8ci
0.037
13+18.8ci
0.037
Zone 8
13+7.5ci
0.064
13+10ci
0.055
13+18.8ci
0.037
13+18.8ci
0.037
Envelope Addenda-bb Savings Analysis
(comparison to 90.1-2004 requirements)
Envelope Proposal: Medium Office Percentage Energy Savings
30%
National Weighed‐Average Energy Saving: 6.2%
National Weighted‐Average Energy Cost Saving: 6.7%
Site Energy
Energy Cost
20%
15%
10%
5%
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Climate Location
Commissioning Requirements in ASHRAE 90.1
HVAC System Compliance Requirement
Section 6.7 Submittals
Completion requirements
¾ Drawings - including location and performance data on all equipment,
distribution system sizes, and terminal air or water design flow rates
¾ Manuals – including operation and maintenance requirements,
calibration information, control sequences, set points, etc.
System balancing
¾ Air system balancing – minimize throttling losses, adjust fan speeds of
fans > 1hp to meet design flow conditions
¾ Hydronic system balancing – minimize throttling losses, adjust pump
speed to meet design flow conditions
System commissioning
¾ Control systems tested, calibrated and adjusted
¾ For projects >50,000 sf, commissioning instructions provided as per
ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996: The commissioning process
Commissioning Requirements in ASHRAE 90.1
Lighting controls (addenda–az, public review draft)
9.4.6 Functional Testing. Lighting controls shall be tested prior to occupancy to
ensure that control elements are calibrated, adjusted, and in proper working
condition in accordance with the construction documents and manufacturer’s
installation instructions. When occupant sensors, time switches, or photosensors are
used, the following functionality testing shall be performed:
a. Confirm that the sensitivity and time-out adjustments for occupant sensors yield
acceptable performance (i.e. lights turn off only after space is vacated).
b. Confirm that the time switches are programmed to turn the lights off.
c. Confirm that photosensor controls reduce electric light levels based on the amount of
usable daylight in the space as specified.
The construction documents shall state the party who will conduct and certify the
functional testing. The party responsible for the functional testing shall not be directly
involved in either the design or construction of the project and shall provide
documentation certifying that the installed lighting controls meet or exceed all
documented performance criteria. Certification shall be specific enough to verify
conformance.
Future Cx Requirements in Codes and Standards
ASHRAE 90.1 Mechanical Subcommittee Working Group
developing a new proposal on detailed commissioning plan and
documentation requirements
IECC 2012 Code change proposals include functional
performance testing for equipment and controls
Some of the specific items being addressed:
• Air and water flow rates measured and adjusted to be within 10%
of design flow rates
• Measurable criteria for acceptable performance
• Certificate of occupancy issued only after building owner confirms
receipt of preliminary commissioning report
AIA Quality Assurance
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for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are
available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content that may
be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA
of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling,
using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions
related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed
at the conclusion of this presentation.
Thank-you
Krishnan Gowri, Ph.D.
Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA
Krishnan.gowri@pnl.gov