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COVER SHEET
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE
UPPER NORTH FORK FEATHER RIVER PROJECT
Project No. 2105-089
SECTION 3
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
PAGES 3-1 to 3-330
FEIS
3.0
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
In this section, we first describe the general environmental setting in the project
vicinity and any environmental resources that could be cumulatively affected by
relicensing the UNFFR Project. Then, we address each affected environmental resource.
For each resource, we first describe the affected environment—the existing condition and
the baseline against which to measure the effects of the proposed project and any
alternative actions—and then the environmental effects of the proposed project, including
proposed enhancement measures. Unless otherwise stated, the source of our information
is the license application for the project (PG&E, 2002a).
3.1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE UPPER NORTH FORK FEATHER
RIVER BASIN
The UNFFR Project is located on the NFFR and Butt Creek, a tributary to the
NFFR. The project extends from the upper end of Lake Almanor at elevation 4,500 feet
(PG&E datum),13 approximately 3 miles north of the community of Chester, down to
elevation 2,205 feet (PG&E datum), where Yellow Creek enters the NFFR. The project
also makes use of Butt Creek, from approximate elevations 4,330 to 4,070 feet (PG&E
datum). Figure 3-1 shows how the project is hydraulically situated with respect to other
hydroelectric projects on the NNFR.
The upper end of the project is located on the western side of the crest of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains at elevation 4,500 feet. Precipitation occurs primarily during
the winter months, and substantial snow accumulation can occur at this elevation. Mount
Lassen (elevation 10,457 feet USGS datum) is at the northwestern end of the Lake
Almanor basin. Normal annual precipitation at Lake Almanor is approximately 38
inches, and summer months are typically dry and mild. Butt Valley, on Butt Creek, is
located at elevation 4,140 feet. Seasonal temperatures and precipitation at Butt Valley
are similar to those at Lake Almanor. Because Caribou is located at elevation 2,980 feet
in the NFFR canyon, seasonal temperatures are higher at Caribou than at Butt Valley and
Lake Almanor. Annual average precipitation at Caribou is 41 inches, and snow
accumulation is typically rare. The Belden powerhouse is located at elevation 2,215 feet,
and conditions are similar to those at Caribou.
13
Lake level is defined as the water surface elevation, expressed in PG&E datum, which
is 10.2 feet lower than the USGS datum.
3-1
Non-Internet Public
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE
UPPER NORTH FORK FEATHER RIVER PROJECT
Project No. 2105-089
Page 3-2
Figure 3-1
Public access for the above information is available only
through the Public Reference Room, or by e-mail at
public.referenceroom@ferc.gov.
Project features range in elevation from 4,500 to 2,215 feet. Lake Almanor is in a
very broad basin with surrounding peaks of generally 6,000 to 7,000 feet. Butt Valley
reservoir is in a small basin with surrounding ridges around 5,500 feet in elevation.
Below Lake Almanor dam (also known as Canyon dam), the NFFR enters a canyon with
steep sides dropping from elevation 4,400 feet at the base of the dam to elevation 2,985
feet at Caribou, a distance of about 11 river miles. This canyon is generally inaccessible,
except at Seneca, which is located approximately midway between Lake Almanor dam
and Caribou. Butt Creek below Butt Valley dam is also in a steep canyon until it joins
the NFFR.
The NFFR passes through a narrow notch in rock outcroppings just below the
Caribou powerhouse. From Belden forebay dam to the confluence with the EBNFFR, the
NFFR drops in elevation from 2,850 feet (USGS datum) to 2,290 feet (USGS datum), a
distance of about 7.5 river miles. Over the remaining 1.75 miles to the Belden
powerhouse, the NFFR drops to elevation 2,215 feet (USGS datum). The slopes of the
NFFR canyon remain very steep between Caribou and Belden.
3.2
SCOPE OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ANALYSIS
According to the Council on Environmental Quality’s regulations of implementing
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (40 CFR §1508.7), an action may cause
cumulative effects on the environment if its effects overlap in space and/or time with
effects of other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of
what agency or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative effects can result from
individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over time, including
hydropower and other land and water development activities. At this time, we have
identified water quality and quantity, fisheries, and the federally listed bald eagle as
potentially cumulatively affected resources. Our analysis of cumulative effects to these
resources is found in the corresponding resource section.
3.2.1 Geographic Scope
The geographic scope of the analysis defines the physical limits or boundaries of
the proposed action’s effects on the resources. Because the proposed action would affect
the resources differently, the geographic scope for each resource may vary. However, in
this instance, we conclude that the geographic scope for all identified resources is the
same and would extend from the point where the NFFR enters Lake Almanor
downstream to the point where the NFFR flows into Lake Oroville. Although project
operations could influence flows and associated environmental resources in the NFFR
downstream of Lake Oroville, the relatively large storage capacity of Lake Oroville (3.5
million acre-feet) mutes any project influences beyond this location.
3-3
3.2.2 Temporal Scope
The temporal scope of our cumulative effects analysis in this EIS includes past,
present, and future actions and their possible cumulative effects on each resource. Based
on the license term, the temporal scope looks 30 to 50 years in the future, concentrating
on the effects of the resources from reasonably foreseeable future actions. The historical
discussion, by necessity, is limited to the amount of available information for each
resource.
3.3
PROPOSED ACTION AND ACTION ALTERNATIVES
3.3.1 Water Resources
3.3.1.1
Affected Environment
Water Quantity
The UNFFR Project uses water resources of the NFFR basin to generate
electricity. The river basin drains a large portion of the eastern Sierra-Cascade
geomorphic area in California, and its headwaters are located on the southeastern slope of
Mount Lassen. The river generally flows southwesterly and enters Lake Oroville, a
primary reservoir for the California State Water Project, approximately 30 miles
downstream of the Belden powerhouse.
PG&E operates one hydroelectric project upstream of the UNFFR Project. The
Hamilton Branch Project uses water from the Hamilton Branch of the NFFR and some
other small streams located above the UNFFR Project to produce up to 4.8 MW at its
powerhouse, which is located at the mouth of Hamilton Branch along the shoreline of
Lake Almanor’s eastern lobe. PG&E also regulates flow in Bucks Creek, a major
tributary to the lower NFFR, with its Bucks Creek Project (FERC No. 619), including the
city of Santa Clara’s Grizzly powerhouse which is operated in coordination with the
Bucks Creek Project.
The NFFR basin has mild, dry summers and heavy winter precipitation. Mean
annual precipitation in the upper NFFR basin ranges from 20 inches in eastern portions of
the EBNFFR subbasin to 90 inches in the northwestern portion of the basin near Mount
Lassen. Monthly average precipitation varies at Chester from less than 0.5 inch in July
and August to 6.5 inches in January (table 3-1). Much of the precipitation in the
headwaters of the basin comes in the form of snow during November through March.
Based on monthly average snow cover, most of the snowpack at Chester is melted by
April.
3-4
Table 3-1.
Jan
Feb
Meteorological summary for Chester, California. (Source: Weatherbase,
2003)
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Average Air Temperature (ºF)
30
34
38
43
50
58
64
63
57
48
38
31
46
Average Precipitation (inches)
6.5
5.4
4.6
2.1
1.6
0.9
0.3
0.4
0.8
2.0
4.1
5.5
34.1
Average Snowfall (inches)
39.0 27.9 22.3 7.4
1.4
0.1
--
--
--
0.8
12.5
28.2
139.7
Average Snow Cover (inches)
16
19
11
2
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
7
5
Note: -- indicates no value reported.
Since the winter of 1952–53, PG&E has implemented the Lake Almanor Cloud
Seeding Project (LACSP) to increase snowfall during November through May in the
NFFR basin above Lake Almanor. PG&E’s LACSP includes a network of nine, groundbased cloud seeding burners located near the south and west boundaries of the target area.
The LACSP’s goal is to increase snowfall during naturally occurring precipitation
periods. Generally, operational seeding periods are set for 12 hours; however, PG&E’s
meteorological staff in San Francisco, California, determines the specific operations.
LACSP includes guidelines for temporary suspension or curtailment of operations under
certain conditions to avoid runoff or reservoir storage beyond manageable limits. PG&E
estimates that LACSP increases precipitation in the basin above Lake Almanor by
5 percent annually.
Annual runoff patterns are characteristic of snowmelt-dominated hydrology of
Sierra Nevada mountain streams that experience peak runoff during the late winter and
spring and low flows during the summer. Average annual runoff for the drainage area
contributing to Lake Almanor is about 27 inches per year, while runoff from the upper
Butt Creek basin is about 19 inches per year. Table 3-2 shows monthly and annual flows
for gaged stations in the project vicinity.
The hydrology of the upper NFFR basin is affected by diverse conditions,
including regional and seasonal distribution of precipitation, influence of snow melt,
differing geomorphic conditions, the impoundment and diversion of flow, and the
consumptive use of surface and groundwater. Subbasins associated with the project area
are generally broad plateau-like areas that are densely timbered. Large meadow areas
were inundated by construction of the project. Big Meadow, the largest of these, was
inundated by the creation of Lake Almanor in 1914.
3-5
3-6
Jul
308
1,150
712
394
246
118
64
16
51
693
81
53
43
27
18
0
104
232
209
173
83
45
36
0
69
709
40
38
37
Jun
531
1,640
1,073
750
458
221
107
21
81
1,150
170
61
43
27
18
0
128
242
212
204
115
53
38
0
75
747
42
39
37
65
708
41
38
36
43
19
0
0
61
215
176
87
41
25
16
0
49
693
74
54
167
86
60
12
218
878
399
296
Aug
47
505
39
37
36
40
31
0
0
75
222
204
107
33
21
11
0
47
660
74
52
121
78
62
24
194
783
355
279
Sep
51
706
39
37
36
45
32
0
0
75
406
204
106
32
22
14
0
55
999
75
52
130
99
80
51
184
652
335
274
Oct
51
694
40
37
36
54
33
29
0
83
218
207
117
32
21
14
3
61
1,500
68
50
161
115
86
67
246
2,850
496
336
Nov
36
417
38
37
36
60
39
32
0
92
242
208
132
36
22
13
0
58
1,900
84
51
157
118
88
42
244
2,280
485
312
Dec
Summary of daily average flow discharge (cfs) data, by month and overall, for the project vicinity.a (Source:
PG&E, 2003a, as modified by staff)
Station
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
NF59 - NFFR below Chester, WY 1970 to 1985
Mean
324
301
340
439
684
Maximum
5,660
1,520
1,450
1,360
1,860
10% Exceedance
594
593
548
699
1,165
25% Exceedance
351
356
433
547
840
50% Exceedance
(Median)
193
212
295
409
651
75% Exceedance
112
109
149
250
433
90% Exceedance
97
88
100
130
258
Minimum
42
52
53
47
60
NF46 - Hamilton Branch Creek at Red Bridge Pump, WY 1970 to 2002
Mean
98
73
118
85
137
Maximum
3,870
1,480
2,640
2,000
4,502
10% Exceedance
146
144
266
145
414
25% Exceedance
53
62
83
78
80
50% Exceedance
(Median)
42
37
46
48
43
75% Exceedance
22
21
27
26
27
90% Exceedance
8
10
15
13
19
Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
NF83 - Hamilton Branch Powerhouse, WY 1976 to 2002
Mean
108
124
149
125
134
Maximum
242
282
233
267
242
10% Exceedance
209
210
213
214
213
25% Exceedance
194
205
208
208
209
50% Exceedance
(Median)
95
109
179
106
163
75% Exceedance
42
54
95
56
48
90% Exceedance
31
36
44
41
39
Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
NF2 - NFFR near Prattville, WY 1970 to 2002 (USGS No. 11399500)
Mean
94
92
41
47
54
Maximum
2,140
1,940
722
803
730
10% Exceedance
41
54
41
39
40
25% Exceedance
38
39
38
38
39
50% Exceedance
36
37
37
36
37
Table 3-2.
60
2,140
40
38
37
78
40
31
0
105
406
210
196
42
24
16
0
78
4,502
123
61
240
118
80
12
334
5,660
739
433
Overall
3-7
Station
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
(Median)
75% Exceedance
36
36
36
36
35
36
36
36
35
90% Exceedance
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
34
Minimum
18
5
14
16
15
6
15
10
9
NF47 - NFFR above Caribou Powerhouse Operation, WY 1970 to 1989
Mean
140
130
146
133
124
196
174
96
76
Maximum
1,190
1,420
1,060
575
935
2,710
2,090
1,720
125
10% Exceedance
230
188
234
193
175
122
99
93
88
25% Exceedance
117
137
159
141
126
104
92
85
80
50% Exceedance
(Median)
89
107
125
117
98
86
79
77
75
75% Exceedance
78
85
95
96
79
75
71
68
69
90% Exceedance
70
75
83
78
70
66
63
62
64
Minimum
51
67
71
53
51
49
47
45
43
NF4 - Butt Creek below Almanor-Butt Creek Tunnel, near Prattville, WY 1970 to 2002 (USGS No. 11400500)
Mean
106
112
155
171
168
97
55
48
45
Maximum
2,660
2,830
1,460
1,020
1,480
590
152
205
95
10% Exceedance
167
171
251
294
340
199
80
62
59
25% Exceedance
95
116
175
220
228
105
65
55
54
50% Exceedance
(Median)
66
79
118
140
119
69
53
48
47
75% Exceedance
53
58
84
102
73
48
39
35
35
90% Exceedance
45
49
67
78
54
40
35
32
30
Minimum
33
39
45
39
26
26
27
27
27
NF71 - Butt Valley Powerhouse, WY 1970 to 2002 (USGS No. 11400600)
Mean
701
597
400
454
420
674
1,075
1,294
1,247
Maximum
2,620
2,240
2,250
2,250
2,260
2,200
2,520
2,290
2,300
10% Exceedance
2,060
1,909
1,560
2,010
1,790
1,770
1,817
2,150
2,067
25% Exceedance
1,481
1,229
694
727
622
1,207
1,676
1,841
1,710
50% Exceedance
(Median)
215
38
0
0
0
559
1,080
1,460
1,410
75% Exceedance
0
0
0
0
0
0
609
921
904
90% Exceedance
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NF9 - Butt Creek near Caribou, WY 1970 to 1984 (USGS No. 11401100)
Mean
18
18
30
19
29
59
70
36
16
Maximum
57
52
521
47
600
808
808
808
18
10% Exceedance
22
23
26
26
24
28
28
18
17
25% Exceedance
18
19
23
22
21
19
19
17
16
Nov
35
34
5
85
328
107
88
79
72
67
48
66
800
91
65
53
45
39
33
1,128
2,520
2,191
1,858
1,096
455
0
0
17
33
20
17
Oct
35
34
5
76
426
86
81
77
68
65
42
50
160
64
58
50
40
36
29
1,123
2,460
1,880
1,570
1,220
729
0
0
16
23
18
16
17
41
20
18
1,050
323
0
0
1,059
2,520
2,118
1,669
59
48
42
34
77
1,220
118
74
83
74
68
30
103
841
146
100
35
34
15
Dec
29
808
23
19
839
0
0
0
849
2,620
2,010
1,530
61
48
38
26
96
2,830
193
103
84
75
67
30
123
2,710
153
109
35
35
5
Overall
3-8
Station
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
50% Exceedance
(Median)
16
17
18
18
18
18
75% Exceedance
15
15
16
16
17
17
90% Exceedance
14
15
15
15
15
15
Minimum
14
14
14
14
14
14
NF63 - Caribou Powerhouse No. 1, WY 1970 to 2002
Mean
223
249
208
223
178
232
Maximum
1,350
1,200
1,170
1,480
1,139
1,160
10% Exceedance
695
807
752
994
866
850
25% Exceedance
397
492
332
288
121
388
50% Exceedance
(Median)
29
27
0
0
0
0
75% Exceedance
0
0
0
0
0
0
90% Exceedance
0
0
0
0
0
0
Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
0
NF263 - Caribou Powerhouse No. 2, WY 1970 to 2002
Mean
590
506
374
388
380
517
Maximum
1,510
1,510
1,620
1,500
1,620
1,484
10% Exceedance
1,460
1,389
1,204
1,397
1,218
1,259
25% Exceedance
1,080
915
656
677
559
900
50% Exceedance
(Median)
435
315
177
136
172
310
75% Exceedance
68
32
0
0
82
114
90% Exceedance
0
0
0
0
0
30
Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
0
NF103 - Oak Flat Powerhouse, WY 1986 to 2002
Mean
58
58
66
79
122
120
Maximum
96
112
142
160
145
153
10% Exceedance
66
69
82
120
139
139
25% Exceedance
65
65
65
108
132
132
50% Exceedance
(Median)
64
64
64
65
120
120
75% Exceedance
57
57
57
63
112
112
90% Exceedance
54
53
54
56
108
110
Minimum
0
0
0
0
35
0
NF70 - NFFR below Belden Diversion Dam, WY 1970 to 2002 (USGS No. 11401112)
Mean
131
109
106
172
168
147
Maximum
2,130
2,100
1,490
2,300
1,570
1,160
10% Exceedance
91
90
153
449
157
150
Aug
16
16
15
14
393
1,156
891
652
348
14
0
0
869
1,500
1,430
1,270
993
506
105
0
121
143
139
134
120
114
110
0
136
183
149
Jul
17
17
15
14
308
1,159
771
532
231
0
0
0
732
1,520
1,300
1,136
799
257
88
0
121
147
139
134
120
114
110
0
140
615
149
120
2,300
145
63
57
54
0
68
153
120
65
981
609
4
0
880
1,530
1,460
1,290
296
0
0
0
377
1,160
944
644
16
15
14
14
Sep
129
2,390
75
64
57
53
0
61
145
69
65
956
550
0
0
843
1,550
1,441
1,210
250
0
0
0
321
1,235
863
484
16
15
15
7
Oct
136
2,800
72
64
57
55
0
60
73
65
65
904
437
35
0
833
1,530
1,457
1,318
258
0
0
0
364
1,139
938
668
16
15
15
14
Nov
117
2,540
73
64
57
34
0
57
100
65
65
874
416
32
0
819
1,520
1,459
1,292
189
0
0
0
314
1,159
851
543
16
15
14
14
Dec
134
2,800
149
65
63
56
0
83
160
132
120
642
111
0
0
645
1,620
1,430
1,120
102
0
0
0
283
1,480
871
506
17
15
15
7
Overall
Note: WY -- water year
3-9
Station
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
25% Exceedance
67
68
72
146
146
145
50% Exceedance
(Median)
63
64
64
68
143
142
75% Exceedance
61
61
62
63
140
139
90% Exceedance
59
60
60
60
124
134
Minimum
48
49
37
41
56
12
NF51 - East Branch of NFFR near Rich Bar, WY 1970 to 2002 (USGS No. 11403000)
Mean
1,608
1,725
2,414
1,893
1,527
654
Maximum
69,276
52,099
36,617
19,700
18,729
6,170
10% Exceedance
3,463
3,560
4,824
3,704
3,795
1,733
25% Exceedance
1,452
1,854
2,840
2,546
1,978
776
50% Exceedance
(Median)
503
956
1,670
1,517
971
315
75% Exceedance
255
401
875
769
392
138
90% Exceedance
166
214
494
379
188
84
Minimum
117
125
131
78
86
44
NF74 - Belden Powerhouse, WY 1970 to 2002 (USGS No. 11403050)
Mean
896
852
675
602
519
766
Maximum
2,600
2,600
2,500
2,460
2,540
2,450
10% Exceedance
2,190
2,169
1,988
2,240
1,760
1,872
25% Exceedance
1,560
1,570
1,130
880
769
1,330
50% Exceedance
(Median)
675
585
406
246
230
640
75% Exceedance
125
103
0
0
0
0
90% Exceedance
0
0
0
0
0
0
Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aug
144
142
140
107
52
108
358
199
128
92
59
46
23
1,252
2,600
2,068
1,779
1,350
788
221
0
Jul
144
142
140
135
58
191
1,270
418
214
129
79
56
30
1,045
2,540
1,830
1,600
1,076
502
0
0
1,325
877
0
0
1,234
2,600
2,151
1,690
102
66
52
24
112
593
189
134
64
61
60
48
Sep
88
1,290
585
0
0
1,146
2,610
2,151
1,570
145
96
71
35
174
2,210
278
215
63
61
59
2
Oct
67
1,200
536
6
0
1,178
2,600
2,291
1,780
209
149
118
49
496
22,400
771
335
63
61
60
4
Nov
65
1,150
502
0
0
1,135
2,530
2,220
1,690
288
195
140
89
796
25,789
1,748
668
63
61
60
11
Dec
67
895
168
0
0
942
2,610
2,140
1,540
278
131
78
23
971
69,276
2,520
1,090
68
62
60
2
Overall
142
The major tributaries to Lake Almanor, the reservoir for the project’s uppermost
development, are the upper NFFR and Hamilton Branch. Flows from Hamilton Branch
into Lake Almanor include flows in the branch itself at its confluence with the lake as
well as discharge from the Hamilton Branch powerhouse, which is diverted from
Hamilton Branch several miles upstream. Downstream of Mountain Meadows reservoir,
flows from Hamilton Branch are diverted into a 3-mile-long canal paralleling Hamilton
Branch (see figure 1-1). From this canal, water passes through a penstock to the
Hamilton Branch powerhouse and reenters Hamilton Branch at its confluence with Lake
Almanor. The Hamilton Branch powerhouse can discharge up to 200 cfs, although mean
monthly outflows are generally less than 100 cfs from August to December (table 3-2).
The mean annual flows from the upper NFFR measured below Chester, Hamilton Branch
at the lake, and the Hamilton Branch powerhouse are 330, 80, and 100 cfs, respectively.
The reservoir also receives surface water from minor tributaries including Benner,
Last Chance, and Bailey creeks and ground water from various submerged springs.
Meinzer (1927) reported that there are many large springs in the lava-covered areas of the
upper NFFR basin. These springs include Pratt Spring near the Prattville intake, Dotta
Spring about 1 mile north of Canyon dam, and Big Spring near what is now the northern
shore of the eastern lobe of Lake Almanor. USGS reported outflows from Dotta Spring
ranging from 50 to 122 cfs and averaging about 90 cfs between September 1902 and
August 1906 (Meinzer, 1927). PG&E (2002a) reported that numerous springs were
visible near Lake Almanor’s water edge in the Big Spring area during low lake levels in
2000 and 2001. However, the current understanding of inflows from this source and
other springs is limited because these springs are submerged during most periods. Inflow
from submerged springs was estimated to be about 400 cfs using mass balance
calculations (Jones & Stokes, 2004).
PG&E diverts water from Lake Almanor to the Butt Valley powerhouse (located
along the northwest shoreline of the Butt Valley reservoir) by drafting up to about 2,100
cfs through the Prattville intake located near the shoreline of the south-central portion of
Lake Almanor. Based on mean annual flows for the Butt Valley powerhouse and NFFR
below Canyon dam (station NF2 in table 3-2), about 93 percent of the reservoir’s outflow
is routed through the powerhouse, and 7 percent continues down the NFFR past Canyon
dam. These proportions vary considerably through time depending on project operations.
The project generally stores water in Lake Almanor during high flow periods in
winter and spring and draws down the reservoir in summer and fall. Lake Almanor’s
historic storage and water levels for water years 1970-2003 are shown in figure 3-2 and
summarized in table 3-3. During the droughts of 1976-77 and the late 1980s through mid
1990s, Lake Almanor did not refill. At the normal maximum water level of 4,494 feet
(PG&E datum), Lake Almanor has a usable storage capacity of about 1,134,000 acre-feet
and a surface area of 27,000 acres. The hydraulic retention time of the reservoir averages
291 days.
3-10
4,450
4,455
4,460
4,465
4,470
4,475
4,480
4,485
4,490
4,495
4,500
Figure 3-2.
Water Elevation (feet in PG&E datum)
10/1/1969
3-11
Water Elevation
Storage
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1,100,000
1,200,000
1,300,000
1,400,000
1,500,000
Lake Almanor (NF1) end-of-day water surface elevation and storage, water years 1970–2003. (Source:
PG&E, 2003a, as modified by staff)
10/1/1970
10/1/1971
10/1/1972
10/1/1973
10/1/1974
10/1/1975
10/1/1976
10/1/1977
10/1/1978
10/1/1979
10/1/1980
10/1/1981
10/1/1982
10/1/1983
10/1/1984
10/1/1985
10/1/1986
10/1/1987
10/1/1988
10/1/1989
10/1/1990
10/1/1991
10/1/1992
10/1/1993
10/1/1994
10/1/1995
10/1/1996
10/1/1997
10/1/1998
10/1/1999
10/1/2000
10/1/2001
10/1/2002
10/1/2003
Storage (acre-feet)
4,478.63
4,490.43
4,468.98
4,485.68
4,482.20
4,477.20
4,475.57
4,474.07
Maximum
Minimum
10%
Exceedance
25%
Exceedance
50%
Exceedance
(Median)
75%
Exceedance
90%
Exceedance
Jan
4,474.02
4,475.88
4,478.53
4,483.56
4,485.26
4,470.62
4,490.05
4,479.50
Feb
4,475.23
4,477.31
4,480.18
4,485.63
4,488.43
4,468.97
4,492.03
4,481.08
Mar
4,477.63
4,479.88
4,482.85
4,485.87
4,490.06
4,469.05
4,492.50
4,483.00
Apr
4,479.37
4,482.16
4,485.26
4,489.11
4,491.82
4,470.85
4,493.71
4,485.16
May
3-12
4,479.79
4,483.19
4,487.66
4,491.50
4,492.95
4,471.84
4,494.00
4,486.86
Jun
4,478.11
4,482.91
4,488.27
4,490.57
4,492.44
4,471.85
4,493.78
4,486.37
Jul
4,476.10
4,481.16
4,486.19
4,488.48
4,490.13
4,471.57
4,492.52
4,484.46
Aug
4,475.34
4,478.92
4,483.61
4,486.41
4,487.78
4,468.83
4,489.35
4,482.27
Sep
4,473.12
4,476.81
4,480.94
4,484.94
4,486.29
4,468.05
4,487.29
4,480.43
Oct
4,472.39
4,476.14
4,478.87
4,483.79
4,484.93
4,467.67
4,488.29
4,479.16
Nov
4,473.20
4,475.56
4,477.32
4,482.15
4,484.56
4,467.55
4,487.94
4,478.43
Dec
4,474.77
4,477.57
4,482.37
4,486.47
4,489.95
4,467.55
4,494.00
4,482.12
Annual
Summary of Lake Almanor end-of-day water surface elevations, water years 1970-2003. (Source: PG&E,
2003c, as modified by staff)
Mean
Table 3-3.
The Butt Valley powerhouse is typically used for peaking, which can result in
discharges changing by up to about 2,000 cfs in a few minutes. As table 3-2 shows, the
Butt Valley powerhouse does not discharge water on more than half the days in March,
April, and May. These operations have minimal effects on water elevations of Lake
Almanor, due to its large size. However, Butt Valley reservoir water levels tend to
fluctuate more rapidly due to its smaller size. Butt Valley reservoir water elevations
typically fluctuate between 4,132 and 4,115 feet (PG&E datum) on an annual basis, and
may fluctuate about 1 foot on a daily basis. In addition to receiving water from the Butt
Valley powerhouse, Butt Valley reservoir receives inflow from Butt Creek (station NF4)
which has a mean annual flow of about 95 cfs (table 3-2). At an elevation of 4,132 feet
(PG&E datum), the reservoir has a usable storage capacity of approximately 49,900 acrefeet and a surface area of 1,600 acres. The hydraulic retention time for the reservoir
generally ranges from 14 to 32 days.
Although the project diverts up to approximately 2,100 cfs from Lake Almanor to
the Butt Valley powerhouse, virtually all of this water, along with flow from upper Butt
Creek, is generally routed through the Caribou nos. 1 and 2 powerhouses, thereby
bypassing the lower portion of Butt Creek and a 10.8-mile-long reach of the NFFR
referred to as the Seneca reach. No controlled minimum flow release is made from Butt
Valley dam to lower Butt Creek; however, leakage of approximately 0.07 cfs (30 gallons
per minute) occurs. Lower Butt Creek also receives inflow from springs and Benner
Creek. Spills at the Butt Valley dam rarely occur because of the large capacity of the
Caribou nos. 1 and 2 developments. Flows in Butt Creek monitored near its mouth
(station NF9) indicate that the mean annual flow is 29 cfs, and minimum flows are
generally 14 cfs (table 3-2). Butt Creek contributes these flows to the Seneca reach at a
point approximately 9.6 miles downstream of Canyon dam.
At Canyon dam, water is released into the upper end of the Seneca reach, which
extends 10.8 miles down to the Belden forebay. The current license mandates a yearround minimum flow of 35 cfs in the channel immediately downstream of the dam,
which is accomplished by using the gated outlet tower near Canyon dam. Flows
monitored by PG&E, in cooperation with USGS, at a permanent gaging station about 0.5
mile downstream of Canyon dam (station NF2) indicate little seasonal variation
(table 3-2). Based on flow measurements reported by PG&E for June through September
of 2000 and 2001, the Seneca reach gains about 6 to 31 cfs between the upper gaging
station and the gaging station located above the Caribou No. 1 powerhouse (station
NF47) excluding Butt Creek. During 2001, monthly mean accretion to this reach was 50
to 71 percent lower than in the wetter summer of 2000. In the upper portion of the
bypassed reach (the 4.7-mile-long section from station NF2 to Seneca Bridge), the NFFR
gained between 4 and 16 cfs during the summer of 2001. Average accretion was highest
(13 cfs) in June and lowest (5 to 6 cfs) in August and September. Flows measured
immediately upstream of the Butt Creek confluence indicate that the NFFR received little
accretion in the 4.4-mile-long section between the Seneca Bridge and immediately
3-13
upstream of the Butt Creek confluence during the summer of 2001. Accretion to the
lower portion of the Seneca bypassed each (Butt Creek confluence to the Caribou No. 1
powerhouse) ranged from less than 1 to 5 cfs and averaged 1 cfs or less during June, July,
and August.
The Belden forebay receives water from the Seneca bypassed reach, and the
Caribou Nos. 1 and 2 powerhouses. Mean annual inflow from the NFFR is about 125
cfs, while inflows from the Caribou Nos. 1 and 2 powerhouses are about 280 and 650 cfs,
respectively (table 3-2). Differences between the Caribou discharges demonstrate that
PG&E prefers to operate the Caribou No. 2 development. NFFR inflows are generally
stable, due to minimum flow releases from the Canyon dam outlet and accretion. In
contrast, inflows from the Caribou powerhouses can vary considerably between days and
over short periods, because of the typical peaking operations of the developments.
Table 3-2 shows that the Caribou No. 1 powerhouse is operated on less than half of the
days from March through June. Peaking operations may result in discharges from each
of the powerhouses changing by more than 1,000 cfs in a few minutes.
Belden forebay is the smallest of all of the project’s impoundments. At its normal
maximum water elevation of 2,975 feet (PG&E datum), it has a usable storage capacity
of 2,421 acre-feet and a surface area of 42 acres. Under normal operation, the
impoundment’s water elevation typically fluctuates between 2,960 and 2,973 feet (PG&E
datum) with typical daily fluctuations of 5 to 10 feet when water is being released from
Lake Almanor. PG&E estimates the average hydraulic retention time as 0.5 to 1 day.
Water exiting the Belden forebay is either diverted to the Belden powerhouse or
continues down the NFFR. Water diverted to the Belden powerhouse bypasses a 9.3mile-long reach of the NFFR referred to as the Belden bypassed reach. The existing
license mandates minimum flows of 140 cfs below the Belden dam during the fishing
season (last Saturday in April through Labor Day) and 60 cfs during the remainder of the
year. Since October 1985, PG&E has typically routed its minimum flow for this reach
through the Oak Flat powerhouse. The turbine has a high-flow and a low-flow runner,
which are changed in the spring and fall. During change-out periods, which are a few
days long, water is continuously released through the pressure release valve at the end of
the outlet pipe. Monthly and annual flow summaries are presented for the Oak Flat
powerhouse (station NF103) and a gaging station approximately 0.5 mile downstream of
the Belden dam-Oak Flat powerhouse complex (station NF70) in table 3-2.
The Belden bypassed reach receives additional inflow from two primary
tributaries. Mosquito Creek generally contributes a flow of about 2 to 10 cfs
approximately 2.9 miles downstream of the Belden dam. PG&E estimated that flows
averaged about 5 to 6 cfs during the summers of 2000 and 2001. The EBNFFR (station
NF51) contributes a mean annual flow of nearly 1,000 cfs to the Belden bypassed reach
approximately 7.5 miles downstream of the Belden dam. Flows in the EBNFFR vary
considerably throughout the year. Median monthly flows are roughly 100 to 200 cfs
3-14
during July through November, but exceed 1,500 cfs during March and April (table 3-2).
The Belden bypassed reach ends approximately 1.8 miles downstream of the EBNFFR
confluence, where Yellow Creek joins the NFFR.
Water diverted through the Belden powerhouse is discharged into Yellow Creek
immediately upstream of its confluence with the NFFR. Annual flows through the
powerhouse average nearly 950 cfs. Similar to the project’s upper developments, the
Belden development is used for peaking, and large rapid fluctuations—more than 1,000
cfs—of its discharges are common. In the Rock Creek-Cresta SA (PG&E, 2000a),
PG&E agreed to continue to implement its voluntary practice of block loading
(i.e., maintaining a constant generating load for a predetermined period) at the Belden
powerhouse from March through May until a level for ramping rates is established under
the UNFFR Project license. During June through September, Yellow Creek also
contributes about 40 to 170 cfs.
Water Use
PG&E holds water rights to store, divert, and use water from the NFFR and its
tributaries for the production of power, domestic water supply, industrial and fire
protection water supply, and irrigation (table 3-4). Most of these water allocations are for
the non-consumptive use of producing energy, although three of them are for
consumptive uses.
Table 3-4.
No.
PG&E water rights for the UNFFR Project. (Source: PG&E, 2003a, as
modified by staff)
Priority
Date
When
Description
Use(s)
SWDU
No. 922
1902
Yearround
Storage of
1,142,964 acre-feet
at Canyon dama
Power at licensee’s
powerhouses in the Feather
River watershed; domestic
and irrigation in the
Sacramento Valley
Permit
No.
21151
May 20,
1993
Oct 1–
Jun 30
Storage of 500,000
acre-feet at Canyon
dam
Power at Butt Valley and
Caribou powerhouses
SWDU
No. 923
1902
Yearround
Storage of 49,897
acre-feet at Butt
Valley dama
Power at licensee’s
powerhouses in the Feather
River watershed; domestic
and irrigation in the
Sacramento Valley
3-15
No.
Priority
Date
When
Description
Use(s)
SWDU
No. 933
1913
Yearround
Divert 2,000 cfs at
Canyon dam
Power at Butt Valley
powerhouse
Permit
No.
21152
May 20,
1993
Nov 1Jun 30
Divert 1,000 cfs at
Canyon dam
Power at Butt Valley and
Caribou powerhouses
Permit
No.
21153
Dec. 6,
1994
Yearround
Divert 1,400 cfs at
Canyon dam
Power at Butt Valley and
Caribou No. 2
powerhouses
SWDU
No. 931
Pre-1914
and
riparian
rights
Yearround
Divert 1,000 cfs at
Butt Valley dam
Power at Caribou No. 1
powerhouse
SWDU
No. 932
Pre-1914
and
riparian
rights
Yearround
Divert 1,350 cfs at
Butt Valley dam
Power at Caribou No. 2
powerhouse
SWDU
No.
11477
Riparian
right
Yearround
Divert 2,410 cfs at
Belden diversion
dam
Power at Belden
powerhouse
License
No. 9871
Jan. 9,
1940
Yearround
Divert 2,465 cfs at
Belden diversion
dam, 2,896 cfs at
Rock Creek
diversion dam,
3,500 cfs at Cresta
diversion dam, and
3,500 cfs at Poe
diversion dam
Power at Belden, Rock
Creek, Cresta, and Poe
powerhouses, respectively.
3-16
Priority
Date
No.
a
When
Description
Use(s)
Permit
No.
20864
Apr. 7,
1981
Yearround
Divert 135 cfs at
Belden diversion
dam, 604 cfs at
Rock Creek
diversion dam, 600
cfs at Cresta
diversion dam, and
800 cfs at Poe
diversion dam
Power at Belden, Rock
Creek, Cresta, and Poe
powerhouses, respectively.
Permit
No.
18962
Nov. 2,
1982
Yearround
Divert 160 cfs at
Belden diversion
dam
Power at Oak Flat
powerhouse
License
No. 637
Jan. 10,
1924
Yearround
Divert 0.5 cfs from
French Creek
Domestic, industrial and
fire protection at Caribou
camp
License
No. 809
Jan. 10,
1924
Yearround
Divert 600 gallons
per day from Oak
Creek
Domestic, industrial and
fire protection at Howells
patrol station
SWDU
No.
11477
Pre-1914
Yearround
Divert 10 cfs from
Butt Creek
Irrigation in Humbug
Valley
Western Canal Water District exercises the licensee’s consumptive water rights
pursuant to a 1986 contract, which stipulates that the licensee must release 145,000
acre-feet from storage in its reservoirs between each March 1 and October 31 for
irrigation downstream of Lake Oroville (CDWR, 1986).
Water Quality
The NFFR basin lies within the Sacramento River basin and the Fourth Edition of
the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board Basin Plan (Basin Plan) for the
Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins (CVRWQCB, 1998) applies to waters in the
area. The Basin Plan designates existing beneficial uses for waterbodies in the basin.
Existing beneficial uses designated for Lake Almanor are hydropower generation, water
contact recreation, warm and cold freshwater habitat, warm spawning habitat, and
wildlife habitat. Existing beneficial uses designated for the NFFR are hydropower
generation, municipal and domestic supply, water contact recreation, non-water contact
recreation, cold freshwater habitat, cold spawning habitat, and wildlife habitat.
3-17
Water quality standards applicable to surface waters in the project area are defined
in three primary documents: the Basin Plan (CVRWQCB, 1998); the California Toxics
Rule (40 CFR Part 131); and drinking water standards set in California Code of
Regulations Title 22 (CDHS, 2002), which are applicable to surface waters of the NFFR
designated for municipal water supply.
Table 3-5 summarizes selected applicable criteria. The California SWRCB (2003)
did not include any waterbodies in the project area on its 2002 303(d) list of waterquality-limited waterbodies.
General Water Quality
General water quality is largely dependent on the geologic and hydrologic
characteristics of a basin. PG&E monitored water quality and water temperature at
several stations to document recent conditions in various waterbodies in the project area
(figure 3-3). Table 3-6 summarizes PG&E’s seasonal measurements of various water
quality parameters that PG&E monitored in 2000 and supplemental monitoring that it
conducted in the fall of 2002 and spring and summer of 2003. These measurements
indicate that project waters are soft to moderately hard, generally have low to moderate
total suspended solids and turbidities, and do not have excessively high nutrient
(phosphorous or nitrogen) concentrations. Seasonal near surface chlorophyll-a
concentrations for 2000 were typically 3 μg/l or less in both Lake Almanor and Butt
Valley reservoir (PG&E, 2003a). These concentrations indicate that the reservoirs have
relatively low productivity (lower mesotrophic) based on Carlson’s (1977) trophic state
index. Secchi depth was measured in Lake Almanor during 2000 (May through
December) and 2001 (March through September). Secchi depth averaged 5.0 meters
(range 2.3–8.4 meters) during 2000 and 4.9 meters in 2001 (range 2.9–7.4 meters) in
2001. The primary cation and anion are calcium and bicarbonate, respectively.
3-18
--
--
---
--
Shall not exceed 150 μmhos/cm (90 percentile) in
well-mixed waters.
Based on a minimum of not less than five samples
for any 30-day period, shall not exceed a geometric
mean of 200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10% of the
total number of samples taken during any 30-day
period exceed 400/100 ml.
Waters shall not contain oils, greases, or other
materials in concentrations that cause nuisance,
result in a visible film or coating on the surface of
the water or on objects in the water, or otherwise
adversely affect beneficial uses.
Specific
conductance
Fecal
coliform
Oil and
grease
3-19
--
--
The pH shall not be depressed below 6.5 nor raised
above 8.5. Changes in normal ambient pH levels
shall not exceed 0.5 units.
--
--
pH
--
Monthly median of mean daily DO concentration
shall not fall below 85% of saturation in the main
water mass, and the 95 percentile concentration
shall not fall below 75% of saturation. DO
concentrations shall not be reduced below 7.0 mg/l.
--
CA Drinking Water
Standardsa (CDHS, 2002)
Dissolved
oxygen (DO)
--
California Toxics Rule (40
CFR Part 131)
Natural water temperatures shall not be altered
unless it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of
the Regional Board that such alteration does not
adversely affect beneficial uses. At no time or place
shall the temperature be increased more than 5°F
above the natural receiving water.
Objectives of Basin Plan for the Sacramento and
San Joaquin River Basins
(Source: CVRWQCB, 1998)
Water quality criteria for the UNFFR Project.
Temperature
Constituent
Table 3-5.
----
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Trace
Metals
3-20
--
--
Methyl-tertbutyl ether
(MTBE)
--
0.15
0.087
4-day
Avg.
--
0.34
0.750
1-hr
Avg.
--
--
--
Ins.
Max.
Dissolved Concentrations
(mg/l)
--
Shall not contain taste- or odor-producing
substances in concentrations that impart undesirable
tastes or odors to domestic or municipal water
supplies or to fish flesh or other edible products of
aquatic origin, or that cause nuisance, or otherwise
adversely affects beneficial uses.
Tastes and
Odors
Primary MCL 1.0 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.05 mg/l
Primary MCL 1.0 mg/l;
Secondary MCL 0.2 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.013 mg/l;
Secondary MCL 0.005
mg/l
Secondary maximum
contaminant level (MCL)
3 Odor units
--
--
Shall be free of changes in turbidity that cause
nuisance or adversely affect beneficial uses.
Increases in turbidity attributable to controllable
water quality factors shall not exceed increases of 1
nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) where natural
turbidity is 0–5 NTU, increases of 20% where natural
turbidity is 5–50 NTU, increases of 10 NTU where
natural turbidity is 50-100 NTU, and increases of
10% where natural turbidity is >100 NTU.
CA Drinking Water
Standardsa (CDHS, 2002)
California Toxics Rule (40
CFR Part 131)
Turbidity
Constituent
Objectives of Basin Plan for the Sacramento and
San Joaquin River Basins
(Source: CVRWQCB, 1998)
Chromium
(total)
b
----
Selenium
Silverb
Zincb
c
b
a
0.026
--
Nickelb
3-21
Applicable only to the NFFR.
Hardness-dependent criteria. The listed criteria are for a hardness of 50 mg/l.
Action level based on concentration of 90th percentile exceedance of samples
0.066
--
0.005
0.00077
--
Mercury
(inorganic)
--
0.0012
--
--
<0.015 in waters designated as domestic or
municipal supply
--
0.0050
--
0.0013
0.065
--
0.02
0.23
0.0014
--
0.030
--
0.0070
--
0.0020
--
0.00105
--
--
--
--
--
1.0
--
--
--
California Toxics Rule (40
CFR Part 131)
Manganese
Lead
Iron
--
--
Cadmiumb
Copper
--
Constituent
b
Objectives of Basin Plan for the Sacramento and
San Joaquin River Basins
(Source: CVRWQCB, 1998)
Secondary MCL 5.0 mg/l
Secondary MCL 0.1 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.05 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.1 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.0020 mg/l
Secondary MCL 0.05 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.015 mg/l
Action level
Secondary MCL 0.3 mg/l
Primary MCL 1.3 mg/l
Action levelc; Secondary
MCL 1.0 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.05 mg/l
Primary MCL 0.005 mg/l
CA Drinking Water
Standardsa (CDHS, 2002)
Non-Internet Public
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE
UPPER NORTH FORK FEATHER RIVER PROJECT
Project No. 2105-089
Page 3-22
Figure 3-3
Public access for the above information is available only
through the Public Reference Room, or by e-mail at
public.referenceroom@ferc.gov.
Table 3-6.
Range of general water quality parameters measured in project waters by
PG&E in 2000, 2002, and 2003. (Sources: PG&E, 2003a, October 29,
2004, comments on the draft EIS)
Parameter (units)
pH (standard units)
Lake
Butt Valley
Almanor Reservoira
b
NFFR
Butt
Creekc
Tributariesd
6.9–8.3
6.8–8.0
7.1–8.4
7.4–8.2
7.1–8.8
6.9–8.4e
7.0–8.3
7.4–8.5e
8.0–8.3e
7.6–8.5e
Total alkalinity (mg
CaCO3/l)
48–50
48–60
49–90
87–150
26–100
Total hardness (mg
CaCO3/l)
10–46
36–50
41–89
76–99
17–97
e
e
e
e
41–54
41–49
43–87
82–94
24–107e
Specific
conductance
(μmhos/cm)
85–99
85–119
89–185
159–200
44–323
94–137 e
91–111e
93–199e
174–188e
63–251e
Calcium (mg/l)
<0.1–9.4
8.6–10
8.9–21
20–24
4.7–23
Magnesium (mg/l)
0.1–4.8
4.2–5.2
4.2–8.4
6.7–8.0
2.0–8.6
Potassium (mg/l)
<0.1–2.6
1.2–2.6
<0.1–2.7
<0.1–0.9
0.3–2.3
Sodium (mg/l)
2.7–4.4
3.2–7.8
3.4–27
4.9–6.1
2.8–14
Bicarbonate (mg/l)
48–50
48–60
<10–90
87–150
<10–100
Chloride (mg/l)
<0.2–1.6
<0.2–3.3
0.6–3.3
0.2–2.0
<0.2–4.5
Sulfate (mg/l)
<0.2–9.3
<0.2–2.0
<0.2–6.0
2.8–3.4
<0.2–7.4
Silica (mg/l)
8.1–20
8.1–23
8.6–22
13–26
9.0–35
Total suspended
solids (mg/l)
<1–23
<1–9
<1–140
<1–1
<1–10
Turbidity (NTU)
0.4–11
0–17
0.5–2.3
0.0–3.4
e
0.7–15
0.0–2.8
e
0.0–4.8
e
0.0–6.5
e
0.2–19
0.0–14.3e
Total phosphorous
(mg/l)
<0.01–0.12 <0.01–0.08
<0.01–0.13 0.02–0.11
<0.01–0.07
Orthophosphate
(mg/l)
<0.01–0.01 <0.01–0.04
<0.01–0.07 <0.01–0.03
<0.01–0.13
Ammonia (mg/l)
Total organic
nitrogen (mg/l)
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1–0.3
<0.1
<0.1–0.3
<0.2–1.7
<0.2–7.7
<0.2–0.2
<0.2
<0.2
3-23
Parameter (units)
Lake
Butt Valley
Almanor Reservoira
Nitrate (mg NO3/l)
<0.1–0.9
<0.1–2.7
NFFR
Butt
Creekc
Tributariesd
<0.1–16
<0.1–8.0
<0.1–14
b
Chlorophyll-a
<0.001–
<0.001–
<0.001–
<0.001– <0.001–0.018
(mg/l)
0.021
0.013
0.013
0.003
a
Butt Valley reservoir and Butt Valley powerhouse tailrace.
b
Project-affected reaches of the NFFR including the Seneca and Belden bypassed
reaches; Belden forebay; and Caribou No.1, Caribou No. 2, and Belden powerhouse
tailraces.
c
Project-affected reach of Butt Creek (i.e., reach between the Butt Valley dam and
confluence with the NFFR).
d
Inflows to Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and the project-affected reaches of
the NFFR.
e
Summary of fall 2002 and spring and summer 2003 values.
Total alkalinity measurements indicate that Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir,
and the NFFR generally have low to moderate buffering capacity to resist changes in
pH. The data indicate that Butt Creek downstream of Butt Valley dam, which is highly
influenced by ground water, has a higher buffering capacity than other project-affected
waters.
PG&E’s reported pH values for 2000, 2002, and 2003 indicate that relatively
consistent pH levels occur throughout the upper NFFR basin. Overall, reported pH
values ranged from 6.8 to 8.8 standard units (table 3-6). The Hamilton Branch
powerhouse and EBNFFR were the only stations to have a reported pH value outside
the criteria ranging from 6.5 to 8.5 standard units. These stations are not influenced by
project operations. The overall range of discrete pH measurements for NFFR projectaffected stream reaches ranged from 7.1 to 8.5 standard units.
PG&E reported that overall specific conductance ranged from 85 to
323 μmhos/cm (see table 3-6). Conductance was most variable in tributaries to project
waters and two tributaries to the Belden bypassed reach (East Branch and Mosquito
Creek) and had values of greater than the 150-μmhos/cm Basin Plan criterion.
Conductance was also rather variable in the project’s bypassed reaches, and
exceedances of the 150-μmhos/cm Basin Plan criterion were reported for six stations in
these reaches. This criterion was exceeded in all of the measurements for lower Butt
Creek and nearly all of the measurements for the lower ends of the Seneca and Belden
reaches. Other locations in the Seneca and Belden reaches also had values exceeding
the 150-μmhos/cm Basin Plan criterion.
3-24
Temperature
As part of relicensing the downstream Rock Creek-Cresta Project, an SA
(PG&E, 2000b) was developed and signed by PG&E, resource agencies (FS, FWS,
CDFG, SWRCB, Plumas County), and NGOs (Natural Heritage Institute, Friends of the
River, California Outdoors, California Trout, AW, Chico Paddleheads, and Shasta
Paddlers). One of the principal goals of this agreement was to improve cold freshwater
habitat in the Rock Creek and Cresta bypassed reaches. A process was established to
ensure that PG&E would implement all reasonably practicable control measures to
satisfy a daily mean water temperature of 20°C which was agreed would protect cold
water fishes in the Rock Creek and Cresta reaches. The SA requires PG&E to develop
and implement a water temperature management plan, and conduct modeling to
evaluate the anticipated effectiveness of modifying the Prattville intake and
implementing other potential temperature control measures. According to the Rock
Creek-Cresta SA, PG&E would implement Prattville intake modifications determined
by representatives of the parties signing the agreement to be reasonable and practicable
measures to maintain daily mean temperatures of 20°C or less in the Rock Creek and
Cresta bypassed reaches.14
On October 23, 2002, PG&E filed its water temperature monitoring plan for the
Rock Creek-Cresta Project with the Commission (PG&E, 2002b). The Commission
approved this plan with modifications on February 28, 2003 (FERC, 2003). The
objectives of this plan include:
x documenting continuous summer temperature and flow monitoring in the
Rock Creek-Cresta reaches and upstream areas;
x determining if mean daily water temperatures of 20°C or less can be met
in the Rock Creek and Cresta reaches through implementation of
reasonable control measures, including modification of the Prattville
intake by PG&E; and
x developing and verifying a temperature model that predicts, with
reasonable accuracy, the temperature profile of the NFFR.
Adoption of the plan formalized water temperature and flow monitoring along
with water temperature modeling to be conducted by PG&E for the Rock Creek-Cresta
Project. However, PG&E had monitored flow and water temperatures throughout the
14
While the Rock Creek-Cresta SA’s signatories may bind themselves pursuant to the
SA to perform effectiveness studies of potential modifications to the Prattville
intake, any modifications to the UNFFR Project facilities must be authorized by the
Commission.
3-25
NFFR basin in a similar manner as proposed in the plan during the years of 2000
through 2002. It did this by continuously monitoring water temperatures at 26 stations
in the upper NFFR basin from June 1 to September 30 (table 3-7), and monitoring
vertical profiles of temperature in Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir during 2000,
2001, and 2002; and in the Belden forebay during 2000. PG&E also monitored water
temperatures according to the FERC-approved plan in 2003 and 2004 (PG&E, 2004b;
2005a). Table 3-7 presents the range of daily average temperatures reported, along with
an evaluation of the frequency and timing that daily average temperatures exceeded
20.0°C at each station.
In the following discussion of water temperatures, we discuss results of PG&E’s
1999 through 2004 monitoring studies. The discussion proceeds in an upstream to
downstream direction.
Table 3-7. Monitoring locations for Commission-approved Rock Creek-Cresta water
temperature monitoring plan and summary of daily average water
temperatures for continuous monitoring in June through September of 1999
through 2004.a (Sources: PG&E, 2002a,b; 2003b; 2004b; 2003e; 2005a, as
modified by staff)
Greater than
20.0°C
Monitoring
b
Parameters Range (°C) Monthsc
Station
NFFR at Chester (NF1A)
d
%
TR, FT
8.3–16.8
None
0
Hamilton Branch Creek at Hwy A13 bridge (HB1)
TR, F
8.4–15.3
None
0
Hamilton Branch powerhouse (HB2)
TR,F
9.1–21.1
June–July
2
Lake Almanor at Canyon dam near surface (LA1-S)
TR
16.1–26.3 June–Sept.
72
Lake Almanor at Canyon dam near bottom (LA1-B)
TR
8.2–16.1
None
0
TR, F
11.7–22.2
July–Sept.
33
Butt Valley powerhouse (BV1)
Butt Valley reservoir at Caribou intake near surface
(BV2-S)
TR
17.0–24.6 June–Sept.
73
Butt Valley reservoir at Caribou intake near bottom
(BV2-B)
TR
9.4–21.5
July–Sept.
11
Butt Creek upstream of Butt Valley reservoir (BC1)
TR, F
8.8–16.2
None
0
None
0
None
0
Butt Creek downstream of Butt Valley reservoir
(BC2)
Butt Creek at mouth (BC3)
TR
10.2–13.1
TR, FT
3-26
10.5–13.1
Greater than
20.0°C
Monitoring
b
Parameters Range (°C) Monthsc
Station
%d
NFFR downstream of Canyon dam (NF2) e
TR, F
9.4–22.5
July-Aug.
10
NFFR at Seneca Bridge (NF3A) e
TR, S
10.8–19.9
None
0
--
12.8–17.2
None
0
TR, FT
11.4–18.1
None
0
Caribou No. 1 powerhouse (CARB1)
TR, F
10.9–21.9
July–Sept.
35
Caribou No. 2 powerhouse (CARB2)
TR, F
16.6–24.0 June–Sept.
65
TR
15.5–22.8 June–Sept.
52
NFFR upstream of Butt Creek (NF3B)
NFFR upstream of Caribou powerhouse (NF4) e
Belden forebay at intake (BD1)
NFFR downstream of Belden dam (NF5)
TR, F
13.9–21.8
July–Sept.
29
Mosquito Creek at mouth (MC1)
TR, S
10.4–15.6
None
0
NFFR near Queen Lily campground (NF6)
TR
14.0–21.4
July–Sept.
21
NFFR near Gansner Bar (NF7)
TR
14.7–21.3
July–Sept.
20
TR, F
14.6–26.4 June–Sept.
64
TR
15.1–22.9 June–Sept.
51
TR, F
15.4–22.8 June–Sept.
49
10.6–18.9
0
EBNFFR at mouth (EB1)
NFFR at Belden Town Bridge (NF8)
Belden powerhouse (BD2)
Yellow Creek near mouth (YC1)
TR, FT
None
NFFR downstream of Rock Creek dam (NF-57,
NF10)
TR, F
14.1–22.5 June–Sept.
51
NFFR near Tobin downstream of Granite Creek
(NF11)
TR
14.1–22.8 June–Sept.
50
NFFR upstream of Bucks Creek (NF12)
TR
14.2–22.9 June–Sept.
50
NFFR upstream of Rock Creek powerhouse (NF13)
TR
13.3–23.0 June–Sept.
16
TR, F
14.3–22.6 June–Sept.
58
TR
14.0–22.2 June–Sept.
39
TR, F
14.0–22.4 June–Sept.
41
TR
14.4–22.7 June–Sept.
46
TR, F
13.8–22.5 June–Sept.
44
Rock Creek powerhouse (RC1)
NFFR downstream of Cresta dam (NF14)
NFFR downstream of Grizzly Creek (NF-56, NF15)
NFFR upstream of Cresta powerhouse (NF16)
Cresta powerhouse (Cresta 1)
3-27
Greater than
20.0°C
Monitoring
b
Parameters Range (°C) Monthsc
Station
%d
NFFR downstream of Cresta powerhouse (Poe-1A)
--
13.9–22.3 June–Sept.
17
NFFR downstream of Poe dam (Poe-5)
--
12.9–22.5 June–Sept.
20
NFFR at Pulga bridge (Poe-2A)
--
14.8–22.6 June–Sept.
28
NFFR at Bardee’s Bar (Poe-6)
--
13.7–23.2 June–Sept.
39
NFFR upstream of Poe powerhouse (Poe-3)
--
16.9–24.5 June–Sept.
71
Poe powerhouse (Poe-4B)
--
14.0–22.7 June–Sept.
23
NFFR at Big Bend dam (Poe-7)
--
16.7-22.8
40
July-Sept.
a
Monitoring periods for the stations differed by day and year. Staff used all available June
to September data.
b
F = flow gaging station or powerhouse records, FT = temporary flow gaging station, TR =
temperature recorder, P = reservoir profile, S = staff gage, and -- = not included.
c
Months that had at least 1 day with an average temperature of greater than 20.0°C.
d
Percent of monitored days that had daily average temperature of greater than 20.0°C.
e
PG&E’s practice has been to preferentially uses the Canyon dam outlet tower low-level
gates for flow releases into the Seneca reach. During 2004, while the Canyon dam outlet
lower gates needed repairs, PG&E used an upper gate (#7). As a result; temperatures in
discharges to the upper end of the Seneca reach were considerably warmer than occurred in
other years monitored.
The primary surface inflows to Lake Almanor (NFFR, Hamilton Branch, and
Hamilton Branch powerhouse) had daily average temperatures that ranged from 8.3 to
21.1°C. The warmest daily average temperatures for the NFFR and Hamilton Branch
were 16.8 and 15.3°C, respectively. In contrast, discharge from the Hamilton Branch
powerhouse reached as high as 21.1°C. Daily average temperatures exceeded 20.0°C at
the Hamilton Branch powerhouse on 2 percent of the days with measurements.
Vertical profiling of water temperatures in Lake Almanor indicate that thermal
gradients typically begin to develop in April and May, are well established during June
to mid-September, and lake turnover (mixing of water throughout the entire profile)
occurs in late September to November. From June through mid-September, a warm
upper layer (epilimnion) exists and generally extends to a depth of 30 to 40 feet, while a
much cooler layer (hypolimnion) resides below a depth of about 50 feet (figure 3-4).
3-28
4,500
Elevation (feet PG&E datum)
4,480
4,460
4,440
Submerged channel
4,420
Prattville
intake
4,400
7/21/2000
7/17/2003
Canyon dam outlet
7/19/2001
7/15/2004
4,380
5
10
15
20
25
Temperature (ºC)
4,500
Elevation (feet, PG&E datum)
4,480
4,460
4,440
Submerged channel
4,420
4,400
9/7/2000
9/30/2003
Canyon dam outlet
9/6/2001
10/12/2004
Prattville
intake
4,380
5
10
15
20
25
Temperature (ºC)
Figure 3-4. Vertical profiles of water temperature for Lake Almanor near Canyon dam
along with schematics of gate elevations and general bed profiles of
Prattville intake and Canyon dam outlet, mid-July and September/October.
(Sources: PG&E, 2002a, 2004b, 2005a, as modified by staff)
3-29
Consequently, when the lake is stratified, water temperatures in the Seneca reach
are influenced by the elevation of the Canyon dam outlet tower gate that is used (FERC,
1996). The low-level gates with an invert elevation of 4,422 feet msl (PG&E datum)
are typically used to provide MIF releases to the Seneca reach (PG&E, 2004c). Daily
average Lake Almanor near surface water temperature based on continuous seasonal
monitoring ranged from 16.1 to 26.3°C, while temperatures near the bottom were much
cooler ranging from 8.2 to 16.1°C. Surface temperatures tended to be highest during
July and August, although near bottom temperatures increased as summer progressed.
During the drought of 2001, Lake Almanor’s water level was considerably lower than
normal and likely was one of the principal causes of early summer temperatures being
about 2 to 4°C warmer near the bottom than in other years monitored. Daily average
temperatures of near surface (3 feet below the surface) waters exceeded 20.0°C in June
through September on 72 percent of days monitored.
The temperature of water drafted through the Prattville intake and discharged
from the Butt Valley powerhouse is affected by the configuration of the lake bed in the
area of the intake, which was excavated in the shallower western lobe of the lake
(Ettema et al., 2004). As will be discussed in more detail below, this results in warmer
water being drafted than would be expected based on the depth of the intake. Daily
average temperatures of discharges from the Butt Valley powerhouse were generally
about 2 to 4°C cooler than the near surface waters of Lake Almanor. They ranged from
11.7 to 22.2°C and exceeded 20.0°C on 33 percent of the days monitored. Daily
average temperatures of greater than 20.0°C generally occurred in July and August,
although temperatures of greater than 20.0°C also occurred in September.
The thermal regime of the Butt Valley reservoir is largely dependent on
discharges from Butt Valley powerhouse, due to its high proportion of the total inflow
to the reservoir, along with the relatively short transit time through the impoundment
(14 to 32 days) relative to Lake Almanor. Vertical profiles of temperatures in the
reservoir indicate that a moderate thermal gradient exists during late spring and early
summer. However, little stratification was evident during mid- to late summer. The
relatively small amount of coldwater storage, short retention time, and withdrawal of
cooler water through the deeper Caribou No. 1 intake probably all contribute to the
thermal characteristics of Butt Valley reservoir.
Daily average temperatures, based on seasonal sampling, for near surface waters
of Butt Valley reservoir ranged from 17.0 to 24.6°C, while near bottom temperatures
ranged from 9.4 to 21.5°C. The seasonal pattern of surface and bottom temperatures
was similar to that observed in Lake Almanor. Surface waters tended to be warmest in
July and August, and bottom waters warmed throughout the summer. Near surface
daily average temperatures of greater than 20.0°C were common in June, July, August,
and September. Seventy-three percent of the days monitored had a daily average
temperature at the surface of Butt Valley reservoir of greater than 20.0°C.
3-30
Daily average temperatures reported for Butt Creek ranged from 8.8 to 16.2°C.
Both the lowest and highest values were reported for the monitoring station upstream of
Butt Valley reservoir. Daily average temperatures reported for the two sites
downstream of Butt Valley reservoir ranged from 10.2 to 13.1°C.
Daily average water temperatures measured in the Seneca reach ranged from as
low as 9.4 to 22.5°C, both occurring a short distance downstream of Canyon dam.
However, this range of temperatures does not reflect conditions that occur under typical
operations because it includes temperature data collected during 2004, when one of the
Canyon Dam outlet tower upper gates was used instead of the low-level gates (used
under typical operations) (table 3-7). Under typical operations, the maximum daily
mean temperature that was measured in the Seneca reach was 17.2°C, which occurred
immediately upstream of the Butt Creek confluence; all values for the reach were below
20.0°C. Water temperatures tended to increase between the upper end of the reach
(station NF2) and immediately upstream of the Butt Creek confluence (station NF3B),
and decrease below the Butt Creek confluence. We suspect that the cooler conditions
monitored at the lower end of the reach (station NF4) are largely due to cool inflow
from Butt Creek (station BC3). None of the daily average temperatures reported for the
Seneca reach exceeded 20.0°C.
The temperature of discharges from the two Caribou powerhouses differed
substantially from one another. Discharges from Caribou No. 1 powerhouse ranged
from 10.9 to 21.9°C, while discharges from Caribou No. 2 powerhouse ranged from
16.6 to 24.0°C. This is probably due to the shallower intake depth and approach
channel of Caribou No. 2 (approach channel elevation of 4,100 feet for Caribou No. 2
versus approximately 4,085 feet for Caribou No. 1). Caribou No. 1 daily average
temperatures of greater than 20.0°C were common in August, and occurred less
frequently in July and September. Caribou No. 2 daily average temperatures of greater
than 20.0°C were common in July, August, and September; and occurred less frequently
in June. Daily average temperatures exceeded 20.0°C for 35 percent of the days
monitored at the Caribou No. 1 powerhouse and 65 percent of the days monitored at the
Caribou No. 2 powerhouse.
Results of vertical temperature profile monitoring in Belden forebay during 2000
indicate that little thermal stratification occurs. Temperatures within each of the vertical
profiles reported varied by less than 3°C. Many factors, including the impoundment’s
small capacity, short (1 day or less) retention time, deep-water fish releases, and large
daily changes in the impoundment’s storage level during the summer, likely cause these
relatively uniform temperatures throughout the water column.
Daily average temperatures reported for the Belden forebay at the intake range
from 15.5 to 22.8°C, with 52 percent of the days monitored having temperatures of
greater than 20.0°C. Daily average temperatures of greater than 20.0°C were common
in July and August and occurred less frequently in June and September. During the
3-31
summer, inflow to the Belden forebay predominantly comes from the Caribou Nos. 1
and 2 powerhouses. Their warm discharges have considerable effect on temperatures at
the intake in comparison to inflows from the Seneca reach of the NFFR. Data for 2004
were similar to other years, suggesting that the warmer releases from the upper-level
Canyon dam outlet gates that year had little effect on water temperatures downstream of
the Caribou powerhouses.
Daily average temperatures reported for the Belden reach ranged from 13.9 to
22.9°C, and tended to increase in a downstream direction (table 3-7). At the three
stations located upstream of the confluence with the EBNFFR, daily average
temperatures were generally similar and exceeded 20.0°C on 20 to 29 percent of the
days monitored. Nearly all of the days with daily average temperatures of greater than
20.0°C in the upper portion of the Belden reach occurred in July or August. In contrast,
daily average temperatures in the lower Belden reach (NF8) were generally about 1 to
2°C warmer and temperatures of greater than 20.0°C occurred in all of the months of
June to September. Daily average temperatures exceeded 20.0°C on just over half of
the days monitored. These warmer conditions are at least partially caused by warm
inflows from the EBNFFR, which ranged from 14.6 to 26.4°C and exceeded 20.0ºC on
64 percent of the days during the study period.
The temperature of Belden powerhouse discharges is similar to ambient
conditions in the lower Belden reach. Daily average temperatures ranged from 15.4 to
22.8°C, and exceed 20.0°C on nearly half of the days monitored. Temperatures of
greater than 20.0°C were reported for June to September and were common in July and
August.
The warm inflow to the Rock Creek reservoir along with high ambient
temperatures and solar radiation leads to warm temperatures in the lower NFFR. Daily
average temperatures were frequently greater than 20.0ºC in the bypassed reaches and
powerhouse discharges of the Rock Creek, Cresta, and Poe hydro-developments. In the
lower end of the Poe reach, daily mean temperature reached as high as 24.5ºC and
exceeded 20.0ºC on more than 70 percent of the days monitored in June through
September. Cooler discharges from the Poe powerhouse reduced peak temperatures,
but still resulted in NFFR inflows to Lake Oroville frequently exceeding 20.0ºC.
Dissolved Oxygen
PG&E monitored DO concentrations at 24 stations in the project vicinity during
2000. Monitoring was conducted in April, June, July, August, September, and
November. Table 3-8 presents the results of this monitoring program. As part of a
supplemental monitoring effort designed to address comments of the SWRCB, PG&E
also monitored DO concentrations at 20 of the 24 stations during October 2002, April
2003, and July 2003 (PG&E October 29, 2004, comments on the draft EIS). Staff
incorporated the results of supplemental monitoring into the following discussion.
3-32
Table 3-8.
Summary of dissolved oxygen concentrations monitored by PG&E during
2000. (Source: PG&E, 2002a)
Concentration (mg/l)
Percent of Saturation
Min.
Avg.
Max.
Min.
Avg.
Max.
NFFR at Chester (NF1)
8.0
10.1
12.2
86
100
111
Hamilton Branch Creek at Hwy A13
bridge (HB1)
8.6
9.7
11.0
89
98
106
Hamilton Branch powerhouse (HB2)
7.5
9.8
12.3
94
108
126
Lake Almanor at Canyon dam near
surface (LA1-S)
5.8
7.7
9.6
77
92
102
Lake Almanor at Canyon dam near
bottom (LA1-B)
0.7
5.5
9.8
8
58
99
Lake Almanor near Prattville intake
near surface (LA2-S)
6.8
8.1
10.6
92
99
107
Lake Almanor near Prattville intake
near bottom (LA2-B)
3.0
6.4
10.3
34
73
100
Butt Valley powerhouse (BV1)
6.3
8.0
10.2
80
90
101
Butt Valley reservoir at Caribou No.
1 intake near surface (BV2-S)
6.0
8.3
10.6
76
97
108
Butt Valley reservoir at Caribou No.
1 intake near bottom (BV2-B)
0.4
4.1
10.3
5
42
100
Butt Creek upstream of Butt Valley
reservoir (BC1)
9.3
10.0
11.2
89
98
104
Butt Creek at mouth (BC3)
8.4
9.4
10.3
86
94
99
NFFR downstream of Canyon dam
(NF2)
7.3
9.2
10.7
78
96
117
NFFR upstream of Caribou
powerhouse (NF4)
8.6
9.4
11.2
89
94
103
Caribou No. 1 powerhouse (CARB1)
6.8
7.7
9.3
78
86
90
Caribou No. 2 powerhouse (CARB2)
6.5
7.8
10.1
76
92
102
Belden forebay at powerhouse intake
near surface (BD1S)
7.4
8.1
8.8
93
99
105
Belden forebay at powerhouse intake
near bottom (BD1B)
6.2
7.0
8.1
73
84
99
NFFR downstream of Belden dam
(NF5)
7.2
8.5
10.5
87
94
100
Location
3-33
Concentration (mg/l)
Percent of Saturation
Min.
Avg.
Max.
Min.
Avg.
Max.
NFFR near Gansner Bar (NF7)
7.4
9.0
11.4
88
96
105
EBNFFR at mouth (EB1)
6.6
8.9
12.5
83
95
106
NFFR at Belden Town bridge (NF8)
7.4
8.9
11.4
84
94
98
Belden powerhouse (BD2)
6.7
8.0
10.7
77
88
99
Yellow Creek near mouth (YC1)
8.7
10.1
12.2
90
96
107
Location
All DO concentrations reported by PG&E for the inflow to Lake Almanor were
greater than 7.0 mg/l (table 3-8; PG&E October 29, 2004, comments on the draft EIS).
DO concentrations in Lake Almanor follow the typical clinograde pattern for
large, thermally stratified reservoirs. Surface waters generally remain well aerated,
while DO concentrations of near-bottom waters are progressively reduced during the
summer and early fall, prior to turnover. Measurements of DO concentrations in the
reservoir’s epilimnion ranged from 5.8 to 10.6 mg/l, while concentrations measured in
the hypolimnion ranged from 0.7 to 10.3 mg/l. The lowest DO concentrations
monitored in the reservoir occurred near the bottom at the Canyon dam outlet tower,
which is deeper and receives substantially less flow than near the Prattville intake.
Near-bottom DO concentrations at this station were 7.0 mg/l or higher during April,
September, and November; 1 to 3 mg/l in June, July, and October; and less than 1 mg/l
in August. Near-surface DO concentrations of less than 7.0 mg/l occurred at the
Canyon dam station in June 2000 (5.8 mg/l) and in July 2003 (6.4 mg/l), although these
values had corresponding levels of 88 to 89 percent of saturation. Near the Prattville
intake, DO concentrations of slightly less than 7.0 mg/l occurred near the surface in
June 2000, and DO concentrations of approximately 3 mg/l occurred near the bottom in
June and July.
During July through November 2001, PG&E monitored DO and other water
quality in Lake Almanor near the Canyon dam outlet tower as part of a study to evaluate
the effects of late summer releases from Canyon dam. Near-surface DO levels
monitored for the 2001 study ranged from 6.5 to 7.2 mg/l and 73 to 99 percent of
saturation. In contrast, near-bottom DO levels ranged from 0.2 to 4.8 mg/l and 2 to 50
percent of saturation. Anoxic (DO concentration of <0.5 mg/l) conditions occurred near
the bottom during each of the monitoring visits from early August through mid-October.
Since no measurements were reported prior to the August 8 value of 0.2 mg/l, it is not
evident when anoxic conditions began to occur. By mid-November, turn-over had
begun to occur, and the near-bottom DO concentration was 4.8 mg/l.
DO concentrations measured in 2000, 2002, and 2003 for the Butt Valley
powerhouse ranged from 6.3 to 10.2 mg/l, and are quite similar to conditions in the
3-34
Lake Almanor epilimnion from which the water is drafted. DO concentrations of less
than 7.0 mg/l occurred in July and August 2000.
DO concentrations measured in Butt Valley reservoir ranged from 0.4 to 10.6
mg/l. DO concentrations in the epilimnion ranged from 6.0 to 10.6 mg/l, while they
ranged from 0.4 to 10.3 mg/l at depths of greater than 46 feet. Values of less than 7.0
mg/l were reported for a depth of 3 feet in July 2000 and near the bottom during the
months of June through September 2000 and July 2003. Measurements near the bottom
indicate that anoxic conditions occurred in August 2000 and hypoxic (DO concentration
of <2.0 mg/l) conditions occurred in June and July 2000.
In 2000, DO levels were somewhat depressed in discharges from the Caribou
developments, bottom of Belden forebay, and Belden powerhouse. DO concentrations
of less than 7.0 mg/l were reported for both of the Caribou powerhouses in September,
near the bottom of Belden forebay in June and July, and for the Belden powerhouse in
July and September. DO concentrations monitored in 2002 and 2003 remained at or
above 7.0 mg/l in the tailraces of the Caribou and Belden powerhouses. Results of
PG&E’s studies indicate that low-DO water drafted from the hypolimnion of Butt
Valley reservoir via the Caribou No. 1 facility is generally re-aerated to 7 to 8 mg/l by
the time it reaches the powerhouse tailrace.
All of PG&E’s seasonal measurements of DO concentrations for project-affected
stream reaches (i.e., the Seneca, Belden, and lower Butt Creek bypassed reaches) were
greater than 7.0 mg/l.
Coliform Bacteria
Four principal sources of coliform data are available to describe bacteriological
water quality conditions in the project area. Fecal coliform densities reported for a
study conducted between 1993 and 1996 by Henrici Labs that sampled 12 locations
along the margin of Lake Almanor for 3 months a year (typically, May, August, and
October) ranged from less than 2 MPN/100 ml to greater than 1,600 MPN/100 ml
(PG&E, 2003a). With the exception of four of the 134 samples analyzed, all samples
had fecal coliform densities of less than 200 MPN/100 ml.
Fecal coliform densities reported for CDWR’s study conducted between 1995
and 1999 at 22 stations in Lake Almanor and Hamilton Branch of the NFFR ranged
from zero to 1,710 MPN/100 ml. Of the total 428 samples, all but five had values of
less than 200 MPN/100 ml.
PG&E reported fecal coliform densities ranging from less than 2 to 80 MPN/100
ml for a total of 118 samples collected at 20 locations during April, June, July, August,
September, and November 2000 (table 3-9).
3-35
PG&E monitored fecal coliform densities in Lake Almanor at the Canyon dam
picnic area by sampling five times within 30 days (as specified in the Basin Plan)
between June 29 and July 24, 2001. Samples were collected prior to and following the
July 4 holiday in an effort to monitor worst-case conditions. This location receives
considerable day use by swimmers and recreational watercraft, and has pit toilets
located upgradient from the sample site. Fecal coliform densities reported for each of
the five days monitored were less than 2 MPN/100 ml; therefore the geometric mean for
the 30-day period also was less than 2 MPN/100 ml.
Table 3-9.
Summary of total coliform and fecal coliform densities monitored by
PG&E during 2000 to 2002.a (Source: PG&E, 2002a)
Fecal
Total
Coliform
Coliform
Range
Range
(MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml)
Station
NFFR at Chester (NF1)
11–300
2–26
4–30
<2–23
13–130
<2–4
Lake Almanor at Canyon dam near surface (LA1-S)
<2–2
<2
Lake Almanor at Canyon dam near bottom (LA1-B)
<2–70
<2
Lake Almanor at the Canyon dam picnic areab
23–900
<2
Butt Valley powerhouse (BV1)
2–50
<2–17
Butt Valley reservoir at Caribou intake near surface (BV2-S)
<2–13
<2
Butt Valley reservoir at Caribou intake near bottom (BV2-B)
<2–12
<2
Butt Valley reservoir at Ponderosa campgroundc
50–300
<2–80
Butt Creek upstream of Butt Valley reservoir (BC1)
8–500
2–80
Butt Creek at mouth (BC3)
4–50
<2–2
NFFR downstream of Canyon dam (NF2)
4–30
<2–2
NFFR upstream of Caribou powerhouse (NF4)
2–80
<2–8
Caribou No. 1 powerhouse (CARB1)
2–13
<2–2
Caribou No. 2 powerhouse (CARB2)
2–23
<2–2
NFFR downstream of Belden dam (NF5)
8–240
<2–4
NFFR near Gansner Bar (NF7)
23–300
<2–4
Hamilton Branch Creek at Hwy A13 bridge (HB1)
Hamilton Branch powerhouse (HB2)
3-36
Total
Fecal
Coliform
Coliform
Range
Range
(MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml)
Station
EBNFFR at mouth (EB1)
11–500
<2–9
NFFR at Belden Town Bridge (NF8)
17–900
<2–50
Belden powerhouse (BD2)
11–110
<2–2
8–70
<2–4
Yellow Creek near mouth (YC1)
a
All rows with the exception of footnoted rows are based on samples collected in April,
June, July, August, September, and November 2000.
b
Five samples taken between June 29 and July 24, 2001; fecal coliform geometric mean is
<2 MPN/100 ml.
c
Five samples taken between August 29 and September 23, 2002; fecal coliform geometric
mean is <5.5 MPN/100 ml.
Between August 29 and September 23, 2002 (which included the Labor Day
holiday weekend), PG&E monitored fecal coliform densities in Butt Valley at the
Ponderosa campground using the methodology specified in the Basin Plan. Reported
fecal coliform densities for this period ranged from less than 2 to 80 MPN/100 ml, and
had a geometric mean of less than 5.5 MPN/100 ml.
Study results suggest that the state criteria for fecal coliform are nearly always
satisfied within waters in the project area, although fecal coliform concentrations of
>200 MPN/100 ml sometimes occur along the southern part of Lake Almanor (see
sampling results of Henrici Labs and CDWR discussed earlier). The source of these
relatively high fecal coliform concentrations is not evident, although the Chester
Sewage Treatment Plant has discharged partially treated sewage into Lake Almanor in
the past. On April 23, 2004, the SRWCB issued a cease-and-desist order for the
treatment plant to eliminate discharges that do not meet NPDES requirements, including
prohibitions on discharges to Lake Almanor during the recreational season (i.e., from
June 1 through September 30) (CVRWQCB, 2004).
3-37
Metals and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
The project may influence the concentrations of metals and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) in water through its current and past operations. There are three
primary pathways for this potential influence: (1) PG&E’s LACSP, which vaporizes a
silver iodide/acetone solution, (2) potential PCB contamination resulting from the 1984
Caribou rockslide and subsequent storage of contaminated soils, and (3) sorption/
desorption of metals in sediments deposited in project impoundments as a function of
cyclical redox functions.
As described earlier, PG&E implements the LACSP to increase snowfall in the
upper part of the basin. It uses nine cloud seeding burners, which vaporize a silver
iodide/acetone solution and form microscopic-sized crystals. During the 12 winter
seasons of 1989–90 through 2000-01, the cumulative operation of cloud-seeding
burners ranged from 44 hours in 1996–97 to 3,808 hours in 2000–01. PG&E estimates
that these operations released an average of 102 pounds of silver iodide into the
atmosphere per year during winter storm periods. Annual estimates ranged from 2
pounds of silver iodide in 1996–97 to 176 pounds of silver iodide in 2000–01.
On February 24, 1984, a large rockslide severely damaged the Caribou No. 1
penstock and Caribou No. 2 powerhouse. The slide completely destroyed the Caribou
No. 2 switchyard and damage to the Caribou No. 1 penstock resulted in flooding of the
switchyard, which included transformers and oil circuit breaker switches that contained
PCB-contaminated mineral oil (letter from W.M. Gallavan, Vice President, PG&E, to
W.F. Kopfler, II, Regional Engineer, FERC, San Francisco, CA, dated July 19, 1984).
The slide ruptured some of this equipment, resulting in PCB-contaminated mineral oil
leaking onto the slide area and into the water. PG&E (1984) reported that most of the
mineral oil at these facilities contained less than 50 ppm PCBs, although a small amount
of the oil contained greater than 50 ppm PCBs.
This leakage resulted in PCB contamination of some of the soil, slide spoil, and
Belden forebay sediments. By mid-July 1984, PG&E had cleaned up and/or removed
these PCB contaminated materials, with the exception of those with concentrations of
less than 0.4 ppm in the Belden forebay sediments and less than 7 ppm in the Oak Flat
spoil pile, which was used for disposal of dredged material. SWRCB and CDFG
continued to be concerned with the potential for residual PCBs to adversely affect the
fishery and wildlife resources, and required further cleanup of all detectable PCBs.
PG&E continued to clean up the PCB contamination as mandated by SWRCB (letter
from W.M. Gallavan, Vice President, PG&E, to W.F. Kopfler, II, Regional Engineer,
FERC, San Francisco, CA, dated July 19, 1984).
PG&E sampled waters for trace metals at 20 stations in the upper NFFR basin
during 2000. This sampling effort consisted of collecting samples during April, June,
July, August, September, and November and analyzing the samples for total
3-38
concentrations of 12 metals (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead,
manganese, mercury, selenium, silver, and zinc) and hardness. Unfortunately, method
detection limits for cadmium, lead, mercury, and silver were too high to ensure that
samples with non-detectable levels did not actually exceed applicable criteria. Because
arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc have criteria based on
concentrations of their dissolved fractions, PG&E used standard acceptable protocols
for estimating their dissolved fractions (EPA, 1996) and then compared these estimated
values to the appropriate criteria.
Following the 2000 sampling effort, PG&E consulted with resource agencies and
modified the monitoring program to focus on obtaining information appropriate for
further evaluating selected trace metals. Between July and November 2001, PG&E
sampled eight stations for dissolved concentrations of iron, manganese, and silver at
method detection limits of 0.050, 0.001, and 0.001 mg/l, respectively. Sampling
stations were in Lake Almanor near the Canyon dam outlet tower, in the Seneca reach,
and in the springs in the upper end of the Seneca reach.
PG&E developed a supplemental monitoring program that used trace metal clean
methodology and had low detection limits necessary for comparison to applicable
criteria. This program included sampling for cadmium, lead, mercury, and silver during
2002 and 2003. PG&E filed the results of this monitoring effort with the Commission
on October 29, 2004.
We discuss the results of the 2000 through 2003 sampling programs below with a
focus on exceedance of applicable criteria. As discussed above, we note that method
detection limits for the 2000 study were too high to be adequate for comparison of water
samples with non-detectable levels to criteria applicable to cadmium, lead, mercury, and
silver.
During 2000 and 2001, copper was the only metal that was found to possibly
exceed the applicable dissolved criterion. This occurred in the Caribou No. 1
powerhouse tailrace in July 2000, where the laboratory reported a total recoverable
concentration of 0.0063 mg/l and a hardness of 49 mg/l as CaCO3. Using the metals
translator (EPA, 1996), PG&E estimated a dissolved copper concentration of
approximately 0.00605 mg/l, which exceeds the California Toxics Rule, Freshwater
Aquatic Life Protection (CTR-FALP) hardness-dependent 4-day average criterion of
0.0049 mg/l. However, observed concentration was from a single sample, and was not a
4-day average and thus is not directly comparable to the criterion. Also, the estimated
dissolved fraction was less than all of the other CTR and drinking water criteria. None
of the other four samples analyzed for this station had a detectable total copper
concentration of 0.00040 mg/l or greater, which converts to a dissolved concentration of
less than 0.00038 mg/l. Each of these four estimated concentrations of the dissolved
fraction of copper is below the applicable hardness-dependent criteria for the dates
sampled.
3-39
Total iron concentrations sampled in 2000 exceeded the Title 22 Secondary MCL
of 0.3 mg/l at three stations in the NFFR. These stations included the upper and lower
ends of the Seneca reach (NF2 and NF4), and the lower end of the Belden reach (NF8).
One of the samples analyzed (NFFR below Canyon dam [NF2] during September) had a
total iron concentration of 1.7 mg/l. While this concentration is higher than the CTRFALP instantaneous maximum criterion for dissolved iron (1.0 mg/l), it is unknown
whether the concentration of dissolved iron exceeded the applicable criterion.
Dissolved iron concentrations reported for the 2001 sampling program ranged
from less than the method detection limit of 0.050 mg/l to 4.02 mg/l. Concentrations of
more than the allowable instantaneous maximum of 1.0 mg/l were reported for Lake
Almanor at the Canyon dam outlet tower near the bottom (LA1-B) during September to
mid-October, and a mineral spring located adjacent to the Canyon dam release structure
(MS) during July to November. The highest dissolved iron concentration reported for
any of the NFFR stations was 0.273 mg/l, which occurred in the NFFR below Canyon
dam (NF2) on October 10.
Total recoverable manganese was detected above the detection limit of 0.00046
mg/l at 17 stations during 2000. Manganese concentrations exceeded the Title 22
Secondary MCL of 0.05 mg/l at the upper and lower ends of the Seneca reach (NF2 and
NF4), Caribou No. 1 and No. 2 powerhouse tailraces (CARB1 and CARB2,
respectively), the upper end of the Belden reach (NF5), and the Belden powerhouse
tailrace (BD2).
Dissolved manganese concentrations reported for the 2001 sampling program
ranged from less than the method detection limit of 0.001 mg/l to 3.23 mg/l. Reported
values for the NFFR were compared to the Title 22 secondary criterion of 0.05 mg/l.
Concentrations of greater than 0.05 mg/l were reported for three stations in the upper
0.6 mile of the Seneca reach in mid-September to mid-October. On both of the days
with concentrations of greater than 0.05 mg/l in the Seneca reach, concentrations were
reduced substantially between the Canyon dam release (NF2) and Skinner Flat (SF),
which is approximately 0.6 mile downstream of the dam. For example, on September
11, the dissolved manganese concentration was 0.755 mg/l at the Canyon dam release
and 0.057 mg/l at Skinner Flat.
PG&E’s analysis of water samples for total mercury concentrations in 2000 is of
limited value because the detection levels (0.2 ȝg/l) were not adequate for comparison
to CTR Human Health Criteria for water and organisms (0.050 ȝg/l) and organisms only
(0.051 ȝg/l), and the July samples were contaminated in the laboratory by a broken
thermometer (personal communication from D. Mayugba, QA Director, ChromaLab
Inc., Pleasanton, CA, to B. Mattax, Louis Berger Group, Seattle, WA, August 2, 2000).
All of the valid total mercury concentrations reported for 2000 satisfied the CTR-FALP
4-day average criterion of 0.77 ȝg/l. To provide data sufficient to evaluate compliance
with applicable standards, PG&E included total mercury in its supplemental monitoring
3-40
program for 2002-2003 (PG&E October 29, 2004, comments on the draft EIS). The
maximum total mercury concentration reported for this study was 0.00656 ȝg/l in a
sample collected from the NFFR at Chester in April 2003. None of the reported values
exceeded any of the applicable mercury criteria.
The maximum dissolved cadmium concentration measured for the 2002 and
2003 sampling was 0.8 ȝg/l, which occurred in July 2003 at the Butt Valley powerhouse
tailrace. Although it is not possible to determine exceedances of EPA’s national 4-day
average criteria based on single measurements, three of the discrete samples analyzed
had concentrations that were higher than the corresponding EPA national 4-day average
cadmium criteria of 0.11 to 0.13 ȝg/l. These samples included a July 2003 sample from
Butt Valley powerhouse with a cadmium concentration of 0.8 ȝg/l, a July 2003 surface
sample from Lake Almanor that had a concentration of 0.15 ȝg/l, and an October 2002
sample from the NFFR upstream of Lake Almanor that had a concentration of 0.18 ȝg/l.
The maximum dissolved lead concentration measured in the 2002 and 2003
samples that reached the laboratory in acceptable condition was 0.68 ȝg/l, which was
reported for October 2002 at the Hamilton Branch powerhouse tailrace. All samples of
acceptable quality had concentrations of less than all applicable dissolved lead criteria.
Nearly all of the water samples collected during PG&E’s studies in 2000 to 2003
had undetectable silver concentrations. As discussed, the detection limits for analysis of
samples collected in 2000 exceeded the applicable criteria, but the detection limits were
subsequently lowered (to about 0.090 ȝg/l) by implementing trace metal clean sampling
analysis methods for the samples collected in 2002 and 2003. The maximum detectable
concentration of dissolved silver measured during PG&E’s 2000 to 2003 studies was
0.155 ȝg/l for a sample collected from the Butt Creek bypassed reach in October 2002.
All silver concentrations were well below the applicable criteria.
PG&E also evaluated bioaccumulation of mercury, silver, and PCBs in fishes
and crayfish during 2001, 2002, and 2003. In 2001, PG&E collected fish and crayfish
from the Belden forebay and Belden reach and analyzed homogenized whole organism
samples. Prior to the 2002 sampling, PG&E modified its sampling and analysis
protocol to target the collection of fish species and sizes that would represent fish
caught by sport fishers and to analyze samples of fillets for total mercury, instead of
methylmercury, concentrations. Because most of the mercury accumulated in fish is
generally in the form of methylmercury and methylmercury analysis is relatively
expensive, EPA (2000) recommends analysis of total mercury as a conservative
surrogate of methylmercury in fish and shellfish tissue. The revised protocols resulted
in analyzing fillets of fish collected from Butt Valley reservoir in 2002 and 2003 for
total mercury concentrations and fillets of fish collected from the Belden forebay and
the NFFR immediately downstream of the Oak Flat spoil pile in 2002 for PCB
concentrations. Table 3-10 summarizes the results of the contaminant bioaccumulation
studies conducted between 2001 and 2003.
3-41
Brown trout
Smallmouth bass
2002
2003
Brown trout
Smallmouth bass
Sacramento sucker
Signal Crayfish
Rainbow trout
Smallmouth bass
Sacramento sucker
2001
2001
2001
2001
2002
2002
2002
2001
Rainbow trout
4
3
6
6
172–295
376–395
286–397
245–572
Various
~12b
175–180
280
229
255–369
538–565
266–555
333–358
2
1
1
9
2
6
Length
(mm)
3
NFFR downstream of Dredge Disposal Pile
Rainbow trout
2001
Belden Forebay
Rainbow trout
Species
2002
Butt Valley Reservoir
Year
Number of
Organisms
3-42
--
--
--
--
23
5–6
2–4
10
14
--
--
--
Silver
(μg/kg)
--
--
--
--
31.5
53.2–91.1
55.6–111.0
68.1
53.5
--
--
--
Methyl
Mercury
(μg/kg)
--
--
--
--
1.8
1.4–1.9
1.0–3.3
1.4
1.1
--
--
--
Hg (II)
(μg/kg)
--
--
--
--
33.3
54.7–92.8
56.7–114.0
70.6
54.5
60–150
130–200
70–120
Total
Mercury
(μg/kg)
5.10–6.70
3.33–6.59
0.67–3.15
2.35–6.9
0.80
11.00–14.60
5.70–14.90
9.70
2.60
--
--
--
Total PCBs
(μg/kg)
Table 3-10. Fish and crayfish tissue analysis results for silver, mercury, and PCBs in Butt Valley reservoir, Belden forebay
and Belden reach, 2001–2003.a (Source: PG&E, 2002a, October 29, 2004, comments on the draft EIS)
Sacramento sucker
Signal Crayfish
Rainbow trout
Sacramento sucker
2001
2001
2002
2002
6
--
--
--
--
Total
Mercury
(μg/kg)
0.62–4.51
0.93–3.42
0.20
2.30–7.30
Total PCBs
(μg/kg)
3-43
Single composite sample was analyzed.
--
--
--
--
Hg (II)
(μg/kg)
b
--
--
--
--
Methyl
Mercury
(μg/kg)
Tissue analyses for 2001 samples were conducted on whole specimens (i.e., entire fish and crayfish were homogenized); whereas analyses for
2002 and 2003 were conducted on fillets.
--
--
--
--
Silver
(μg/kg)
a
349–413
203–276
Various
~6b
6
360–425
Length
(mm)
4
-- indicates not reported; NA indicates not applicable.
Species
Year
Number of
Organisms
The concentration of silver in all whole-organism samples of the fish and
crayfish sampled during 2001 ranged from 2 μg/kg in smallmouth bass to 23 μg/kg in the
composite sample of crayfish in Belden forebay. These results indicate that body
burdens of silver in fish and crayfish are generally low in the Belden forebay.
Methylmercury concentrations reported for whole-organism samples of fish and
crayfish collected from the Belden forebay in 2001 ranged from 31.5 μg/kg for the
composite crayfish sample to 111 μg/kg in a smallmouth bass. Comparison of the total
mercury and methylmercury for each sample indicates that from 95 to 98 percent of the
mercury is in the methylated form. This evaluation confirms that total mercury
concentrations are generally representative of methylmercury concentrations in tissues
of the species sampled. Results of the 2002–2003 study of fish fillets from Butt Valley
reservoir indicated that total mercury concentrations ranged from 60 to 200 μg/kg and
tended to be highest in the largest fish.
Various agencies have established mercury concentrations that they use as
screening values to protect the health of humans and wildlife. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (2000) developed and currently has an action level of 1,000 μg/kg
methylmercury in edible portions of fish and other aquatic organisms to protect human
health. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (COEHHA)
established a screening value of 300 μg/kg following the EPA-recommended approach
to identify chemical contaminants in fish tissue that may be of human health concern for
frequent consumers of sport fish (Brodberg and Pollock, 1999). SWRCB established a
maximum tissue residue concentration for mercury at 370 μg/kg to be used as a
guideline indicator of potential human health concerns (Rasmussen, 2000). FWS
evaluated whether the 300-μg/kg screening value set for human health also would
protect the health of bald eagles, based on consumption of various trophic levels of fish,
birds, and other terrestrial organisms (Russell, 2003). This evaluation indicates that
applying the 300-μg/kg screening value to the highest tropic level (e.g., adult bass)
should sufficiently protect the health of bald eagle populations. All of the fish or
crayfish samples analyzed had total mercury concentrations of less than the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) action level, COEHHA screening value, SWRCB
maximum tissue residue level, and FWS level to protect bald eagles, suggesting that
methylmercury is not at concentrations that cause significant risk to populations of
humans and bald eagles.
Total PCB concentrations (a summation of the 209 separate cogeners for each
sampled organism) for whole-organism samples ranged from 0.8 μg/kg in the composite
crayfish sample to 14.9 μg/kg in a smallmouth bass in the Belden forebay and from 0.2
μg/kg in the composite crayfish sample to 7.3 μg/kg in a Sacramento sucker in the
Belden reach below the Oak Flat spoil pile. Total PCB concentrations in fillet samples
from fish collected in 2002 ranged from 0.67 to 6.9 μg/kg for the Belden forebay and
0.62 to 4.51 μg/kg for the Belden reach downstream of the Oak Flat spoil pile.
3-44
Federal and state regulatory agencies have developed screening values for total
PCBs to be used as indicators of potential increases in health risks of humans and
wildlife. Screening values for potential increases in human health risks include the
FDA tolerance level used to prohibit interstate commerce of fish flesh of 2,000 μg/kg,
the SWRCB screening value for California lakes of 20 μg/kg (Brodberg and Pollock,
1999), the EPA (2000) screening values of 20 μg/kg for recreational fishers and 2.45
μg/kg for subsistence fishers. All of the fish or crayfish samples analyzed had total
PCB concentrations of less than the 2,000-μg/kg FDA tolerance level and the 20-μg/kg
screening values of SWRCB for California lakes and EPA for recreational fishers.
However, many of the fillet samples and the whole-organism samples exceeded the
2.45-μg/kg screening value set to indicate potential risk to subsistence fishers, This
value is based on the 99th percentile consumption rate of fish and shellfish from
estuarine and fresh waters (142.4 grams, 5 ounces) uncooked per day and an average
body weight of 70 kilograms (154 pounds). In samples collected from the Belden
forebay, 83 percent of rainbow trout fillets, 17 percent of the smallmouth bass fillets,
and all of the Sacramento sucker fillets exceeded the 2.45-μg/kg screening value.
Downstream of the Oak Flat spoil pile, fillet samples exceeded the 2.45-μg/kg screening
value less frequently (17 percent of the rainbow trout and 50 percent of Sacramento
suckers).
Screening values for the protection of piscivorous wildlife is very limited, and no
California guidelines have been set. Therefore, we use the National Academy of
Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (1973, as cited in Riva-Murray et al.,
2003) guideline of 500 μg/kg and New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation screening value of 110 μg/kg (Newell et al., 1987, as cited in RivaMurray et al., 2003) to suggest potential increased risk to the health of piscivorous
wildlife. All of the 2001 whole-organism and 2002 fillet samples had total PCB
concentrations that were well below the 500-μg/kg and 110-μg/kg screening values
used as indicators of potential health risks to piscivorous wildlife.
Four samples (three Sacramento suckers and one smallmouth bass) from the
Belden forebay exceeded the EPA screening level of 10 μg/kg for PCBs; however, all of
these tissue levels were below the FDA allowable level of 2,000 μg/kg.
Odors and Sulfide
PG&E reported that hydrogen sulfide odors were evident at the NFFR release
from Canyon dam in both 2000 and 2001. During summer 2001, PG&E included an
evaluation of conditions that could lead to odor problems in its investigation of the
water quality of late summer releases from Canyon dam. Odor and sulfide levels were
sampled during four events between July 10 and October 10 during typical operations of
releasing 35 cfs into the upper end of the Seneca reach through the lower gates of the
Canyon dam outlet tower.
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Odors monitored during these four days ranged from less than 2 to 4 odor units
reported as threshold odor number (TON).15 Values of greater than the 3 Odor unit
(reported as TON) Drinking Water Secondary MCL were reported for two of the 32
samples taken. These high values (4 TON) were reported for October 10 near the
bottom of Lake Almanor near the Canyon dam outlet tower (LA1-B) and the NFFR at
the Canyon dam release (NF2).
Sulfide concentrations measured during these four days ranged from less than
0.0017 to 0.504 mg/l. The highest values were reported for near the bottom of Lake
Almanor (LA1-B) between September and mid-October. Sulfide concentrations at this
station increased rapidly from less than 0.0017 mg/l in August to 0.504 mg/l in
September and then declined to 0.221 mg/l on October 10. Measured sulfide
concentrations exceeded 0.005 mg/l at two of the other stations monitored during 2001.
At the mineral spring located adjacent to the Canyon dam release structure (MS), sulfide
concentrations of 0.0102, 0.0081, and 0.0059 were reported for July 10, August 8, and
October 10, respectively. At the Canyon dam release into the NFFR (NF2), a sulfide
concentration of 0.0086 mg/l was reported for October 10.
MTBE
MTBE, an additive to gasoline, which makes it burn more efficiently, could enter
the project’s reservoirs as a result of power boating. On August 17, 2000, PG&E
collected near-surface and near-bottom waters of Lake Almanor and Butt Valley
reservoir (LA1-S, LA1-B, BV2-S, and BV2-B) for MTBE analysis. Each of the four
samples collected had a non-detectable MTBE level at a method detection limit of 0.005
mg/l. These limited data do not suggest any exceedances of the primary or secondary
drinking water MCLs for MTBE.
Lake Almanor Shoreline Erosion
In 1957, PG&E executed a legal agreement, referred to as the Clifford Deed,
with Edward A. Clifford and Josephine Clifford, landowners of property adjoining the
project boundary at 4,500 feet (PG&E datum). The Clifford Deed grants PG&E the
right to flood or erode lands owned or acquired by the Cliffords by wave action,
seepage, or other actions of the water (Clifford et al., 1957) up to elevation 4,510.2 feet
(PG&E datum). This agreement perpetuates with land sales, and PG&E reports that it is
thereby effective on 733 of the approximate 1,000 residential lots adjoining the project
boundary around Lake Almanor at an elevation of 4,500 feet (PG&E datum).
15
Odors are measured by having individuals evaluate whether samples diluted with
odor-free water have a perceptible odor, and are reported as the ratio of the greatest
dilution sample with a definitely perceptible odor (e.g., a sample reported as 3 TON
had a perceptible odor when diluted 2 odor-free water to 1 sample water).
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Under PG&E’s existing shoreline management program, adjacent property
owners can obtain permits for installing erosion control structures on PG&E lands
below the 4,500-foot contour (PG&E datum). PG&E reports that 70 riprap permits
have been issued to private parties under this program. In addition, PG&E has placed
riprap on its lands adjoining 267 properties that are not under the Clifford Deed in order
to prevent erosion from extending above an elevation of 4,500 feet.
Two years before increasing the normal maximum operating level of Lake
Almanor to elevation 4,494 feet (PG&E datum) in 1976, Dames and Moore assessed the
potential for shoreline erosion. PG&E reports that, because the original Dames and
Moore report is no longer available, it used the 1975 Environmental Data Report as the
source of information for the results from the study. The study concluded that the
potential for erosion below elevation 4,490 feet (PG&E datum) was minimal because of
low-gradient shoreline slopes. Above elevation 4,490 feet (PG&E datum), erosion was
categorized by its severity and mapped. This study concluded that:
x 23 percent of the shoreline had significant erosion as determined by
noticeable slope scars on the shoreline and sloughing of material into water;
x 55 percent of the shoreline had slight erosion determined by slight slope scars
resulting from small wave cutting action; and
x 22 percent of the shoreline had no detectable erosion.
In 2000 (nearly 24 years after implementing the increased maximum lake level),
PG&E again surveyed shoreline erosion. This survey included mapping shoreline
erosion by boat with emphasis on the eastern lobe of Lake Almanor where the banks are
steeper and potential for erosion is higher. Bank slopes were determined between
elevation 4,490 and 4,494 feet (PG&E datum), and erosion was categorized using the
same criteria as the 1974 Dames and Moore survey. Results of the 2000 survey indicate
that substantial localized erosion occurs along the eastern shore of the eastern lobe and
the western shore of the Almanor peninsula. Overall, approximately 4.2 miles (7
percent) of the 58-mile-long shoreline has noticeable slope scars.
3.3.1.2
Environmental Effects
Water Quantity
Reservoir Water Levels and Flows in the Bypassed Reaches
Although reservoir water level management, minimum flows in the bypassed
reaches, block loading of the Belden powerhouse, winter pulse flows, summer
recreational flows, and ramping rates associated with controlled releases are
hydrological functions, their consequences primarily influence habitat for aquatic and
riparian organisms and recreational resources. Therefore, we discuss these measures in
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sections 3.3.2, Aquatic Resources, 3.3.3, Terrestrial Resources, and 3.3.5, Recreational
Resources.
Flow and Water Level Monitoring
In the SA (PG&E, 2004a), PG&E proposes to continue monitoring flows in the
Seneca and Belden reaches at its NF-2 (USGS gage No. 11399500), and NF-70 (USGS
No. 11401112) stream gages under the general supervision of the USGS, and to
rehabilitate the NF-9 gage (Butt Creek near Caribou) to enable flow measurement in
lower Butt Creek. PG&E would complete any necessary modifications to the NF-2 and
NF-70 gages for the purpose of measuring the new minimum instream flow (MIF)
within 3 years of license issuance. For compliance purposes, the SA dictates that all
daily mean flows should be at least as high as the monthly MIF, and the 15-minute
streamflows at the compliance gages should be at least 90 percent of the applicable
MIF. PG&E also would develop a stage vs. discharge rating curve for the NF-9 gage
that would not be required to meet USGS standards, and would read the staff gage at
this station on or about April 1, June 1, August 1, and October 1. In addition, PG&E
would make daily midnight storage and water surface elevation (rounded to the nearest
100 acre-feet and 0.1 foot, respectively) of Lake Almanor available on the Internet
within 7 to 10 days.
In its November 4, 2004, letter to the Commission, the FS specifies, as
paragraphs 5 and 8 of final Section 4(e) condition no. 25, that PG&E operate and
maintain the existing gages at NF-2, NF-70, and NF-9; and the FS specifies, as
paragraph 11 of final Section 4(e) condition no. 30, that PG&E make Lake Almanor
water level and storage information available as described above for the SA.
Our Analysis
The purpose of flow and water level monitoring in the context of this analysis is
to allow the Commission to be able to verify compliance with flow and water surface
elevation requirements that are included in a new license issued for a project. To verify
compliance with MIF and specific water surface elevation requirements discussed in
section 3.3.2, Aquatic Resources, it is necessary to monitor flows in the Seneca and
Belden reaches, as well as water surface elevations in Lake Almanor, Butt Valley
reservoir, and Belden forebay.
PG&E gages NF-2 and NF-70 currently monitor flows in Seneca reach and
Belden reach, respectively. PG&E also currently monitors water surface elevations in
Lake Almanor (NF-1), Butt Valley reservoir (NF-8), and Belden forebay (NF-67).
Continued operation of the above gages would allow evaluation of compliance with
required MIF and water surface elevations.
As discussed in section 3.3.2, Aquatic Resources, PG&E is also required to
ensure that it takes no action that would reduce existing inflow to lower Butt Creek.
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Although no measure proposed for this license explicitly reduces flows below the Butt
Valley dam, it is possible that the change in reservoir operations after relicensing may
affect groundwater recharge and leakage, which would correspondingly affect inflows
to lower Butt Creek. However, as shown in section 3.3.2, the elevation in Butt Valley
reservoir is likely to be the same or higher than currently observed. Since increased
reservoir elevation would cause an increase in the hydraulic pressure pushing leakage
through dam facilities, and would also result in an increase to the groundwater available
for inflow to lower Butt Creek through exfiltration from the reservoir, the flows in
lower Butt Creek are likely to be unchanged or increase slightly due to operational
changes required in this license.
As part of the licensing of PG&E’s downstream Rock Creek-Cresta Project, the
Commission included a requirement to develop a flow and water temperature
monitoring plan in the license order for that project. PG&E filed this plan with the
Commission on October 23, 2002, and the Commission approved the plan on February
28, 2003. Under the approved plan, PG&E would monitor flow at 10 USGS gaging
stations and 6 ungaged stations in the UNFFR Project area from June 1 through
September 30 for 15 years, including gaging stations NF-2, NF-70, and NF-9. As part
of the plan, gaging stations that historically have contributed greater than 10 percent of
the flow in the main stem, including NF-9, are to be gaged with continuous stage
recorders.
Although PG&E currently operates gaging sufficient to ensure compliance with
MIF and water surface elevation requirements as discussed above, PG&E’s
coordination of the collection and reporting of this data would ensure that compliance is
continually checked and confirmed, and the Commission can easily verify compliance
as warranted.
Water Quality
Water Quality Monitoring Program
The SA (PG&E, 2004a) includes a multi-faceted WQMP that would provide data
to evaluate a reasonable protection of beneficial uses of the project waters and identify
project-related changes in water quality that may occur over time.
According to the SA, within 3 months of issuance of a new license for the
project, PG&E would develop monitoring plans that provide specific details, analytical
methods, sampling protocols, and QA/QC procedures to be used in the initial
monitoring studies for the five facets of the WQMP, in consultation with SWRCB,
CVRWQCB, Plumas County, the FS, CDFG, FWS, and other parties who request
involvement in the WQMP. The WQMP would be adaptive and may be modified to
more effectively focus on specific project-related water quality conditions identified in
project waters, if agreed to by PG&E, SWRCB, CVRWQCB, Plumas County, the FS,
CDFG, FWS, and other parties who request involvement in the WQMP. PG&E would
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also develop, in consultation with these same parties, any future modification of the
initial water quality monitoring plans. The initial water quality monitoring plans and
any subsequent revisions would be filed with the Commission for approval.
PG&E would analyze the water quality data collected and prepare an annual
water quality report containing elements consistent with reporting requirements from all
of the plans under the WQMP, and provide the report to the Commission, SWRCB,
CVRWQCB, Plumas County, the FS, CDFG, FWS, and other parties who request
involvement in the WQMP by no later than March 15 of the following year. If an
adverse trend in water quality is determined to be a result of O&M of the project, PG&E
would develop and implement measures to mitigate project-related effects on water
quality. PG&E would convene a discussion group meeting between April 15 and 28
once annually at least 30 days following distribution of the annual water quality
monitoring report.
As described in the SA, the WQMP would include the following five
components:
x Canyon Dam Mitigation Measures Evaluation—The objective of this
sampling program is to evaluate the adequacy and efficacy of mitigating
elevated odor and dissolved metal levels in the Seneca reach through
seasonal gate switching at the Canyon dam outlet tower. PG&E would
(1) conduct in situ monitoring of temperature, DO, pH, specific
conductance, and turbidity throughout one vertical profile in Lake
Almanor near the Canyon dam outlet tower at 1-meter intervals during
June, July, August, September, and October; (2) sample hydrogen sulfide,
iron, manganese, and arsenic at the surface and bottom of Lake Almanor
and at three locations in the Seneca reach during the September and
October sampling events; and (3) collect a sediment sample from Lake
Almanor near Canyon dam during the October sampling event and
analyze it for hydrogen sulfide, sulfate, iron, manganese, and arsenic.
Sample timing would be coordinated with switching the release flow path
from the lower gate to the upper gate at the Canyon dam outlet tower.
September sampling would be done prior to the gate switch, and October
sampling would be done after the gate switch. Monitoring would begin in
the first year after issuance of a new license for the project, and would be
conducted in a minimum of 6 water years with various hydrologic
conditions. After sampling has been conducted in 2 wet water years, 2
normal water years, and 2 dry/critically dry water years after issuance of a
new license for the project, PG&E would make a determination of the
effectiveness of the mitigation measure and need (if any) for additional
monitoring or development and implementation of alternative measures in
consultation with SWRCB, CVRWQCB, Plumas County, the FS, CDFG,
FWS, and other parties who request involvement in the WQMP.
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x Selected Water Quality Monitoring—PG&E would conduct a special
study to identify the cause of high dissolved cadmium and specific
conductance levels in waters of the upper NFFR that were measured in
2002-2003. Monitoring would be conducted seasonally (spring, summer,
and fall) at 20 specified locations within the upper basin, and would
include analysis of dissolved cadmium, total hardness, temperature, DO,
pH, specific conductance, and turbidity. At a minimum, this sampling
program would be conducted in years 1 and 2 after issuance of a new
license.
x Lake Almanor Water Quality Monitoring Program—The objectives of this
monitoring program are to monitor long-term water quality trends in Lake
Almanor; and determine if the water quality protects the designated
beneficial uses for Lake Almanor and meets water quality objectives
outlined in the Basin Plan (CVRWQCB, 1998), California Toxics Rule
criteria (40 CFR Part 131), and National Recommended Ambient Water
Quality criteria (EPA, 2002). PG&E would monitor the water quality of
Lake Almanor at three representative locations: (1) in the channel near
the Canyon dam outlet tower, (2) in the western lobe, and (3) in the
eastern lobe. Sampling would include:
1.
monitoring in situ parameters (including temperature, DO, pH, specific
conductance and turbidity), at 1-meter intervals;
2.
measuring Secchi depths; and
3.
collecting and analyzing surface and near-bottom samples for general
analytes (hardness, sulfate, total alkalinity, and total suspended solids),
minerals (calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and sodium),
metals (total concentrations16 of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, copper,
iron, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc), nutrients
(nitrate+nitrite, total ammonia, orthophosphate, total phosphorous, total
organic nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic carbon, and
chlorophyll-a), and petroleum products (MTBE, TPHG,17 and BTEX18).
PG&E would monitor once per season (spring, summer, and fall) every 5
years beginning in year 3 after issuance of a new license, and continue for
the term of the new license. During the new license term, monitoring and
16
Dissolved concentrations would be calculated for cadmium, copper, nickel, silver,
and zinc as outlined in EPA (1996a).
17
Total petroleum hydrocarbons as gasoline.
18
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes sampled only at the surface.
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reporting requirements may be modified to more appropriately monitor for
changes in project operations, regulatory mandates, or focus study needs, or
terminated if agreed to by PG&E, SWRCB, CVRWQCB, Plumas County,
the FS, CDFG, FWS, and other parties who request involvement in the
WQMP. A modification that could be implemented is increasing the
sampling frequency for specific parameters to once every 3 years if results
exhibit a substantial increasing trend over time or if a parameter that has
historically had low levels approaches or exceeds applicable federal or state
water quality standards.
x Fish Tissue Bioaccumulation Screening—PG&E would monitor the
potential bioaccumulation of silver, total mercury, and PCBs in tissue
samples collected from resident catchable-sized (minimum total length of
8 inches) fish in waters of the project. The sampling strategy would be
consistent with the field methods developed in the relicensing process in
coordination with SWRCB’s Toxic Substances Monitoring Program
(table 3-11).
Sampling would target fish with a total length of at least 10 to 12 inches.
Silver and mercury analyses would be conducted for fish collected from
Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and the Belden forebay; and PCB
analyses would be conducted for fish collected from Belden forebay. Fish
tissue bioaccumulation screening samples would be collected once every 5
years beginning with the first year after issuance of a new license, and
continue through the term of the new license. During the term of the
license, monitoring and reporting requirements may be reduced or
terminated after it is demonstrated to the satisfaction of SWRCB,
CVRWQCB, Plumas County, the FS, CDFG, FWS, and other parties who
request involvement in the WQMP that the given requirement is no longer
necessary.
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Table 3-11. Fish tissue bioaccumulation screening-sampling protocols. (Source:
PG&E, 2004a)
Alternative
Sample
Sample
Sample
Description
Species
Analysis
Descriptiona
Lake Almanor
Smallmouth
Silver and
18
bass
mercury
individuals
-Silver and
Brown
mercury
9 individuals
-troutb
Brown
2 composites
bullhead
Silver and
of 3
-mercury
individualsc
Butt Valley reservoir
Smallmouth
Silver and
bass
mercury
9 individuals
-Brown trout
Silver and
mercury
6 individuals
-Silver and
Rainbow
trout
mercury
6 individuals
-Belden forebay
Smallmouth
Silver,
6 individuals
3 composites
bass
mercury, and
of 3
PCB
individualsc
Rainbow
Silver,
6 individuals
3 composites
trout
mercury, and
of 3
PCB
individualsc
Sacramento
Silver,
2 composites
2 composites
sucker
mercury, and
of 3
of 3
c
PCB
individualsc
individuals
a
This sample set may be prepared and analyzed rather than the one listed in the
column to the left.
b
Sacramento pikeminnow may be substituted, if brown trout can not be reasonably
obtained.
c
The total length of all individuals included in each composite sample must fall within
a 25 percent range of one another.
x Bacteriological Sampling—PG&E would conduct bacteriological
monitoring consistent with the Basin Plan objectives for protection of the
water contact recreation beneficial uses at 10 locations in the project
boundaries. Sampling would include five annually rotating stations
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(stations would be selected on an annual basis and may differ by year) at
PG&E-owned or managed recreation sites around Lake Almanor, three
rotating stations at PG&E-owned or -managed recreation sites around Butt
Valley reservoir, and two stations at recreation sites on the upper NFFR.
PG&E would select sampling locations by April 30 for each upcoming
field season by consulting SWRCB, CVRWQCB, Plumas County, the FS,
CDFG, FWS, and other parties who request involvement in the WQMP.
Five samples would be collected at each of the 10 selected sampling
locations during the 30-day period that spans either the Independence Day
holiday or the Labor Day holiday. Bacteriological monitoring would be
conducted annually for the first 5 years after license issuance and once
every other year for the remaining term of the new license. This
monitoring program may be modified or terminated if agreed to by
PG&E, SWRCB, CVRWQCB, Plumas County, the FS, CDFG, FWS, and
other parties who request involvement in the WQMP.
In its comments on the draft EIS, filed with the Commission on November 1,
2004, the FS states that it fully supports the water quality component of the SA.
In its comments on Scoping Document 1, letter filed with the Commission on
July 7, 2003, Plumas County recommends that PG&E be required to augment the water
quality monitoring plan if it is insufficient to ensure that water quality problems would
be detected.
Our Analysis
We agree there is a need to document that water quality conditions under any
new license issued meet applicable federal and state water quality standards and meet
the objectives of applicable management plans. These standards are set to protect the
designated beneficial uses of surface waters. Any new license issued for the project is
expected to include measures that would alter water quality in project impoundments
and stream reaches. Although PG&E conducted studies to evaluate the effects that
implementing various measures would have on water quality, it has not determined with
reasonable certainty the effects of some measures. For instance, its test of using the
upper-level Canyon dam intake gates during the fall was done under lower than normal
Lake Almanor water levels, which may have resulted in substantially different results
than would occur under a higher reservoir level.
Our review of available water quality information (section 3.3.1.1, Water
Quality) indicates that project waters typically comply with the applicable federal and
state standards for most water quality parameters. However, the available information
indicates that the applicable criteria for water temperature and DO are frequently not
satisfied in some areas, and it is questionable whether other water quality standards
including specific conductance and some trace metals are typically satisfied throughout
project waters. We discuss these in the following section.
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Our review of temperature data reported by PG&E indicates that daily mean
water temperatures of greater than 20°C generally occur more than 20 percent of the
time from June through September throughout the Belden reach; in near-surface waters
of Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir; and in discharges from the Butt Valley,
Caribou No. 1, Caribou No. 2, and Belden powerhouses (see table 3-7). Under the
terms of the Rock Creek-Cresta SA (PG&E, 2000a), PG&E is required to evaluate and
potentially modify the Prattville intake, implement other options for using the coldwater
supply in Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir, and/or implement other measures to
attain cooler temperatures in the NFFR downstream of the Caribou developments.
Implementation of these measures for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project along with altering
operations of this project under any new license could substantially alter the thermal
regimes of Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and the NFFR downstream of the
Caribou developments. We evaluate the effects of these measures below in our
discussion of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Management.
DO concentrations of less than 7.0 mg/l are common near the bottom of Lake
Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and Belden forebay; and occur occasionally in the
surface waters of Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir along with the Butt Valley,
Caribou No. 1, Caribou No. 2, and Belden powerhouse tailraces (see table 3-8). Data
collected by PG&E in 2000, 2002, and 2003 indicate DO levels generally satisfy the
applicable standard in the Seneca, Belden, and lower Butt Creek bypassed reaches. DO
levels could be altered in Lake Almanor and the Seneca reach if the Commission adopts
PG&E’s proposal to shift its typical use of the lower gate at the Canyon dam outlet
tower to the upper gate from September and October. We address the effects of
modifying the Prattville intake and other temperature control options being considered
below in our discussion of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Management, and
discuss the need for monitoring effects of switching the Canyon dam outlet tower gate
used in our discussion of Odors and Metals in the Seneca Reach.
During relicensing studies for this project, PG&E conducted evaluations of the
concentration of metals in water; however, not all of these studies analyzed the
dissolved metal fraction, where appropriate, or had method detection limits sufficient to
verify compliance with applicable criteria. PG&E modified its monitoring protocol for
trace metals to address these concerns and sampled 20 stations throughout the UNFFR
basin in fall 2002 and spring and summer 2003. PG&E reported relatively high
concentrations of dissolved cadmium in samples collected from the NFFR near Chester
(NF1), Lake Almanor near Canyon dam surface (LA1-S), and Butt Valley powerhouse
tailrace (BV1). However, the sampling protocol did not support a comparison with the
EPA 4-day average criteria.
PG&E also reported that specific conductance values exceeded the Basin Plan
criterion of 150 μmhos/cm at six stations located in the Project’s bypassed reaches and
two tributaries to the Belden reach. Our review of the data suggests that the high and
variable conductivity in these reaches may be primarily reflective of the geology and
3-55
hydrology of the project area. This is supported by the higher conductivity observed in
non-project affected tributaries than below project reservoirs, and reduced
conductivities at higher flow levels at some locations, suggesting that lower
conductivity surface water is diluting higher conductivity groundwater. A potential
project impact is an increase in conductivity in bypass reaches caused by reduced
dilution of groundwater-origin flows resulting from flow diversions.
Data obtained during implementation of a monitoring program consistent with
the selected water quality monitoring described in the SA would provide additional
information on both spatial and seasonal differences in these parameters. We anticipate
that seasonal monitoring for a period of 1 to 3 years in combination with the results of
PG&E’s 2002 and 2003 studies, filed on October 29, 2004, should be sufficient to
determine the extent and cause(s) of elevated dissolved cadmium and specific
conductance levels and identify potential measures to remedy the situation, if the
cause(s) is due to the project. We note that implementation of this monitoring program
could provide sufficient information to determine the cause(s) and potential remedies in
less than 3 years; review of the results of the study annually by PG&E and the
appropriate agencies could determine the cause(s) and potential remedies, if necessary,
and determine if monitoring should be reduced or terminated.
Lake Almanor’s limnology could be substantially influenced by operational
changes incorporated into a new license for this project, although these changes would
be expected to improve water quality conditions. However, we acknowledge the need
to document compliance with federal and state water quality standards under any new
license. We conclude that it would be appropriate to monitor water quality conditions
in Lake Almanor for the first wet, normal, and dry/critically dry year of any new license
period to document water quality conditions that result from the modified operations. In
this manner, the effects of the new operations could be readily evaluated and corrective
actions, if necessary, could be made within a few years of implementing the new license
terms. We concur with the SA that in situ monitoring of the identified water quality
parameters; measuring Secchi depths; and analyzing general analytes, minerals, metals,
nutrients, and petroleum products seasonally at the three indicated locations would be
appropriate to document conditions in the reservoir. Data collected could be used to
determine compliance with applicable federal and state water quality standards for trace
metals and other water quality parameters.
Although monitoring Lake Almanor once every 5 years for the term of any new
license would provide data that could be used to assess long-term trends, it is not the
objective of our recommended monitoring plan and it would unnecessarily prolong
determination of any adverse effects that may occur and could delay implementation of
corrective actions, if necessary. We acknowledge that modifying the Prattville intake
also could substantially affect Lake Almanor’s limnology, as discussed later in this
section. However, PG&E has not proposed modifying the Prattville intake. We
conclude that monitoring Lake Almanor water quality early in any new license period
3-56
would sufficiently document project-induced changes in the lake’s water quality. If the
Prattville intake is later modified, it would be beneficial to conduct monitoring to
document the resulting water quality conditions in Lake Almanor.
Natural, project-related, and other human-related activities have led to the
concentration of metals in the sediments of Lake Almanor, some of which are
subsequently mineralized and dissolve into water when DO concentrations are low at
the water/substrate interface. The anoxic conditions and generally neutral pH near the
bottom of Lake Almanor, along with the long hydraulic residence time (average of
about 290 days), result in methylation of mercury and a buildup of mercury in the
reservoir’s deep water. Methylmercury concentrations may increase substantially in the
overlying water column upon fall turnover of the reservoir, be drafted through the
Prattville intake and discharged into the Butt Valley reservoir, and then on to the Belden
forebay and the Belden reach. PG&E’s cloud seeding operations, which vaporize a
silver iodide/acetone solution, increase the potential for elevating silver concentrations
in precipitation and subsequently surface waters. Although, the LACSP does increase
the potential for silver to be introduced to Lake Almanor and consequently other project
water bodies, results of PG&E’s 2002–2003 study indicate that silver concentrations in
water are substantially less than the applicable criteria. Concentrations of PCBs in
water and biota in the project area are probably largely a result of the 1984 Caribou
landslide.
Trace metals and PCBs can bioaccumulate and may, in some cases, present a
hazard to the health of both biota and humans. To evaluate bioaccumulation, PG&E
sampled silver, mercury, and PCB concentrations in whole-organism samples of various
fish species and crayfish collected in 2001 and fillet samples of fishes collected in 2002
and 2003. The results of these studies are summarized in table 3-10. These results
indicate that some silver, mercury, and PCBs are accumulating in fish and crayfish
tissues. We conclude that biomagnification (higher concentrations of contaminants in
successive levels of the food chain) of methylmercury and PCB could lead to elevated
concentrations of these contaminants in these organisms’ predators, including birds of
prey and humans (Eisler, 1987, 1986). However, biomagnification of silver is unlikely
(Howe and Dobson, 2002).
After reviewing the results of the 2001 bioaccumulation study, SWRCB and
CDFG became concerned that the mercury and PCB concentrations reported could
represent a risk to human health, and requested that PG&E evaluate that risk through
further sampling. Subsequently, PG&E analyzed fish fillets for these contaminants in
2002 and 2003. The fillet sampling results suggest that methylmercury concentrations
do not generally bioaccumulate to levels that significantly increase health risks for
either humans or piscivorous wildlife. Results of sampling fish fillets for PCB
concentrations suggest that PCBs bioaccumulate in fishes residing in the Belden forebay
and the NFFR near the Oak Flat spoil site to concentrations that may potentially cause a
3-57
health hazard for subsistence fishers that consume an average of 142.4 grams (5 ounces)
per day of uncooked fish.19 There is no evidence of any subsistence fishers currently
using the project area. However, the results indicate that bioaccumulation of PCBs in
fish do not significantly increase health risks for recreational fishers.
Implementation of the fish tissue bioaccumulation screening identified in the SA
would provide additional information on the levels of mercury, PCBs, and silver in
fishes in project impoundments. We question the value of analyzing fish samples for
silver, however; because sampling indicates that silver body burdens are low, silver
does not typically biomagnify, and we are not aware of an established action or
screening level that represents the risk to human health. We conclude that monitoring
for bioaccumulation of mercury and PCBs under any new license by sampling and
analyzing fishes in a standardized fashion at intervals of 5 years for a period of 15 years
would provide adequate information to document changes in body burdens that may be
caused by altered project operations under a new license and to assess risk to the health
of humans and piscivorous wildlife.
The results of historical monitoring conducted by CDWR and Henrici along with
PG&E’s screening-level and Basin-Plan-level investigations of fecal coliform densities
suggest that fecal coliform standards set in the Basin Plan are generally satisfied in
project waters. However, maintaining Lake Almanor at a higher level as PG&E
proposes or project or non-project sources may result in increased contamination of
Lake Almanor waters and could result in exceedance of the criteria for water contact
recreation. Results of monitoring fecal coliform levels using a method that is consistent
with the Basin Plan criterion and targets high recreational use periods such as the
Independence Day or Labor Day holidays would ensure that project waters comply with
the standard.
We concur with CDFG that it would be appropriate to select sampling stations
prior to each season of monitoring based on the presence of water contact recreation and
sources of potential introduction of pathogens to the water column in the immediate
area. However, we conclude that by monitoring coliform levels for the first 3 years
would sufficiently document coliform levels and identify non-compliance with the
standard, should it occur. As recreational use of the area increases and additional
recreational facilities are developed and used there could be increased contamination of
surface waters. The recreation management plan discussed in section 3.3.5,
Recreational Resources, would address appropriate actions to minimize contamination
from new recreational developments and any monitoring of the effects of these
developments on water quality. It is also possible that ongoing erosion along the
shoreline of Lake Almanor could potentially result in contamination of the lake’s waters
by interception of leach fields located adjacent to eroding areas. Implementation of the
19
Assuming the person weighs 70 kilograms (154 pounds).
3-58
Shoreline Management Plan discussed in Lake Almanor Shoreline Erosion below would
address appropriate actions to determine if shoreline erosion is resulting in
contamination from leach fields and appropriate measures to remedy the situation, if
necessary.
Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Management
Daily mean water temperatures in the Belden reach frequently exceed 20°C
during June through September (see table 3-7) and, as such, become suboptimal for
trout. In addition, the daily mean temperature of water discharged from the Belden
powerhouse frequently exceeds 20°C during July through September. As water flows
downstream, its temperature tends to further increase as it equilibrates with ambient
conditions, which generally include warmer air temperature (Moore and Miner, 1997).
In years when Lake Almanor summer water surface levels are substantially below full
pool, resulting in the drafting of warmer water, water temperatures in the Rock Creek
and Cresta reaches can exceed 20°C by as much as 1 to 3°C in the Rock Creek and
Cresta reaches (PG&E, 2000b, as cited in FERC and Plumas National Forest, 2001;
PG&E, 2003b, 2004b), and can exceed 20°C by as much as 2 to 4°C in the Poe reach
(PG&E, 2003e).
The SA for the UNFFR Project does not include any measures specifically aimed
at addressing water temperature, although some of the measures included could
influence water temperatures during critical periods. These measures include revising
the flow regimes of the project’s bypassed reaches and releasing Seneca reach instream
flows from the Canyon dam outlet tower upper-level gate instead of the low-level gate
from September 15 through at least November 1.
In its November 1, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS states that it fully
supports the water quality component of the UNFFR SA. In its final terms and
conditions filed with the Commission on November 4, 2004, the FS does not provide
any provisions addressing water temperature.
As part of the SA for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project, PG&E agreed to conduct a
modeling study to predict the effectiveness of modifying the Prattville intake to
maintain daily mean water temperatures of 20°C or less in the Rock Creek and Cresta
reaches and implement all reasonable practicable control measures (PG&E, 2000a).
PG&E has been conducting these feasibility studies, including modeling the water
temperature effects of potential Prattville intake modifications, re-operation of the
Canyon dam outlet gates, and modification of Caribou No. 2 intake for the past few
years. In response to an AIR issued by the Commission on December 17, 2004, PG&E
filed several reports addressing this issue on January 13, 2005. PG&E continues to
evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of some potential methods of reducing
downstream water temperatures and meets with state and federal agencies, local
counties, and interested stakeholders to discuss this issue. In a public statement that
3-59
PG&E released on November 18, 2004, it states that it does not anticipate proposing a
floating thermal curtain20 in Lake Almanor as a reasonable control measure for reducing
downstream water temperatures in the NFFR. PG&E filed a report on water
temperature for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project on July 29, 2005, and amended the
report to make it clear that it presented its view, not the view of others including the
ERC on September 21, 2005 (PG&E, 2005b). In this report, PG&E states that it had not
identified an alternative for which the benefits were commensurate with the
corresponding adverse effects and costs and concludes that there are no additional
reasonable water temperature control measures for achieving a year-round water
temperature of 20˚C or less in the subject reaches.
Interior made its Section 10(j) recommendations in a December 1, 2003, filing
with the Commission, and provided modifications to its recommendations in an October
27, 2004, filing with the Commission. On February 3, 2005, Commission staff had a
teleconference with Interior and other resource agencies to resolve apparent
inconsistencies with the FPA. Interior recommends that PG&E develop a water
temperature management plan that includes evaluation of potential effects on the
coldwater fishery of the Seneca and Belden reaches, and fund construction/modification
of structure(s) to satisfy appropriate water temperature criteria beyond that provided by
the Coldwater Habitat and Fishery Mitigation and Enhancement Fund under the
relicensing SA for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project. Interior recommends that it be
included among the consulted entities during plan development and that the plan be
developed within 6 months of license issuance.
In addition, Interior recommends that PG&E establish a process to develop
appropriate additional temperature criteria for the Seneca and Belden reaches by season,
reach, and outlet location to avoid unintended adverse effects of sublethal temperature
stress on aquatic biota as a result of structures or operations that involve planned surface
water release discharge. These criteria would be included in the water temperature
management plan. The plan would include a schedule for construction of structure(s)
demonstrated to reasonably meet temperature targets. PG&E would complete
construction within 5 years of license issuance. In the event that any new license does
not include a specific measure focused on management of water temperature, Interior
requests that PG&E consider temperature effects and the need for management criteria
within the context of Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 13 for adaptive management.
20
The floating thermal curtain referred to is a large, flexible geotechnical-fabric sheet
held in place with buoys and anchors in front of the Prattville intake to help
withdraw water from deeper areas in the lake and thereby reduce the temperature of
water discharged from the Butt Valley powerhouse and eventually supplied to the
lower NFFR.
3-60
On October 12, 2004, Plumas County issued Resolution 04-7076, which states its
concerns with the potential to modify the Prattville intake and further evaluate the use of
floating curtains in Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir (Plumas County, 2004).
This resolution declares the county’s adamant opposition to construction of the
Prattville intake modification (thermal curtain) because it would substantially degrade
the balance of the Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir ecosystems resulting in their
fisheries and the local socio-economic status being depressed, be extremely costly to
PG&E’s ratepayers, would only minimally reduce temperatures in the lower NFFR even
with two additional curtains in Butt Valley reservoir, and provide minimal benefit to the
lower NFFR fishery. In addition, the county notes that dredging of Lake Almanor for
the curtain would apparently disturb cultural and burial sites of the Maidu Tribe.
The Maidu Summit (2004) and Susanville Indian Rancheria (2004) also issued
resolutions expressing their opposition to installation of thermal curtains in Lake
Almanor or Butt Valley reservoir, and dredging of soil on the bottoms of Lake Almanor
and Butt Valley reservoir. Their resolutions support upstream restoration as an
alternative method of cooling water in the NFFR.
At the meetings we held to receive comments on the draft EIS, several elected
officials or their representatives provided comments on the thermal curtain and further
evaluation of alternatives to provide cooler water to the lower NFFR. Representatives
of Congressmen Doolittle and Herger, State Senator Aanestad, and Assemblymen
Keene and LaMalfa noted that their constituency has expressed a widespread and deep
opposition to installing or further study of a “thermal curtain,” and recommended that
other alternatives to provide cool water be evaluated more extensively.
Special interest groups and numerous members of the public also have expressed
their opposition to modifying the Prattville intake or Butt Valley reservoir with a
floating curtain(s) and dredging sediments from the bottom of Lake Almanor. In its
October 27, 2004 letter, the Butt Lake Anglers Association indicates that using a
floating curtain to draft cold water from Lake Almanor should not be considered a
reasonable alternative. The Save Lake Almanor Committee filed petitions signed by
more than 3,000 people that express vehement opposition to building floating curtains at
Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir as well as dredging 42,000 cubic yards of
sediment from the bottom of Lake Almanor and placement of that sediment along the
Lake Almanor shoreline.
Our Analysis
Several controllable (including project operations) and non-controllable factors
can affect water temperatures in the project’s impoundments and bypassed reaches and
the lower NFFR. Retention of water in project impoundments warms surface waters
and increases thermal stratification within the impounded reaches during spring through
summer, because the water is exposed to sun and air for longer periods than would
3-61
occur naturally. This leads to the supply of warmer water than would naturally occur to
downstream reaches during summer and fall, depending on the depth from which the
water is drafted. In addition, diverting water from natural stream courses typically
causes increases of summer temperatures in most bypassed reaches. However, diverting
water around stream reaches that receive substantial groundwater inflow can have a
cooling effect compared to natural conditions. Figure 3-5 shows existing NFFR basin
summer water temperatures and relative water storage and flow rates to provide an
overview of water temperatures in the basin and potential sources of cool water.
During the past 20 years, considerable effort has been expended by PG&E and
others to evaluate the effects of numerous factors on water temperatures in the NFFR
basin and identify reasonable and practicable ways to reduce summer temperatures in
the lower NFFR. PG&E (2005b) summarizes the results of a wide variety of control
measures that were evaluated. Potential water temperature control measures that have
been evaluated by PG&E can be divided into six primary categories: (1) changes in
hydro-project operations; (2) modification of hydro-project facilities; (3) water piping
and pumping strategies; (4) implementation of mechanical cooling technologies;
(5) enlargement or creation of reservoirs; and (6) management of streamside vegetation.
Evaluations of changes in hydro-project operations included changing instream
flows in bypassed reaches of PG&E’s hydro-power projects along the NFFR, reducing
Butt Valley and Caribou powerhouse flows, and preferential use of the deeper Caribou
No. 1 over No. 2 intake and use of deeper gates at the Cresta intake. PG&E evaluated
the potential effects of modifying its hydro-project facilities to draft cooler water
through the Prattville intake during critical periods and reduce warming of water as it
flows through Butt Valley reservoir (see figure 1-1). Potential modifications evaluated
for the Prattville intake include two bottom sill designs to promote storage of cold water
in Lake Almanor prior to July, six thermal curtain configurations and three pipeline
configurations with varying levels of dredging to promote drafting cooler water from
Lake Almanor in the critical season. Modifications aimed at reducing warming of water
as it flows through Butt Valley reservoir include a skimmer wall located up-reservoir of
the Caribou intakes, two thermal curtains in the reservoir, and extending the Caribou
No. 2 intake with a pipeline to draft deeper water.
The only piping and pumping strategy that was evaluated for the NFFR Project
area was piping water from the lower end of the Seneca reach to just downstream of the
Belden dam. Piping and pumping strategies evaluated for downstream reaches of the
NFFR include piping water from Yellow Creek or the Bucks Creek powerhouse to just
downstream of the next dam on the NFFR, piping water from Poe tunnel adit No. 1 to
the NFFR near Bardee’s Bar, pumping water from Lake Oroville to just downstream of
each of PG&E’s three lowermost dams on the NFFR, and pumping well water to the
NFFR. Measures that would implement mechanical cooling technologies include
installation of cooling towers and water chiller systems.
3-62
Figure 3-5. Schematic of summer water temperatures displaying relative flows and
water storage in the North Fork Feather River Basin under typical existing
conditions. (Sources: CDFG, 1988; EPA, 2005; PG&E 2005a, 2004b,
2003f; Plumas Corporation, 2004)
3-63
PG&E also evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of enlarging Round Valley
reservoir and creating new reservoirs in tributary basins to the NFFR. In addition,
PG&E evaluated the potential effects of managing streamside vegetation in the
EBNFFR and its tributaries.
In appendix D, we initially evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of 42
potential measures that could affect water temperatures. Appendix D also identifies
which of these control measures we analyze further in this section of the EIS. Our
initial analysis indicates that 20 of the potential control measures would not be feasible
or effective at substantially reducing summer temperatures for prolonged periods in the
lower NFFR reaches. Potential measures that would not be feasible or effective include
preferential use of Caribou No. 1 over No. 2 powerhouse, preferential use of the deeper
Cresta dam outlet gates, a pipeline extension of the Caribou No. 2 intake, all potential
piping and pumping control measures evaluated, mechanical cooling towers and chillers
with the exception of a cooling tower along the Rock Creek reach, all measures aimed at
reducing temperatures in tributaries to the NFFR,21 two of the Prattville intake curtains
evaluated (Curtains 1 and 2), and 3 of the 4 pipeline extensions to the Prattville intake
evaluated. Although the measures aimed at reducing temperatures in the East Branch of
the NFFR and its tributaries would result in localized cooling, they would have
negligible effects on NFFR summer temperatures due to the quantities of water affected
in comparison to NFFR quantities.
Our initial evaluation of potential Prattville intake modifications is primarily
based on work completed by the University of Iowa, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic
Research (IIHR). The IIHR constructed a physical model of a 3.1 by 1.9 mile section of
Lake Almanor, which it used along with several numerical models to predict the effects
that 14 potential Prattville intake modifications would have on the temperature of
Prattville intake withdrawals and hydraulics near the intake (Ettema et al., 2004;
appendix D). The IIHR conducted screening tests for six floating thermal curtains with
lengths ranging from about 0.25 to 0.75 mile, and different configurations around the
intake.22 Results of these screening tests indicate that Prattville intake withdrawals of
1,600 cfs in August would be 1.0 to 4.5ºC cooler than existing conditions depending on
the curtain configuration. The largest predicted reduction was 4.5ºC for the 4,000-footlong Curtain 5 followed by 3.5ºC for the 2,770-foot long Curtain 4. The IIHR’s
modeling predicted that the approximately 3,000-foot-long Curtain 3 would result in a
21
Potential measures that we consider “aimed at reducing temperatures in tributaries to
the NFFR” consist of enlarging Round Valley reservoir, constructing a new large
reservoir in a tributary to the NFFR, and management of streamside vegetation along
the East Branch of the NFFR and its tributaries.
22
More detailed descriptions of the Prattville intake curtains evaluated are provided in
Ettema et al. (2004).
3-64
little less temperature reduction (3.1ºC) in August. Results of additional testing led to
predictions that Curtain 4 in combination with removal of the levees along the
submerged channel to the eastern lobe of the lake would result in August withdrawal
temperatures of 5.2ºC cooler that existing conditions (i.e., 0.7ºC cooler than the 0.25mile-longer Curtain 5 without levee removal). Additional modeling of other Prattville
intake modifications indicates that extending the intake with a long pipeline with a
hooded inlet in combination with removal of the submerged levees would reduce
existing August withdrawal temperatures by approximately the same amount as Curtain
4 without removal of the levees (3.8ºC versus 3.6ºC). The pipeline would result in
adverse effects from dredging the levees and a short-term interruption of the use of Butt
Valley powerhouse while the pipeline is connected to the intake; whereas, similar
cooling effects with Curtain 4 would not result in these adverse effects. Therefore, we
did not further consider modifying the Prattville intake with the long pipeline with a
hooded inlet in combination with removal of the submerged levees. Evaluation of using
curtains in Butt Valley reservoir along with Curtain 4 at the Prattville intake indicates
that this would result in cooler discharges from the Caribou powerhouses, although this
would add substantially to the cost. To minimize the cost-benefit ratio associated with
modifying the Prattville intake and supplying cooler water to the NFFR, the Prattville
intake modifications that we further evaluate are Curtain 4 with and without removal of
the levees along the submerged channel to the eastern lobe of Lake Almanor.
Based on our analysis in appendix D, we focus our analysis here on the following
five temperature control measures along with existing conditions, which we use as the
baseline condition for comparison:
x Proposed MIF
x Modified MIF
x Proposed MIF with thermal curtain
x Proposed MIF with thermal curtain and removal of levees
x Proposed MIF with thermal curtain, removal of levees, and Canyon dam
blending
PG&E’s modeling effort focused on evaluating the effects of temperature control
measures and other measures that affect water temperature in the project area has
evolved and changed its center of focus through time. This has resulted in the use of
four primary different modeling approaches and varying levels of effort being used to
evaluate the effects of the five measures that we further evaluate below. As previously
described, the IIHR used a physical model in combination with numerical models to
predict the effects that modifying the Prattville intake would have on temperatures
drafted through the Prattville intake and hydraulics within Lake Almanor (Ettema et al,
3-65
2004). In addition, PG&E used a modified version of MITEMP3 (a one-dimensional
lake temperature model developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jirka et al,
1978 as cited by Bechtel and TRPA, 2004; Octavio et al., 1980 as cited by Bechtel and
TRPA, 2004) to model the water temperature in Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir,
and their outflows. In order to more closely evaluate the effects of Curtain 4 with
removal of the levees along the submerged channel, version 3.1 of CE-QUAL-W2 (a
two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic, and water quality model developed
by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Cole and Buchak, 1995; Portland State
University, 2005) was used to model the effects on the DO regime of Lake Almanor and
Butt Valley powerhouse discharges. Because the CE-QUAL-W2 model requires
modeling temperature to model DO, we also used its predictions of Lake Almanor
temperatures. Water temperatures in stream reaches are typically about the same
throughout the water column, but differ longitudinally. Therefore, a different model
was used for these reaches. SNTEMP (a steady-state stream temperature model
developed by the FWS; Theurer et al., 1984) was selected and used to model
temperatures in the Seneca, Belden, Rock Creek, Cresta, and Poe reaches. Generally,
the thermal effects of each of the impoundments upstream of the Belden, Rock Creek,
Cresta, and Poe dams were assumed to be negligible and were not modeled.
To further evaluate the effects of the five control measures selected for further
evaluation, we compiled study results for the critical June through September period.
The varying model assumptions and levels of effort employed by PG&E make
comparing the effects of the control measures difficult. For example, it was not possible
to evaluate the Modified MIF scenario in the same way as other control measures, since
it had been evaluated in a different manner than the other measures. Our evaluation of
the other four measures selected for further evaluation was focused on effects for
normal, reasonable extreme, and extreme hydrological and meteorological conditions.
We provide the details of the basis for these more detailed evaluations of control
measures in appendix E. Our overall approach included consolidating data for each of
the control measures selected along with the existing conditions and then plotting these
data so that the predicted effects of the measures could be readily compared. Including
existing conditions in these plots makes it possible to assess the level of improvement
that is expected under each of these measures. Modeled normal, reasonable extreme,
and extreme water temperatures for the Prattville intake and discharge-weighted
Caribou powerhouse discharges are displayed in figure 3-6, and modeled temperatures
for the NFFR are displayed in figures 3-7 through 3-9.
3-66
Normal
Temperature (ºC)
20
June
Reasonable
Extreme
June
Extreme
June
16
12
8
24
Temperature (ºC)
July
July
July
Existing
20
16
Proposed MIF
12
28
Temperature (ºC)
August
August
August
v
Proposed MIF
with curtain
24
Proposed MIF
with curtain and
levees removed
20
16
24
September
September
10
-20
Distance (miles)
Figure 3-6.
10
-20
-2
Distance (miles)
Caribou
powerhouses
Prattville
intake
Caribou
powerhouses
12
Prattville
intake
16
Caribou
powerhouses
20
Prattville
intake
Temperature (ºC)
September
10
-2 0
Distance (miles)
Representative Prattville intake and discharge-weighted Caribou
powerhouse modeled water temperatures for normal, reasonable extreme,
and extreme hydrological and meteorological conditions. (Sources:
Bechtel and TRPA, 2004; PG&E, 2003c, as modified by staff)
3-67
Temperature (ºC)
25
June
20
15
10
Existing
5
Temperature (ºC)
25
July
Proposed MIF
20
15
Proposed MIF with
curtain
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
August
Proposed MIF with
curtain and levees
removed
20
15
Proposed MIF with
curtain, levees
removed and
Canyon dam
blending
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
September
20
15
.
Seneca
25
10
0
Figure 3-7.
Belden
Rock
Creek
Cresta
10
20
30
40
Distance from Canyon dam (miles)
Poe
50
Representative modeled water temperatures for normal hydrological and
meteorological conditions with Rock Creek-Cresta Project required first 5year minimum flows and Poe reach required minimum flows. (Sources:
Bechtel and TRPA, 2004; PG&E, 2004b, 2003b, 2003c, 2003e, as
modified by staff)
3-68
Temperature (ºC)
25
June
20
15
Existing
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
July
Proposed MIF
20
15
Proposed MIF with
curtain
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
August
Proposed MIF with
curtain and levees
removed
20
15
Proposed MIF with
curtain, levees
removed and
Canyon dam
blending
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
September
20
15
.
Seneca
25
10
0
Figure 3-8.
Belden
Rock
Creek
Cresta
10
20
30
40
Distance from Canyon dam (miles)
Poe
50
Representative modeled water temperatures for dry hydrological and
reasonable extreme meteorological conditions with Rock Creek-Cresta
Project required first 5-year minimum flows and Poe reach required
minimum flows. (Sources: Bechtel and TRPA, 2004; PG&E, 2004b,
2003b, 2003c, 2003e, as modified by staff)
3-69
Temperature (ºC)
25
June
20
15
Existing
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
July
Proposed MIF
20
15
Proposed MIF with
curtain
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
August
Proposed MIF with
curtain and levees
removed
20
15
Proposed MIF with
curtain, levees
removed and
Canyon dam
blending
10
Temperature (ºC)
25
September
20
15
.
Seneca
25
10
0
Figure 3-9.
Belden
Rock
Creek
Cresta
10
20
30
40
Distance from Canyon dam (miles)
Poe
50
Representative modeled water temperatures for critically dry hydrological
and extreme meteorological conditions with Rock Creek-Cresta Project
required first 5-year minimum flows and Poe reach required minimum
flows. (Sources: Bechtel and TRPA, 2004; PG&E, 2004b, 2003b, 2003c,
2003e, as modified by staff)
3-70
Existing Conditions—Under existing conditions, thermal stratification of Lake
Almanor is well established from June through mid-September. The epilimnion extends
down to a depth of about 30 to 40 feet and a hypolimnion resides below a depth of about
50 feet. The Prattville intake is located in a steep-sided trough in a cove of the
relatively shallow western lobe of the lake. A submerged channel, which has an invert
elevation of approximately 4,422 feet (PG&E datum), leads to the intake, which has an
invert elevation of 4,410 feet (PG&E datum). The remainder of the area around the
Prattville intake is relatively shallow and water needs to flow over a sill that has a
minimum elevation of approximately 4,436 feet (PG&E datum) to reach the intake (see
figure 3-3). As a result, water is typically drafted from throughout much of Lake
Almanor’s water column (Ettema et al, 2004), which results in discharges of greater
than 20.0ºC from the Butt Valley powerhouse in July, August, and September (table 3-7
and figure 3-6). As water flows through the Butt Valley reservoir and to the Caribou
intakes, additional warming occurs due to solar radiation and the retention time in the
reservoir. Monitoring results also indicate that water warmer than 20.0ºC is drafted
through the shallower, Caribou No. 2, intake in June, although the weighted temperature
of water discharged from the two Caribou powerhouses remains cooler than 20.0ºC in
June. Peak water temperatures remain cooler than 17.0ºC in the Seneca reach under
typical operations, but they sometimes exceed 20.0ºC in portions of the Belden reach
and other downstream reaches (table 3-7 and figures 3-7 to 3-9) during the months of
June through September.
The December 2003 and January 2004 underwater inspections of the Canyon
dam outlet gates indicate that the rollers for the low-level gates were malfunctioning,
which has resulted in PG&E using the upper-level gates instead of the low-level gates
since 2004. PG&E is currently conducting restoration efforts that should enable use of
low-level Gate No. 5 soon (PG&E, 2004c). Following completion of these restoration
efforts, no additional construction should be needed to enable PG&E to resume its
typical use of the low-level outlet gates. Therefore, no construction-related water
quality effects are anticipated from continuing operations with the existing MIFs.
Proposed MIF—Modeling results (PG&E, 2003c) suggest that implementing the
proposed Canyon dam MIF regime would have very little effect on temperatures and
stratification within Lake Almanor. However, the model results also suggest that
implementation of the proposed MIFs could result in cooler water being drafted through
the Prattville intake and discharged from the Butt Valley powerhouse during June
through August (figure 3-6) (Bechtel and TRPA, 2004; PG&E, 2004b, 2003c). This can
be explained by the increased Canyon dam releases reducing the quantity of water
drafted through the Prattville intake and thereby reducing the percentage of water drawn
from the warm, less dense, epilimnion to the depth of the intake. Implementation of the
proposed MIF regime is expected to have negligible effects on the temperature of water
drafted through the Prattville intake and discharged from the Butt Valley powerhouse
during September, due to the relatively small change in Canyon dam flow releases in
3-71
comparison to existing conditions and weaker thermal stratification in Lake Almanor at
that time. Based on model results, it appears that under the proposed MIF cooler water
would generally be discharged into the NFFR from the Caribou powerhouses during
June through August than occurs under existing conditions.
Implementation of PG&E’s proposed MIFs with all releases to the Seneca reach
being drafted through the Canyon dam tower low-level outlet gates with an invert
elevation of 4,422 feet msl (PG&E datum) would continue to result in water
temperatures cooler than 20.0ºC in the Seneca reach. Although cooler than existing
conditions, Caribou powerhouse discharges would continue to substantially increase
NFFR summer temperatures, and temperatures of greater than 20.0°C would still occur
in the Belden reach and bypassed reaches of PG&E’s downstream projects (figures 3-7
through 3-9). However, model results suggest that water temperatures would generally
be reduced relative to existing conditions by 0.5 to 2ºC in the Belden reach during July
and August even in dry and critically dry years, which is the period when most
temperatures of greater than 20.0ºC occur. The unavailability of predictions of
temperatures for the existing conditions in reaches downstream of the Belden
powerhouse under reasonable extreme or extreme conditions limits the ability to
evaluate the effects of implementing the proposed MIFs during those water year types.
However, the limited model results for reaches of downstream projects suggest that July
and August NFFR temperatures would be reduced by about 1 to 2.5ºC under normal
hydrological and meteorological conditions.
PG&E is currently conducting restoration efforts that should enable use of
Canyon dam outlet low-level Gate No. 5 to provide the proposed Canyon dam MIF
releases. Therefore, no construction-related water quality effects are anticipated from
implementation of the proposed MIFs.
Modified MIF—PG&E recently used a simplified modeling approach to
determine the effects of even higher low-level Canyon dam releases with corresponding
reduced Butt Valley and Caribou powerhouse flows on NFFR temperatures (PG&E and
Bechtel, 2005; McGurk and Tu, 2005). This analysis focused on the ability to maintain
temperatures of 19.0ºC or less at the Belden dam, which would allow 1.0ºC of warming
in the Belden reach before exceeding 20.0ºC. Results of this analysis suggest that 200cfs releases from the Canyon dam outlet low-level gates would reduce the frequency
that temperatures exceed 19.0ºC at the Belden dam in July from 82 percent with
PG&E’s proposed MIF to 50 percent. Similarly, model results suggest that the
frequency of exceeding 19.0ºC in August would be reduced from 100 percent with
PG&E’s proposed releases to 70 percent with a 400-cfs release. Providing these larger
Lake Almanor releases through Canyon dam instead of the Butt Valley powerhouse
would reduce flows through the Butt Valley reservoir during the period when the hottest
ambient conditions occur and thus would increase the depth of the Butt Valley reservoir
3-72
epilimnion and temperatures in it and result in adverse effects on the Butt Valley
reservoir’s coldwater fishery.
Implementation of this measure would not require physical modifications of the
project facilities, and is therefore not expected to result in construction-related water
quality effects.
Proposed MIF with Thermal Curtain—The temperature of Butt Valley
powerhouse discharges is highly influenced by the characteristics of the Prattville intake
and its surrounding area. This intake is located on the southwestern shore of Lake
Almanor’s western lobe, which receives most of its flow from the NFFR (see figure 11). This lobe of the lake is much shallower than the lake’s eastern lobe which receives
inflow from Big Springs, Hamilton Branch, and the Hamilton Branch powerhouse. The
invert of the Prattville intake is at an elevation of 4,410 feet (PG&E datum) and located
at the bottom of a 40-foot-deep steep-sided constructed trough. In the 1920s, a channel
that was about 90 feet wide and 13 feet deep was constructed to link the Prattville intake
with the Big Springs area in the eastern lobe of the lake. This channel was constructed
to facilitate the Prattville intake drafting cooler water from the springs. When the
channel was constructed, excavated sediments were placed along it, creating underwater
levees. However, physical modeling of a large portion of the lake shows that the
channel is not particularly effective at delivering cold bottom water to the intake, and
that little water flows across the fairly flat bed of the western lobe of the lake or along
the submerged channel to the intake (Ettema et al., 2004). Instead, studies show that
even with the channel in place, most of the water that is entrained into the Prattville
intake comes from the higher levels in the water column in the vicinity of the intake and
the adjoining shoreline, when operating at its normal flow of 1,600 cfs (PG&E, 2002a;
Ettema et al., 2004). As a result, warmer water is discharged from the Butt Valley
powerhouse than would occur if the intake drafted more water from along the bottom of
the lake or the deeper eastern lobe of the lake and less from the surface.
PG&E investigated the effectiveness of modifying the Prattville intake with the
placement of a 700-foot-long by 900-foot-wide U-shaped floating curtain with a bottom
elevation of 4,445 feet (PG&E datum) around the Prattville intake (Curtain 4). This
curtain would limit the area that water could flow under it to about 5,280 square feet
along the bottom of the lake (Ettema et al., 2004). The submerged channel would
provide 30 percent of the area in which water could flow under the curtain, and there
would be almost no access to the intake from the relatively shallow northeast side of the
curtain. Dye studies conducted in the physical model of a large portion of Lake
Almanor indicate that modifying the Prattville intake with Curtain 4 would result in
drawing more cold water from the deeper eastern lobe of the lake, and substantially
increasing the flow of cold water that is drawn along the submerged channel (Ettema et
al., 2004). The amount of warm epilimnetic water that would be drafted under the
curtain would depend on flow rates through the Prattville intake. As Prattville intake
3-73
flow increases, a higher percentage of water would be drawn from the epilmnion outside
of the curtain. Results of physical modeling of Curtain 4 suggest that at a Prattville
intake flow of 1,600 cfs, 13.3 percent of the flow would be directly supplied by the
submerged channel (Ettema et al., 2004).
Modeling predicted that operating the project with Curtain 4 and PG&E’s
proposed MIFs would deplete the volume of Lake Almanor’s cool-water hypolimnion,
increase the depth of the thermocline, and slightly increase the temperature of water in
the epilimnion (Bechtel and TRPA, 2004). Water that is substantially cooler (about
4ºC) than under existing conditions would be drafted through the Prattville intake
during June, July, and August (see figure 3-6). September Prattville intake withdrawals
would generally be only about 0.5ºC cooler than without the curtain. The much cooler
Butt Valley powerhouse discharges in June through August would warm at a faster rate
than under existing conditions in Butt Valley reservoir, although the overall cooling
effect of implementing this measure would still reduce Caribou powerhouse dischargeweighted temperatures to well below 20.0ºC under normal conditions. However,
Caribou powerhouse discharge-weighted temperatures would still exceed 20.0ºC during
extreme conditions in August and September and reasonable extreme conditions in
August (see figure 3-6).
Modification of the Prattville intake as described above would have virtually no
effect on temperatures in the 10.8-mile-long Seneca reach. During July, the cooler
Caribou powerhouse discharges would further reduce the temperature of the proposed
instream flow releases at Belden dam by about 2.0 to 2.5ºC and maintain temperatures
at less than 20.0ºC (see figures 3-7 to 3-9). During September and critically dry
Augusts, smaller reductions in Caribou powerhouse temperatures would have much less
effect on NFFR temperatures than in July. Model results indicate that temperatures of
greater than 20.0ºC would occur at the Belden dam and in the Belden reach during
reasonable extreme and extreme conditions in August, but the minor cooling effect
would likely maintain Belden reach temperatures of less than 20.0ºC in September.
Model results also indicate that modifying the Prattville intake with Curtain 4 along
with implementation of the proposed MIFs would reduce temperatures in the bypassed
reaches of PG&E’s downstream projects. Temperatures of less than 20.0ºC would
likely occur in the Rock Creek, Cresta, and Poe reaches under normal conditions.
However, model results also show that temperatures of greater than 20.0ºC would still
occur in the Rock Creek and Cresta reaches under reasonable extreme and extreme
conditions in August and extreme conditions in July. Although modeled temperatures
are not available for the Poe reach, it is reasonable to conclude that temperature
reductions in the Poe reach would be less than those in the Rock Creek and Cresta
reaches and daily mean temperatures of greater than 20.0ºC would continue to occur.
Although PG&E has not filed the results of any modeling efforts aimed
specifically at evaluating the effects of the thermal curtain without removal of the levees
3-74
on DO concentrations, it conducted a CE-QUAL-W2 modeling effort to evaluate the
effects that the curtain with levee removal would have on the DO regime of Lake
Almanor and Butt Valley powerhouse discharges. We present the results of this
modeling effort along with our conclusions for the curtain without removal of the levees
in the following subsection.
Construction and installation of the curtain as designed by Black & Veatch
(2004) would result in minimal effects on water quality in Lake Almanor and Butt
Valley powerhouse discharges. Minor localized increases in turbidity could occur
during and immediately following installation of galvanized steel walls from the
shoreline of the lake to a point offshore where the bottom has an elevation of 4,463 feet
(PG&E datum), and when anchors for the curtain are placed on the bottom of the lake.
Filling the anchors with concrete once they are placed would increase the risk of
contaminating surface waters. However, the potential adverse effects of the
aforementioned actions could be minimized through the implementation of appropriate
best management practices (BMPs). Implementation of appropriate BMPs would
generally limit adverse water quality effects to work areas in and along Lake Almanor,
although negligible effects could occur in Butt Valley powerhouse discharges.
Proposed MIF with Thermal Curtain and Removal of Levees—Removal of the
levees along the submerged channel would allow water near the lakebed to flow directly
toward and under the curtain, while not substantially reducing the rate of flow along the
submerged channel (Ettema et al., 2004). Model results indicate that this would allow
0.5 to 1ºC cooler water to be drafted through the Prattville intake than with the curtain
alone (see figure 3-6). As water flows through Butt Valley reservoir, its temperature
would increase and reduce this cooling effect prior to being discharged from the
Caribou powerhouses. The additional cooling effect of removing the levees would be
largest in the NFFR during August, when Canyon dam instream flow releases are small,
accretion is relatively low, and ambient temperatures are high (figures 3-7 to 3-9). Even
under these conditions, levee removal would only provide about 0.5ºC of additional
cooling in the Belden reach, and temperatures would still exceed 20.0ºC in reasonable
extreme and extreme conditions. Model results indicate that temperatures in the Rock
Creek and Cresta reaches also would still exceed 20.0ºC during reasonable extreme and
extreme conditions in August. Although modeled temperatures are not available for the
Poe reach, it is reasonable to conclude that temperature reductions in the Poe reach
would be less than those in the Rock Creek and Cresta reaches and that daily mean
temperatures of greater than 20.0ºC would continue to occur.
In addition to modeling of water temperatures, PG&E conducted a
CE-QUAL-W2 modeling effort to evaluate the effects that the curtain with levee
removal would have on the DO regime of Lake Almanor and Butt Valley powerhouse
discharges. Modeling results indicate that operating the project with the modified
Prattville intake would produce a 0 to 10 foot deeper thermocline in Lake Almanor,
3-75
depending on time of year and water year type, and slightly increase (0.0 to 0.5ºC)
temperatures in the epilimnion (Jones & Stokes, 2004). CE-QUAL-W2 model results
do not indicate that this scenario would cause any major shifts in Lake Almanor’s DO
regime, although the combination of minor temperature increases in the epilimnion with
the DO concentrations would reduce available habitat for salmonids. In addition,
drafting more water from near the bottom of Lake Almanor would substantially reduce
DO concentrations in discharges from the Butt Valley powerhouse into Butt Valley
reservoir. The model predicts that DO concentrations of 1 to 3 mg/l would be common
in Butt Valley powerhouse discharges during July and August. Because these low DO
concentrations in Butt Valley powerhouse discharges would adversely affect water
quality and aquatic organisms in Butt Valley reservoir, mitigation may be appropriate.
Because operating the project with the curtain installed without removing the
levees would draft less water from near the bottom of the lake, we conclude that Butt
Valley powerhouse discharges would have slightly higher DO concentrations than with
the curtain and removal of the levees. However, even under these conditions, Butt
Valley powerhouse discharges would still have DO concentrations that are substantially
lower than existing conditions. These lower concentrations would adversely affect
water quality and aquatic organisms in Butt Valley reservoir to the extent that
mitigation may be appropriate. Mitigation for the low DO concentrations that would
result from operating the project with the curtain with or without levee removal could
potentially be done in a number of ways including hypolimnetic oxygenation in Lake
Almanor or a turbine venting. We further evaluate the effects of the above thermal and
DO effects on aquatic organisms along with other effects that the curtain and levee
removal would have on aquatic organisms in section 3.3.2.2 and 3.3.2.3.
The construction-related water quality effects of this measure would be primarily
associated with dredging the levees along the submerged channel and subsequent
handling of the dredged material, although they also would include the constructionrelated effects of installing the curtain as discussed above. Implementation of this
measure would require dredging of approximately 23,000 cubic yards of material from
along the submerged channel. Black & Veatch (2004) considered several alternative
dredging methods and suggested that conducting clamshell dredging from a spudequipped barge would be the preferred dredging method for this project. This approach
would likely include the use of transfer barges and a tug boat to transport the dredged
material to the shoreline, a shore-based crane to unload the transfer barges, and
equipment such as a large front-end loader to place the dredged material in the selected
disposal area. We anticipate that the primary effect on water quality would be increased
turbidity as the dredged materials decant after being placed on the transfer barge. It also
is possible, depending on metal levels in the dredged sediments, that dredging would
resuspend metals and thereby increase concentrations of metals in the water column for
relatively short periods. The transfer of dredged materials to the shore-based operations
and subsequent transport and placement of these materials could also increase turbidity
3-76
along the lake’s shoreline. We anticipate that use of a temporary silt fence around the
active dredging area and implementation of other appropriate BMPs would limit
turbidity increases outside of the immediate work areas.
It is likely that the dredged material would be disposed of at one of two potential
disposal sites, both under PG&E ownership: (1) a site immediately north of and
adjacent to the Prattville intake, or (2) a former quarry site near the Canyon dam service
center, located approximately 5 miles from the Prattville intake. Due to the close
proximity of the site adjacent to the Prattville intake, use of this site would limit the
need for unnecessary handling and hauling of the dredged material.
Proposed MIF with Thermal Curtain, Removal of Levees, and Canyon Dam
Blending—PG&E and others have indicated that using the Canyon dam outlet tower’s
low-level gates to provide the entire flow release to the Seneca reach could result in
temperatures that are too cold for aquatic resources in the Seneca reach (Bechtel and
TRPA, 2004; PG&E, 2004b). Therefore, the effects of blending summer flow releases
from the Canyon dam outlet tower’s upper and low-level outlet gates were evaluated.
The blending approach evaluated assumes a constant 60-cfs release from the low-level
gates and all remaining flow releases being provided by the 45-foot higher upper gates,
which have an invert elevation of 4,467 feet msl (PG&E datum).
Due to the large storage capacity of Lake Almanor, blending of Canyon dam
flow releases is expected to have negligible effects on the thermal regime of the lake
and the temperature of water drafted through the Prattville intake. However, water
temperatures in the upper end of the Seneca reach would be increased substantially
during June through August of most years (see figures 3-7 to 3-9). These increases
would depend primarily on the percentage of the total flow release that is provided with
the upper gates. Depending on water year type, the percentage of total flow provided by
the upper gates for the proposed Seneca reach MIFs would range from 25 to 60 percent
in June, 20 to 37 percent in July, and 14 to 25 percent, with the exception of Critically
Dry water years, in August. Since PG&E’s proposed Seneca reach MIFs for August in
Critically Dry water years, and all Septembers are 60 cfs, the entire release would be
provided by the low-level gates and thus would not be affected by blending. Modeling
results suggest that Canyon dam releases in June through September would generally be
in the range of 13.5 to 16.5ºC and would remain within this range throughout the Seneca
reach. Model results indicate that blending of Canyon dam releases would increase
June temperatures in the Belden reach by about 0.5ºC compared to providing the entire
Canyon dam release by the low-level gates along with the Prattville intake curtain and
removal of the levees. During July through September, temperatures would be virtually
unaffected downstream of the Caribou powerhouses.
Because the proposed MIF and blending of Canyon dam releases would not
require any modifications to project facilities, the construction-related water quality
3-77
effects that would result from this measure would be the same as for the thermal curtain
with removal of levees as described above.
Conclusions—Based on our analysis of the proposed and recommended
measures along with other potential measures investigated to provide cooler water to the
NFFR downstream of the project we make the following final conclusions:
x Providing PG&E’s proposed MIFs exclusively and using the low-level gates
for all Canyon dam MIF releases would have negligible effects on the
thermal regime of Lake Almanor, continue to maintain cool temperatures in
the Seneca reach, and generally reduce peak temperatures in the Belden,
Rock Creek, Cresta, and Poe reaches. However, temperatures of a little
greater than 20.0ºC would continue to occur throughout most of these reaches
during July and August.
x Providing low-level Canyon dam releases of 200 cfs in July and 400 cfs in
August along with corresponding reduced flows through the Butt Valley and
Caribou powerhouses would further reduce the frequency of high
temperatures in the NFFR downstream of the Caribou powerhouses.
x Modifying the Prattville intake with a floating curtain with or without
removal of the levees along the submerged channel that extends from the
Prattville intake to the eastern lobe of the lake would provide additional
cooling effects to the Belden reach and reaches in the lower NFFR, although
temperatures would still exceed 20.0ºC in portions of these bypassed reaches
during July and August of some years. However, operating the project with
these Prattville intake modifications would result in major degradation of
summer DO concentrations in Butt Valley powerhouse discharges and Butt
Valley reservoir, unless oxygen augmentation is provided.
x
Dredging of approximately 23,000 cubic yards of material from the
submerged levees would result in minor localized short-term water quality
degradation in Lake Almanor.
x Blending flow releases from the Canyon dam low-level and upper outlet gates
as described above along with PG&E’s proposed MIFs would typically
increase temperatures throughout Seneca reach during June to September, but
only negligible to minor temperature increases would occur in downstream
reaches. Effects on the thermal regime in Belden and other downstream
reaches would be negligible if the Prattville intake is not modified.
Monitoring—Monitoring water temperatures and DO concentrations in Lake
Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, the project’s powerhouse discharges, and the NFFR
would provide a means of documenting the effectiveness of enhancing thermal and DO
3-78
conditions with measures implemented under any new license. On February 28, 2003,
the Commission approved (with modifications) PG&E’s water temperature monitoring
plan that was filed pursuant to Article 401 of the Rock Creek-Cresta Project license
(PG&E, 2002b; FERC, 2003). Pursuant to this approved plan, PG&E continuously
monitors water temperature from June 1 to September 30 at 39 stations in the NFFR
Basin. Many monitoring stations are located at sites affected by the UNFFR Project
(table 3-7). This monitoring plan also requires PG&E to monitor vertical profiles in
Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir at four stations each during June to September.
Vertical profiles of temperature are required to be taken from the surface to the bottom
at intervals of no more than 1 month. PG&E also monitors DO at a minimum of three
depths on each profile (near the surface, the thermocline, and bottom).
We conclude that monitoring water temperature according to the current FERCapproved plan for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project (PG&E, 2002b; FERC, 2003) would
show whether anticipated water temperature and DO conditions occur under any new
license. Although this monitoring plan does not address monitoring DO concentrations
in project powerhouse tailraces or project-affected stream reaches, doing so would
provide minimal benefit unless the Prattville intake is modified or another measure
causes adverse conditions in these areas. Data collected under current conditions
indicate that low DO levels that occur in Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir are
typically not propagated downstream (see table 3-8). Therefore, we conclude that DO
levels would be adequately documented by monitoring DO concentrations in:
x Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir according to the existing Rock
Creek-Cresta Project water temperature management plan; and
x Lake Almanor at 1-meter intervals as outlined in our discussion of the water
quality monitoring plan above.
Odors and Metals in the Seneca Reach
PG&E typically uses the Canyon dam outlet tower low-level gates to supply the
Seneca reach with cool water; however, these operations have resulted in elevated odors
and trace metal concentrations in the NFFR downstream of Canyon dam, particularly in
the fall prior to turnover of Lake Almanor.
PG&E proposes to switch the release pathway used for MIFs to the Seneca reach
to a Canyon dam upper-level gate in September. PG&E has been inconsistent in the
specific dates that it would use the upper-level gates. In the SA (PG&E, 2004a), PG&E
proposes to switch use to an upper-level gate on September 15 and to continue using the
upper-level gate until at least November 1. On or after November 1, PG&E would
switch releases back to the low-level gate. In its rehabilitation plan for the Canyon dam
outlet tower gate (PG&E, 2004c), PG&E proposes releasing the MIFs through the
Canyon dam upper-level gates during September 1 to October 15, each year. PG&E
3-79
also proposes, in its SA, to increase the MIF in the Seneca reach from 35 cfs year-round
to flows ranging from 60 to 150 cfs, depending on month and hydrologic water year
type. Under the terms of the SA, the Seneca reach MIF would be increased to 60 cfs
during September, October, and November of all water year types.
The SA (PG&E, 2004a) includes provisions for a multifaceted WQMP that
includes a Canyon dam mitigation measures evaluation. This measure would examine
the adequacy and efficacy of using the upper-level gates to alleviate the strong odors
and elevated trace metal concentrations in the upper end of the Seneca reach. The
evaluation would include a sampling program focused on odors and trace metals in
waters of Lake Almanor and the Seneca reach during June to October for a minimum of
6 years after issuance of a new license. For a full discussion of the recommended
Canyon dam mitigation measures evaluation, see our discussion of the WQMP, above.
Our Analysis
Trace metal and sulfide concentrations in reservoirs such as Lake Almanor can
be affected by stagnation of water in the hypolimnion for long periods of time. In large
reservoirs such as Lake Almanor, near-bottom DO concentrations typically become
progressively reduced during the summer to early fall (Wetzel, 1975), and PG&E’s
water quality measurements confirm that this condition occurs in Lake Almanor (see
our discussion of DO in section 3.3.1.1). During 2001, anoxic (DO of <0.5 mg/l)
conditions occurred near the bottom of Lake Almanor at the Canyon dam outlet tower
from early August through mid-October. Fall turnover increased the near-bottom DO
concentration to 4.8 mg/l by mid-November.
Low DO concentrations at the water/sediment interface allow reductive chemical
processes to occur. Iron and manganese are converted into soluble forms and released
from the sediments under anoxic conditions with pH levels of 7.5 units or less (Wetzel,
1975). These conditions also lead to sulfate being reduced to sulfide, which can lead to
offensive odors from release of hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere (Wetzel, 1975).
From mid-summer through early November 2001, PG&E conducted a study to
evaluate the timing of the onset of odor problems and to determine the effects of
changing operations from the typical condition of providing a 35-cfs MIF via the lowlevel gate to using the upper gates and increasing the flow release. Results of this study
show that concentrations of sulfide, dissolved iron, and dissolved manganese were
elevated near the bottom of Lake Almanor at the Canyon dam outlet tower during
September and October (table 3-12). The highest measured sulfide concentration (0.504
mg/l) occurred on September 11, and October measurements were all at or above 0.186
mg/l. Dissolved iron concentrations measured in September and October ranged from
1.99 to 4.02 mg/l, with the highest level measured on October 10. Dissolved manganese
concentrations measured in September and October ranged from 0.841 to 1.98 mg/l,
with the highest level being recorded on October 18.
3-80
August 8
35-cfs release via
lower gate
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
0.0028
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
0.001
0.184
0.036
0.044
0.005
0.003
0.005
Location
LA1-S
LA1-B
NF2
NF2A
SF
NF3
NF4
LA1-S
LA1-B
NF2
NF2A
SF
NF3
NF4
LA1-S
LA1-B
NF2
NF2A
SF
NF3
NF4
3-81
September 11
October 10
October 17
35-cfs release via
35-cfs release
35 cfs release
lower gate
via lower gate via upper gate
Sulfide (mg/l)
0.0033
0.0018
0.0023
0.504
0.221
0.265
<0.0017
0.0086
0.0017
<0.0017
0.0034
0.0020
<0.0017
0.0015
0.0017
<0.0017
0.0007
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
Dissolved Iron (mg/l)
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
1.99
4.02
3.84
0.122
0.273
<0.050
0.157
0.198
<0.050
0.140
0.105
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
Dissolved Manganese (mg/l)
<0.001
0.004
0.002
0.841
1.160
1.610
0.755
0.524
0.007
0.663
0.316
0.016
0.057
0.073
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
1.980
0.008
0.023
0.014
0.012
0.009
<0.050
2.12
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.0017
0.186
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
October 18
200-cfs release
via upper gate
0.006
0.008
0.016
0.010
0.003
0.002
0.004
<0.050
0.055
0.068
0.057
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
0.0017
0.0031
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
<0.0017
November 14
35-cfs release
via lower gate
Table 3-12. Sulfide and dissolved iron and manganese concentrations in Lake Almanor and the Seneca reach, August to
November, 2001. (Source: PG&E, 2002a, as modified by staff)
Typical operation of the project includes using the low-level gates to supply the
required 35 cfs to the NFFR downstream of Canyon dam. PG&E’s evaluation of
hydraulics in the vicinity of the Canyon dam outlet tower indicates that, when 35 cfs is
routed through the low-level gate, it draws water from a 9-foot-high band that extends
above and below the gate’s invert elevation of 4,422 feet (PG&E datum). PG&E
concludes and we agree that during wet and normal years this results in drafting water
from the hypolimnion; however, the drought conditions of 2001 led to lower than
normal Lake Almanor water surface elevations and resulted in drafting water primarily
from the metalimnion through the low-level gate. We conclude that conditions in Lake
Almanor during 2001 led to drafting water with higher DO levels and lower
concentrations of sulfide and dissolved iron and manganese than contained in normalyear hypolimnetic releases through the Canyon dam outlet low-level gates.
PG&E concludes and we agree that results of this study suggest that switching
the source of the 35-cfs release to the upper-level gate, which is approximately 45 feet
higher (invert elevation of 4,467 feet, PG&E datum), would decrease sulfide, dissolved
iron, and dissolved manganese concentrations and would increase water temperature at
the Canyon dam release outlet, station NF2 (see October 10 and 17 in table E-1,
appendix E). It appears that there would be little additional benefit to water quality or
reduction of odors associated with increasing the flow release from 35 cfs to 200 cfs on
October 18.
PG&E reported that hydrogen sulfide odors were noticeable from the road above
Canyon dam in October 2000. During 2001, hydrogen sulfide odors were present
downslope of Canyon dam, although they were not as strong as during 2000. An odor
of 4 TON occurred at the Canyon dam release to the NFFR on October 10, 2001.
Shifting to the upper-level gate on October 17 coincided with a decrease in odor to less
than 2 TON, which continued through the period of the 200-cfs release via the upperlevel gate.
PG&E concludes and we agree that results of this study suggest using the upperlevel gate of the Canyon dam outlet tower in the fall would reduce the levels of odor;
concentrations of sulfide, dissolved iron, and dissolved manganese; and would increase
water temperature. However, the lower than normal Lake Almanor water levels during
the 2001 study period altered water temperature and water quality in the reservoir and,
consequently, conditions of water drafted from the reservoir. In addition, the upperlevel gate was only used for 2 days during the 2001 study, and prolonged usage of the
gate could have a much larger effect on water quality in the hypolimnion of Lake
Almanor. Although the 2001 study does not document conditions that would occur with
prolonged usage of the upper-level gate, we conclude that switching to the upper-level
gates of the Canyon dam outlet tower is a reasonable approach to improving water
quality in the NFFR downstream of Canyon dam and minimizing odors in the vicinity
of the dam. We further conclude that conducting a study such as the Canyon dam
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mitigation measures evaluation that is recommended in the SA would document the
effects of prolonged usage of the upper-level gate during wet, normal, and dry years and
could provide information to adaptively manage the gate usage. However, we
emphasize that the timing in which PG&E proposes to use the upper-level gates is not
identified and that implementation of this action would affect water temperatures.
Because use of the gate could substantially affect water temperatures in the Seneca
reach, we conclude that it would be beneficial for PG&E to consult with the SWRCB,
Plumas County, the FS, CDFG, FWS, and other interested parties prior to changing the
typical-use pattern of the Canyon dam outlet tower gates to ensure that stakeholder
concerns are addressed appropriately.
Recreation and Pulse Flows
Although winter pulse flows and summer recreational flows could affect water
quality, their consequences primarily influence habitat for aquatic and riparian
organisms and recreational resources. Therefore, we discuss these measures in sections
3.3.2, Aquatic Resources, 3.3.3, Terrestrial Resources, and 3.3.5, Recreational
Resources. Effects on water quality are incorporated into the discussion of aquatic
resources.
Erosion
Lake Almanor Shoreline Erosion—Wind-generated waves and wakes from boats
on Lake Almanor erode banks and may result in local degradation of water quality from
turbidity and sedimentation, and endanger cultural (known and unknown), recreational,
and other sites along the shoreline of the reservoir. Recreationists who drive off-road
vehicles along the shoreline of Lake Almanor also contribute to ongoing localized
erosion in some areas.
PG&E (2002c) developed a draft SMP for Lake Almanor, which includes an
erosion control plan as one of its components. The goals of this erosion control plan are
to identify and provide information on where erosion is taking place, identify where
PG&E has the legal right to erode the shoreline, to guide PG&E on when and where it
should implement erosion control measures, and provide information on how adjacent
property owners can undertake erosion control measures on PG&E lands, while at the
same time preserving and sustaining the natural environmental qualities of the reservoir.
Plumas County expresses its expectation that PG&E will amend its draft SMP to
address inconsistencies of the plan with land use designations within the project
boundary. The county also comments that it would like results of PG&E’s investigation
of a few moderate to severe erosion sites, identified by the county in a June 13, 2003,
meeting with PG&E, to be incorporated into the SMP.
In its draft SMP, PG&E commits to conducting annual surveys to evaluate
shoreline erosion around Lake Almanor. PG&E also plans to continue issuing cost-free
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permits to adjacent landowners who desire to implement erosion control work on PG&E
property. In addition, PG&E plans to implement erosion control measures, as
necessary, to limit erosion associated with cultural resource sites, threatened or
endangered species sites, PG&E-owned facilities or sites of high value such as
developed recreation sites. These measures may include riprap revetments, hardening
of trails, or construction of stairways to keep recreationists off fragile slopes in popular
dispersed recreation areas.
In addition, PG&E proposes to inform the recreating public of vehicular access
restrictions, federal laws regarding the protection of cultural resources, and potential
penalties for violation. PG&E also proposes increased monitoring and/or patrolling
during periods of reservoir drawdown in fall and winter.
In its SA, PG&E indicated that agreement has not been reached with Plumas
County on shoreline erosion. In the SA, which provides limited guidance for shoreline
erosion, PG&E commits to:
x provide erosion control measures to protect the Lake Almanor shoreline from
wind-caused wave action at the Westwood Beach and Stumpy Beach day-use
areas;
x close and rehabilitate user-created vehicular and off-road vehicle (ORV)
access routes along Lake Almanor’s southwestern shoreline, in consultation
with the FS; and
x determine the need to update the SMP based on discussions with the FS,
Plumas County, and other interested parties at annual land use meetings and
meetings held once every 10 years, at a minimum, specifically for that
purpose.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies, as a
component of final Section 4(e) condition no. 40, that PG&E consult with the FS and
other interested SA signatories for the purpose of developing a final SMP within 30
days of license issuance. The FS also recommends that PG&E hold meetings at least
every 10 years, as specified in the SA, to discuss the need to update the SMP.
In its July 7, 2003 comments on Scoping Document 1, Plumas County
recommends that PG&E be responsible for controlling any shoreline erosion caused by
project operations that adversely affect water quality, aquatic resources, cultural
resources, recreation, or aesthetics. It also recommends that, at a minimum, PG&E
develop in consultation with Plumas County and resource agencies, a comprehensive
site-specific erosion protection plan for shoreline areas with significant erosion. In its
October 29, 2004, comments on the draft EIS, Plumas County further recommends that
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PG&E meet with local citizens and the 2105 Committee prior to finalizing the plan and
filing it with the Commission.
Our Analysis
Shoreline erosion is noticeable along portions of the perimeter of Lake Almanor,
as it is on many reservoirs. PG&E’s shoreline erosion survey conducted in 2000
indicates that about 7 percent of the reservoir’s shoreline has substantial erosion, as
identified by slope scars on the shoreline and sloughing of material into water. This
survey also indicated that erosion is generally most extensive along the southeastern
shoreline near Canyon dam and the western shoreline of the Almanor peninsula. Since
Lake Almanor’s normal maximum water level is at elevation 4,494 feet (PG&E datum)
and much of the shoreline is gently sloped, erosion above the 4,500-foot contour
(PG&E datum) project boundary is relatively uncommon. However, wind and wave
action has eroded steep bank areas to near the 4,500-foot contour in a few locations,
which has raised concerns regarding the potential for contamination of Lake Almanor
from nearby septic leach fields.
In June 2003, Plumas County informed PG&E of some locations that it viewed
as having moderate to severe erosion which were not included in PG&E’s draft SMP.
Plumas County also noted that the draft SMP is inconsistent with county land use
designations in some areas. In October 2004, Plumas County indicated that it had
resolved most of its outstanding issues on the SMP with PG&E and recommended that
PG&E meet with the 2105 Committee and local citizens prior to finalizing the plan. We
conclude that PG&E could improve the draft SMP by revising it to include the erosion
sites identified by the county in June 2003 and making it consistent with current county
land use designations. We additionally conclude that PG&E could address concerns of
interested parties including the 2105 Committee and local citizens by meeting with them
prior to finalizing the SMP and revising the SMP, as appropriate.
We conclude that implementation of the erosion control measures proposed by
PG&E would reduce erosion, particularly in areas where erosion could result in loss of
cultural resources, threatened and endangered species, and project facilities including
developed recreation sites; however, localized shoreline erosion could continue to occur
particularly on properties not owned by PG&E that are along the 4,500-foot contour
(PG&E datum). Should Plumas County adopt an ordinance that limits the use of
motorized vehicles at elevations of less than 4,500 feet (PG&E datum), informing the
recreating public of these regulations and enforcing them would reduce localized
erosion associated with these uses.
Monitoring shoreline erosion annually as proposed by PG&E would document
changes in erosion around the reservoir. It would also be beneficial for PG&E to
implement a plan developed in consultation with SWRCB, CVRWQCB, CDFG, the FS,
Plumas County, and the Maidu community to evaluate any adverse effects of shoreline
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erosion on water quality, aquatic resources, cultural resources, recreation, and aesthetics
on a regular basis. The results of the annual shoreline erosion surveys and evaluation of
shoreline erosion on other resources would facilitate identification of the need for
further erosion control measures in the future.
Erosion of Upland Areas—PG&E’s ground-disturbing activities, and its use and
management of a roadway system that is necessary to maintain and operate the project,
may result in erosion and subsequent degradation of water quality. In addition, as part
of the cleanup of the 1984 Caribou landslide, PG&E created a spoil pile containing
PCB-laden materials at a location referred to as the Oak Flat spoil pile.
In 1998, PG&E and the Plumas National Forest (1998) entered into a road
maintenance agreement. This agreement applies to all roads where PG&E and the FS
have joint use of Plumas NFS roads. The intent of the agreement is to ensure
maintenance of the roads in a condition that provides for their intended use, prevent and
correct erosion to the roads and adjacent lands, and ensure safe and efficient use of the
roads. The agreement states that PG&E and the FS shall meet annually to develop an
annual maintenance plan that addresses all anticipated road maintenance work needed
on the roads covered by the road maintenance agreement.
The SA provides limited guidance for controlling erosion of upland areas. As a
component of the recreation facility development program, the SA would require PG&E
to implement erosion control measures on the slope between the parking lot and the
upper picnic area at the Belden rest stop (SR 70) and for construction of a trail down to
the Lake Almanor shoreline at the East Shore group camp area. PG&E also would
revegetate or harden areas with substantial erosion caused by pedestrian or vehicle
traffic at Rocky Point campground and day use area. The SA also would require PG&E
to re-grade the Oak Flat spoil piles along Caribou Road to create a more natural rolling
topography along the roadside, and establish native plantings where possible between
the road and the spoil piles. Additionally, PG&E would stabilize and revegetate all
native material that is left on NFS lands following ground-disturbing activities.
In its final Section 4(e) conditions, filed November 4, 2004, the FS specifies
measures to control erosion of upland areas on NFS land or lands that would affect NFS
lands. Some of these lands are within the project area, although other lands are outside
the project area:
x Develop a plan for the control of erosion, stream sedimentation, dust, and soil
mass movement for any new ground-disturbing construction or non-routine
maintenance that may affect NFS lands. Following approval of the plan by
the FS, PG&E would file the FS-approved plan with the Commission 60 days
prior to beginning associated construction activities (Condition 15);
x File an FS-approved visual management plan with the Commission within 60
days prior to any ground-disturbing activity. The plan would address
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clearing, removal of all non-native materials from NFS lands, locating spoil
piles in approved areas on NFS lands or removing spoils from NFS lands,
and stabilization and revegetation of all native material left on NFS lands
(Condition 40 (G));
x Within 2 years of license issuance, re-grade the Oak Flat road debris spoil
piles along Caribou Road and establish native vegetation between the road
and spoil pile (Condition 40 (C)); and
x Cooperate with the FS on preparation of a road condition survey and
maintenance plan that includes identifying PG&E’s responsibility for road
maintenance and repair costs based on project-induced use (Condition 42).
In its preliminary Section 10(j) recommendations, filed December 1, 2003,
Interior makes a recommendation that PG&E develop an erosion control plan for all
project facilities, roads, reservoirs, and bypassed reaches in consultation with the FWS,
the FS, CDFG, and SWRCB.
Our Analysis
To control erosion and limit adverse effects on water quality associated with the
roadway system, it is important for PG&E to prioritize maintenance efforts and
implement BMPs for ground-disturbing activities. We conclude that implementation of
PG&E’s road maintenance agreement with the Plumas National Forest would ensure
that PG&E and Plumas National Forest regularly reevaluate the need for maintenance,
prioritize efforts to address these needs, and implement maintenance accordingly.
The SA identifies numerous activities such as development of recreation sites
that would necessitate ground-disturbing activities. We consider it appropriate to
address erosion control in site-specific design for any recommended new recreational
facilities, which could be included in a recreation management plan (discussed in
section 3.3.5, Recreational Resources). There would be a benefit in PG&E consulting
with the appropriate resource agencies along with the Maidu community during
development of the plan and upon discovery of previously unidentified cultural
materials to ensure that their concerns are adequately addressed.
Similarly, implementation of a visual management plan, as recommended by the
FS, would limit the potential for existing and new spoil piles to erode, aid in controlling
invasive weeds, and improve the aesthetics of the spoil piles. Appropriate testing of
sediments in the existing spoils piles, prior to disturbing them, and after consultation
with appropriate resource agencies, would maintain or improve the environmental
quality around any spoil piles that contain hazardous materials (such as the potentially
PCB-laden materials in the Oak Flat spoil pile).
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Hazardous Substances
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies final
Section 4(e) condition 7 to limit the potential for PG&E to introduce hazardous
pollutants to waters in the project area. Under this condition, PG&E would be required
to file an FS-approved hazardous substances plan (HSP) with the Commission for oil
and hazardous substances storage and spill prevention and cleanup. The FS specifies
that, at a minimum, PG&E develop an HSP that:
x outlines PG&E’s procedures for reporting and responding to releases of
hazardous substances, including names and phone numbers of all emergency
response personnel and their assigned responsibilities;
x maintains in the project area, a cache of spill cleanup equipment suitable to
contain any spill from the project;
x periodically informs the FS of the location of the spill cleanup equipment on
NFS lands and of the location, type, and quantity of oil and hazardous
substances stored in the project area; and
x informs the FS immediately of the nature, time, date, location and action
taken for any spill affecting NFS lands and PG&E adjoining property.
Our Analysis
In accordance with 40 CFR §112.1, an HSP (also frequently referred to as a spill
prevention, control, and countermeasure plan) is required to be in place for any facility
that has a maximum oil storage capacity of greater than 1,320 gallons above ground or
in greater than 660 gallons in a single container. Drawings in Exhibit F of the license
application do not provide sufficient information to determine which facilities are
required to have an HSP under 40 CFR §112.1. In addition to the onsite storage of
lubricants and other oil products, transformers on site are likely oil-cooled; due to the
total size of all transformers at each development, we also assume that the total oil
capacity of the transformers cumulatively is greater than 1,320 gallons per development,
and each development is therefore required to have a HSP. We also note that any other
project facility, including mechanical works, maintenance and warehousing areas, and
other locations that store a single 660-gallon container or a cumulative 1,320 gallons of
petroleum products is required to have an HSP.
PG&E is required to develop and implement an HSP for petroleum products
independent of relicensing. This plan would provide a quick reference to procedures
and notifications in the case of oil spills with the goal of reducing the effects of spills on
the local area including the upper NFFR and Yellow Creek if a spill occurs. Extending
the plan to include other hazardous materials stored, used, or disposed of in the project
area would reduce the likelihood for contamination by these products and would reduce
the extent of contamination should a spill occur.
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3.3.1.3
Cumulative Effects on Water Resources
Since construction, project facilities and operations have affected water
temperatures throughout much of the NFFR, lower Butt Creek, and project
impoundments. Increasing summer flows in the Seneca and Belden reaches would cool
water within these reaches. Modifying the Prattville intake to supply cold water from
Lake Almanor to downstream reaches, pursuant to the Rock Creek-Cresta SA, would
result in cooler water in the Butt Valley reservoir and in the NFFR between the Caribou
development and Lake Oroville, although it would also result in a deeper thermocline
and a warmer epilimnion in Lake Almanor. Implementation of other coldwater supply
options could also cool water in the NFFR downstream of the Caribou development, but
some options would warm water in Butt Valley reservoir. Since construction of the
Rock Creek-Cresta and Poe projects, a portion of the flow has typically been routed
around the Rock Creek, Cresta, and Poe bypassed reaches to the respective powerhouses
resulting in summer warming of remaining flows in these reaches. Based on
evaluations of modifying project features associated with the Prattville intake and Butt
Valley reservoir, we do not anticipate that project features would be modified to provide
cold water to downstream reaches. Therefore, the cumulative effects of the project and
non project facilities and operations would be cooling of water in the NFFR between the
Caribou development and Lake Oroville.
Several project and non-project actions affect the concentrations of trace metals
within NFFR basin waters. Since 1952, PG&E’s LACSP has seasonally increased
silver concentrations in the atmosphere of the watershed that contributes to Lake
Almanor, and consequently has increased the likelihood of elevated silver
concentrations in precipitation and runoff. Project facilities and operations have
historically resulted in accumulation of sediments in the reservoir and low DO levels in
water at the water/substrate interface. The naturally high levels of metals in the
sediments in combination with the anoxic conditions in the reservoir’s hypolimnion
have historically resulted in mineralization of trace metals in the reservoir, and elevated
trace metal concentrations in Lake Almanor’s hypolimnion and the Seneca reach.
Modifying the Prattville intake to draft deeper water from Lake Almanor would
seasonally increase oxygen levels in deeper waters of Lake Almanor and consequently
reduce mineralization of metals contained in the sediments deposited in the reservoir.
PG&E’s use of the upper gates instead of the low-level gates at the Canyon dam outlet
tower during periods with elevated hypolimnetic metal concentrations would reduce the
conveyance of water with high metal concentrations to the Seneca reach. Non-project
related mining is expected to continue in the Seneca and Belden reaches and other
streams within the basin. Mining activity is expected to continue to cause the
suspension of sediments with high trace metal concentrations. However, the cumulative
effect of anticipated project and non-project actions would be a reduction in trace metal
concentrations in Lake Almanor’s hypolimnion and the Seneca reach.
Continued operation of the project may result in portions of the Lake Almanor
shoreline receding into or near septic leach fields that were constructed prior to raising
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the normal Lake Almanor water level to 4,494 feet (PG&E datum) in the mid 1970s.
This could result in the introduction of fecal coliform bacteria and human pathogens
from the leach fields into Lake Almanor waters. The expected increase in wateroriented recreational use throughout the NFFR basin would increase the potential for
fecal coliform bacteria and human pathogens to be introduced to surface waters in the
basin. The cumulative effects of these actions would be additive and likely result in
localized increases in concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria and human pathogens in
surface waters of the NFFR basin.
3.3.1.4
Unavoidable Adverse Effects. None.
3.3.2 Aquatic Resources
3.3.2.1
Affected Environment
The project area currently supports a diverse assemblage of native and nonnative fish species, many of which provide a forage base for game fish as well as for
avian predators (table 3-13). The reservoirs support both coldwater and warmwater
fisheries, while the bypassed reaches support a coldwater fishery dominated by rainbow
trout. The rainbow trout population depends upon adequate year-round instream flows,
water temperatures below 20°C, suitable spawning gravels, and access to tributaries that
provide quality spawning areas and juvenile rearing habitat. Hardhead (Mylopharodon
conocephalus) and Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus), both of which are
special-status fish species in California, are known to occur in project waters and are
discussed in greater detail below. Project waters also support diverse populations of
aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and aquatic reptiles (PG&E, 2002a).
The historical fish community of the UNFFR likely included anadromous Central
Valley spring-run and fall-run Chinook salmon (Yoshiyama et al., 2001). Central
Valley steelhead may have occurred in project reaches, but there is uncertainty in
regards to their original range (PG&E, 2002a). Although the majority of anadromous
salmon may have been blocked by a set of naturally-occurring falls near the town of
Seneca, many are reported to have ascended the entire length of the NFFR through the
area now inundated by Lake Almanor and into surrounding tributary streams
(Yoshiyama et al., 2001). The first man-made blockages to anadromous fish migrations
in the Feather River basin were likely associated with mining operations. Hydraulic
mining operations altered the river’s physical and hydrologic processes, resulting in
dewatered river beds, increased sediment loading, and physical alteration to gravel and
cobble beds, all of which likely affected salmon populations (Yoshiyama et al., 2001).
The construction of Big Bend dam in 1910 upstream of present day Lake Oroville likely
blocked migratory fish from accessing waters of the NFFR and its associated tributaries.
The construction of Canyon dam in 1914, and a second dam replacing it (1927), Rock
Creek dam (1950), Cresta dam (1950), Poe dam (1958), and Oroville dam (1963)
created additional migratory barriers in the upper Feather River. After the creation of
project reservoirs, introduced fish species such as smallmouth bass, largemouth bass,
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Gila bicolor
Tui chub
Cottus gulosus
Riffle sculpin
Cottus asper
Prickly sculpin
Mylopharodon conocephalus
Hardhead
Archoplites interruptus
Sacramento perch
Ptychocheilus grandis
Sacramento pikeminnow
Catostomus occidentalis
Sacramento sucker
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (game fish)
Native Species
X
X
X
X
X
Lake
Almanora
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Butt
Valley
Reservoir
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X
X
X
Belden
Reservoir
X
X
X
Upper
Butt
Creek
X
X
Lower Butt
Creek
X
X
X
X
Seneca
Reach
X
X
X
X
X
X
Belden
Reach
Table 3-13. Fish species identified in recent surveys (1996-2002) of waters in the UNFFR Project. (Source: PG&E
2002a, as modified by staff)
b
a
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Belden
Reservoir
X
Upper
Butt
Creek
Lower Butt
Creek
X
Seneca
Reach
X
Belden
Reach
Stocked in Lake Almanor by CDFG.
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Tahoe sucker, tui chub, hitch, brook trout, kokanee salmon, silver salmon, chum salmon, bluegill, green sunfish, and channel
catfish have been noted to occur in Lake Almanor, but were not collected in PG&E's recent surveys.
Archoplites interruptus
Sacramento perch
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
Hypomesus nipponensis
Wakasagi (Japanese pond
smelt)
Ameiurus nebulosus
Brown bullhead
Micropterus salmoides
Largemouth bass (game fish)
Micropterus dolomieui
Smallmouth bass (game fish)
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (game fish)b
Salmo trutta
Brown trout (game fish)
Introduced Species
Lake
Almanora
Butt
Valley
Reservoir
wakasagi (Japanese pond smelt), and brown trout exploited the new lentic environment,
establishing self-sustaining populations.
Lake Almanor and Upstream Waters
Lake Almanor is the largest, most upstream project reservoir, and is approximately
10 miles long and varies between 1 and 4 miles in width. Lake Almanor has a surface
area of 27,000 acres and a storage capacity of 1,142,251 acre-feet and (figure 1-1).
Because the reservoir was created in what was formerly a large alpine meadow, it is
relatively shallow in nature (PG&E, 2002a). Average depth of the reservoir is
approximately 42 feet, with the deepest location of approximately 100 feet occurring near
Canyon dam. During the summer, the lake is thermally stratified with a warm upper
layer (epilimnion) that extends to a depth of 30 to 40 feet and a cold bottom layer
(hypolimnion) that develops below 40 feet. The near-surface layer is typically 22°C or
warmer in the summer, with temperatures at depth ranging between 10 and 14°C. Lake
Almanor is also stratified with respect to the concentration of DO in the water column
during summer stratification. Oxygen levels are near saturation at the surface and are
diminished in the hypolimnion. In a 1962 study of the Lake Almanor fishery, CDFG
reported that hypoxic conditions developed at approximately 35 feet and below, which
forced coldwater game fish to seek thermal refugia where cold tributaries entered the
reservoir or where upwelling springs occurred (PG&E, 2002a). Inflow into the lake
comes from the Hamilton Branch powerhouse; the NFFR; the Hamilton Branch of the
Feather River; and a number of smaller tributaries including Benner, Last Chance, and
Bailey creeks. Various submerged springs can contribute a substantial volume of water,
approximately 400 cfs, to Lake Almanor. Seasonally, elevation of the lake can vary from
a low of 4,466.7 feet (PG&E datum) to a high of 4,494 feet (PG&E datum). A target
level at or above 4,474 feet is established prior to September 15 to support recreational
use. As lake levels recede during the late summer and fall, the shallow northwest portion
of the lake de-waters more rapidly than the rest of the nearshore aquatic habitat in the
lake.
Lake Almanor supports both coldwater and warmwater fish populations (table 312). Primary game fish occurring in the reservoir include rainbow trout, brown trout,
stocked Chinook salmon, smallmouth bass, and largemouth bass. Since 1933, CDFG has
stocked a variety of game and panfish in the reservoir to supplement the sport fishery.
Recent CDFG stocking efforts have focused on rainbow trout, brown trout, and Chinook
salmon. A creel survey conducted by PG&E in 2000 revealed that angler catch is
dominated by rainbow trout and smallmouth bass, collectively comprising 93 percent of
the total recorded catch of participating anglers (EA, 2001).
Wakasagi, which were introduced in the early 1970s, provide an important forage
base for piscivorous fish in Lake Almanor. This species tends to aggregate at or below
the thermocline in Lake Oroville, and it is likely that a similar behavioral pattern occurs
in Lake Almanor (HTI, 2002; personal communication, D. Lee, Supervisory Fisheries
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Biologist, CDFG, Rancho Cordova, CA, with J. Wechsler, Fisheries and Aquatic
Scientist, Kleinschmidt Associates, Pittsfield, ME, February 17, 2005). Because of the
collection techniques used and locations sampled, fish population studies conducted by
PG&E in support of the license application do not provide a thorough understanding of
the population size of wakasagi within Lake Almanor. However, entrainment studies
conducted by PG&E in 2001 indicate that wakasagi accounted for 99.9 percent of all fish
entrained (via the Prattville intake) through the Butt Valley powerhouse (ECORP,
2002a). A total of 91,616 wakasagi were collected during 10 days of sampling from June
through October, suggesting that an abundant population of wakasagi currently exists in
Lake Almanor. Entrainment of wakasagi inhabiting Lake Almanor transports them to
downstream reservoirs and riverine reaches where they likely provide an important
forage base for piscivorous fishes and avian predators.
Mollusc species inhabiting Lake Almanor include two native gastropods, rock
fossaria (Fossaria modicella) and Artemesian rams-horn (Vorticifex effuses); two
introduced gastropods, big-ear radix (Radix auricularia) and mimic lymnaea
(Pseudosuccinea columella); one native bivalve, striated fingernail clam (Sphaerium
striatinum); and one introduced bivalve, the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea; also known
as the Asiatic clam), which is the most dominant mollusc in the reservoir.
Butt Valley Reservoir
Butt Valley reservoir is long (4.75 miles) and narrow (0.75 mile) and has a
maximum depth of about 50 feet (see figure 1-1). The surface area of the reservoir is
1,600 acres. The primary source of flow entering the reservoir is from Butt Valley
powerhouse, which draws its water from Lake Almanor at the Prattville intake.
Butt Creek is the only major tributary entering the reservoir. Average monthly
flows range from 40 to 188 cfs and averaged 99 cfs for the water year period 1970–1999.
Butt Creek is an unregulated stream, flowing approximately 21 miles from its headwaters
to Butt Valley reservoir. The creek is dominated by boulder and cobble substrates with
areas of gravel that provide spawning, rearing, and foraging habitat for rainbow and
brown trout. Rainbow and brown trout are the only game fish present in the creek; riffle
sculpin and Sacramento sucker are also present (table 3-14). Angler harvest data
revealed that 64 percent of all trout caught in the creek were 14 inches or longer (table 315). Rainbow trout from Butt Valley Reservoir enter the creek during early spring
(March through April) to spawn while brown trout enter the creek during fall (October
through November) for spawning. Juvenile rainbow and brown trout have both been
documented within the creek during recent fishery surveys (ECORP, 2003a). The creek
has a moderate gradient with riffle-run and step-run habitat contained in a well-defined
stream channel approximately 30 to 50 feet wide.
3-94
Table 3-14. Species composition and relative abundance in Seneca reach, Belden reach,
upper Butt Creek, and lower Butt Creek, 2000–2002. (Source: ECORP,
2003a, as modified by staff)
Yearly Abundance
(Percent of Total for Location)
Location
Species
2000
2001
Seneca Reach
Sculpina
69
58
Belden Reach
Riffle sculpin
47.8
Prickly sculpin
5.8
Rainbow trout
29
40
44.4
Brown trout
1
<1
0.9
Sacramento sucker
1
1
1.1
59.4
51.7
Sculpina
Riffle sculpin
55.9
Prickly sculpin
1.9
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout (hatchery)
Sacramento sucker
Sacramento pikeminnow
Upper Butt
Creek
Sculpina
27.4
26.5
-
-
0.7
19.1
20.9
13.9
1
-
1.1
47.5
46
54.5
28.5
33
29.4
Brown trout
5
9.4
11.2
Sacramento sucker
19
11.6
4.9
Sculpina
65
61.3
Riffle sculpin
59
Rainbow trout
a
21.3
Riffle sculpin
Rainbow trout
Lower Butt
Creek
2002
35
During 2000 and 2001 surveys sculpin were not identified to species.
3-95
38.7
41
Table 3-15. Total number of trout (rainbow and brown) caught by anglers in project
waters surveyed in 2000, by size range. (Source: EA, 2001, as modified by
staff)
Size Range (Inches)
<8
8-11
11-14
14-17
>17
Total
Lake Almanor
53
85
159
109
99
505
Butt Valley reservoir
4
13
25
34
37
113
Upper Butt Creek
35
16
32
72
77
231
Lower Butt Creek
2
28
20
3
3
56
Belden Reach
55
43
18
2
4
122
Reservoirs
Rivers/Streams
Under normal operating conditions, Butt Valley reservoir fluctuates about 1 foot
per day, 3 to 5 feet per week, and 10 feet on an annual basis. The reservoir is thermally
stratified during early summer with temperatures near 20°C at the surface and less than
12°C at depths of 20 feet or greater (PG&E, 2002a). The duration of thermal
stratification is influenced by the operation of the Caribou No.1 unit, a deeper intake unit
that drafts colder water from deeper portions of the reservoir. By mid-July and August,
the volume of cold water is typically at its minimum and the reservoir is weakly
stratified.
The reservoir supports a trophy rainbow and brown trout fishery, with trout greater
than 17 inches comprising a substantial portion (33 percent) of angler catch (table 3-15).
The existence of this trout fishery is likely due in part to the forage base provided by
wakasagi, which are entrained through the Prattville intake in Lake Almanor. Wakasagi
are also reported to reproduce in the Butt Valley powerhouse tailrace and at the mouth of
Butt Creek (personal communication, D. Lee, Supervisory Fisheries Biologist, CDFG,
Rancho Cordova, CA, with J. Wechsler, Fisheries and Aquatic Scientist, Kleinschmidt
Associates, Pittsfield, ME, July 27, 2005). Other fish species present in the reservoir
include Sacramento pikeminnow, Sacramento perch, Sacramento sucker, tui chub, and
smallmouth bass. Available habitat for fish, especially centrarchids, in the reservoir is
limited, as most of the shoreline consists of shallow water with mud or shale substrate
with little or no littoral zone present. In 1996 and 1997, fish habitat enhancement
structures were constructed within the reservoir as mitigation for a dam seismic
remediation project. The structures included 63 smallmouth bass cover and spawning
modules in the reservoir and 25 boulder clusters grouped at three locations within Butt
3-96
Creek, the tailrace, and the reservoir. The effectiveness of these habitat enhancement
structures has not been investigated.
Mollusc species inhabiting Butt Valley reservoir include four native gastropods:
black juga (Juga nigrina), Artemesian rams-horn, nugget pebblesnail (Fluminicola
seminalis), and marsh pondsnail (Stagnicola elodes). Large quantities of Asian clam
shells were documented throughout the reservoir in 2001, though no live individuals were
found. A prolonged severe drawdown of the reservoir from early spring 1996 through
1997 for dam safety purposes reduced the reservoir’s volume to 5.8 percent of its normal
amount and likely decreased the reproductive success of Asian clams in those years
(Spring Rivers, 2002).
Belden Reservoir
The Belden reservoir is located on the NFFR downstream of the Seneca bypassed
reach and has a surface area of 42 acres (see figure 1-1). The reservoir’s daily water
surface elevation can fluctuate between 5 and 10 feet depending on power operations.
Flow into the reservoir comes from the Caribou No. 1 powerhouse, the Caribou No. 2
powerhouse, and the Seneca reach of the UNFFR.
Fish species inhabiting Belden reservoir include rainbow trout, brown trout,
smallmouth bass, Sacramento sucker, and wakasagi. The presence of wakasagi is most
likely due to their entrainment in the intakes of Caribou No.1 and No. 2 powerhouses
located in Butt Valley reservoir. No data have been collected that suggest that wakasagi
reproduce in or reside in Belden reservoir for prolonged periods of time.
Two species of bivalves, the native western pearlshell mussel (Margaritifera
falcate) and the introduced Asian clam, occur within the reservoir (Spring Rivers, 2002).
Seneca Bypassed Reach
The Seneca bypassed reach of the NFFR begins at the base of Canyon dam and
extends 10.8 miles to the Caribou No. 1 powerhouse at the upper end of Belden reservoir
(see figure 1-1). A year-round minimum flow of 35 cfs is released into the reach from
Canyon dam. Within the uppermost 0.5 mile, the reach receives additional flow from
spring seepage and accretion flow. Butt Creek is the only major tributary that enters the
Seneca reach. The Seneca reach has an overall stream gradient of 2 percent with varying
habitat composed of low gradient riffles, runs, high gradient riffles, cascades, pools, stepruns, and pocket-water. The lower 1.25 miles of the reach, extending from the
confluence with lower Butt Creek to the Caribou No.1 powerhouse, contains higher
quality, more complex habitat consisting of a greater number of pools and additional flow
from lower Butt Creek.
3-97
The predominant fish species found within the Seneca reach are riffle sculpin,
rainbow trout, and prickly sculpin (table 3-14) (ECORP, 2003a). Less abundant fish
species include Sacramento sucker and brown trout. The rainbow trout population within
the Seneca reach is dominated by age 0+ and 1+ individuals (ECORP, 2003a). PG&E
estimated the density of rainbow trout redds within Seneca reach to be 79 redds per river
mile (TRPA, 2002b).
Molluscs inhabiting the reach include four native gastropods (nugget pebblesnail,
Artemesian rams-horn, tadpole physa, and black juga) and two native bivalves (striated
fingernail clam and western pearlshell mussel) (Spring Rivers, 2002).
Belden Bypassed Reach
The Belden reach of the NFFR is 9.3 miles long and extends from Belden dam to
its confluence with Yellow Creek (see figure 1-1). A minimum flow of 140 cfs is
released from the last Saturday in April to Labor Day from the Oak Flat powerhouse at
the base of Belden dam. During the remainder of the year, 60 cfs is released. To
accommodate the two flow rates, the turbine has a high-flow runner and a low-flow
runner that are alternated in the spring and fall to correspond with the change in
minimum flow requirements. The upper section of the Belden reach starts at the base of
Belden dam and extends 7 miles to its confluence with the EBNFFR. Habitat in the
upper section of Belden reach is varied, with riffles, runs, pools, pocketwater, and a 0.25to 0.5-mile long section characterized by split channels and shallow riffles. Mosquito
Creek is the largest tributary to the upper section, with flows ranging from 2 to 10 cfs
from June to September.
The lower section of the Belden reach extends from the confluence of the
EBNFFR to the confluence with Yellow Creek. This section is substantially wider than
the upper section and also has a much greater volume of uncontrolled flow due to input
from the EBNFFR, which is a large unregulated tributary of the NFFR. Data from the
water year period 1970–1999 indicate that average monthly flows in the EBNFFR are
highest from January until mid-May, ranging from 1,700 to 2,600 cfs, and are lowest
from July until September, ranging between 100 to 300 cfs. The habitat in this section of
the Belden reach consists primarily of riffles, runs, and pocket water. The Belden
powerhouse discharges into Yellow Creek just upstream of the creek’s confluence with
the NFFR. Upstream of the Belden powerhouse tailrace, Yellow Creek, a CDFGdesignated wild trout stream, contributes flows ranging from 40 to 170 cfs during June to
September.
The fish community inhabiting the Belden reach is mostly composed of riffle
sculpin, rainbow trout, Sacramento sucker, and prickly sculpin (see table 3-14). PG&E
estimated the density of rainbow trout redds within Belden reach to be 17 redds per mile
(TRPA, 2002b). Other less abundant species include Sacramento pikeminnow and the
hardhead, which is a FS sensitive species (FSS) and a state species of concern (CSC).
3-98
Angling pressure throughout the Belden reach is high due to private and public
campgrounds and Caribou Road, which provide easy fishing access along the reach. To
increase angling opportunities, CDFG annually stocks the reach with hatchery raised
rainbow trout.
The Gansner fish barrier is located on the Belden reach 0.2 river miles upstream of
its confluence with EBNFFR. This 5-foot-high concrete-topped gabion rock barrier
extends across the river and was constructed in 1975 by PG&E at the request of CDFG;
PG&E is responsible for maintaining the structure. The barrier was designed to eliminate
spawning access to the upper NFFR by Sacramento sucker and other non-game fish
species. In 1971, prior to the construction of the barrier, CDFG chemically treated the
Belden reach, from Belden dam to its confluence with the EBNFFR, with antimycin
(Fintrol) to control non-game fish, primarily Sacramento suckers. The chemical
treatment killed approximately 46,000 pounds of suckers and 300 to 500 pounds of
rainbow trout. Following the treatment, CDFG restocked 483 rainbow trout that had
been removed from the reach by electrofishing prior to the treatment and also stocked
10,000 hatchery-reared sub-catchable rainbow trout in the reach. PG&E noted that
during several site visits in the spring of 2001, multiple rainbow trout were observed
repeatedly attempting to jump over the barrier without success.
Mollusc species that inhabit the Belden reach include three native gastropods,
black juga, Artemesian rams-horn, and tadpole physa, and two bivalves; the native
western pearlshell mussel and the introduced Asian clam (Spring Rivers, 2002).
Lower Butt Creek Bypassed Reach
Lower Butt Creek, located in a remote, steep, and narrow canyon, is 1.4 miles long
and extends from the Butt Valley dam to its confluence with the Seneca reach (see figure
1-1). It is a high gradient creek (9.4 percent), and there are no existing minimum flow
requirements. Flows, which range from 14 and 21 cfs and average 18 cfs, are a result of
coldwater spring inflow, seepage from Butt Valley dam, and tributary inflow from
Benner Creek. During the summer months, water temperature within the creek ranges
from approximately 10 to 13°C. Aquatic habitat consists primarily of high gradient riffle,
cascade, and pocket water, and contains a substantial amount of large woody debris
(LWD) present (TRPA, 2002; Entrix, 2002). The substrate found within the creek is
dominated by boulder and cobble with areas of gravel. PG&E observed rainbow trout
redd densities of 171 redds per mile, the highest density recorded in project waters
(TRPA, 2002b), indicating that this reach is the most heavily used by spawning rainbow
trout.
Riffle sculpin and rainbow trout were the only two fish species collected in the
lower Butt Creek bypassed reach in 2000 through 2002 (table 3-14). Age 0+ trout were
the dominant age class collected within lower Butt Creek, although juvenile and adult
trout were also present (ECORP, 2003a). Based on the high density of trout redds and
3-99
age 0+ trout, it is evident that lower Butt Creek provides substantial spawning and rearing
habitat for rainbow trout. Positioned across the creek, 0.2 mile upstream of the
confluence with the Seneca reach, is a weir associated with an abandoned discharge gage,
NF-9, which may act as a barrier to the upstream movement of juvenile and adult trout
during low flow periods.
Compared to other project waters, lower Butt Creek possesses the greatest mollusc
diversity with six native species including five gastropods; black juga, Lyogyrus sp.,
nugget pebblesnail, Artemesian rams-horn, and tadpole physa (Physella gyrina), and one
native bivalve; striated fingernail clam (Spring Rivers, 2002).
Special-status Aquatic Species
Two special-status fish species are present within the project area. Hardhead, a
FSS and a CSC, has been documented in the tailrace of the Belden powerhouse. The
Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus), a FSS and the only centrarchid native to
California, also occurs in project waters. The CSC designation is intended to encourage
CDFG and other agencies to focus attention on a potentially imperiled species to help
avert the need for costly listing under federal and state endangered species laws and
associated recovery efforts that might ultimately be required. The FS has designated
Sacramento perch as a sensitive species as part of its threatened, endangered, and
sensitive species program, which was initiated to conserve and recover species that are
management priorities for individual forests.
Hardhead are an omnivorous species that feed on plankton, aquatic plants, and
invertebrates. Hardhead are typically most abundant in larger, middle, and low elevation
well-oxygenated stream reaches where summer temperatures typically exceed 20°C
(Moyle, 2002). Hardhead can colonize reservoirs, but persist only if exotic species,
especially centrarchid basses, are not present.
Historically, Sacramento perch were widespread in the Sacramento, San Joaquin,
Pajaro, and Salinas rivers and in Clear Lake (Lake County), but it has been extirpated
from most of its historic range (Moyle, 2002). Today, Sacramento perch are restricted to
farm ponds or reservoirs where they have been introduced. Preferred habitat consists of
beds of rooted and emergent aquatic plants, which are critical for food and cover for
juveniles. The species was introduced by an unknown source into project waters and was
most recently documented in Lake Almanor (2000) and Butt Valley reservoir (19961998).
Fish Entrainment
To determine whether fish were being transported through project facilities as a
result of normal operations, PG&E performed hydroacoustic and tailrace netting
entrainment surveys at the Belden, Caribou No. 1, Caribou No. 2, and Butt Valley
powerhouses in 2001. A total of 133,718 individual fish were collected in the tailraces,
3-100
of which 99.9 percent were wakasagi (ECORP, 2002a). The entrainment of wakasagi
likely provides a substantial forage base to Butt Valley, and may contribute to the
presence of its trophy trout fishery. Neither hardhead nor Sacramento perch, both species
of concern inhabiting the project area, were collected during entrainment sampling
efforts. The only hardhead documented in the relicensing studies were observed in the
tailrace of the Belden powerhouse during the entrainment study. Because hardhead have
not been documented above the Belden powerhouse, entrainment of this species is not
likely to occur within the project. Because Sacramento perch tend to occupy shallow
littoral zones, the potential for their entrainment from Lake Almanor or Butt Valley
reservoir is not substantial. The low occurrence of other entrained species collected
during the sampling (e.g., rainbow trout) indicates that these populations are only
marginally affected by entrainment.
3.3.2.2
Environmental Effects
Minimum Flows
In the SA, PG&E and the settlement parties propose minimum instream flows
based on water year type for the preservation and improvement of aquatic resources in
the Seneca and Belden reaches of the NFFR (tables 3-16 and 3-17). The FS in its final
Section 4(e) condition no. 25 specifies releases identical to the SA. In its Section 10(j)
recommendation no. 1, Interior recommends similar, but somewhat higher minimum
instream flows based on water year type for the Seneca and Belden reaches (tables 3-16
and 3-17). PG&E, and the FS in its final Section 4(e) condition no. 27, propose a method
to classify water year type by January 10 and notify the FS, CDFG, FWS, SWRCB,
Plumas County, and other signatories to the SA. The project would then be operated
based on that forecast for the remainder of the month until the next forecast is issued on
or about the tenth of February, March, April, and May. If the precipitation increases and
water year type needs to be reclassified, operational changes would be adjusted
accordingly.
For all recommended instream flow regimes, flows into Seneca reach would be
released from Canyon dam and be monitored at gage NF-2. Flows into Belden reach
would be released from Belden dam and monitored at gage NF-70.
In the SA, PG&E and the settlement parties do not propose any modifications to
the existing flow conditions in lower Butt Creek. Interior concurs in its 10(j)
recommendation no. 1, and suggests that PG&E make no efforts to reduce existing dam
leakage, tunnel leakage, or spring or other natural flows that currently provide inflow to
lower Butt Creek below Butt Valley dam.
3-101
Table 3-16. Recommended minimum flow releases from Canyon dam (Seneca reach) as
measured at gage NF-2. (Source: SA and Interior letter, December 1,
2003, as modified by staff)
WY Type
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Month
Jun Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Critically Dry
SA
Interior
75
90
75
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
80
90
75
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
70
60
Dry
SA
Interior
90
90
100
100
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
80
80
70
70
60
60
60
60
60
60
75
75
Normal
SA
Interior
90
90
100
100
125
150
125
150
125
150
125
125
90
90
80
75
60
75
60
75
60
75
75
75
Wet
SA
90
Interior 105
100
130
125
170
150
170
150
170
150
150
95
95
80
85
60
85
60
85
60
85
75
90
Note: WY -- water year
Table 3-17. Recommended minimum flow releases from Belden dam (Belden reach) as
measured at gage NF-70. (Source: SA and Interior letter, December 1,
2003, as modified by staff)
Jan
Feb
Month
Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Critically Dry
SA
105
Interior 130
130
130
170
150
180 185
150 150
90
130
80
100
75
100
75
100
75
100
85
100
90
100
Dry
SA
135
Interior 135
140
140
175
175
195 195
185 195
160
160
130
130
110
110
100
110
100
110
110
110
115
120
Normal
SA
140
Interior 140
140
140
175
175
225 225
225 225
225
225
175
170
140
140
140
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
Wet
SA
140
Interior 140
140
140
180
225
235 235
250 250
225
250
175
175
140
140
140
140
120
130
120
130
120
130
WY Type
Note: WY -- water year
Our Analysis
PG&E, in consultation with the resource agencies (FWS, FS, CDFG, and
SWRCB), performed instream flow studies for the Seneca, Belden, and lower Butt Creek
bypassed reaches using the Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) technique as
applied under the structural framework of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology
(IFIM) (Bovee et al., 1998; Milhous et al., 1984, 1989). During the IFIM study design
and scoping process, the resource agencies stated that their goal was to manage the NFFR
3-102
within the project area as a coldwater rainbow trout fishery with flows that are capable of
sustaining a fully functional ecosystem (TRPA, 2002a). The objectives of the PHABSIM
study were to describe existing habitat conditions for fish and other aquatic species and to
develop the incremental relationship between stream flow and the weighted useable area
(WUA) index to physical habitat. WUA is a quantitative index of habitat suitability used
as a component of PHABSIM studies to express the amount of available habitat per
thousand feet of linear river mile.
Fish species selected for the analyses were rainbow trout and Sacramento sucker,
as was benthic macroinvertebrate community diversity. Rainbow trout and Sacramento
sucker are two of the dominant species in the bypassed reaches (ECORP, 2003a; TRPA,
2002b). Site-specific habitat suitability criteria (HSC) were developed from field data
collected in the Seneca and Belden bypassed reaches for the following life stages of the
selected species: juvenile rainbow trout, adult rainbow trout, spawning rainbow trout,
and adult Sacramento sucker. For the evaluation of macroinvertebrate habitat at modeled
flows, HSC curves for macroinvertebrate community diversity were used from Gore et al.
(2001). A similar but more limited study effort was conducted in lower Butt Creek.
As part of the IFIM study, PG&E placed transects in representative riffle, run,
pocket water, and pool habitats in seven segments (49 transects) of the Seneca reach, five
segments (29 transects) of the Belden reach, and two segments (13 transects) of lower
Butt Creek. PG&E measured depths and velocities along transects at calibration flows to
model hydraulic conditions up to a maximum flow of 2000 cfs for both the Seneca and
Belden reaches and 35 cfs for lower Butt Creek. PG&E presented results for riffle, run,
pocket-water, and pool habitats combined for each reach.
Seneca and Belden Reaches23
The flow schedules proposed in the SA and recommended by Interior (tables 3-16
and 3-17) for the Seneca and Belden reaches are more variable than existing conditions
because they are designed to mimic the seasonal variability that occurs within a natural
hydrograph over an annual period. In addition, the flow schedules take into account
water year type (critically dry, dry, normal, and wet), which affects the distribution and
abundance of aquatic habitat types.
23
The IFIM study provided separate results for the upper and lower sections of the
Belden reach. For our analysis of recommended flow regimes for the Belden reach,
we used the IFIM study results for the upper reach because this 7-mile section of
habitat is not influenced by the unregulated flow of the EBNFFR, which enters at the
start of the lower Belden reach.
3-103
Adult Rainbow Trout
For adult rainbow trout in the Seneca reach, WUA would increase rapidly up to
approximately 250 cfs and then increase more gradually to a maximum at 800 cfs. At
flows greater than 800 cfs, WUA would gradually decline (figure 3-10). In the Belden
reach, WUA for adult rainbow trout increased steadily up to 300 cfs and then remained
stable at all higher flows modeled (figure 3-11).
Both recommended flow regimes for the Seneca and Belden reaches would
increase suitable habitat for adult rainbow trout during normal and wet water year types.
The 60 cfs minimum flow as proposed by PG&E in the Seneca reach for the drier fall
months would increase maximum WUA from 39 percent under existing conditions to 55
percent. Releases of 150-170 cfs in the spring would increase WUA to 82 percent of
maximum. The flows recommended by Interior would result in a maximum available
WUA of 62 percent of in the drier fall months and a maximum available WUA of 85
percent in the spring. In the Belden reach, habitat suitability would increase from 39
percent of the maximum WUA under existing conditions to 56 to 75 percent and 58 to 75
percent of maximum WUA under the proposed measures in the SA and Interior’s
recommendations, respectively.
During dry and critically dry water year types the available habitat for adults
would be 55 to 67 percent (SA) and 55 to 73 percent (Interior) of the maximum WUA for
the Seneca reach and 48 to 70 percent (SA) and 52 to 70 percent (Interior) of the
maximum WUA for the Belden reach. Although the increase in habitat during dry and
critically dry water year types would be less than for normal and wet water year types,
they represent an increase over the existing conditions, especially during the winter.
Both proposed measures for minimum instream flows would improve habitat
suitability for adult rainbow trout in each reach over that which exists under current
flows.
Rainbow Trout Spawning
PG&E gathered site-specific habitat suitability information for spawning rainbow
trout in 2001. Figures 3-12 and 3-13 show the expected quantity of WUA for rainbow
trout spawning and egg incubation expected under varying flow conditions. Because
rainbow trout spawning habitat is typically composed of unembedded gravel substrates at
pool-tail outs and at point bar riffles, a reduction in suitability is likely at higher flows as
these habitats become less available due to increased depth and velocity. However, the
ratio and proximity of such habitat to downstream young-of-year habitat is more
important to maintaining trout populations than the total amounts of spawning WUA
(Bovee, 1982).
Maximum spawning and egg incubation WUA for rainbow trout in the Seneca
reach occurs at 225 cfs, rapidly declines until a flow of 600 cfs, and then fluctuates
3-104
between WUA values of 57 and 92 at higher flows (figure 3-12). Spawning habitat
suitability in the Belden reach achieves a plateau between 100 to 400 cfs, with a peak at
125 cfs and then steadily declines at higher flows (figure 3-13).
During wet and normal years the recommended flows in March and April24 for the
Seneca reach would provide 71 to 100 percent of the maximum WUA (SA) and 71 to 98
percent (Interior) of maximum rainbow trout spawning WUA in the reach compared to
39 percent under existing conditions. In the Belden reach, flows in March and April
would provide 95 to 96 percent (SA) and 96 to 98 percent (Interior) of maximum rainbow
trout spawning WUA in the reach, compared to 58 percent under existing conditions.
During dry and critically dry years for the Seneca reach, proposed (SA) and
recommended (Interior) flows in March and April would provide 71 to 84 percent of the
maximum spawning WUA compared to 39 percent under existing conditions. In the
Belden reach, recommended flows in March and April would provide 95 to 96 percent
(SA) and 96 to 98 percent (Interior) of the maximum spawning WUA compared to 58
percent under existing conditions.
In summary, the IFIM analyses show that both the proposed (SA) and
recommended (Interior) flow regimes would provide for increases in spawning and
incubation habitat in all water year types compared to existing flows. The predicted
WUA increases over existing conditions are similar in the SA and Interior’s
recommendations.
Juvenile Rainbow Trout
Juvenile rainbow trout habitat suitability peaks at 50 and 75 cfs in the Seneca and
Belden reaches, respectively (figures 3-10 and 3-11). After maximum WUA is attained
in each of the reaches, habitat suitability rapidly declines as shallow stream margins
decrease in aerial extent and water velocities increase.
The existing year-round minimum flow of 35 cfs in the Seneca reach provides 99
percent of the maximum WUA for juvenile rainbow trout on an annual basis. The
proposed (SA) and Interior recommended flow regimes during the late summer/fall
period (September through November) would continue to provide 99 percent and 97 to
99 percent of the maximum juvenile WUA, respectively. From December through
August, the proposed (SA) and recommended (Interior) flows would provide 89 to 99
percent and 88 to 99 percent of the maximum juvenile WUA, respectively.
24
Rainbow trout spawning was documented in the Seneca and Belden reaches from late
March through April (TRPA, 2002b).
3-105
WUA (ft /1000ft)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Simulated discharge (cfs)
1200
1400
1600
Macroinvertebrate Community Diversity
Sacramento sucker (adult)
Rainbow trout (spawning)
Rainbow trout (adult)
Rainbow trout (juvenile)
1800
2000
3-106
Figure 3-10. Total WUA values for species and life stages evaluated (one velocity calibration method) in the Seneca reach.
(Source: TRPA, 2002a, as modified by staff)
2
WUA (ft /1000ft)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0
200
400
600
800
Simulated discharge (cfs)
1000
Macroinvertebrate Community Diversity
Sacramento sucker (adult)
Rainbow trout (spawning)
Rainbow trout (adult)
Rainbow trout (juvenile)
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
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Figure 3-11. Total WUA values for species and life stages evaluated (one velocity calibration method) in the upper Belden
reach. (Source: TRPA, 2002a, as modified by staff)
2
WUA (ft /1000ft)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
200
400
600
800
Simulated discharge (cfs)
1000
1200
1400
1600
Rainbow trout (spawning)
1800
2000
Figure 3-12. Total WUA values for rainbow trout spawning as evaluated (one velocity calibration method) in the Seneca reach. (Source:
TRPA, 2002a, as modified by staff)
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2
WUA (ft /1000ft)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Simulated discharge (cfs)
1200
1400
1600
Rainbow trout (spawning)
1800
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Figure 3-13. Total WUA values for rainbow trout spawning as evaluated (one velocity calibration method) in the upper
Belden reach. (Source: TRPA, 2002a, as modified by staff).
2
2000
The existing minimum flow regime in the Belden reach provides 96 percent of the
maximum juvenile WUA from the last Saturday in April to Labor Day and 99 percent the
remainder of the year. For normal and wet water year types, the proposed (SA) and
recommended (Interior) flows would continue to provide substantial habitat for juvenile
rainbow trout, representing 85 to 98 percent and 83 to 98 percent of the maximum
juvenile WUA, respectively. During dry and critically dry water year types, the proposed
flows would range between 75 and 195 cfs, providing juvenile rainbow trout with 90 to
100 percent of the maximum juvenile WUA. Interior’s recommended flows ranging
between 100 and 195 cfs would provide 90 to 99 percent of the maximum juvenile WUA.
In summary, the proposed (SA) and recommended (Interior) flow regimes for all
water year types would provide essentially the same juvenile rainbow trout habitat
suitability as the existing flow regime.
Adult Sacramento Sucker
WUA for Sacramento sucker adults increases steadily up to a flow of 300 cfs in
the Seneca reach and 350 cfs in the Belden reach, then slowly increases at higher flows
for both reaches (figures 3-10 and 3-11).
Under the recommended Seneca reach flow regimes, total available suitable
habitat for adult Sacramento sucker would range between 38 and 68 percent (SA) and 38
and 72 percent (Interior) of maximum habitat suitability, compared to 26 percent under
the current instream flow regime. Proposed and recommended flows in the Belden reach
should provide 45 to 63 percent (SA) and 45 to 65 percent (Interior) (normal and wet
water year types) and 33 to 58 percent (SA) and 40 to 58 percent (Interior) (critically dry
and dry water year) of adult Sacramento sucker maximum habitat suitability. Current
Belden reach instream flows provide 49 percent of maximum habitat suitability from the
last Saturday in April to Labor Day, and 28 percent during the rest of the year.
In summary, the increases in adult Sacramento sucker habitat suitability would
occur in all water year types under the proposed (SA) and recommended (Interior) flow
regimes for the Seneca and Belden reaches compared to existing flow conditions.
Macroinvertebrate Community Diversity
Habitat suitability for macroinvertebrates is maximized at 35 cfs in the Seneca
reach and at 100 cfs in the Belden reach (figures 3-10 and 3-11). In each reach, habitat
suitability steadily decreases as flow increases above the flow providing maximum
WUA. The proposed and recommended flow regimes would provide 76 to 91 percent
(SA) and 72 to 91 percent (Interior) of maximum habitat suitability in the Seneca reach,
and 64 to 97 percent (SA) and 59 to 100 percent (Interior) in the Belden reach. Though
the recommended flows would decrease habitat suitability for macroinvertebrates during
the spring and early summer over existing flows, a major amount of the habitat relative to
the maximum potential would still be preserved, while at the same time providing higher
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quality habitat for the other members of the aquatic community represented in the
PHABSIM model. Further, increased wetted stream perimeter would increase the area
available for epifaunal and infaunal colonization, and improve over wintering conditions
by providing greater water depths, which would reduce the likelihood that ice formation
would encroach on the substrate colonized by these organisms.
We conclude from these data that both the proposed (SA) and recommended
(Interior) flow regimes would be benign to this component of the river ecosystem while
benefiting the fish species, which is consistent with the resource agency study goals.
Hardhead
The IFIM study did not analyze the flow requirements for hardhead within the
Belden reach, but focused on the fish species of interest (rainbow trout and Sacramento
sucker) that were identified by PG&E, in consultation with CDFG, FWS, FS, and
SWRCB. The only hardhead documented in relicensing studies were observed in the
tailrace of the Belden powerhouse during the entrainment study conducted in 2001.
Preferred hardhead habitat is riverine environments with deep pools (>1 m) composed of
sand-gravel-boulder substrates, slow water velocities (< 40 cm sec-1), with water
temperatures ranging from 17 to 28°C (Moyle, 2002). Spawning is presumed to occur in
the spring in gravel riffle habitats (Moyle, 2002). The minimum flow regimes for the
Belden reach proposed in the SA and recommended by Interior would not adversely
affect hardhead because the aquatic habitat characteristics would be similar to what
currently exists.
Water Temperatures
As described in section 3.3.1, Water Resources, PG&E performed 5 years of
summer water temperature monitoring (2000 through 2004) in the Seneca and Belden
reaches (see table 3-7). In the Seneca reach, daily average water temperature ranged
from 9.4–22.5°C below Canyon dam (NF2), 10.8–19.9°C at the Seneca Bridge (NF3A),
and 11.4–18.1°C upstream of the Caribou powerhouses (NF4). However, the
temperature data presented by PG&E does not necessarily reflect conditions that occur
under typical operations because it includes temperature data collected during 2004,
when one of the Canyon Dam outlet tower upper gates was used instead of the low-level
gates (used under typical operations) (table 3-7). Under typical operations, the maximum
daily mean temperature that was measured in the Seneca reach was 17.2°C, which
occurred immediately upstream of the Butt Creek confluence; all values for the reach
were below 20.0°C. We suspect that the cooler conditions monitored at the lower end of
the reach (station NF4) are largely due to cool water inflow from Butt Creek. None of
the daily average temperatures reported for the Seneca reach exceeded 20.0°C.
In the upper Belden reach, daily average water temperature above the Gansner Bar
fish barrier ranged from 13.9 to 21.8°C (NF5). Daily average temperature as measured in
the middle section of the Belden reach ranged from 14.0 to 21.4°C and 14.7 to 21.3°C
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(NF6 and NF7). In the lower Belden reach, downstream of the confluence with the
EBNFFR, water temperature ranged from 15.1 to 22.9°C due to the addition of warmer
water from the EBNFFR. PG&E also conducted additional analyses to assess the likely
temperature changes in the bypassed reaches and reservoir outflows that would be
expected as a result of the proposed SA flows and proposed modifications to the
Prattville intake (Bechtel and TRPA, 2004).
By comparing the results of PG&E’s SNTEMP model runs and the Bechtel and
TRPA (2004) report to baseline monthly mean summer water temperatures in the
bypassed reaches, we have determined that the increased minimum flow schedule as
proposed in the SA would likely reduce stream temperatures by as much as 1.6°C in the
Seneca reach, depending on water year type and month. For all water year types
modeled, the water temperatures within the Seneca reach would remain below 16°C for
the recommended flow regimes. We do not anticipate that the flows recommended by
Interior would result in summer water temperature reductions substantially greater than
that proposed in the SA or a more favorable temperature regime for salmonids than the
SA.
The Belden reach water temperature-flow relationship modeling conducted by
PG&E included two varying conditions: (1) flow within the Seneca and Belden reaches,
and (2) configuration (existing or modified) of the Prattville intake. In this section, we
analyze the results of the modeling (specifically those for the existing Prattville intake,
with a flow release of 75 cfs in the Seneca reach, and a flow of 140 cfs in the Belden
reach (see section 3.3.1.2) to approximate the effects of the recommended summer flow
release schedule on water temperatures within the Belden reach. Results of the modeling
indicate that, in average water years and with normal meteorological activity, monthly
median water temperatures from June to September would range from 17.6 to 20.5°C
(PG&E, 2003c), which is similar to expected temperatures under existing instream flow
conditions (see figure 3-7). Further downstream, below the confluence with the
EBNFFR, similar conditions would likely result in water temperatures ranging from 17.9
to 21.4°C, which do not differ substantially from baseline conditions (see figure 3-7).
For the Belden reach, PG&E’s SNTEMP model and Bechtel and TRPA (2004)
indicate that the water temperature in the Belden bypassed reach is expected to remain
below 20.2°C from June through September in all water year types and could be as much
as 2°C cooler than existing conditions as a result of the implementation of the flows
proposed in the SA. Any reduction in stream temperatures in the bypassed reaches is
considered to be beneficial to the system because these streams support coldwater
riverine fisheries. Section 303 of the Clean Water Act authorizes the designation of
beneficial uses for the navigable waters of the United States. The Water Quality Control
Plan (Basin Plan) for the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River basins defines cold
freshwater habitat as a beneficial use of the Feather River.
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Rainbow trout prefer ambient temperatures between 15 and 18°C, Sacramento
sucker prefer temperatures between 15 and 25°C, and hardhead prefer temperatures
above 20°C (Moyle, 2002). Under the existing Prattville intake configuration, the
proposed (SA) and Interior-recommended flow regimes would reduce or maintain water
temperatures within the Seneca and Belden reaches. This would retain preferred
temperatures for rainbow trout and Sacramento sucker in both reaches, and in the lower
Belden reach it would provide temperatures at the lower end of the preferred range for
hardhead.
Conclusion
We expect the flow regime proposed in the SA to maintain or improve existing
aquatic resources in both the Seneca and Belden bypassed reaches. Specific effects of the
proposed minimum instream flows would (1) maintain rainbow trout juvenile habitat
suitability near or at existing high levels; (2) improve adult and spawning rainbow trout
and adult Sacramento sucker habitat suitability; (3) maintain significant
macroinvertebrate habitat suitability; (4) maintain suitable water temperatures within
both reaches for rainbow trout and Sacramento sucker; (5) maintain water temperatures in
the Belden reach that are within the preferred range of hardhead, and (6) enhance
geomorphic and channel functionality of the bypassed reaches through the movement of
sediment and debris. The flow regime recommended by Interior, though providing
somewhat higher flows during certain seasons for different water year types, would not
provide for a substantial increase in habitat suitability for the evaluated species’ life
stages over the flow regime proposed in the SA.
Lower Butt Creek
Based on the results of the instream flow study conducted in lower Butt Creek, the
maximum WUA for spawning, adult, and juvenile rainbow trout is provided at 18, 23,
and 16 cfs over the range of flows that that were modeled (5 to 35 cfs) (figure 3-14).
Habitat suitability changes gradually across the range of flows modeled with no distinct
peaks or inflection points; a relatively wide range of flows would provide similar levels
of habitat suitability for most species and life stages modeled. The flow regime is not
necessarily a limiting factor to habitat suitability in lower Butt Creek.
Flows under existing conditions range from 14 to 21 cfs and average 18 cfs. The
average flow provides 100 percent of the maximum WUA for rainbow trout spawning,
98 percent of the maximum WUA for rainbow trout adults, and 99 percent of the
maximum WUA for rainbow trout juveniles. In addition, the average flow provides 96
percent of the maximum WUA predicted for macroinvertebrate community diversity.
Currently, summer water temperatures in lower Butt Creek range from 10 to 13°C.
The preferred temperature range for rainbow trout is 15 to 18°C (Moyle, 2002). The
relatively high density of trout redds (171 per mile), many of which were found below
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WUA (ft /1000ft)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0
5
10
20
Simulated discharge (cfs)
15
Macroinvertebrate Community Diversity
Rainbow trout (spawning)
Rainbow trout (adult)
Rainbow trout (juvenile)
25
30
35
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Figure 3-14. Total WUA values for species and life stages evaluated (one velocity calibration method) in lower Butt Creek.
(Source: TRPA, 2002a, as modified by staff)
2
gage NF-9 (TRPA, 2002b) and young trout throughout lower Butt Creek (ECORP, 2003)
indicates that, during the spring, adult trout are currently successful in moving into Butt
Creek to spawn. During the summer, the relatively cool water temperature, which is
actually below the preferred range for trout, may induce some percentage of juvenile and
adult trout populations to move downstream into the Seneca reach where the water is
slightly warmer, and ranges from approximately 10 to 17°C (see table 3-7), and more
often in the preferred range for trout. Because the Seneca reach is more accessible to
anglers than Butt Creek, our hypothesized movement pattern would make trout produced
in lower Butt Creek more accessible to anglers.
In summary, the continuation of the current flow regime in lower Butt Creek
would provide near optimal physical habitat conditions for trout and macroinvertebrates.
This would maintain the native rainbow trout fishery and provide high quality spawning
habitat for rainbow trout inhabiting the creek as well as for trout from the Seneca reach
that might spawn in lower Butt Creek.
Pulse Flows
Within riverine systems, periods of high flow entrain, transport, and redeposit
sediments, detritus, and woody debris along the stream channel, floodplain, and within
tributary confluence areas. These events provide substrates used by fish during spawning
and rearing, provide habitat for the development of prey and food items for aquatic
species, and maintain the quality and diversity of mesohabitats. The presence of dams
and the diversion of flow to powerhouses can reduce or eliminate such seasonal high flow
events, which may reduce the quality of aquatic habitat in affected bypassed reaches.
Seneca and Belden Reaches
In the Seneca and Belden bypassed reaches, PG&E proposes the release of one
pulse flow in January, February, and March in water years classified as wet and normal to
assist in the enhancement of riverine habitat in the UNFFR Project area (table 3-18). The
pulse flows would consist of releases from both Canyon dam (Seneca reach) and Belden
dam (Belden reach). No pulse flows are proposed by PG&E during water years classified
as dry or critically dry. The FS (in its final Section 4(e) condition no. 25(3)A) specifies
and CDFG (in its November 26, 2003 filing) recommends similar measures. Pursuant to
its authority under Section 10(j), Interior recommends that PG&E release pulse flows of a
higher magnitude than those proposed in the SA during wet and normal years, and that
pulse flows of 700 cfs be implemented in March of water years classified as dry (table 318). To protect trout spawning, Interior also recommends that pulse flows not be
required in March in the respective reaches if 2 successive days of mean daily water
temperature greater than 10°C are measured at gages NF-2 (Seneca reach) or NF-70
(Belden reach), or if rainbow trout spawning in the Seneca or Belden reaches is observed
and reported to PG&E by either CDFG or the FS.
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Table 3-18. Recommended pulse-flow releases for the Seneca and Belden reaches.
(Source: SA CDFG letter dated November 27, 2003, the FS, letter dated
December 1, 2003, and Interior, letter filed December 1, 2003)
Recommending
Water Year Type
Pulse Flow Release
Party
SA, the FS,
One release per month in January (675 cfs),
Wet
CDFG
February (1,200 cfs), and March (1,200 cfs)
One release per month in January, February,
Interior
and March of 1,500 cfs. (2,200 acre-feet
volumea)
SA, the FS,
One release per month in January (675 cfs),
Normal
CDFG
February (1,000 cfs), and March (1,000 cfs)
One release per month in January, February,
Interior
and March of 1,200 cfs. (1,800 acre-feet
volumea)
SA, the FS,
Dry
No pulse flows
CDFG
One release in March of 700 cfs, only if no
Interior
other pulse was released in January or
February. (1,000 acre-feet volumea)
SA, the FS,
Critically Dry
No pulse flows
CDFG
Interior
No pulse flows
a
Estimated volume only; each release would be 12 hours, plus period of ramping at a
standard rate.
The pulse flows proposed in the SA would be released at a ramping rate of 0.5
foot per hour until the maximum volume is attained. Peak releases would be held for 12
hours, after which the release volume would be reduced at 0.5 foot per hour. March
pulse flows in the Seneca reach would be scheduled such that after peak flow releases,
discharge would be ramped down at 0.5 foot per hour to 400 cfs and held there for 6
hours between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. on weekends to provide recreational boating
opportunities (see section 3.3.5, Recreational Resources). After recreational flow
conditions are met, reductions would occur at the 0.5 foot per hour ramping rate until the
specified minimum stream flow is reached.
In its letter filed with the Commission on November 1, 2004, Interior stated that,
as a modification of its original Section 10(j) recommendation, the Commission could
assume that the additional dry year pulse flows recommended by Interior would be
subject to the temperature criteria described in the SA (no pulse flow would occur if
water temperature exceeded 10°C for two consecutive days in March) to protect recently
constructed rainbow trout redds from scour by pulse flows. During the Section 10(j)
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teleconference on February 3, 2005, Interior described the likely ecologic, geomorphic,
and sedimentologic benefits it believed would occur due to increased flow to the
bypassed reaches. Interior also expressed its concern with the potential for consecutive
years without any pulse flows in project reaches and cautioned that, if insufficient
frequency of spring pulse flow is allowed for benefits to the ecosystem, there may be
potential for a negative impact on organisms and ecosystem processes that rely on such
pulse flows. Interior also expressed its desire to see a pulse flow of some magnitude in
dry years, especially since the draft EIS and SA allow for recreation flows in dry and
critically dry years. Interior reiterated its modified Section 10(j) recommendation, which
provides for a pulse flow of 700 cfs in March of dry years, but qualifies that no pulse
flow would occur if water temperature exceeded 10°C for two consecutive days in
March, or if pulse flow releases of a similar magnitude have occurred in January or
February.
Monitoring of Substrates and Spawning Gravels
To evaluate the effects of pulse flows on the availability, distribution, and
recruitment of substrates in the bypassed reaches, PG&E proposes to develop and
implement a gravel monitoring plan in consultation with CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and
FWS. Although the emphasis of this program would be on spawning-sized gravel, it is
expected that information on smaller- and larger sized materials would also be gathered.
The gravel monitoring plan would be approved by the FS and filed with the Commission
for final approval before implementation. If, after review of the data collected through
gravel monitoring efforts, the FS, CDFG, FWS, and SWRCB determine that the pulse
flow schedule could be improved to enhance the availability and distribution of
spawning-sized gravel or enhance riparian function, the agencies may propose revisions
to the magnitude, duration, or frequency of pulse flows.
In its Section 10(j) recommendation nos. 6 and 8, Interior recommended that two
monitoring plans be developed to document geomorphic and sedimentologic changes that
may occur in the bypassed reaches as a result of pulse flows. These two plans were:
1.
a geomorphologic monitoring plan (10(j) recommendation no. 6) to monitor
streambed cross-sections, longitudinal profiles, and overall channel
dynamics, including mesohabitat dimensions, distribution, and net channel
changes in years 1, 5, 10, and 20 of the license; and
2.
a coarse sediment management plan (10(j) recommendation no. 8), which
includes (a) a program for monitoring spawning gravel quantity and quality,
(b) contingency actions for improving the quality and availability of such
gravels, (c) triggers for the implementation of contingency actions, and (d) a
special study of pulse flows.
The FS specifies in its final Section 4(e) condition no. 25(3B) and NOAA
Fisheries, in its Section 10(j) recommendation no 1, recommends that PG&E provide
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gravel monitoring and gravel augmentation plans for the UNFFR. The FS specifies that
PG&E provide a gravel monitoring plan within 12 months of license issuance to evaluate
the movement and recruitment of gravels in the Belden and Seneca bypassed reaches
during pulse and other high flow events. NOAA Fisheries recommends, in conjunction
with its modified Section 18 fish passage prescription, that within 12 months of license
issuance, PG&E submit a plan to evaluate the amount of gravel needed to support
anadromous fish in the Seneca reach. Upon approval of a plan submitted to NOAA
Fisheries, PG&E would be required to implement gravel augmentation within 3 years of
license issuance.
During the Section 10(j) teleconference on February 3, 2005, and in letters filed
with the Commission on October 27, 2004, and November 1, 2004, Interior indicated
that, while it prefers its original recommendation for a geomorphological monitoring
plan, as an alternative, it would be satisfied with geomorphological monitoring once
during the license term (approximately mid-term) instead of four times (in years 1, 5, 10,
and 20) as it originally recommended, in addition to spawning gravel monitoring as
described in the SA. However, Interior would like to see standard monitoring conducted,
including longitudinal profiling and mesohabitat measurements, as well as monitoring of
changes resulting from the modified minimum flow schedule or pulse flows, vegetation
encroachment (or lack of), and cumulative effects due to the project or other large-scale
events.
During the Section 10(j) teleconference, Interior also indicated that it would be
agreeable to the gravel monitoring plan as recommended in the draft EIS if contingency
actions for gravel management (e.g., gravel supplementation, vegetation management)
are more clearly defined in the final EIS.
Our Analysis
We reviewed information on peak flows recorded in the Seneca reach (USGS gage
No. 113995) and the Belden reach (USGS gage No. 11401112). Our review of the data
for the 31 water years extending from 1970 through 2001 indicates that in the Seneca and
Belden reaches, peak flows exceeded 1,000 cfs in 9 years and 1 year, respectively.
Median sediment size among transects ranged from 22 to 362 mm in the Seneca
reach and 32 to 256 mm in the Belden reach (Entrix, 2002). Sediments are actively
transported through the Seneca reach and deposited in Belden reservoir. Sediment in the
reservoir has a median size of 50 mm 0.3 mile below the Caribou powerhouse tailraces,
with sediments in the lower end of the reservoir being much finer silts and sands that
have a median size ranging between 0.02 to 0.1 mm.
Several sediment sources are present in each reach that could contribute to
sediment recruitment. These sources include mining sites, tributary streams, and hillslope landslides in the Seneca reach. Along the Belden reach, sediment sources include
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major project spoil sites and hill-slope landslides. Boulder is the dominant substrate
associated with hill-slope landslides in both reaches primarily due to a few large
rockfalls. Outside of rockfalls, sand (particles 0.06 to 2 mm in diameter) is the most
frequently observed dominant particle size followed by cobble (64 to 256 mm in
diameter) and gravel (2 to 64 mm in diameter) in deposits adjacent to the channel within
both the reaches (Entrix, 2002).
Surveys relating to the development of habitat suitability criteria for spawning
rainbow trout documented 229 redds within the study sections of lower Butt Creek,
Seneca reach, and Belden reach. Survey results showed that gravel used for spawning
ranged from 6.4 to 76 mm (TRPA, 2002b).
The existing minimum flow in the Seneca reach (35 cfs) is sufficient to mobilize
particles of up to 10 mm in diameter. This flow allows sand to remain lodged in most
spawning-sized gravel degrading the quality of this habitat for rainbow trout spawning.
Such particles would be flushed from the gravel with the proposed and Interiorrecommended pulse-flow releases, which would enhance the quality of the spawning
gravel.
The existing winter (60 cfs) and summer (140 cfs) minimum flows in the Belden
reach are sufficient to mobilize particles up to 4 and 7 mm in diameter, and these flows
allow sand to remain lodged in most spawning-sized gravel degrading the quality of this
habitat for rainbow trout spawning. Such particles would be flushed from the gravel with
the proposed and Interior-recommended pulse-flow releases, which would enhance the
quality of the spawning gravel.
The existing, proposed, and Interior-recommended minimum flow regimes
specified in tables 3-16 and 3-17 are not sufficient to mobilize most gravel that would be
suitable for trout spawning. Seasonal pulse-flow releases sufficient to mobilize spawning
gravel would enable material that is potentially available for transport by stream flow
(estimated to be 880 cubic yards per mile adjacent to the Seneca reach and 3,580 cubic
yards per mile adjacent to the Belden reach) to actually be transported. Some of this
material would be gravel suitable for trout spawning, and would serve to replenish gravel
that may be washed out of both reaches during flood events of much greater magnitude
than the recommended pulse flows. Pulse flows also would enable redistribution of
spawning gravel already in the reaches. This could represent a positive effect, if the
surface area of gravel is increased or the gravel is more accessible to spawning by adult
trout. If such gravel redistribution results in less overall surface area or gravel deposits
being less accessible to adult trout, pulse flows could represent a negative effect.
The pulse flows proposed for the Seneca reach by PG&E of 1,000 cfs (normal
water years) and 1,200 cfs (wet water years) would likely entrain gravel up to
approximately 130 mm in diameter, allowing for the transport and redistribution of a
wide range of particles, including 6.4- to 76-mm diameter gravels that are appropriate for
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trout spawning in project reaches (Entrix, 2002). PG&E’s proposed pulse flows also
would increase turbidity as fine sediments from the channel bottom and along the banks
are entrained. We anticipate that turbidity would quickly increase to peak levels within
the first few hours after increasing the flow followed by a rapid decrease and then a more
gradual decrease to near baseline levels. The recreational flows likely would result in
peak turbidity levels that are greater than 5 NTU over baseline conditions and would
exceed the limits set in the Basin Plan. Interior’s recommended pulse flows of 1,200 cfs
(normal water years) and 1,500 cfs (wet water years) would likely initiate movement of
particles approximately 150 mm in diameter, and produce similar increases in turbidity as
the proposed pulse flows. In general, substantially greater flows would be required in the
Seneca reach to initiate motion of the median bed sized materials in both the bypassed
reaches.
In the Belden reach, the pulse flows proposed in the SA would likely enable the
movement of substrates up to 140 mm during wet water years and up to 130 mm in
normal water years (Entrix, 2002). As in the Seneca reach, PG&E’s pulse flows would
increase turbidity to peak levels that are greater than 5 NTU above baseline being reached
within a few hours of increasing the flow, and then turbidity would initially decrease
rapidly and then more slowly as time passed. Interior’s recommended pulse flows of
1,200 cfs (normal water years) and 1,500 cfs (wet water years) would likely initiate
movement of particles approximately 150 mm in diameter during wet water years and up
to 140 mm during normal water years. The relatively slight difference in particle-size
entrainment indicates that the implementation of Interior’s recommendation may not
result in a substantial increase in riverine sediment movement and distribution or
turbidity. The pulse flow schedule proposed by PG&E would also be of sufficient level
to inundate some of the floodplain and cause movement of LWD in the bypassed reaches,
thereby restoring geomorphic characteristics that have not been in place under current
project operation.
The approximated minimum flow needed to mobilize the median bed material
from representative sites in both the Seneca and Belden reaches would be 1,600 to 3,600
cfs (Entrix, 2002). Based on the presence of established mature vegetation on midchannel bars at several of the study transect that were able to survive the 1997 floods of
2,160 cfs in the Seneca reach and 3,500 cfs in the Belden reach, it is likely that it would
take flows of even greater magnitude to modify mid-channel bars and to alter the mature
vegetation present on these mid-channel bars.
A pulse flow of 700 cfs in March of dry water years in the Seneca and Belden
reaches would ensure that periodic flows are provided to flush fine substrates from
spawning gravels, redistribute organic materials and small gravels (primarily in the 25 to
50 mm size class), and activate floodplain habitat in the Seneca reach (PG&E, 2002a).
These actions would improve conditions for the aquatic resources in the bypassed
reaches, especially during periods of drought, by creating or modifying physical habitat
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and by stimulating overall riverine productivity through the influx of nutrients from the
floodplain.
The gravel monitoring plan proposed by PG&E (SA; section 1, item 3B) and
specified by the FS would ensure that the effectiveness of these pulse flows can be
assessed. If the amount of gravel transported out of either the Seneca or Belden reaches
is greater than the amount of gravel that enters the reaches from the material known to be
available for transport adjacent to each reach, pulse releases could result in a decrease in
trout spawning habitat. We consider it especially important to monitor the status of
gravel within the Seneca reach because the material available for transport per mile is
about a quarter of that available to the Belden reach. Although the existing density of
redds in the Seneca reach is high (128 per mile), our review of figure 3-10 reveals
relatively low quantities of available spawning habitat. We interpret this to mean that the
trout spawning habitat in Seneca reach may be susceptible to extensive changes with the
implementation of pulse flows, or other altered flow regimes. Monitoring of gravel at
representative locations in both reaches would provide data to assess whether unintended
consequences from pulse flows are occurring and quantify the actual benefits of pulseflow releases, and, as PG&E proposes, enable contingency actions to be developed and
implemented, if needed.
We conclude that the pulse flows proposed by PG&E and the settlement parties in
the SA would likely achieve the overall habitat objectives for the bypassed reaches,
including recruitment of new substrates into the active channel, downstream movement
of sediment, activation of the floodplain, and movement of detritus and woody debris. In
addition, the flushing of fine substrates from gravel beds and the redistribution of gravel
within the stream channel would likely enhance spawning habitat availability, abundance,
and distribution for salmonids and other fish that spawn in gravel beds. Enhancement of
macroinvertebrate habitat may also occur as the interstices of larger substrates (gravel,
cobble, and boulders) would be annually flushed of fines thereby creating more habitat
within the substrates. The release of a 700 cfs pulse flow in March of dry years, if a flow
of that magnitude has not occurred in the preceding January or February, would ensure
that some geomorphic and sedimentological processes occur in the bypassed reaches in
dry years, which would benefit fish and other aquatic biota by increasing nutrient influx
and modifying riverine habitat. Additionally, we conclude that the gravel monitoring
plan and coarse sediment management plan proposed by PG&E in the SA would allow
for a sufficient assessment of spawning gravel availability for anadromous fish as
requested by NOAA Fisheries in its 10(j) recommendation no. 1. The adaptive nature of
both the gravel and coarse sediment management plans would allow for modifications to
pulse flows to be made and the development of contingency actions to supplement gravel
if necessary.
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Lower Butt Creek
In the SA, PG&E and the settlement parties propose that pulse flows not be
released into lower Butt Creek unless the results of habitat monitoring indicate that they
are necessary (SA, section 1, item 4–Pulse Flows in Lower Butt Creek and item 8–Lower
Butt Creek Streamflow and Habitat Monitoring). The FS (final Section 4(e) condition
no. 25(4) specifies and CDFG (in its November 26, 2003, filing) recommends similar
measures. If pulse flows are required based on results of the habitat monitoring, PG&E
would provide them via use of the Butt Valley Reservoir spillway or an acceptable
alternative. The magnitude, ramping, and duration of the pulse flow(s) would be
determined in consultation with CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and FWS. The timing of any
pulse would be coordinated and occur simultaneously with pulse flows in the Seneca
reach.
In its Section 10(j) recommendation no. 3, Interior recommended that within 6
months of license issuance, PG&E develop a Lower Butt Creek pulse flow plan in
consultation with CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and FWS, which would be implemented
within 5 years of license issuance. Interior’s recommendation included measures to
assess the frequency, magnitude, and duration of high flows that exist in this reach and
include actions such as loosening of woody debris and excavation of excess vegetation.
Components of the test flow study also include pre- and post-monitoring of mesohabitat,
surveys to assess LWD and vegetation density, substrate characterization, longitudinal
and cross-sectional profiling, and tracer gravel implementation. Interior states that the
need for a one-season test pulse flow is based on “a larger than historical width to depth
ratio, a higher proportion of fine to very fine sediments in surface samples, a very high
density of large wood, and encroachment of vegetation onto bars, further stabilizing
sediments.”
In its letter filed with the Commission on November 1, 2004, Interior agreed that
the actions called for in the SA would be acceptable, as long as adaptive management
remained a viable and attainable component of the proposal. Interior also suggested two
modifications to our recommendation: (1) modify the criterion determining the need for
pulse flows so that it is based on the expectation that the flow would provide a benefit,
rather than just be provided in response to a degraded condition, and (2) delegate the final
decision on the need for pulse flows to the Commission if the agencies and PG&E
disagree on the need for pulse flows. During the Section 10(j) teleconference on
February 3, 2005, PG&E described the problems associated with providing pulse flows to
lower Butt Creek: Butt Valley dam has no low-level outlet and, at present, the only way
to release pulse flows would be through the spillway. During the Section 10(j)
teleconference, Interior restated its agreement with our recommendation if adaptive
management is a component of it.
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Our Analysis
Recent fishery, mollusc, habitat mapping, and IFIM studies conducted in lower
Butt Creek document high quality coldwater habitat that shows no sign of impairment,
and there is no evidence of a need for pulse flows (ECORP, 2003a; Spring Rivers, 2002;
TRPA, 2002a, b). Pulse-flow releases, even on a trial basis, have the potential to result in
adverse effects on water quality and aquatic resources, and, given the existing high
quality habitat for aquatic biota, we conclude that there is no need to evaluate pulse-flow
releases.
Although, the geomorphic study conducted in the 1-mile-long reach below Butt
Valley dam showed that a larger than expected width to depth ratio currently exists (24.2
vs. 15), the study characterized this finding as “not unexpected for areas with large
boulder channel materials (PG&E, 2002a, appendix E3.1-12, page 4-41). Additionally,
the study found that sediment transport under existing conditions is not substantially
different than under historical conditions. Furthermore, the incipient motion analysis
conducted by PG&E concluded that particles 25 mm in diameter are mobilized at a flow
of 10 cfs in lower Butt Creek. Existing flows within lower Butt Creek exceed 10 cfs 90
percent of the time for all months (see table 3-2), therefore, current flows are likely
sufficient to flush fines from larger substrates and transport gravels within the creek. The
IFIM study conducted by PG&E indicated that lower Butt Creek had the highest density
of rainbow trout redds (171 redds per mile) amongst the three bypassed reaches (TRPA,
2002b), indicating that sufficient spawning gravel currently exists in lower Butt Creek.
Following the Section 10(j) teleconference on February 3, 2005, we evaluated the
feasibility of designing and providing a siphon system at Butt Valley dam. Because of
the steep slope at the dam, and the distance necessary to move water over the dam, we
also considered a pumping plant. After considering the expected benefits of providing a
pulse flow in lower Butt Creek, we determined that the installation of a siphon system or
pumping plant to provide future pulse flows is not warranted at this time.
In summary, we conclude that because lower Butt Creek contains high-quality
aquatic habitat, functioning sedimentologic and geomorphic processes, and a diverse and
healthy fish community, a pulse flow test plan as recommended by Interior is not
warranted. However, if the results of monitoring indicate that the quality of the habitat
has degraded, or that aquatic habitat could be enhanced and that pulse flows are
necessary, the implementation of these flows would proceed as indicated in the SA and
FS final Section 4(e) conditions, whereby the applicant would provide pulse flows
through the use of the spillway or other acceptable alternative. The magnitude, timing,
duration, and ramping of any agreed upon pulse-flow releases into lower Butt Creek
would be determined by PG&E in consultation with the FS, FWS, CDFG, SWRCB, and
other parties as described in the SA (section 1, item 4) and after approval by the
Commission.
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Ramping Rates and Block Loading
As flows rapidly change (either up or down), areas of suitable habitat shift back
and forth across the river channel (Bovee et al., 1998). If the rate of habitat movement
during upramping exceeds the ability of aquatic organisms to move into areas containing
suitable velocities, the organisms may either drift downstream (e.g., fish larvae,
macroinvertebrates) or die (e.g., fish eggs) as a result of displacement from a redd or nest
(Vehanen et al., 2000; Bovee et al., 1998). Downramping (rapidly decreasing flows) can
strand organisms when flows subside more quickly than organisms can respond.
Potential impacts from stranding include desiccation, increased predation, and
deteriorating water quality conditions. Non-mobile life stages, such as fish eggs, and
organisms with low-mobility (macroinvertebrates and molluscs) are typically more
affected by downramping because they are either physically unable to move or unable to
move fast enough in response to receding flows. As high flow releases in the bypassed
reaches are typically of short duration, on the order of hours or days, only more mobile
life stages, such as juvenile and adult fish, would be able to use newly submerged habitat
and potentially be subjected to possible stranding as flow recedes.
Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 20, recommends that, within 6 months of
license issuance, PG&E develop a ramping rate plan for lower Butt Creek in consultation
with CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and FWS. Interior’s plan would include specified rates of
release change (up and down) from project facilities, and the rationale for selection of
these rates. PG&E proposes, the FS (final Section 4(e) condition no. 25(6) specifies, and
CDFG (in its letter dated November 26, 2003) recommends that, for the preservation and
improvement of aquatic resources in the project area, PG&E would control river flows by
ramping regulated streamflow releases from project dams. During periods when ramping
could be controlled by the project, ramping rates would apply to releases made from
Canyon and Belden dams for winter pulse flows, summer recreation flows, and all other
releases from dams that PG&E makes for operational purposes. The basic ramping rate
at Canyon and Belden dams would be 0.5 foot per hour in all months as measured
immediately downstream of the dams (gaging stations NF-2 and NF-70, respectively).
Changes in Canyon dam streamflow releases because of gate size and other factors may
exceed the ramping rate in any particular hour, but PG&E would make a good faith effort
to return to the overall basic ramping rate in the next and subsequent hours.
PG&E did not directly evaluate the potential effects of upramping and
downramping in its license application. We consider gradual ramping (either up or
down) of flows to the Seneca and Belden bypassed reaches to be more preferable than a
non-ramping situation because the impacts associated with not ramping on non-mobile
and low-mobility organisms (fish larvae, molluscs, macroinvertebrates) would be
minimized. The ramping rates proposed by PG&E for Canyon and Belden dams would
allow organisms in the Seneca and Belden reaches to more effectively relocate to suitable
habitat as flows are adjusted.
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Block loading of Belden powerhouse would allow PG&E’s downstream Rock
Creek and Cresta projects to comply with the required ramping rates that were developed
to mitigate for the effects of unregulated increases and decreases associated with project
operation in the Rock Creek and Cresta bypassed reaches. Block loading would likely
provide flow changes that would be similar to those that occur in the unregulated
EBNFFR.
Emergency and Planned Maintenance Outage Spill Plan
The FS, in its preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 30, specified that PG&E
develop a notification and minimization of emergency and planned outage spill plan for
the purpose of minimizing the negative ecological effects of uncontrolled high flows into
the project bypassed reaches resulting from emergency and planned hydropower facilities
maintenance outages. However, in its final 4(e) conditions submitted on November 4,
2004, the FS removed this condition, indicating that the objectives of its preliminary
condition were met by the Belden block loading and ramping protocols.
Recreational Flows—Belden Reach
In the SA, PG&E proposes to implement recreational flow releases in the Belden
reach during the summer to provide for recreational boating opportunities (table 3-19).
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 28 specifies that PG&E should implement recreational
flow releases as specified in the SA and, CDFG (in its letter dated November 26, 2003),
and Interior (10(a) condition no. 1) also recommend the implementation of recreational
flow releases (discussed in greater detail in section 3.3.5, Recreational Resources). As a
condition of the SA and FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 28, PG&E would establish,
within 6 months of license issuance, a recreation river flow TRG to assist with the design
of recreation and resource river flow management and monitoring plans. The TRG
would also be responsible for review and evaluation of recreation and resource data, and
the development of recreation river flow release schedules in the Belden reach. The TRG
would consist of representatives from CDFG, SWRCB, FWS, NPS, Plumas County, AW,
and PG&E. The TRG would evaluate the existing available ecological information
regarding recreation river flows and effects on aquatic resources, determine if recreation
flows would negatively effect aquatic resources, and conduct test flows for a three year
period. A monitoring plan to determine the effects of test flows on aquatic resources
would be developed, with monitoring conducted during the test flow period. Based on
the monitoring, a determination as to whether to continue recreation flow releases would
be made. Additionally, in its Section 10(j) recommendation no. 14, Interior recommends
that PG&E develop a recreational activities monitoring plan within 6 months of license
issuance to assess the effects of flow releases (in addition to camping, angling, and public
access) on fish and wildlife resources.
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Table 3-19. Recommended Belden reach recreational flow schedule. (Source: SA,
CDFG letter dated November 27, 2003, the FS, letter dated December 1,
2003, and Interior letter dated December 1, 2003)
Release amount
(cfs)
Release Days per Month
Use Day Triggers
Dry/
Dry/
Wet &
Normal/ Normal/
Dry/
Wet Normal/Dry
Wet
Critical Normal/ Critical Critical
Cap
Dry
Wet Dry Start Dry Cap Start
Up
Down
650
750
1 day
1 day
1 day
2 days
>100
<100
Month
July
August
650
750
1 day
1 day
1 day
2 days
>100
<100
September
650
750
1 day
1 day
1 day
2 days
>100
<100
October
650
750
1 day
1 day
1 day
2 days
>100
<100
AW, in a letter dated December 3, 2003, recommends recreational flow releases in
the Belden reach similar to those in table 3-19, but with different trigger numbers. We
discuss boater trigger numbers in section 3.3.5, Recreational Resources.
In its comments on the draft EIS filed October 27, 2004, Interior makes an
additional Section 10(j) recommendation, which calls for a 6-year delay of recreational
flow releases to ensure that biological data under the flow regime that may be specified in
a new license can be collected and analyzed without being confounded by recreational
releases. Because the new minimum and pulse flow schedules for the UNFFR would
likely result in substantial changes to the biotic community, Interior recommends delayed
recreational flow implementation and emphasizes the need to exercise caution in light of
studies showing recreational flow disruption of macroinvertebrates, including those for
the Rock Creek-Cresta Project license.
Our Analysis
Flow fluctuations and sustained high flows from recreation releases could result in
adverse effects to water quality and the aquatic community in the Belden reach.
Recommended recreational flows of 650 or 750 cfs are of a magnitude about four to five
times greater than the instream flows recommended by Interior and proposed by PG&E
in the SA for July through October. A substantial flow increase could increase turbidity,
disrupt fish and amphibians, displace macroinvertebrates, and affect channel processes.
Increases to turbidity would likely occur immediately following increasing flow
releases for each recreational release. As with the proposed and recommended pulse
flows, we anticipate that peak turbidity would occur within a few hours of the initiation
of the recreational flow releases followed by a rapid decrease in turbidity and then slowly
drop back to near the level prior to the recreational flow release. The magnitude of
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increases in turbidity would be dependent on recent hydrological and meteorological
conditions, with the largest increases likely occurring after long dry periods with
relatively low flows.
During collection of rainbow trout spawning habitat suitability criteria data in
2001, rainbow trout were observed spawning in the Belden reach from late March
through April (TRPA, 2002b). During this period, water temperatures ranged between 8
to 14°C. At these water temperatures, rainbow trout eggs would hatch in 24 to 48 days
(Piper et al., 1982), and fry would start appearing in the project reaches by mid to late
May. During the first few months after hatching, trout require protective cover and low
velocity areas (Behnke, 1992). If they were unable to find such low velocity areas,
rainbow trout fry in the Belden reach could be washed downstream by the recreation
flows during the months of July and August.
The monthly recreation flow releases during the summer could adversely affect
the standing crop of macroinvertebrates at a time when food requirements of trout and
other fish are at a maximum due to warmer summer water temperatures. A
macroinvertebrate drift study was conducted in the fall of 2000 as a component of
whitewater flow release evaluations in the Seneca and Belden reaches of the NFFR.
Sampling results for the Belden reach demonstrated an increase in the abundance
percentage of burrower and crawler behavioral groups collected during the test flow
(approximately 600 cfs) release period (ECORP, 2002b). Organisms in these
macroinvertebrate behavioral groups live in the interstices of substrate and are generally
considered to be non-drifting organisms.
The overall effect of recreational flows on the aquatic community currently
remains largely unclear as few detailed studies have been performed on such flows. The
ERC for the Rock Creek – Cresta Project released results of biological monitoring
performed in 2003 and 2004 to document the effects of recreational flow releases in the
Rock Creek and Cresta reaches of the NFFR, which are located downstream of the
UNFFR Project. This on-going study will be of significance in evaluating the effects of
recreational flows in reaches throughout the UNFFR. The monitoring conducted in 2003
and 2004 investigated the stranding of aquatic organisms (fish, macroinvertebrates, and
foothill yellow-legged frog [FYLF]), displacement of juvenile fishes, impacts on all life
stages of FYLF, and macroinvertebrate drift. The study results demonstrated that
recreational flow releases have some effects on aquatic resources within the study
reaches. Stranding of benthic macroinvertebrates (n=932 in 2003 and 204 in 2004), fish
(n=156 in 2003 and 137 in 2004), and FYLF tadpoles (n=2 in 2003 and zero in 2004)
occurred during downramping of recreational flow events with most instances of
stranding occurring during the June recreational flow release (ERC, 2004; 2005).
Displacement studies found that resident fish, specifically fry and juvenile life stages,
were able to avoid being displaced by the recreational flow releases by avoiding areas of
high water velocities. Documented impacts on the macroinvertebrates within the Rock
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Creek reach, the selected study reach due to lower thresholds for sediment mobilization,
included displacement of benthic organisms from their preferred velocity regime
immediately following flow events, an overall decline in the benthic community
measures from June through October which is a trend contrary to what would be expected
as part of natural seasonal variability, and an eventual re-equilibration (after flow
releases) of the benthic community to a degraded state (fewer taxa and displacement/shift
in abundance) (ERC, 2004). The ERC (2005) reported that peak turbidity levels
measured during the recreational flow releases in 2004 were 34 NTU in the Rock Creek
reach and 20.4 NTU in the Cresta reach, in comparison to baseline levels of 0.1 to 2.1
NTU. These results were similar to conditions monitored in 2003. The results of
continuing this recreational flow effects study at the Rock Creek-Cresta Project would
help to more fully evaluate the overall effect of recreational flows on the aquatic
community within the Belden reach.
As discussed, the recommended recreational flows could have adverse effects on
the aquatic resources in the Belden reach. Monitoring the effects of recreational flows on
aquatic resources within the Belden reach, if the 3-year test period is conducted, utilizing
information from the evaluation of recreation flows in the Rock Creek and Cresta reaches
of the NFFR, and incorporating the results of other pertinent studies would provide a
better understanding of how recreation flows affect turbidity, substrate conditions,
macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and fish populations in the reach. The adaptive
approach to recreation river flow management as outlined in the SA and by Interior
would allow for the identification of any potential negative impacts on water quality or
the aquatic community from existing studies or literature prior to the release of the test
recreation flows and provide for the adequate protection of aquatic resources if negative
impacts are found to result from the release of test recreation flows.
Delaying the implementation of recreational test flows would have no adverse
effect on the existing aquatic community. The biotic community would have the
opportunity to adapt to the revised instream flow schedule without being disrupted by
recreational release flows, which would improve the likelihood of enhancing
macroinvertebrate and fish populations. The delay also would allow PG&E to implement
monitoring to assess changes to the biotic community that may have resulted from
implementation of the new flow schedule without the confounding effects of recreational
flow releases.
Monitoring of Aquatic Resources in Bypassed Reaches
For the Seneca and Belden reaches, PG&E proposes to develop an aquatic
monitoring plan, in consultation with CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and FWS. Habitat
monitoring would be initiated between 10 and 12 years after license issuance, with
sampling occurring every 2 years over a 6-year period, for a total of three sampling
periods. The FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 26 specifies a sampling plan similar to
that proposed in the SA. The plan proposed in the SA would include monitoring of fish
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populations and benthic macroinvertebrates (including population robustness, feeding
group, and tolerance/intolerance trend monitoring) in at least three sites in each reach.
Sampling could be deferred to the following year in the event of a critically dry year.
PG&E proposes to provide the results of monitoring and any flow change
recommendations to the Commission, the FS, FWS, SWRCB, CDFG and other interested
parties in a draft technical report prepared by June of the year following completion of
each sampling effort. PG&E would finalize the technical report by the following
December. In addition to describing the results, the report would compare the results
with those of previous surveys. The fisheries sampling report would discuss trends in
fish abundance. The benthic macroinvertebrate sampling report would enumerate any
changes over time regarding the composition of functional feeding groups, overall
population heterogeneity and robustness, and pollution tolerance/intolerance trends.
At the conclusion of the monitoring program, PG&E, the FS, CDFG, FWS,
SWRCB, Plumas County, and other interested parties would meet to review the results of
the monitoring. If, after review of the data collected during the monitoring, the parties
specified determine that aquatic species or other ecological attributes may benefit from
modifications to the minimum streamflows, the parties would evaluate and determine
whether such modifications: (1) can be implemented within PG&E’s operational
capabilities; (2) would maintain the total annual volume of water that has been allocated
for minimum streamflows in any given water year; and (3) would not adversely impact
other beneficial uses, including hydroelectric power generation, Lake Almanor surface
water elevation, and recreation. If all parties concur and propose revised minimum
streamflows that meet these criteria, PG&E would file the proposal with the Commission
for approval.
For lower Butt Creek, PG&E proposes to develop, in consultation with CDFG,
SWRCB, the FS, and FWS, a plan to monitor and assess aquatic habitat quality in lower
Butt Creek between Butt Valley dam and its confluence with the NFFR. Monitoring of
habitat quality would occur at intervals of 3 to 5 years, depending on water year type and
other appropriate factors. If the monitoring results conclude that habitat quality has
degraded, PG&E, in consultation with CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and FWS, would initiate
a pulse flow program if it is concluded such a flow would provide a significant benefit.
In 10(j) recommendation no. 10, Interior calls for development of a
comprehensive fish monitoring plan by PG&E that includes a program to monitor all
project bypassed reaches, impoundments, impoundment tributaries, and bypassed reach
tributaries to determine the species status and size composition of the fish community,
assess trout spawning activity, and track fish planting information and recreational use
(angler surveys). Assessments would be performed in years 1 through 3, 8 through 10,
15, 20, and 25 of a new license, with reports issued 6 months following completion of
studies and distributed to CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and FWS. Further, a
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macroinvertebrate monitoring plan for the bypassed reaches would be developed and
surveys conducted upon license issuance and at 5-year intervals thereafter.
Our Analysis
New environmental measures, such as instream flow regimes, pulse flows,
recreation flows, and ramping rates proposed by PG&E and recommended by Interior
would likely affect aquatic resources in the Seneca, Belden, and lower Butt Creek
bypassed reaches. It would be appropriate to collect biological data to document the
response of the aquatic community (fish and macroinvertebrate populations) to changes
in project operation. This information would allow for a determination to be made as to
whether the expected benefits of the new flow regime are occurring and, if not, whether
any adjustments to the flow regime are necessary. Because the measure proposed in the
SA does not call for monitoring until years 10–12, we are concerned that changes,
negative or positive, to the fish, amphibian, and macroinvertebrate communities would
not be evident in a timely manner under this proposed monitoring program. Interior’s
recommended sampling protocol calls for biological monitoring to begin in years 1–3,
which may be too early to detect responses of the community to the changes in flow
regimes and pulse flows. Adequate baseline studies of the fish populations in the Seneca
and Belden reaches, under existing conditions, have been conducted by PG&E in 2000
through 2002 and they provide a reference for comparison with future monitoring results.
PG&E does not propose to monitor fish populations and macroinvertebrates in
lower Butt Creek but instead proposes a plan to monitor and assess aquatic habitat
between Butt Valley reservoir and the confluence of lower Butt Creek with the NFFR.
Recent studies in lower Butt Creek conducted by PG&E (2002a, appendix E3.1-1,
appendix E3.1-4) document high fish density, naturally reproducing populations of riffle
sculpin and rainbow trout, high redd density, and high mussel diversity. There are no
plans by any party for modifying the existing flow regime. Therefore, we conclude that
the habitat monitoring plan proposed in the SA (section 1, item 8) is sufficient and would
document habitat trends in this reach of the project. PG&E’s proposal would provide a
quantitative analysis of the aquatic habitat in lower Butt Creek, and an indirect
assessment of project operation effects on fish and macroinvertebrate communities by
assessing available spawning gravel, embeddedness of substrates, mesohabitat
characteristics, and available LWD. The adaptive nature of the lower Butt Creek
monitoring plan would allow for modifications to be made to project operations if it is
determined to be necessary by the cooperating resource agencies (see discussion on Pulse
Flows above). Monitoring every 3 to 5 years, as proposed in the SA (section 1, item 8),
would provide PG&E and resource agencies a comparative dataset that would ensure that
the high quality aquatic habitat and its associated aquatic community in lower Butt Creek
are maintained.
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Woody Debris Management Plan
Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 9 is that within 6 months of license issuance
that PG&E develop, in consultation with CDFG, SWRCB, the FS, and FWS, a woody
debris management plan that includes: (1) a program for monitoring bypassed reaches
for LWD, (2) woody debris placement program sufficient to determine if placement is
feasible, and (3) a plan for maintaining adequate amounts of woody debris throughout the
bypassed reaches. PG&E would consider and test two woody debris placement options:
(1) the recovery and transport of LWD around the project dams; and (2) the placement of
individual pieces of LWD at selected locations. The tests would determine residence
time as a function of piece size, flow (particularly pulse flows of different magnitude),
methods of introduction, and also monitor changes in mesohabitat in the vicinity of the
test material. Interior recommends the management and addition of woody debris as a
means to help restore missing ecosystem functions because it believes there is currently a
lack of sufficient LWD within the bypassed reaches.
Our Analysis
PG&E documented the distribution and occurrence of LWD within the Seneca,
Belden, and lower Butt Creek bypassed reaches in its geomorphic study (Entrix, 2002).
It reported that LWD was present throughout the reaches, and there was continual
recruitment from dead and dying trees along the channel margins. LWD deposits tended
to be within the active channel, but above the low-flow channel in the Seneca and Belden
reaches. PG&E found a total of 21 LWD occurrences, all individual logs in the Belden
reach. The Seneca reach had 141 LWD occurrences (including individual pieces as well
as debris jams). At Belden dam, PG&E annually removes about four to five truckloads
of LWD, mostly alder, which is subsequently burned.
Lower Butt Creek had 224 LWD occurrences, of which 47 were debris jams.
LWD, in both individual and jam form, was uniformly distributed throughout lower Butt
Creek, with 45 percent of the LWD features associated with the formation/maintenance
of scour pools, creating areas of sediment retention, or providing bank protection. The
estimated recruitment potential for LWD for all of lower Butt Creek was rated as high
overall. Based on the high abundance and even distribution of LWD throughout lower
Butt Creek, we conclude that there is no identified need for managing LWD within this
reach.
Implementation of the woody debris management plan would allow for an
increase in the abundance of LWD within the Belden reach where it is currently limited,
by collecting and transporting LWD around Belden dam. The review and testing of
methods and the subsequent placement of LWD within the low-flow channels of the
Seneca and Belden reaches could benefit the aquatic resources by providing further
habitat complexity. If placement of LWD at specific locations is implemented,
safeguards, such as erosion control measures, should be implemented to reduce the
impact on both the riverbed and riparian zone from construction and anchoring activities.
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Adaptive Management
Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 13 is that PG&E, in consultation with CDFG,
SWRCB, the FS, and FWS, periodically review the results of monitoring and studies to
facilitate adaptive management of environmental measures over the term of the license.
A review would be conducted every 5 years for the term of the license and would
examine monitoring results to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of monitoring
plans, identify adverse effects on fish and wildlife resources, and assess whether agencyspecified conditions are being met. If it is determined that there are adverse effects as a
result of project operation, the review process would allow the resource agencies and
PG&E to identify whether actions can be taken through an alternative flow schedule or
lake storage level. However, any adjustments to PME related operations would require
that the same annual volume of water is released via instream or pulse flow.
Our Analysis
Changes to the flow regime in the bypassed reaches could affect many resources
including water quality, fisheries, macroinvertebrates, amphibians, riparian vegetation,
and recreational use. Although individual resources would be monitored in a number of
resource-specific plans, a periodic comprehensive review would allow PG&E to evaluate
the effects of project operations on all resources and make adjustments to project
operations if necessary.
Reservoir Operations and Lake Levels
In the SA, PG&E proposes to operate the project such that reservoir levels in Lake
Almanor meet ecological and recreational objectives. The FS (in its final Section 4(e)
condition no. 30) specifies and CDFG (in its letter filed November 26, 2003) and Interior
(in its 10(j) recommendation no. 4), recommend the same measures. The SA proposes
and Interior recommends that PG&E operate Lake Almanor as follows:
25
x
Wet and Normal Water Years—By May 31, the water surface elevation would
be at or above 4,485.0 feet25 (908,000 acre-feet) and from June 1 through
August 31, would remain at or above 4,485.0 feet (908,000 acre-feet).
x
Dry Water Years—By May 31, the water surface elevation would be at or
above 4,483.0 feet (859,000 acre-feet) and from June 1 through August 31, at
or above 4,480.0 feet (787,000 acre-feet).
x
Critically Dry Water Years—By May 31, the water surface elevation would
be at or above 4,482.0 feet (835,000 acre-feet) and from June 1 through
In this section the lake level is defined as the water surface elevation, expressed in
PG&E datum, which is 10.2 feet lower than the USGS datum.
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August 31, the water surface elevation is at or above 4,480.0 feet (787,000
acre-feet).
x
Multiple Dry Water Years—In the event of multiple, sequential dry or
critically dry water years, PG&E would be allowed to decrease surface water
elevations below those specified above, as well as the current minimum
elevations specified for the Butt Valley reservoir (4,120.0 feet from June
through September and 4,115.0 feet for the rest of the year) and the Belden
reservoir (2,905.0 feet).
Our Analysis
Currently, PG&E operates Lake Almanor such that, from the period January 1
through June 1, the reservoir stores water from snowmelt and spring rains. From June 1
through September 15, the water surface elevation is maintained above 4,475 feet. The
year round minimum water surface elevation is 4,466.7 feet and the maximum 4,494 feet.
The lake levels proposed by PG&E and recommended by Interior provide for water
surface elevations from June 1 through August 31 that are 10 feet higher in wet and
normal water years and 5 feet higher in dry and critically dry water years than under
current operations.
Lake Almanor supports both warmwater and coldwater fisheries. Maintaining
lake levels during the late spring and summer at higher elevations would increase the
lake’s surface area by approximately 12 percent during wet year types and 6 percent
during normal year types as compared to existing conditions. This increased surface area
would provide additional shallow water habitat in areas of the lake that are currently not
watered, providing spawning habitat for centrarchids, such as smallmouth bass,
largemouth bass, and Sacramento perch, which generally prefer shallow water habitat
(Moyle, 2002; Robison and Buchanan, 1988; Mathews, 1965). An increase in the surface
area of Lake Almanor during summer months would also likely promote the development
of littoral zone vegetation and associated macroinvertebrate communities.
Potential Measures for the Reduction of Water Temperature in the Rock
Creek-Cresta, Poe, and UNFFR Project Bypassed Reaches
Because SWRCB targeted a 20oC maximum summer water temperature in the
NFFR to provide for coldwater fish habitat, and pursuant to the SA, PG&E investigated
the feasibility of conveying colder water from Lake Almanor to downstream bypassed
reaches of the NFFR. Under this scenario, releases of colder water would be made to
improve summer conditions for the riverine coldwater fish community. Lake Almanor is
the primary water storage facility in the NFFR and is drafted for the operation of
downstream facilities. The Prattville intake, located on the western shore of Lake
Almanor, releases water to the Butt Valley powerhouse, where it is subsequently
conveyed downstream via a combination of reservoirs, power generation penstocks and
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the NFFR channel to the Rock Creek-Cresta Project. Under current operating conditions,
the Prattville intake draws water from throughout the Lake Almanor water column, which
can result in the release of water that regularly exceeds 20oC in the summer and thereby
likely increases downstream water temperatures (see table 3-7). The methods evaluated
by PG&E to draft cold water from Lake Almanor focus primarily on the installation of a
thermal curtain, physical modifications to the Prattville intake, and alterations to project
operations (see section 3.3.1.2, Water Resources, and appendix D, for a more detailed
description and evaluation of the proposed modifications). Because conveying colder
water to the NFFR bypassed reaches would result in changes to the hydrologic and
limnologic conditions of UNFFR Project waters, we have analyzed the potential effects
of such actions on aquatic resources as part of this EIS.
In 2004, IIHR Hydraulic and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of
Iowa, performed hydraulic modeling studies to determine the potential effectiveness of a
thermal curtain in Lake Almanor and of physical modifications to the Prattville intake.
Of the six configurations for a thermal curtain in Lake Almanor that were modeled, two
were considered in greater detail: Curtain 4 and Curtain 4 configuration with levee
removal (Ettema et al., 2004). If implemented, a thermal curtain would be suspended
from the lake surface near the Prattville intake to draft a higher volume of cold
hypolimnetic water and to reduce the amount of warm epilimnetic water released into
downstream project waters. The levees referred to are remnants of past construction
(excavation) undertaken to better channel water from the Big Springs area to the
Prattville intake area (TRPA, 2004b). The current configuration of the submerged levees
may restrict lateral movement of hypolimnetic water and therefore levee removal could
allow colder water to be drafted for downstream release.
Specific physical modifications evaluated consist primarily of adjustments to the
hood and piping system of the intake structure to enable more effective withdrawal of
colder water. Various flow release strategies have also been considered by the applicant
as a means to provide colder water downstream including: modifications to dam and
reservoir operations, blending of outflows from Canyon dam lower and upper gates,
changing the minimum instream flows in summer and fall months, and piping water from
Yellow Creek and Bucks Creeks into the NFFR (see appendix D for a complete list of the
alternatives considered by the applicant).
We evaluated the potential effects the following proposed measures would have
on aquatic resources:
x
Proposed MIF
x
Proposed MIF with thermal curtain
x
Proposed MIF with thermal curtain and removal of levees
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x
Proposed MIF with thermal curtain, removal of levees, and Canyon dam
blending
Our Analysis
For our evaluation of the potential effects of the thermal curtain with or without
levee removal on aquatic resources in project reservoirs, we relied primarily on the TRPA
(2004a) and the Jones and Stokes (2004) reports, which were provided by PG&E
pursuant to our December 17, 2004 AIR. We also used PG&E’s MITEMP3 and
SNTEMP modeling studies to determine what effects hydrologic changes in Lake
Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and the bypassed reaches would have on the associated
coldwater fishery habitat. The MITEMP3 model simulated vertical water temperature
profiles in the reservoirs and patterns of thermal stratification over time. The SNTEMP
model was used to predict daily average stream temperature in the project bypassed
reaches by calculating heat fluxes among all substantial heat sources. Because shading is
also a significant factor, the SNTEMP model takes into consideration the effects of
canyon topography and existing vegetation on water temperature (PG&E, 2002a).
Lake Almanor and Butt Valley Reservoirs
A combination of adequate water temperature and DO levels at the thermocline
defines the boundaries of available summer habitat for coldwater fish in Lake Almanor.
Data from PG&E indicate that, in the summer months, temperature and DO begin to
stratify around a depth of 30 to 35 feet (PG&E, 2002a). As a result, the conditions
required to support coldwater fish (< 20oC and >6.5 mg/l of DO) are suboptimal above or
below the thermocline. Generally, this results in a relatively thin band of suitable habitat
that is available for species that require cold, well-oxygenated water (e.g., salmonids,
wakasagi). With the existing Prattville intake configuration, available coldwater fish
habitat during summer stratification includes coldwater refuge habitat within or near the
thermocline or areas that contain sources of inflowing colder freshwater or springs
(PG&E, 2002a). Under existing summertime conditions, the amount of suitable
coldwater habitat in Lake Almanor is reduced to approximately seven percent of total
reservoir volume through naturally occurring limnological stratification processes. The
installation of a thermal curtain is expected to further reduce the amount of coldwater
habitat to approximately four percent of total reservoir volume during summer
stratification, a decrease of 38 percent (TRPA, 2004a). The installation of a thermal
curtain would also likely change the location of the summer thermocline in the water by
lowering it as much as 10 feet in normal or warm summers (TRPA, 2004a). As well as
reducing overall habitat availability habitat, these changes would also likely increase
inter- and intra-specific competition and predation among fish populations utilizing this
portion of the reservoir. During cooler summers, the thermal curtain is expected to have
little effect on coldwater habitat in Lake Almanor.
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The TRPA report also indicates that in years when lake surface levels are high,
modifications to the Prattville intake would likely reduce or eliminate the number of
wakasagi entrained through the Butt Valley powerhouse by altering water flow patterns at
the intake structures of the Butt Valley powerhouse and through resultant modifications
to the dissolved oxygen and temperature of water drafted (TRPA, 2004a). Wakasagi are
the prime forage for a trophy trout fishery in Butt Valley reservoir, which would likely be
affected by a reduction in wakasagi entrainment, potentially affecting the current fishery,
trophic structure, and ecological processes (e.g., predator-prey relationships) in Lake
Almanor and the Butt Valley and Belden reservoirs. The TRPA (2004a) study predicts a
reduction in wakasagi entrainment that ranges from 14 to 100 percent depending on the
dissolved oxygen concentration in water drafted into the Butt Valley powerhouse. A
reduction in wakasagi entrainment would not be expected in years when reservoir levels
are low. Our analysis focuses primarily on salmonids and wakasagi because data
gathered from reservoir and entrainment studies indicate that the potential direct effects
of Prattville intake modifications would be related to changes in the thermocline and in
turn to species that are closely associated with this component of the Lake Almanor
ecosystem. The availability of coldwater fish habitat would not be adversely affected by
a thermal curtain during the winter and spring, when the lake is not stratified.
Jones and Stokes (2004), using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CE-QUAL-W2
water quality model in concert with suitability index and volume threshold methods,
report that the installation of a thermal curtain is expected to have little effect on
coldwater fish habitat as it pertains to Lake Almanor water quality because the thermal
curtain is not expected to significantly alter dissolved oxygen concentrations or water
temperature in Lake Almanor. However, similar to the TRPA (2004a) report, Jones and
Stokes (2004) indicate that the volume of available coldwater fish habitat would be
decreased substantially by the installation of a thermal curtain. Their study also reports
that the installation of a thermal curtain is expected to increase the depth of the
thermocline by up to 10 feet. If habitat availability is currently a limiting factor to
salmonid species in Lake Almanor, further reductions in habitat availability would likely
exacerbate the situation.
To further assess potential changes to Lake Almanor’s aquatic habitat and
coldwater fishery that could result from modifications to the Prattville intake, we
evaluated PG&E’s MITEMP3 temperature model scenarios ANEB, ANMB, DNEB, and
DNMB (table 3-20).
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Table 3-20. Naming convention matrix for modeled scenarios in Lake Almanor.
(Source: PG&E, 2002a, as modified by staff)
Water Year
Meteorology
Lake Almanor Modeling Scenarios
Canyon Dam
Prattville Intake
Release
Scenario
ID
Normal
Normal
Existing
B (75 cfs)
ANEB
Normal
Normal
Modified
B (75 cfs)
ANMB
Dry
Normal
Existing
B (75 cfs)
DNEB
Dry
Normal
Modified
B (75 cfs)
DNMB
We selected a release flow of 75 cfs from Canyon dam because it was the closest
flow that simulated the releases proposed in the SA for Seneca reach during the summer
months (July through September). Scenarios ANEB and ANMB provided results during
normal water year types. The hypolimnion26 under scenario ANEB has a minimum upper
limit elevation of 4,445 feet, which correlates to a volume of approximately 156,000
acre-feet during mid-June. With the modified Prattville intake, scenario ANMB, the
hypolimnion’s minimum upper limit elevation is approximately 4,435 feet, also occurring
in mid-June, which correlates to approximately a volume of 57,000 acre-feet, a reduction
of 64 percent from the existing intake configuration (PG&E, 2002a).
To investigate the impacts on the hypolimnion during a dry water year, we used
scenarios DNEB and DNMB. The hypolimnion under scenario DNEB has a minimum
upper limit elevation of 4,435 feet, which correlates to a volume of approximately 57,000
acre-feet in mid-June. With the modified Prattville intake, scenario DNMB, the
hypolimnion’s minimum upper limit elevation is approximately 4,430 feet also occurring
in mid-June, which correlates to a volume of approximately 21,000 acre-feet, a reduction
of 64 percent from the existing intake configuration (PG&E, 2002a).
Upper North Fork Feather River
The installation of a thermal curtain would likely have mixed results on the fish
assemblages in the bypassed reaches of the UNFFR Project. At the 50 percent
exceedance level, Bechtel and TRPA (2004) indicate that the installation of a thermal
curtain combined with levee removal could maintain temperatures less than 20 oC and
reduce temperatures in normal water years by as much as 2.4oC in the Belden reach
26
The hypolimnion is the lower stratum of cold water, extending from the thermocline
(upper limit) to the lake’s bottom (lower limit), that exists during summer
stratification.
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during the summer months as compared to water temperatures that would likely result
from implementation of the minimum flows only (figure 3-7). A temperatureconditioned relative habitat suitability study for the bypassed reaches of the NFFR was
conducted to determine the percent change in suitable habitat that would be expected for
rainbow trout, hardhead, Sacramento pikeminnow, and Sacramento sucker in normal and
critically dry water years based on changes in water temperature (TRPA, 2004b).
Although reductions of 2.4oC would likely increase available suitable habitat for rainbow
trout, it is also likely that warmwater species of fish (e.g., hardhead and Sacramento
pikeminnow) would see a substantial loss of suitable habitat. This could have negative
implications for the sustainability of localized populations or force them to seek
preferential conditions elsewhere (TRPA, 2004b). Hardhead are classified as FS and a
CSC, and therefore warrant consideration in our analysis as to the effects of modifying
water temperature in the NFFR.
The blended-release approach, which would change project operations so that
water would be released into the Seneca reach from both the lower and upper gates of the
Canyon dam outlet tower, is also being considered as a means to create colder riverine
conditions in project bypassed reaches. Releasing warmer surface water into the Seneca
reach from the upper Canyon dam gates would likely increase the volume of cold water
in Lake Almanor that would be available for release through the Prattville intake with a
thermal curtain installed. Currently, releases from Canyon dam occur primarily from the
low-level gate. This results in the release of water that is typically colder than 12oC,
which is below the temperature preference of rainbow trout and hardhead, as well as
Sacramento pikeminnow and Sacramento sucker (TRPA, 2004b). The TRPA (2004b)
study indicates that in normal water years the blended-release approach in combination
with a thermal curtain could result in increased summer water temperatures of up to
4.4oC in the Seneca reach (figure 3-7). As a result, suitable habitat would likely be
improved by approximately 30 percent for rainbow trout, hardhead, Sacramento
pikeminnow, and Sacramento sucker in the Seneca reach in June. Increases in suitable
habitat of approximately 15-20 percent for all species would also be likely in July and
August, while values in September would not change significantly from existing
conditions (figure 3-7).
For the Belden reach, the TRPA (2004b) study indicates that the installation of a
thermal curtain, levee removal, and the blending of Canyon dam releases would likely
increase the availability of suitable habitat for juvenile and adult rainbow trout in most
summer months. Alternatively, these actions also have the potential to cause a shift in
the spatial distribution of native non-game fish warmwater species (e.g., hardhead and
Sacramento pikeminnow) by reducing the amount of habitat available due to a reduction
in water temperature. Suitable habitat for hardhead, Sacramento pikeminnow, and
Sacramento sucker in the Belden reach is predicted to decrease in all months in both
normal and critically dry water years. Upstream of the East Branch Feather River
confluence, suitable habitat for rainbow trout would likely increase by 8.5 percent in
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August, however, the model predicts a reduction of 14.7 percent in June of normal water
years as temperatures are predicted to fall below the optimum temperature range for
rainbow trout of 17-20oC (TRPA, 2004b) (figure 3-7). Suitable habitat would likely
remain stable in July and September for juvenile and adult rainbow trout. Downstream of
the East Branch Feather River confluence, increased availability of suitable habitat for
rainbow trout would be expected in July and August in normal water years, and in all
summer months in critically dry water years, although substantial reductions would be
expected for hardhead, Sacramento pikeminnow, and Sacramento sucker in all months of
both water year types due to the influx of colder water.
In summary, alterations to the limnological and hydrological processes in the
UNFFR Project reservoirs and bypassed reaches as a result of efforts to convey colder
water downstream could have a substantial effect on aquatic resources. Because the
volume of available coldwater habitat in Lake Almanor is likely already a limiting factor
under current conditions during summer stratification (TRPA, 2004a), the installation of
a thermal curtain could adversely affect salmonids and other coldwater fish by further
reducing the availability of coldwater refugia habitat and increasing inter- and intraspecific competition and predation. Under existing summertime conditions, the amount
of suitable coldwater habitat in Lake Almanor is reduced to approximately seven percent
of total reservoir volume through naturally occurring limnological stratification
processes. The installation of a thermal curtain is expected to reduce the amount of
coldwater habitat to approximately four percent of total reservoir volume during summer
stratification, a decrease of 38 percent (TRPA, 2004a). Additionally, the results of the
MITEMP3 modeling efforts indicate that modifications to the Prattville intake would
likely accelerate the depletion of Lake Almanor’s coldwater pool (water less than 20oC)
throughout the summer by 10 to 15 percent in July, 15 to 20 percent in August, and 20 to
25 percent in September as a result of drafting water into Butt Valley reservoir via the
Prattville intake (PG&E, 2002a). Decreasing the volume of the coldwater pool would
likely further affect coldwater fish by concentrating them is a narrower band of habitat,
which would increase the likelihood of competition and subject them to intensified
angling pressure. Additionally, entrainment studies conducted in 2001 as part of the
relicensing efforts documented entrainment of over 130,000 individual wakasagi into
Butt Valley reservoir (PG&E, 2002a). These forage fish support a popular trophy trout
fishery in Butt Valley reservoir that would likely be affected by a reduction in wakasagi
numbers. The installation of a thermal curtain is expected to significantly reduce or
eliminate entrainment of wakasagi by altering water flow patterns at the intake structures
of the Butt Valley powerhouse (TRPA, 2004a).
It is also likely that a reduction in available riverine habitat for hardhead,
Sacramento pikeminnow, and Sacramento sucker in the bypassed reaches would occur as
a result of efforts to reduce temperature downstream as part of the Rock Creek – Cresta
Project. Although the implementation of the proposed minimum instream flows would
be expected to increase overall habitat availability in the riverine reaches of the UNFFR,
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it likely would not reduce riverine water temperatures significantly with or without
modification of the Prattville intake (see figure 3-7).
We conclude that structural or operational modifications to the Prattville intake
that were evaluated would likely have detrimental effects on the coldwater fishery in
Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir, and would provide only limited benefit to the
coldwater fish populations in Seneca and Belden reaches of the UNFFR and even less
benefit to the downstream Rock Creek, Cresta, and Poe reaches.
Fish Passage
On November 26, 2003, NOAA Fisheries filed its original Section 18 fish passage
prescription for the UNFFR Project, which included the construction of pool-weir
passage systems at Belden and Butt Valley dams in addition to positive barrier-screening
devices for the intakes at the Belden and Caribou powerhouses.
On March 14, 2005, NOAA Fisheries submitted a modified Section 18 fishway
prescription for the UNFFR Project to the Commission. The prescription calls for the
release of adult Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon and Central Valley steelhead
into the Seneca bypassed reach and into Yellow Creek, an unregulated stream that enters
the UNFFR in the vicinity of the Belden powerhouse. Both species are listed as
threatened under the ESA, but do not currently occur in the project area. The prescription
also calls for the trap and transfer of outmigrants (e.g., smolts and post-spawned
steelhead) from the Seneca bypassed reach and Yellow Creek to below Oroville dam, part
of FERC Project No. 2100. The upstream migration of anadromous fish in the Feather
River is currently blocked at the Fish Barrier dam, a facility associated with the Feather
River Fish Hatchery, located approximately 5 miles downstream of Oroville dam.
NOAA Fisheries plans to file a preliminary prescription for the Oroville Project by
October 2005, which would likely specify that the CDWR (licensee for the Oroville
Project) implement a program to capture adult anadromous fish at or below the Fish
Barrier dam and transport (truck) them to areas upstream of the Oroville facilities (letter
from R. McInnis, Regional Administrator, NOAA Fisheries, Long Beach, CA, to the
Commission, dated March 11, 2005).
Specifically, the prescription submitted for the UNFFR Project calls for PG&E to:
x submit within 1 year of license issuance, design drawings for appropriate
release sites for adult anadromous fish transported from the Oroville Project;
x construct receiving structures and implement water-to-water transfer of adult
anadromous fish from the Oroville Project within 3 years of NOAA Fisheries
approval of facility design;
x monitor adult fish, their interactions with existing project fish and wildlife
species, including disease monitoring, and submit an annual report to
appropriate resource agencies;
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x submit within 1 year of license issuance, design drawings for approval by
NOAA Fisheries for the construction and operation of a screening device to
capture outmigrating salmonids at or above the intake of Belden powerhouse.
The screening device would meet the criteria specified in NOAA Fisheries
“Fish Screening Criteria for Anadromous Salmonids,” which specifies
variables such as approach velocity, material quality, and bypass entrance
design;
x implement downstream fish passage collection within 3 years of license
issuance in the Seneca reach unless NOAA Fisheries approves an
implementation delay as a result of integration with fish passage efforts
prescribed for the Oroville Project;
x submit within 5 years of license issuance, design drawings for approval by
NOAA Fisheries for the construction and operation of a screening device to
capture outmigrating salmonids above the Belden powerhouse on Yellow
Creek. The screening device would meet the criteria specified in NOAA
Fisheries “Fish Screening Criteria for Anadromous Salmonids,” which
specifies variables such as approach velocity, material quality, and bypass
entrance design;
x implement downstream fish passage collection within 10 years of license
issuance in Yellow Creek unless NOAA Fisheries approves an implementation
delay as a result of integration with fish passage efforts prescribed for the
Oroville Project;
x include provisions for the transportation of emigrating fish to temporary
holding facilities for marking and tagging purposes and for transport to
downstream release areas;
x target 99.5 percent survivability for trap and transfer efforts of outmigrating
salmonids in the Seneca reach and in Yellow Creek;
x maintain and document 98 percent survivability for trap and transfer efforts of
outmigrating salmonids in the Seneca reach and in Yellow Creek; and
x submit within 1 year of license issuance, a plan to NOAA Fisheries identifying
means to monitor safe, timely, and effective anadromous fish passage, and the
potential effects of this PM&E measure upon the environment.
In its reply comments to NOAA Fisheries’ Section 18 modified prescription,
PG&E states that the trap-and-transfer methods as proposed would be technically
infeasible and would fail to produce a self-sustaining population of anadromous
salmonids in the UNFFR (letter from T. Jereb, PG&E, UNFFR Relicensing Project
Manager, to M.R. Salas, Secretary, FERC, Washington, DC, May 2, 2005). Furthermore,
PG&E indicated that the modified NOAA Fisheries prescription would not assist in the
recovery of Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon and Central Valley steelhead nor
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would it create a wild or natural fishery. As such, passage and restoration efforts as
proposed by NOAA Fisheries would likely require a substantial amount of long-term
maintenance and human intervention. PG&E also pointed out that the genetic integrity of
salmonid stocks and disease transmission in the UNFFR watershed are major issues that
would require additional research. PG&E indicated that there is a strong consensus in the
region for restoration efforts and that it would be a willing party in anadromous fisheries
restoration efforts in watersheds that are more likely to produce large and sustainable
populations of Chinook salmon and steelhead.
The Commission also received comments on NOAA Fisheries Section 18 fishway
prescription from Bobby Kempkes (letter from B. Kempkes, San Diego, CA, to M.R.
Salas, Secretary, FERC, Washington, DC, May 2, 2005), the Carmel River Steelhead
Association (letter from R.L. Thomas, President, Carmel River Steelhead Association,
Monterey, CA, to M.R. Salas, Secretary, FERC, Washington, DC, May 3, 2005), the
Fisherman’s Alliance of California (letter from F. Emerson, president, Fisherman’s
Alliance of California, Monterey, CA, to M.R. Salas, Secretary, FERC, Washington, DC,
May 3, 2005), the State Water Contractors (letter from T.L. Erlewine, General Manager,
State Water Contractors, Sacramento, CA, to M.R. Salas, Secretary, FERC, Washington,
DC, May 5, 2005), Erik Kolstoe (letter from E. Kolstoe, San Francisco, CA, to M.R.
Salas, Secretary, FERC, Washington, DC, May 7, 2005), and CDWR (letter from M.A.
Swiger, Counsel, CDWR, Washington, DC, to M.R. Salas, Secretary, FERC,
Washington, DC, May 16, 2005).
The Carmel River Steelhead Association, the Fisherman’s Alliance of California,
Mr. Kempkes, and Mr. Kolstoe all provided comments in support of the NOAA Fisheries
Section 18 fishway prescription. The State Water Contractors and CDWR both pointed
out that settlement negotiations regarding fish passage are currently underway at the
downstream Oroville Project and stated their concerns with prescribing fish passage
upstream of the Oroville Project before those negotiations are complete. CDWR
expressed many of the same concerns with the fishway prescription that PG&E did.
CDWR indicated that fish passage at Oroville Project is unlikely to be successful, is
highly experimental, and is not based on sound scientific principles. Furthermore,
CDWR stated that before substantial resources are expended on a highly questionable
trap-and-haul program, further investigation is required. CDWR also suggested that the
Commission defer issuing a new project license for the UNFFR Project until settlement
negotiations for the Oroville Project have concluded. The State Water Contractors
indicated that there is still considerable disagreement among the participants in the
Oroville Project relicensing settlement discussions as to the likelihood of success or
implementation of fish passage, which would affect the implementation of fish passage
measures at UNFFR. The State Water Contractors also indicated that NOAA Fisheries
has not provided substantial evidence in support of the fish passage prescription it is
imposing in the licensing proceedings upstream of Oroville dam and that the risk of
upstream disease transmission outweighs any biological benefits associated with the
proposed fish passage program. In addition, the State Water Contractors indicated that
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the environmental conditions in upstream reaches (e.g., aquatic habitat, water
temperature) would likely result in a net loss of anadromous fish resulting from passage
efforts.
Our Analysis
NOAA Fisheries’ fishway prescription for the UNFFR Project appears to be a part
of its larger strategy to reintroduce anadromous salmonids into historical habitat from
which they have been absent for almost 100 years (since the construction of Big Bend
dam in 1910). During that time, numerous events have occurred, primarily the
construction of additional dams and associated reservoirs (culminating with the
completion of Oroville dam and its 16,000-acre reservoir in 1968) which make such a
reintroduction a daunting task.
From an engineering standpoint, we agree that a trap-and-haul approach, such as
that prescribed by NOAA Fisheries for the UNFFR Project, in conjunction with a
complementary prescription for the Oroville Project, would likely, for the foreseeable
future, be a more effective means of providing access for anadromous salmonids to the
UNFFR than more traditional fish passage measures such as fish ladders and downstream
bypass systems at each of the dams. That said, the success of any such program involves
many more factors other than the trap and transport of fish. For example, sufficient
instream flows, water temperature, suitable spawning and rearing habitat, the potential for
the spread of pathogens, interspecific competition, and injury and mortality of transported
fish are just some of the factors that would affect the success of spawning and the
availability of juveniles for downstream transport.
At the outset, we must note that the fishway prescription for the UNFFR Project is
completely dependent upon the issuance and implementation of a complementary
prescription for the Oroville Project. Absent that, there are no adult salmonids for PG&E
to stock into the Seneca Reach and Yellow creek, and consequently no outmigrants,
either smolts or post-spawned steelhead, to capture and transport downstream of Oroville.
While NOAA Fisheries has indicated that it will file such a fish passage prescription for
the Oroville project, it has yet to do so. In addition, NOAA Fisheries indicated that
settlement negotiations for the Oroville Project may affect the specific conditions and
timing of their prescription for that project, which in turn would likely affect the
implementation of fish passage for the UNFFR Project. Under the current schedule for
the Oroville Project, the final fishway prescription is due January 30, 2006.
On August 12, 2005, pursuant to the ESA, NOAA Fisheries issued its final
designation on critical habitat for Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon and Central
Valley steelhead (Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 226). The designation includes
approximately 3,500 miles of riverine habitat in California for the conservation and
protection of these species. These areas are considered by NOAA Fisheries as currently
occupied riverine reaches that contain the physical and biological features essential to the
conservation of the species, which may require special management considerations or
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protection. However, we note that the designation did not include habitat above the
Oroville Project. In previous assessments of the conservation value of river reaches
upstream of Oroville, the NOAA Fisheries’ Technical Recovery Team, formulated to
evaluate habitat requirements for Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon and Central
Valley steelhead, concluded specifically that within the Feather River watershed, only
inaccessible stream reaches of the NFFR upstream of Lake Almanor were to be
considered as “unoccupied habitat outside the Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU)
range that may be essential to conservation” (Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 226).
Despite this conclusion by NOAA Fisheries, the modified prescription as submitted
would not provide for fish passage above Lake Almanor. It is interesting to note that
NOAA Fisheries did not designate Seneca reach or Yellow Creek (the focus of its Section
18 prescription) either as critical habitat or as areas outside the current range that are
essential to the conservation of the species.
The introduction of Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon and Central Valley
steelhead into project waters would provide them access to approximately 15 miles of
riverine habitat; 10.8 miles in the Seneca reach and 4.1 miles in Yellow Creek. NOAA
Fisheries, in its March 14, 2005 modified Section 18 prescription, and PG&E in its
license application indicate that spawning gravel in the lower 7.3 miles of the Seneca
reach has the potential to support 172 pairs of steelhead and 96 pairs of Chinook salmon.
The substrate quality in the upstream portion of Seneca reach above Seneca Falls was not
evaluated. There is no data available on the availability of spawning gravels for
steelhead or Chinook salmon in Yellow Creek.
The IFIM study conducted by PG&E indicates that the flow schedules proposed
by PG&E and the resource agencies would substantially improve conditions for rainbow
trout as compared to current conditions in the Seneca reach. Because juvenile steelhead,
Chinook salmon, and rainbow trout have similar freshwater habitat requirements and are
often sympatric in distribution (Raleigh et al, 1984, 1996; Moyle, 2002), it is likely that
the flows proposed by PG&E and the resource agencies would provide suitable
conditions for juvenile anadromous salmonids in the Seneca reach. However, because
the habitat requirements for adult Chinook salmon, steelhead, and rainbow trout differ, it
is not certain if suitable habitat for adults of each species would be made available by the
flows proposed by PG&E and the resource agencies. In its modified prescription for the
UNFFR, NOAA Fisheries provides anecdotal evidence indicating that suitable water
depths were present in the reaches targeted for fish release. Additionally, improvements
of the depth, velocity, substrate, and temperature conditions for coldwater fish are
expected from the flows proposed by PG&E and recommended by the resource agencies.
Therefore, the aquatic habitat in the Seneca reach would likely be usable by adult and
juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead in the Seneca reach, although there is little sitespecific date available that empirically describes habitat suitability for anadromous
salmonids. Little information is available regarding the suitability of habitat in Yellow
Creek, but because it supports a wild rainbow trout fishery, it is likely that the creek
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would support juvenile steelhead and juvenile Chinook salmon, provided that adult
spawning was successful.
Assuming that adult anadromous fish are introduced into the Seneca reach and
Yellow Creek and that physical habitat in those reaches can support successful adult
anadromous salmonid spawning and juvenile rearing, we must consider the effects of the
fishway prescription on other resources. The introduction and subsequent collection of
these fish and the construction of the physical facilities specified in the prescription have
the potential to adversely affect several facets of the currently existing aquatic biota in the
UNFFR Project area including:
1.
the population dynamics of the existing fish community through predation,
competition, and habitat partitioning;
2.
populations of federally threatened California red-legged frogs, CSC and
FSS (e.g., hardhead) through predation or interspecific competition;
3.
the transport, range, and intensity of fish-borne disease including infectious
hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHN), Ceratomyxa shasta (CS), and whirling
disease (Myxobolus cerebralis);
4.
riparian habitat, instream habitat, and aquatic biota at from construction of
adult release and juvenile collection facilities and associated construction;
5.
behavior and migratory patterns of existing fish populations in and around
Yellow Creek and the Seneca reach where downstream collection and
upstream release facilities are prescribed;
6.
hydrological and geomorphic riverine processes in and around Yellow
Creek and the Seneca reach where downstream collection and upstream
release facilities would be constructed;
7.
spawning gravel availability for resident trout species in the Seneca reach
and in Yellow Creek; and
8.
current fishery harvest management objectives, enforcement of fishing
regulations, and recreational angling opportunities in the Seneca reach and
in Yellow Creek.
Populations of sculpin, rainbow trout, and Sacramento suckers currently account
for approximately 99 percent of the fish community in the Seneca reach (PG&E, 2002a).
The introduction of anadromous salmonids into the Seneca reach could potentially
disrupt the population dynamics of the currently existing fish community through
competition and predation. Although rainbow trout and steelhead do often occur in the
same system, the tendency is for either the steelhead or the non-migratory rainbow to
dominate a given population (Moyle, 2002). Therefore, the introduction of steelhead into
the UNFFR has the potential to affect the population structure of the currently existing
rainbow trout population and associated fishery in both Yellow Creek and Seneca reach.
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Additionally, the aggressive nature of juvenile rainbow trout often leads to their
dominance over juvenile life stages of other sympatric salmonids (Moyle, 2002). This
behavioral interaction could affect the success of efforts to establish Central Valley
spring-run Chinook salmon in the UNFFR because of the dominant role that rainbow
trout currently play in the UNFFR and in Yellow Creek.
The introduction of anadromous salmonids also has the potential to affect
hardhead, a CSC species, which although not reported in the Seneca reach by PG&E,
may occur in Yellow Creek. Hardhead, which are reported in the Belden reach, could be
affected through competition and predation if the range of introduced anadromous fish in
the UNFFR expands to include areas not specifically targeted by the NOAA Fisheries
Section 18 prescription.
Although little information is available regarding the existing fish community in
Yellow Creek, we assume that the fish composition is similar to the Seneca and Belden
bypassed reaches and that it is dominated by rainbow trout, Sacramento sucker, and
sculpin. Yellow Creek is a CDFG-designated wild trout stream with flows ranging from
40 to 170 cfs during June through September. The introduction of anadromous salmonids
into Yellow Creek could disrupt the population dynamics of the currently existing fish
community through competition and predation as well as negatively affect the
recreational trout fishery through the legal restrictions imposed by implementation of the
ESA.
The potential exists for both FYLF and CRLF to inhabit waters associated with the
UNFFR Project. Juvenile anadromous fish prey on certain life stages of amphibian
species and therefore have the potential to adversely affect these species. Although data
from relicensing studies indicates that these species have not been observed in the Seneca
reach (PG&E, 2002a), the presence of anadromous fish in the Seneca reach could
potentially affect populations of FYLF and CRLF if their range expands or if they are
found to occur in Yellow Creek.
Several fish diseases and pathogens are known to occur in the Feather River basin,
including the IHN virus and the CS parasite, which are both known to kill significant
numbers of salmonids (CDWR, 2004b). It is possible that hydroelectric facilities within
the NFFR may have contributed to a decline in the range of IHN by blocking the virus
from upstream transmission, although little is known about its current distribution in the
NFFR (CDWR, 2004b). There is disagreement among the various agencies involved
with this proceeding as to what effect the introduction of anadromous fish into the
UNFFR would have on the transmission of fish borne pathogens. In its modified Section
18 fish passage prescription, NOAA Fisheries has indicated that it is likely that whirling
disease and CS are widespread throughout the NFFR. Additionally, NOAA Fisheries
states that the spread of IHN is less likely in wild stocks of Chinook as compared to
hatchery fish, which are currently stocked in Lake Almanor. However, CDFG has
expressed concerns indicating that disease transmission could be expected from the
transport of anadromous salmonids to project waters (notes from the Fish Passage Focus
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Group meeting, December 2, 2004, submitted by T. Jereb, PG&E, UNFFR Relicensing
Project Manager, to M. Salas, Secretary, FERC, December 20, 2004). NOAA Fisheries
indicates that water disinfection devices would be required at Oroville, which would
likely aid in reducing the spread of disease. Because whirling disease and CS most likely
already occur in the NFFR watershed, and because NOAA Fisheries has prescribed
preventative measures (e.g., disinfectants, containment of fish in specific reaches), the
introduction of anadromous salmonids to upstream reaches of the NFFR would likely
have little effect on the overall spread of these diseases in the watershed.
The construction and installation of specific facilities for receiving and trapping
anadromous fish as specified in the NOAA prescription (e.g., water-to-water release sites
for upstream migrants and downstream screening structures) would likely have both
short- and long- term effects, including: restricting the migratory patterns of resident
fishes, blocking sediment movement, altering large-woody debris movement patterns,
and changing the hydrologic flow patterns through and around screening devices. Road
building and construction activities would likely increase sedimentation and affect
riparian vegetation in the immediate vicinity of areas slated for construction, but these
effects would likely only be short-term. If wetlands are affected by construction
activities, it is expected that mitigation for these effects would be required by the
Commission. In addition, although NOAA Fisheries does not indicate where on the
Seneca reach or on Yellow Creek the release and recapture facilities would be located,
the siting and construction of these facilities may be difficult from a land ownership
perspective. NOAA Fisheries has stipulated that PG&E should acquire the legal right to
access lands outside of the current boundary or modify existing project boundaries to
implement anadromous fish passage at the UNFFR Project. Because the majority of the
Seneca reach and the Yellow Creek watershed lie within Plumas National Forest,
implementation of NOAA Fisheries fish passage prescription would likely require
cooperation and facilitation from the FS.
NOAA Fisheries has specified that PG&E target 99.5 percent survivability and
maintain and document 98 percent survivability during the transport of outmigrating
salmonids in the Seneca reach and in Yellow Creek. A targeted survivability criterion for
transport of adult fish was not specified; that would likely be contained in the
complementary prescription for the Oroville project. Although truck transport of juvenile
and adult salmonids is a common and extensively used management practice by fisheries
agencies, mortality associated with truck transfer can occur and is generally associated
with the initial loading of fish into a transfer vehicle (CDWR, 2004a). In fact, studies
indicate that large-scale transport efforts undertaken in the Columbia and Snake Rivers in
the 1970s and 1980s may not have substantially contributed to the recovery of protected
salmonids and that mortality rates can average around 15 percent (Ward et al., 1997).
Appendix A of CDWR’s Fish Passage Model for the Oroville Project indicates that
survivability for juvenile Chinook salmon ranges from 1 percent to 12 percent. Matthews
et al. (1986) observed high levels of stress in Chinook salmon juveniles, especially if
transported concurrently with steelhead juveniles. Additionally, NOAA Fisheries 98
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percent survivability criteria is based on a fish passage prescription established for the
Baker River Project (P-2150) in northern Washington. The Baker River Project has a
different set of Section 18 requirements, and does not include a tagging and storage
component as is specified for the UNFFR Project. Transport of fish in the UNFFR
Project area would cover a longer distance, which could also affect survivability.
Additionally, because Chinook salmon and steelhead would likely be transported
together, overall Chinook survivability would likely be diminished upon release as a
result of competition at release sites. We conclude that overall survivability of salmonids
associated with the fish passage measures prescribed for the UNFFR Project would likely
be lower than the 98 percent survivability level targeted by NOAA Fisheries and do not
consider those targets realistic.
The introduction of federally listed salmonids into waters associated with the
UNFFR Project and in Yellow Creek has the potential to adversely affect the existing
trout fishery because project waters would then contain species protected under the ESA.
Because angling for these two species would likely be prohibited, we assume there would
be changes in fishing regulations to ensure that ESA take prohibitions are not violated.
Furthermore, poaching and incidental takes could hamper efforts to establish populations
of anadromous fish in these reaches. Because access to the Seneca reach is made difficult
by mountainous terrain, it is likely that the effects of introducing federally protected
species on the recreational fishery may be more prevalent in Yellow Creek, which is a
recognized wild trout fishery and is subject to increased fishing pressure. Further
complications could arise if anglers are not able to differentiate between wild steelhead
and rainbow trout, which may adversely affect both angler compliance with the ESA and
introduction efforts in the Seneca reach or in Yellow Creek.
As part of the Oroville relicensing studies, the Oroville Fish Passage Model was
developed to assess the likelihood of successfully establishing self-sustaining populations
of Chinook salmon upstream of Oroville dam to the first impassable barrier (CDWR,
2004a). The model is an interactive tool that allows users to adjust input parameters such
as survival at various life stages, homing rate, capture rates, etc., to predict how variation
in these parameters might affect the return rate of adults. The model output reports a
range of values assessing the best case, worst case, and expected results to describe the
feasibility of potential fish passage efforts. One of the critical output parameters in the
model is the ratio between returning adult fish and the number of adult fish passed
upstream. If the ratio is less than 1:1, fewer adult fish would return than were passed
over a migratory obstruction and the fish passage effort would not be considered
sustainable. If the ratio is greater than 1:1, then fish passage efforts would be considered
successful and sustainable, with adult returns exceeding adults released.
In its March 14, 2005 prescription, NOAA Fisheries utilized the model in support
of its contention that the trap and haul program specified in their prescription would
result in a feasible fish passage program. They modified a model run previously
conducted by the Oroville Facilities Environmental Working Group (EWG) by adjusting
the numerical value for the variable “juvenile release to adult return for the stream-type
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life history” from 0.46% to 1.41% based on Odenweller’s (2004) data for winter-run
Chinook salmon in the Sacramento River. The value used by the EWG (0.46%) was
based on adult returns of coded wire tagged spring-run Chinook salmon in the Feather
River (CDWR 2004a) and resulted in an adult return to adult passed ratio of 0.74 (i.e.,
fewer adults returning than passed upstream of Oroville). NOAA Fisheries’ value of
1.41% resulted in an adult return to adult passed ratio of 1.72 (i.e., more adults returning
than were passed upstream of Oroville, which represents a sustainable fish passage
program for the “Expected Case” scenario).
The Oroville Fish Passage Model, and other similar models, are often powerful
tools for decision making, particularly when basin wide decisions on fish passage issues
are being considered. However models, or other data interpretive tools, are limited by the
quality and representation of the data they are built upon and the expertise of those
individuals involved in the exercise. NOAA Fisheries states that by adjusting one
sensitive assumption within the model, the results of the modeling exercise indicate that a
fish passage program is feasible. PG&E provides arguments that NOAA Fisheries use of
data from the Odenweller model is not appropriate because it does not incorporate all
sources of loss to the population, is based on winter-run Chinook salmon and not springrun fish, and is derived as an estimate of estimates. In this case, NOAA considers data
from winter-run fish of the Sacramento River as representative of conditions on the
Feather River, whereas PG&E feels that data from studies on spring-run fish from the
Feather River is more appropriate. While no empirical data is available for juvenile
release to adult returns for the North Fork of the Feather River, we believe that the use of
data derived from studies of spring-run fish from the Feather River is more appropriate
and that the NOAA Fisheries calculated value likely results in an overestimation of the
expected adult return to adult passed ratio.
In summary, although it is likely that the implementation of NOAA Fisheries’
Section 18 prescription for the UNFFR would provide access to approximately 15 river
miles of spawning and juvenile rearing habitat for Central Valley spring-run Chinook
salmon and Central valley steelhead (assuming the prescription and implementation of a
complementary prescription for the Oroville project), the overall degree of success of the
program would be highly dependent on the effects of many other factors. However, the
introduction of these fish has the potential to negatively affect a number of resources in
the UNFFR Project area, including resident trout populations and the fisheries they
support, populations of sensitive amphibian and fish species, and geomorphic processes.
Mining Activities
NOAA Fisheries recommends that PG&E “partially offset impacts to anadromous
fish caused by the inundation of habitats and minimize adverse effects to the safe, timely
and effective passage of anadromous fishes, by providing suitable compensation from
active mining interests in the Seneca Reach or Yellow Creek through conservation
easements and the purchase and rehabilitation of sites used for mining operations.
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NOAA fisheries contends that the project, by reducing flows, enables mining operations
to occur that would otherwise be impeded by unimpaired flows.
Our Analysis
We agree that mining has historically and, to a lesser degree, is currently
impacting aquatic habitat in the project area. Historically, mining activities in the NFFR
have contributed to a decline in water quality, increased sedimentation rates, affected
geomorphic processes through the alteration of natural channel configurations and
removal of substrates, and adversely affected anadromous and resident fish species as
well as other components of the aquatic biota in the NFFR (Yoshiyama, 2001). At
present, 206 active mining claims exist in the NFFR, many of which occur in the Seneca
reach. However, since mining in the watershed predated construction of the project by
over 50 years, we do not agree that there is a nexus between project operation and
mining. We also note that this mining is regulated by the state of California and outside
the jurisdiction of the Commission.
Fish Barriers
The NF-9 gage and weir were historically operated and maintained by PG&E to
monitor lower Butt Creek stream flow. They are no longer operational and PG&E has
proposed to rehabilitate, operate, and maintain them in the LA. The gage and weir are
located in lower Butt Creek approximately 0.2 mile upstream of its confluence with the
NFFR. In the SA, PG&E also proposes to develop, in consultation with CDFG, SWRCB,
the FS, and FWS, a plan to monitor and assess aquatic habitat quality as well as upstream
fish passage at the NF-9 gage weir in lower Butt Creek between Butt Valley dam and its
confluence with the NFFR. If it is determined during monitoring that the existing gaging
weir is acting to block fish passage, then removal or modification of the weir would be
undertaken.
In the SA, PG&E and the settlement parties propose to remove the Gansner Bar
fish barrier located in the lower Belden reach to allow rainbow trout from downstream
waters to migrate into the upper Belden reach for spawning. The Gansner Bar fish barrier
is located in the Belden reach of the NFFR about 0.2 miles upstream from the confluence
with the EBNFFR. It was originally constructed in 1975 by PG&E under direction by
CDFG to protect the upstream rainbow trout fishery by eliminating spawning access to
the upper Belden reach by Sacramento sucker and other non-game fish species.
Our Analysis
During the May 2003 site visit, Commission staff inspected the existing gage NF9 weir in lower Butt Creek. The gaging weir may potentially be a barrier to upstream
movement of both juvenile and adult life stages rainbow trout under low flow conditions.
The concrete apron extending below the weir may limit the ability of rainbow trout to
successfully ascend the structure. Rainbow trout redds and spawning adults have been
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documented upstream and downstream of the gage (TRPA, 2002a, b). In our review of
the information contained within PG&E’s license application, fishery reports, and the
HSC development report, no conclusive evidence was provided that spawning rainbow
trout and redds upstream of the weir were comprised of rainbow trout that reside in the
Seneca reach. We conclude that monitoring the ability of adult and juvenile rainbow
trout to ascend upstream of the weir would provide the data necessary for PG&E to
determine the need, if any, to modify the structure to improve rainbow trout upstream
passage.
PG&E noted that, during several site visits in the spring of 2001, multiple rainbow
trout were observed repeatedly attempting to jump over the Gansner Bar fish barrier,
without success. Neither the chemical treatment of the upper Belden reach in 1971 nor
the construction of the Gansner Bar fish barrier were effective in completely removing
non-game fish from this river reach because Sacramento sucker and Sacramento
pikeminnow, both species endemic to the UNFFR, currently inhabit the reach (ECORP,
2003). The removal of the barrier would allow adult rainbow trout and other endemic
species in lower Belden reach and Rock Creek reservoir to access the upper areas of the
reach and associated tributaries and to utilize habitat above the barrier. Additionally, if
the barrier was removed, juvenile rainbow trout that are either hatched downstream of the
barrier or move below the barrier would be able to regain access to habitat, forage, and
coldwater refugia found in the upper reach and its associated tributaries.
A wild, naturally reproducing rainbow trout population currently exists upstream
of the Gansner Bar fish barrier in the presence of non-game species. Therefore, the
removal or modification of the barrier would not result in a change to the existing fish
community, but would likely improve the overall condition of the coldwater fishery in
this reach of the river by restoring ecological and hydrologic connectivity.
Fish Pathogens
CDFG, in its letter dated, June 17, 2003, stated that CS, a parasite that afflicts
salmonids, is endemic to the NFFR and the relationship between project operations and
the occurrence of the disease should be reviewed. CS is a microscopic myxosporean
protozoan parasite that infects the internal organs of affected fish. Natural transmission
occurs when susceptible salmonids are exposed to water or sediments containing the
infective stage; fish to fish transmissions have not been documented in either natural or
laboratory environments (Bartholomew et al., 1989). Research indicates that the
infection potential is enhanced when water temperatures are high, water flow is low,
and/or numbers of infectious CS actinospores are relatively high (Bartholomew, 2001).
There is no known treatment for reducing or eliminating CS spores in a natural
environment. As CS is endemic to the NFFR, spores and actinospores likely are present
within the bypassed reaches and reservoirs.
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Our Analysis
High water temperatures (above 200C) during summer in the Belden reach and
downstream waters likely increase the susceptibility of rainbow and brown trout to
infection by CS. Because CS already occurs in the NFFR, changes in project operations
are not likely to increase its transmission. In fact, proposed modifications to the Belden
reach instream flow schedule, combined with any other measures that may be
implemented (such as blending of Canyon dam releases), would likely provide colder
water to the Belden, Rock Creek, and Cresta bypassed reaches, which could reduce CS
infection rates of salmonids (CDWR, 2004b).
Effects of Proposed Recreation Measures on Aquatic Resources
In its June 17, 2003, letter to the Commission, The Anglers Committee against
Artificial Whitewater Flows requested an evaluation of the effects of proposed recreation
related activities, particularly those contemplated in the SMP, on aquatic habitats,
fisheries, and angling opportunities.
Our Analysis
Recommended recreational enhancements (see section 3.3.5, Recreational
Resources) would have minimal effects on aquatic habitat and fisheries. In the SA,
PG&E proposes dredging a boat channel from the North Shore campground public boat
launch to provide access to approximately 4,480 feet elevation that would be
approximately 1,000 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 6 feet deep (PG&E datum). The
dredging would alter the depth and potentially the substrate type of approximately 1 acre
of aquatic habitat. This represents approximately 0.003 percent of all aquatic habitat
found within Lake Almanor at the maximum water surface elevation. Scheduling
dredging activities during fall, when the lake level is typically lower and centrarchid
spawning is not occurring, would reduce potential impacts on fish utilizing habitat within
the dredge zone. In fact, it appears that much of this work could proceed “in the dry,”
since the 4,480 foot elevation is well within the historical range of seasonal lake level
fluctuation. Performing the work when the lake is below the 4,480 elevation would also
simplify the protection of any cultural resource sites that may be in the area.
The proposed SMP, once approved by the Commission, would require PG&E to
institute permitting processes that would analyze the effects of any proposed actions,
such as rehabilitating swimming beaches, construction of waterside trails, and
construction of fishing platforms, on aquatic and other resources.
Potential scheduled recreation flow releases into the Belden reach could adversely
affect the aquatic community and are discussed earlier in this section under Recreation
Flows—Belden Reach.
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3.3.2.3
Cumulative Effects on Aquatic Resources
Construction of the UNFFR Project reservoirs and downstream reservoirs (Rock
Creek, Cresta, Poe, and Oroville) has reduced the total amount of riverine habitat in the
NFFR. Between the West Branch and Hamilton Branch of the NFFR, riverine habitat has
been reduced from approximately 90 miles under historic conditions to 41 miles (PG&E,
2002a). Current riverine habitat availability is divided among the Seneca, Belden, Rock
Creek, Cresta, and Poe bypassed reaches. Although some of the reservoirs in the Feather
River basin provide suitable rearing habitat for rainbow trout, the habitat created by the
construction of dams has allowed coolwater fish populations to become established in
reservoir impoundments. Diversion of water for hydroelectric generation has
substantially reduced flow volumes and altered temperature regimes in the bypassed
reaches, but trout fisheries remain in good condition, especially in the Seneca, Belden,
and lower Butt Creek reaches.
Several measures proposed by PG&E and recommended by the agencies are
expected to provide benefits to the aquatic biota in the Seneca and Belden bypassed
reaches. These include: providing pulse flow releases in both bypassed reaches for gravel
entrainment and recruitment to improve spawning habitat for trout and enhance channel
functionality; increasing minimum flows in these bypassed reaches to increase the
amount of physical habitat that is available and to improve summer water temperatures in
the Belden bypassed reach; and finalizing a plan for ramping spill flows to avoid rapid
onset and termination of spill flows that may flush aquatic biota downstream, if sufficient
opportunity to seek cover from high velocities is not provided, or strand trout and
invertebrates.
PG&E’s proposed minimum flows to the Seneca and Belden bypassed reaches
would improve conditions for rainbow trout adults and provide near-optimal conditions
for rainbow trout spawning, although juvenile habitat would decrease slightly compared
to existing conditions with the flow schedule proposed in the SA (figures 3-11 and 3-12).
Consequently, there would not be much of an increase in production of the number of
rainbow trout in the Seneca and Belden bypassed reaches. However, because of the nearoptimal flow conditions, and slight decrease in the prevailing water temperature in these
reaches, the growth and condition of the rainbow trout would be expected to improve.
This could result in anglers catching larger trout from the Seneca and Belden bypassed
reaches downstream from Canyon and Belden dams, respectively. Monitoring fish and
macroinvertebrate populations would enable determinations of trout responses to new
project operations and evaluation of the need to implement adaptive management
measures.
Providing scheduled whitewater flows in the Belden reach, if implemented, could
adversely affect trout populations and macroinvertebrate communities. Recreational flow
releases could result in the continued modification of aquatic habitat through the release
of artificial flows in the bypassed reaches. Recreational flow releases could continue to
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alter the habitat availability, spatial distribution, and behavioral patterns of aquatic fauna
in the bypassed reaches. Algae scour, movement of leaf-litter and substrates,
redistribution of macroinvertebrates, and entrainment of juvenile fish could occur in the
late-summer months as a result of recreational flow releases. Ecological monitoring
during such events would enable agencies and PG&E to identify any substantial effects
and provide a basis for taking corrective actions.
Modifying the configuration of the Prattville intake pursuant to the Rock CreekCresta SA and using project operations to maintain water temperature criteria in river
reaches outside the project boundary represents a cumulative effect that would likely
cause a reduction in the amount of coldwater habitat in Lake Almanor, which would
affect the existing coldwater fish community. Modifications, as modeled, to the Prattville
intake would cause a substantial depletion of the hypolimnion (64 percent), which would
negatively affect salmonid (rainbow trout, brown trout, and stocked Chinook salmon),
and wakasagi populations in Lake Almanor by decreasing available coldwater habitat
during the summer. This decrease in coldwater habitat would concentrate fish that prefer
such habitat into a substantially smaller area. Currently, wakasagi provide forage to
predacious fish in the lake and, when entrained in the Prattville intake, a substantial
forage base for trout inhabiting both Butt Valley and Belden reservoirs. Any
modifications to the intake that reduce the coldwater habitat could increase entrainment
of wakasagi if they become more concentrated in the vicinity of the Prattville intake.
This could affect salmonids in Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, Belden reservoir,
and the waters of the Rock Creek-Cresta Project, at least on a short-term basis, by
increasing the available forage base. By reducing downstream temperatures,
implementation of some of the proposed modifications to the Prattville intake would
likely enhance habitat suitability for coldwater fish species in the Rock Creek – Cresta
bypassed reaches.
3.3.2.4
Unavoidable Adverse Effects
Continued operation of the UNFFR Project with proposed and recommended
measures would result in unavoidable adverse effects on aquatic resources, including the
continued replacement of riverine with reservoir habitat, blockage of upstream fish
movement by project dams, losses of fish through entrainment, and interruption of
sediment transport processes. Lake Almanor and Belden reservoir would continue to
inundate approximately 50 percent of the riverine habitat that existed between Hamilton
Branch and the current location of the Rock Creek reservoir.
3.3.3 Terrestrial Resources
3.3.3.1
Affected Environment
The project area’s varied elevation and geological characteristics support a
diversity of vegetation types. Plant communities include mixed coniferous forest,
riparian, oak woodland, chaparral, and meadow. We describe specific information on
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vegetation associated with the tributaries, UNFFR, reservoirs, and other project features
in the following section.
The project area is situated within the California Floristic Province (Hickman,
1993) at the northern edge of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. In the Lake Almanor area,
granite and metamorphic rocks of the northern end of the Sierra Nevada are buried
beneath young volcanic deposits, and the topography is level to gently sloping. Vernally
wet volcanic flats and wet meadows are common in the Almanor region. The upper
reaches of Lake Almanor contain large, grassy meadows subject to flooding at high water
levels. Vegetative cover in the vicinity of Lake Almanor and Butt Valley is generally
mixed conifer forest except in populated areas where development has occurred. The
project area between Butt Valley and Caribou is also generally mixed conifer forest with
outcrops of serpentine in a steep, eroded landscape. Between Caribou and Belden, the
vegetation varies between mixed conifer forest and chaparral. The steep, rocky slopes
are dominated by canyon live oak forests. Seeps and springs are fairly common in the
area around the Belden forebay, and many rare plants associated with the serpentine
outcrops are present.
PG&E identified and mapped seven upland cover types and four riparian
vegetation series within the project boundary (table 3-21). In general, upland vegetation
in the project area can be characterized as mixed conifer forest and oak woodland. The
most common species in the mixed conifer stands are Douglas fir, white fir, Jeffrey and
ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and incense cedar. Common shrubs include several
species of ceanothus and manzanita, vine maple, leather oak, and deer brush. Oak
woodland species include canyon live oak and black oak with an understory of deer
brush, poison oak, toyon, western mock orange, and pipevine.
Table 3-21. Vegetation series mapped within the UNFFR Project boundary. (Source:
GANDA, 2000)
General Description and
Vegetation Series
Dominant Species
Upland Series
Canyon live oak
Open canopy with diverse shrub and herbaceous
layers, including introduced annuals; canyon live
oak, western mock orange, whiteleaf and Indian
manzanita, deer brush, poison oak, and California
pipevine
Mixed conifer
Densely shaded by Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,
incense cedar, and white fir, poorly developed shrub
and herbaceous layer of leaf litter and saprophytes
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Vegetation Series
Lodgepole pine
General Description and
Dominant Species
Single species forest of lodgepole pine found at
higher elevations along edges of wet montane
meadows, low diversity and sparse understory
Leather oak
Leather oak and wedgeleaf ceanothus found in
mixed serpentine chaparral along with whiteleaf
manzanita, rubber rabbitbush, and prickly phlox
Greenleaf manzanita
or montane chaparral
Dense chaparral to about 15 feet in height found
often in disturbed areas; greenleaf manzanita,
mountain whitethorn, Sierra gooseberry, bloomer’s
goldenbush, and Mahala mat
Dry montane meadow
Herb dominated community found at the periphery
of Last Chance Marsh, along the north and west
shore of Lake Almanor, and behind Chester
Airport; Kentucky bluegrass, tufted hairgrass,
common yarrow, meadow penstemon, beaked
sedge, Jones’ muhly, long-stalked clover, sheep
sorrel, and cinquefoil
Tufted hairgrass
Herb dominated community found in a band of
seasonally moist meadow at Last Chance Marsh;
tufted hairgrass, bluegrass, field mint, timothy, and
Baltic rush
White alder
Narrow, discontinuous montane riparian forest
found throughout the NFFR corridor; white alder,
some black cottonwood, arroyo willow, and redtwig
dogwood
Wetland Series
Freshwater seeps
Freshwater marsh
Herb dominated community associated with wet
meadows or fractured serpentine on steep slopes or
cliff faces, found in Last Chance Marsh and
Caribou and Belden areas; native sedges and rushes,
seep-spring monkeyflower, big-leaved avens,
meadow barley, leopard lily, white-flowered bog
orchid, and wild azalea
Aquatic and emergent species found along the
fringes of marsh habitat at Lake Almanor and Butt
Valley reservoir and a disturbed site behind Chester
Airport; pondweeds, water smartweed, common
waterweed, inflated sedge, water sedge, common
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Vegetation Series
Wet montane meadow
General Description and
Dominant Species
bladderwort, hairy-leaved meadow arnica,
American brooklime, creeping spikerush, mountain
spikerush, and mannagrass
Highly diverse herbaceous community found at
Last Chance Marsh; woolly sedge, small-fruited
bulrush, mountain spikerush, water plantain
buttercup, tinker’s penny, Baltic rush, field mint,
Nevada rush, and primrose monkeyflower
The UNFFR Project area contains abundant riverine and lacustrine open water
wetlands associated with the NFFR, its tributary streams, and the project reservoirs.
Palustrine scrub-shrub wetlands are found along the shoreline of the river and its
tributaries and are usually dominated by deciduous shrubs like willow and alder.
Persistent emergent wetlands are found to a limited extent along the west shore and
causeway arm of Lake Almanor and are characterized by bull rush, cattails, and sedges.
Other common riparian and wetland vegetation includes grasses, sedges, willows, rushes,
alders, cottonwoods, and ferns. Freshwater seeps and wet meadow habitats also occur
locally.
Special-status Plant Species
PG&E’s review of information published by the FS, FWS, CDFG, and the
California Native Plant Society (CNPS) indicated that 118 special-status species could
potentially occur in the project area. PG&E conducted field surveys for rare plants
during the spring and summer of 2000 along the NFFR corridor from Lake Almanor dam
to the Belden powerhouse at the confluence with Yellow Creek. Surveys were also
conducted around Butt Valley reservoir, Lake Almanor, and associated project facilities
and recreational sites. Surveyors identified and mapped 114 occurrences of 12 rare plants
that are known to occur in the project vicinity or are documented within the project area
(table 3-22). No federal- or state-listed threatened, endangered, or candidate plant
species were documented within the project area.
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Table 3-22. Special-status plant species that are known to occur within the UNFFR
Project area. (Source: GANDA, 2000)
Species
Status
Habitat and Location Where Found
Geyer’s sedge
(Carex geyeri)
CNPS 4, FSI
Open mixed conifer forest.
Documented during PG&E’s surveys
at Skinner Flat and approximately 1
mile downstream of Canyon dam.
Starry clarkia
(Clarkia stellata)
FSS
Mixed conifer forest; road
embankments or open areas.
Documented during PG&E’s surveys
on the southeast shore of Lake
Almanor and along Butt Valley
reservoir Road.
California lady’s slipper
(Cypripedium californicum)
CNPS 4, FSI
Seeps and springs on serpentine rock
outcrops. Documented during
PG&E’s surveys at Caribou No. 1 and
No. 2; and at a permanent spring
approximately 1 mile north of Queen
Lily campground.
Round-leaved sundew
(Drosera angelica)
FSI
Bogs and swamps, mixed conifer
forest. Documented during PG&E’s
surveys at Last Chance Marsh.
Cantelow’s lewisia
(Lewisia cantelovii)
CNPS 1B,
FSS
Broadleaf upland forest; chaparral,
cismontane woodland; steep, north to
northeast-facing cliffs, rocky
outcrops, often mossy sites.
Documented during PG&E’s surveys
in the Caribou area, 2 miles north of
Queen Lily campground and the
confluence of NFFR and EBNFFR.
Quincy lupine
(Lupinus dalesiae)
CNPS 1B,
FSS
Dry slopes in mixed conifer, often on
phyllite. Lower coniferous and upper
coniferous forests. Documented
during PG&E’s surveys at Butt
Valley reservoir.
Northern bugleweed
(Lycopus uniflorus)
CNPS 4, FSI
Lake margins, wet meadows, and
floating bogs and fens. Documented
during PG&E’s surveys at Last
Chance Marsh.
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Species
Status
Habitat and Location Where Found
Stebbin’s monardella
(Monardella stebbinsii)
CNPS 1B,
FSS
Broadleaf upland forest; chaparral,
lower coniferous forest; rocky
serpentine slopes and outcrops.
Documented during PG&E’s surveys
in the Caribou area.
Marsh skullcap
(Scutellaria galericulata)
CNPS 2, FSI
Swamps and wet places, 4,000 –
7,000 feet elevation; lower montane
coniferous forest, meadows (mesic).
Documented during PG&E’s surveys
at Last Chance Marsh.
Feather River stonecrop
(Sedum albomarginatum)
CNPS 1B,
FSS
Crevices and ledges on steep,
serpentine cliff faces, partially
shaded. Chaparral, lower coniferous
forest. Documented during PG&E’s
surveys in the Caribou area.
Flat-leaf bladderwort
(Utricularia intermedia)
CNPS 2, FSI
Shallow water; 4,000-7,500 feet
elevation. Bogs and meadows,
marshes, and swamps (lake margins).
Documented during PG&E’s surveys
at Last Chance Marsh.
Cream-flowered
bladderwort
(Utricularia ochreleuca)
FSI
Shallow water; 1,435-1,440 meters
elevation. Meadows (mesic);
marshes, and swamps (lake margins).
Documented during PG&E’s surveys
at Last Chance Marsh.
Notes:
FSS – FS sensitive species
FSI – FS special interest
CNPS 1B – rare or endangered in California and elsewhere
CNPS 2 – rare or endangered in California, but more common elsewhere
CNPS 3 – plants for which more information is needed
CNPS 4 – plants of limited distribution
Noxious and Invasive Weeds
The California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) lists 135 plants as
noxious weeds in California (CDFA, 2002). Based on literature review and information
obtained from CDFA, the California Exotic Pest Plant Council (CalEPPC), and the FS,
PG&E determined that 38 of these could potentially occur in the project area. PG&E
conducted surveys for noxious weeds in the project area together with surveys for rare
plants in 2000. Surveyors identified and mapped 145 occurrences of eight noxious weed
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species (table 3-23). A ninth species, Himalayan blackberry, was not mapped because it
was found to be so widespread in the project area. Although not listed by CDFA as
“noxious,” it is widely accepted as an invasive exotic plant. It was found throughout the
NFFR corridor from the Belden powerhouse to approximately 4,200 feet elevation at Butt
Valley reservoir.
Most weed populations were observed along project access roads, around the
powerhouses, and at recreational facilities, where vehicle and foot traffic serve as vectors
for the spread of weed seed. However, weed infestations were also documented at low
use areas, such as the northern tip of Lake Almanor, suggesting that plant fragments and
seed are also spread by a combination of high flows or water levels and by recreationists.
Table 3-23. Noxious and invasive weeds documented in the UNFFR Project area.
(Source: GANDA, 2000)
Species
Status
Documented Occurrences
Cheat grass
(Bromus tectorum)
CalEPPC A-1,
CDFA C
Common throughout project
area, particularly on access roads
and near facilities.
Hairy whitetop
(Cardaria pubescens)
CDFA B
West side of Lake Almanor near
the 4,510 elevation contour; also
at the north end of Butt Valley
reservoir and Belden forebay.
Spotted knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa)
CalEPPC Red
Alert, CDFA A
Highway 36 embankment on
west side of bridge over Lake
Almanor.
Yellow star-thistle
(Centaurea soltitialis)
CalEPPC A-1,
CDFA C
Common throughout project
area along access roads and near
facilities.
Canada thistle
(Cirsium arvense)
CalEPPC B,
CDFA B
Mud Creek Rim Road; east
shore north end of Lake
Almanor.
Klamathweed
(Hypericum perforatum)
CalEPPC B,
CDFA C
Large occurrences at Butt Valley
reservoir in vicinity of sensitive
species plants. Common along
access roads, facilities, and
recreation areas.
Dalmation toadflax
(Linaria genistifolia)
CDFA A
West side of Lake Almanor;
colonizing edge of montane
meadow habitats.
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Species
Status
Documented Occurrences
Bouncing-bet
(Saponaria officinalis)
CalEPPC A-2,
CDFA C
Near confluence of NFFR and
EBNFFR.
Himalayan blackberry
(Rubus discolor)
CalEPPC A-1
Intermittent band of riparian
vegetation on NFFR from
Seneca to Belden powerhouse.
Notes:
CalEPPC List Designations:
A-1 – most invasive wildland pest, widespread
A-2 – most invasive wildland pest, regional
B – wildland pest plants of lesser invasiveness
Red Alert – pest plants with the potential to spread explosively CDFA List:
A – targeted for eradication or containment
B – more widespread, counties determine control efforts
C – very widespread, control efforts typically targeted only in nurseries or seed
lots
Wildlife
The UNFFR Project area provides habitat for a variety of wildlife species that use
the mixed conifer forests of varying stand ages, oak woodlands, riparian areas along the
NFFR and its tributaries, and project reservoirs. The coniferous forest in the project area
supports various species of upland game birds including blue grouse, California and
mountain quail, ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, and wild turkey. Mammals
expected to occur include mule deer, black bear, Douglas’ squirrel, snowshoe hare,
western gray squirrel, raccoon, gray fox, and ermine. The most important game species
in the project vicinity are deer, including black-tailed deer and California mule deer. At
lower elevations, the UNFFR Project area serves as the winter range for the Bucks
Mountain Herd and the summer range for the East Tehema Deer Herd.
Riparian habitats are of particular importance, because they support a greater
density and diversity of wildlife than any other terrestrial habitat in California.
Waterfowl such as mallard, wood duck, wigeon, common mergansers, common
goldeneye, cinnamon teal, canvasback, and Canada goose occur in the project area.
Great blue heron, osprey, and belted kingfisher are often observed near the project
reservoirs and along the NFFR. Furbearers such as beaver, muskrat, and mink also
benefit from the project’s abundant riparian habitat. Reptiles and amphibians known to
occur in the vicinity of the project area include bullfrog, garter snake, treefrog, Pacific
rattlesnake, western toad, and California newt.
Special-status Wildlife
A number of sensitive wildlife species are known to, or have potential to, occur in
the project vicinity including several FS sensitive species. We address species that are
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listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA in section 3.3.4, Threatened and
Endangered Species.
PG&E’s consultation with the FS, FWS, and CDFG indicated that 18 species with
special status could occur in the project area. Three additional species, the VELB, CRLF,
and bald eagle, are federally listed as threatened, and are discussed in section 3.3.4,
Threatened and Endangered Species. The amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
shown in table 3-24 include federal species of concern; sensitive species in FS Region 5;
and state-listed threatened, endangered, or species of concern. We evaluated the
likelihood of occurrence of these species in the project area based on their historical
range, known occurrences, habitat associations documented in the literature, and the
results of PG&E’s field surveys. The current status of each species was identified after
reviewing CDFG’s current list of special-status animals (CDFG, 2002a).
Table 3-24. Special-status species that could occur or are documented to occur in the
project vicinity. (Source: PG&E, 2002a; CDFG, 2002a).
Species
Status
Optimum Habitat
Amphibians and reptiles
Cascades frog
(Rana cascadae)
FSC,
CSC,
FSS
Breeds in ponds or bogs at elevations
above 3,000 feet NGVD; associated
with wet meadows, moist forests, along
forested small streams or pond edges in
summer
Foothill yellow-legged frog
(Rana boylii)
FSC,
FSS,
CSC
Typically found close to tributaries, with
cobble/boulder substrate and exposed
rock for sunning; permanent foothill
streams
Mountain yellow-legged frog
(Rana muscosa)
FSC,
CSC,
FSS
Typically found at high elevation ponds,
lakes, and streams
California red-legged frog
(Rana aurora draytonii)
CSC,
FT
Typically found in perennial ponds or
pools with deep, still or slow moving
water containing dense emergent or
riparian vegetation
Northern leopard frog
(Rana pipiens)
CSC,
FSS
Typically found near quiet water with
emergent or submergent vegetation for
breeding and overwintering
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Species
Western pond turtle
(Clemmys marmorata)
Status
FSC,
FSS,
CSC
Optimum Habitat
Typically found near still or slowmoving water of ponds, marshes,
streams, rivers, and reservoirs
containing substrates for aerial or
aquatic basking
Birds
American peregrine falcon
(Falco peregrinus anatum)
FSC,
Montane hardwood-conifer, cliff sites
FSS, SE for nesting
California spotted owl
(Strix occidentalis occidentalis)
FSS,
CSC
Greater sandhill crane
(Grus canadensis tabida)
FSS, ST Wet meadows interspersed with
emergent wetlands. Irrigated pastures
are important for resting during
migration and through the winter
Northern goshawk
(Accipiter gentilis)
FSC,
FSS,
CSC
Willow flycatcher
(Empidonax traillii)
FSS, SE Montane hardwood-conifer, wet
meadow
Montane hardwood-conifer
Montane hardwood-conifer, middle and
higher elevations
Mammals
California wolverine
(Gulo gulo luteus)
FSC,
Montane hardwood-conifer, montane
FSS, ST riparian
Pacific fisher
(Martes pennanti pacifica)
FSC,
FSS,
CSC
Montane hardwood-conifer, montane
riparian
Pine marten
(Martes americanus)
Sierra Nevada red fox
(Vulpes vulpes necator)
FSS
Montane hardwood-conifer
Pallid bat
(Antrozous pallidus)
FSS,
FSM,
CSC
Montane hardwood-conifer, montane
riparian; uses caves, tunnels, abandoned
mine shafts, and sometimes buildings
Townsend’s big-eared bat
(Plecotus townsendii
pallescens)
FSC,
FSS,
CSC
Montane hardwood-conifer, montane
riparian; typically found in caves,
mines, tunnels, attics and other humanmade structures
FSC,
Montane hardwood-conifer, montane
FSS, ST riparian
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Species
Western red bat
(Lasiurus blossevillii)
Status
FSS,
CSC
Optimum Habitat
Montane hardwood-conifer, strongly
associated with riparian forest, uses tree
foliage for day roosting
Notes: FSC – federal species of concern
FT/FE – federally threatened or endangered
FSS – FS sensitive species, Region 5
FSM– FS survey and manage species
SE – state endangered
ST – state threatened
CSC – state species of concern
Several of the wildlife species discussed above and shown in table 3-24 as having
special FS or state status are also considered FS Management Indicator Species (MIS).
MIS do not necessarily have special status, but are important in representing certain
habitats and other species or guilds associated with such habitats. The FS uses MIS to
evaluate the effects of various management actions on wildlife populations. For its
analysis of the impacts of relicensing the UNFFR Project, the FS selected nine wildlife
MIS that were identified in the Plumas and Lassen National Forest land and resource
management plans: osprey, woodpeckers (pileated and hairy), bear, deer, bufflehead
duck (Lake Almanor), mallard, Canada goose, and western gray squirrel (FS, 1988; FS,
1992). Currently little or no information is available about the numbers of these species,
and some occurrences within the project area likely fluctuate yearly with annual
migration.
Special-status Amphibians and Reptiles
Six amphibians and aquatic reptiles were considered to have potential for
occurring in the NFFR watershed (see table 3-24). Amphibian and aquatic reptile
surveys, performed by Garcia and Associates in 2001, identified a range of suitable
habitat for target special-status species. While the NFFR provides suitable habitat for
many water- or wetland-dependent species, PG&E concludes that the UNFFR Project
area does not appear to currently support populations of Cascades frog, mountain yellowlegged frog, foothill yellow-legged frog (FYLF), CRLF, or other special-status
amphibians and aquatic reptiles (GANDA, 2002). Likely causes for species’ absence
include destruction or disruption of habitat, predation, changes in water level elevations
and flow, and general low to moderate habitat suitability.
Special-status Bird Species
The FS has identified five special-status bird species as being of particular interest
in the project area (PG&E, 2002a). These include the American peregrine falcon,
California spotted owl, greater sandhill crane, northern goshawk, and willow flycatcher.
Below, we provide additional information about these species.
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American peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum)—The American peregrine
falcon was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered species in 1999,
due to the success of recovery efforts throughout its range (64 FR 46,541-46,558).
However, the peregrine continues to be protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act,
and is considered sensitive in FS Region 5.
Peregrine falcons nest on steep and inaccessible cliffs that offer protection from
predators. They prey almost exclusively on birds captured in flight. Cliffs along the
NFFR reaches may provide suitable nesting habitat for peregrine falcons. One known
eyrie located in the NFFR canyon on cliffs just upstream of the confluence with Ohio
Creek was documented during helicopter surveys for bald eagles in 2001. No other
peregrine falcon breeding areas were documented. Limited availability of suitable nest
sites and other historical effects resulting from human activity due to logging, grazing,
and recreation may contribute to the paucity of nesting peregrines.
California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis)—The California spotted
owl is an FS sensitive species and is not currently protected under provisions of either the
state or federal ESA. Spotted owls typically occur in dense, old-growth, multi-layered,
mixed coniferous forest and oak woodland habitats. Key habitat requirements for this
species include blocks of mature forest with permanent water and dense, multi-layered
canopy cover for roost seclusion. Nesting territories are often found in narrow, steepsided canyons on north-facing slopes. Open areas are usually avoided by these owls,
although they may occasionally make hunting forays into secondary forest. The largest
threat facing the spotted owl is the loss of habitat from logging.
The FS maintains 300 acres of Protected Activity Centers (PACs) for the
California spotted owl on Plumas National Forest lands. One PAC has been established
near the Butt Valley dam and another is located adjacent to the east shore of the reservoir.
PG&E used FS protocols to conduct surveys for spotted owls in the project area during
the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons. Surveyors received responses from spotted owls in
the two previously identified FS PACs, but did not observe any owls or nests during a
daylight follow-up survey. However, database searches and agency consultation in 1999
identified 18 area records for spotted owl within a one-mile radius of the reach between
Canyon and Belden dams. The status of these sites remains unknown.
Greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida)—Suitable habitat for this state
threatened species exists in the open water areas and shallow lakes of the project area.
Fresh emergent wetlands for nesting and open shortgrass plains, grain fields, and open
water wetlands for foraging occur along and adjacent to the western shoreline of Lake
Almanor. One pair of adult cranes with young was observed in 1981 during ground
reconnaissance in a large meadow immediately north of Lake Almanor. Four other
records exist within the project vicinity.
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Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)—The project area provides suitable habitat
for the northern goshawk. The northern goshawk typically nests on the Plumas National
Forest in mature or older mixed conifer stands, but uses a variety of stand ages during
foraging. Nests are well built stick nests located high in a hardwood tree. The nest is
often built in the crotch of the tree.
PG&E conducted northern goshawk surveys in 1994 according to FS survey
protocol and conducted database searches in 1999. No goshawks were found nesting in
the immediate vicinity of the project in 1994. The nearest confirmed recently active
northern goshawk nesting area is located on private land south of the town of Chester and
approximately 10 miles northwest of Canyon dam.
Willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)—The state endangered willow flycatcher
breeds in California from Tulare County north, along the western side of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascades and along the northern coast. This species is strongly associated
with large wet meadow complexes that support willow or willow/alder thickets at
elevations between about 2,000 to 8,000 feet, but breeding habitat may be extremely
variable (RHJV, 2000).
PG&E did not document any willow flycatchers during ground reconnaissance or
database searches. The nearest records found were located approximately 3 miles west of
Butt Valley reservoir and 10 miles northeast of Lake Almanor. Suitable large stands of
willow habitat are not found in the project area, making it unlikely that the species occurs
here.
Special-status Forest Carnivores
Although the California wolverine, Pacific fisher, pine marten, and Sierra Nevada
red fox have not been documented in the project area, suitable habitat is present in the
vicinity, and the FS has categorized them as sensitive species (PG&E, 2002a). We
describe these species below.
California wolverine (Gulo gulo luteus)—The California wolverine occurs in
mixed conifer, fir, and lodgepole forests at elevations between about 4,300 to 7,300 feet,
but may also use lower elevations in areas where it is undisturbed by development and
human activity (Banci, 1994). The California wolverine uses caves, hollows in cliffs or
rock outcrops or ground burrows in dense forest stands for den sites, but forages in more
open areas.
The current range of the California wolverine extends from Del Norte and Trinity
counties through Shasta County, and south through the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County.
However, no wolverines were detected during forest carnivore surveys in 1994 and 2000
or winter carnivore surveys in 1998. The presence of roads, facilities, residential
development, and recreation may limit habitat potential for the California wolverine.
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Pacific fisher (Martes pennanti pacifica)—The Pacific fisher is typically found in
late-successional conifer forests and riparian areas, and avoids open, hardwooddominated stands (Powell and Zielinski, 1994). Stand attributes that appear to be
important for the Pacific fisher include a diversity of tree sizes and shapes, openings that
allow for the growth of understory vegetation, abundant dead and down material, and
limbs close to the ground (Powell and Zielinski, 1994). Very few dens have been found
in the western United States, but fishers typically den high in cavities in large-diameter
live trees or snags. In California, fishers prey on small- to medium-sized mammals,
including mice, voles, shrews, moles, squirrels, birds, snowshoe hare, and porcupines,
and fisher foraging habitat coincides with forested and riparian habitats where these
species are abundant (Powell and Zielinski, 1994).
At one time, the range of this species extended from British Columbia to Central
California, but populations declined dramatically around the turn of the last century, due
to trapping and logging. In the south-central Sierra Nevada, the Pacific fisher is reported
from habitats between about 3,300 to 6,600 feet NGVD; the Southern Sierra Fisher
Conservation Area encompasses the known occupied range in the Sierra Nevada, which
is considered to be an elevational band from 4,500 to 8,000 feet (Golightly, 1997). No
fishers were detected during forest carnivore surveys conducted in 1994 and 2000 or
during winter carnivore surveys conducted in 1998. As with the wolverine, presence of
roads, facilities, residential development, and recreation may limit habitat potential for
this species.
Pine marten (Martes americanus)—The pine marten is an FS sensitive species that
occurs in dense fir, lodgepole pine, and mixed coniferous forest. Suitable marten habitat
is present throughout the project area, particularly at the higher elevations. However, no
individuals were detected during forest carnivore surveys conducted in 1994 and 2000 or
during winter carnivore surveys conducted in 1998. As with the wolverine and fisher, the
presence of roads, facilities, residential development, and recreation may limit habitat
potential for this species.
Sierra Nevada red fox (Vulpes vulpes necator)—The Sierra Nevada red fox is
typically found in late-successional coniferous forest interspersed with riparian and
meadow habitat and in brush fields. Its range extends from the California Cascades east
to the Sierra Nevada Mountains in northern California, with most sightings reported
between 5,000 and 7,000 feet NGVD. Although habitat may exist in the higher
elevations of the project vicinity, no Sierra Nevada red fox were detected during forest
carnivore surveys in 1994 and 2000 or winter carnivore surveys in 1998. However, one
individual was sighted near the town of Chester on the west shore of Lake Almanor in
1973. As with the other forest carnivores, the presence of roads, facilities, residential
development, and recreation may limit habitat potential for this species.
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Special-status Bats
In addition to surveys for general forest and riparian biota, PG&E conducted
specific surveys for bats in the project area in 2001. Using a variety of methods,
biologists documented the presence of four different species of bats that use project
features to roost. None, however, were special-status bats (i.e., pallid bat, Townsend’s
big-eared bat, and western red bat).
Below, we provide additional information about the three special-status species.
General information about their range, distribution in California, foraging or roosting
patterns is based on species accounts presented in California’s Wildlife, Volume III:
Mammals (Zeiner et al., 1990), with updates from CDFG’s Wildlife and Habitat Data
Analysis Branch website (www.dfg.ca.gov/whdab/html/cawildlife.html). Site-specific
information was obtained through field studies conducted in the project vicinity in 2001
by Garcia and Associates (PG&E, 2002a). Important roost sites for non-target species
bats (where several hundred bats were observed at the locations) were documented at
Belden dam, Caribou No. 1 powerhouse, Caribou No. 1 and No. 2 intake towers, Caribou
No. 2 valve house, Butt Valley powerhouse, upper penstock portal, and Canyon dam and
Butt Valley intake towers.
Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus)—The pallid bat occurs throughout California. In
central California, the pallid bat occurs in a variety of habitats, including oak woodland,
ponderosa pine, and mixed conifer forest at elevations below 6,000 feet. The pallid bat
uses rock outcrops, caves, tree hollows, and human-made structures as day-roosts. Night
roosts may be located under bridges or in caves or mines, where temperatures do not
exceed 40°C (104°F). During the 2001 surveys, biologists did not detect pallid bats using
project facilities or other human-made structures at the 58 project survey stations.
Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii)—The Townsend’s big-eared
bat occurs throughout California, from low desert to mid-elevation forests. It relies on
caves, mines, tunnels, or attics, where it roosts in clusters on open surfaces. While this
species occasionally uses human-made structures that resemble caves, none of the
powerhouses, dams, or associated project features provide suitable day roosting habitat.
It is most readily detected by surveying potential roost sites, but is not easily captured or
acoustically recorded. During the 2001 surveys, biologists did not detect Townsend’s
big-eared bats using project facilities or other human-made structures at the 58 project
survey stations. However, probable evidence of its presence was documented in the
Caribou Clubhouse at a single site, but this facility was never confirmed as an active
roost site.
Western red bat (Lasiurus blossevillii)—The western red bat is found throughout
California at low elevations. Most occurrences of breeding females are from low
elevations along major drainages in the Central Valley, but males and non-reproductive
females may use elevations up to about 8,000 feet. The western red bat uses tree foliage
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for day-roosting and is strongly associated with riparian forest. During the 2001
acoustical surveys, biologists did not obtain any acoustic records of red bats, nor did they
detect the bats using project facilities or other human-made structures.
3.3.3.2
Environmental Effects
Vegetation Management
Vegetation management at project facilities, including recreational sites,
transmission line corridors, and access roads, has the potential to beneficially or
adversely affect native plant communities, rare plants, and wildlife habitat. Vegetation
management also may create conditions that decrease or increase the risk of
establishment and spread of non-native plants and invasive weeds.
Recreational and other land use activities may adversely affect vegetation in the
project area, as well. ORV traffic may cause erosion, soil compaction, and loss of
vegetative cover. Vehicles, anglers, hikers, and even domestic pets can serve as vectors
for the spread of weeds at both formal and dispersed recreational sites.
To address these concerns, PG&E proposes, in cooperation with interested parties,
to design and implement a resource management plan that would benefit sensitive
biological resources at the UNFFR Project. The plan would include measures to enhance
and protect rare plants, wetlands, riparian communities, cultural resources, and sensitive
wildlife habitats in the causeway area of Lake Almanor, from Last Chance campground
south along the west shore of the lake to approximately the northern edge of the flood
control channel south of the Chester airport. The plan would examine current land use
and project-related effects and would provide enhancement opportunities to improve
habitat suitability, grazing and land use practices, riparian zone revegetation, and weed
control. In addition, PG&E proposes to include BMPs in the planning of all new
construction activities within the project boundary to help prevent the introduction and
spread of invasive weeds in the watershed.
The SA and FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 31 would require PG&E to
develop a habitat enhancement plan within 1 year of license issuance. The plan would be
developed in consultation with FS, FWS, CDFG, SWRCB, and Plumas County. This
recommended plan would include the same enhancement measures proposed in PG&E’s
resource management plan discussed above. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 5
specifies that PG&E would provide the FS with a minimum of 60 days to review and
approve the plan before filing it with the Commission. According to the SA, the primary
elements of the plan would include fencing and vehicle exclusion measures that would
allow continued public foot access to the area. These measures would be implemented
within 2 years of license issuance.
In addition to the habitat enhancement plan, the FS recommends that PG&E file an
FS-approved visual management plan prior to conducting any ground-disturbing activity
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on NFS lands within the project boundary, as specified in final Section 4(e) condition no.
40. PG&E, in its January 15, 2004, response to the FS Section 4(e) conditions, does not
object to this recommendation. In addition, FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 41
specifies that PG&E develop a vegetation management plan that addresses the
assessment and treatment of hazardous vegetative conditions that surround project
facilities and may accelerate the spread of a wildfire onto NFS lands. FS final Section
4(e) condition no. 5 specifies that PG&E would provide the FS with a minimum of 60
days to review and approve the plan before filing it with the Commission.
Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 7, included in its December 1, 2003, filing,
called for PG&E to develop a comprehensive vegetation management plan to evaluate
and implement actions to improve channel function during various flows, reduce the
spread of exotic vegetation, and protect and monitor special-status species. Interior
indicates that the plan should be developed in consultation with the FS, FWS, CDFG, and
SWRCB within 6 months of license issuance. The plan and results of vegetation
management activities and monitoring would be described in an annual report to be
submitted to the agencies for review and comment before filing with the Commission for
approval.
In its response to Interior, filed with the Commission on January 15, 2004, PG&E
states that it disagrees with some of the measures included in Interior’s recommended
vegetation management plan, stating that there are too many highly involved tasks to be
collectively included in the plan. However, some of Interior’s recommended weed
control measures would be addressed in the invasive weed management plan (discussed
below) specified by the FS and agreed to by PG&E.
Currently, PG&E is engaged in a long-term riparian monitoring program and
BMPs for prevention of the introduction and spread of noxious weeds immediately
downstream of the UNFFR Project on the Feather River as part of the license
requirements of the downstream Rock Creek-Cresta Project. PG&E does not expect to
see substantial changes to the riparian vegetation resulting from proposed UNFFR Project
instream flows and pulse flows and therefore does not agree that additional monitoring of
riparian vegetation at the UNFFR Project is needed. PG&E is currently conducting
annual noxious weed surveys and monitoring all known populations of noxious weeds at
the downstream Rock Creek-Cresta Project. In addition, comprehensive project area
surveys for noxious weeds are repeated at 3- to 5-year intervals to document any new
populations and update the status of populations for which control measures were not
initially recommended.
PG&E opposes Interior’s recommendation to mechanically excavate riparian
vegetation from banks and bars as a control method. PG&E indicates that such
manipulation would compromise any attempts to monitor flow-related effects by altering
baseline channel conditions or could lead to the further spread of noxious weeds, such as
Himalayan blackberry, to other areas of the watershed.
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PG&E also disagrees with the need to submit annual vegetation management
activity and monitoring reports to the agencies, stating that quantifying and annually
reporting the results of maintenance activities associated with routine vegetation
management would be burdensome, costly, and unwarranted.
In its letter filed with the Commission on November 1, 2004, Interior expressed its
concern that staff’s recommended vegetation management plan did not include its pilot
test for control of encroached vegetation. Interior recommends an additional test measure
to control excess encroached vegetation for the purpose of enhancing riparian and
riverine habitat. During the Section 10(j) teleconference on February 3, 2005, Interior
proposed an approach to test vegetation management in the riparian corridor with a pilot
plan to monitor four modest-size sites: two for invasive weeds/native replanting, and two
specifically designed to create low velocity river edge habitat through such techniques as
recontouring and/or vegetation thinning or removal. The FS offered to work with Interior
to fully develop this proposal.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 44 specifies that PG&E annually review the
current list of special-status plant and wildlife species (species that are listed as
endangered or threatened by the federal government, species that are listed as sensitive by
the FS, or species that occur on the watch lists for the Lassen and Plumas National
Forests) that might occur within the UNFFR Project boundary in consultation with the
FS. When a species is added to one or more of the lists, the FS specifies that PG&E, in
consultation with the FS, would determine if the species or unsurveyed suitable habitat
for the species is likely to occur within the UNFFR Project boundary. If the FS
determines that a newly added species is likely to occur, the FS specifies that PG&E
would develop and implement a study plan in consultation with the FS to reasonably
assess the effects of the UNFFR Project on the species. The FS specifies that PG&E
would prepare a report on the study including objectives; methods; results; recommended
resource measures, where appropriate; and a schedule of implementation, and provide a
draft of the final report to the FS for review and approval. The FS further specifies that
PG&E would file the FS-approved report, including evidence of consultation, with the
Commission and would implement those resource management measures required by the
Commission.
In addition, the FS specifies that PG&E would resurvey areas within the UNFFR
Project boundary that have suitable habitat or known occurrences of selected specialstatus wildlife or plant species every 10 years to (1) determine if special-status plant or
wildlife species have changed in location (i.e., migrated into or moved within the project
boundary) and (2) monitor for impacts caused by ongoing project activities. The FS
specifies that PG&E would consult with the FS to determine which species need to be
resurveyed. The FS specifies that the survey interval may be adjusted based on the
amount of movement or impacts on the species that are observed. The FS specifies that
PG&E would provide the FS with the survey results. If the FS determines that negative
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impacts have occurred, the FS specifies that PG&E would submit a proposal to the FS for
actions to reduce or eliminate impacts on special-status species. The FS specifies that
PG&E would file the report, including evidence of consultation, with the Commission
and would implement those resource management measures required by the FS and
approved by the Commission.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 45 specifies that PG&E prepare a threatened,
endangered, proposed for listing, and sensitive species protection plan to assess the
potential effects on federally proposed or listed species or FS sensitive species, of any
actions to construct (including, but not limited to, proposed recreational developments),
operate, or maintain project facilities, and submit it to the FS for approval. This
recommendation would cover plants, fish, and wildlife, and their habitats. FS final
Section 4(e) condition no. 5 specifies that PG&E would provide the FS with a minimum
of 60 days to review and approve the plan before filing it with the Commission.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 46 specifies that PG&E develop a plan to
control and contain the spread of project-related invasive weeds on PG&E and NFS
lands, which might be related to project activities. The invasive weed management plan
would be approved by the FS and filed with the Commission within 1 year of license
issuance. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 5 specifies that PG&E would provide the
FS with a minimum of 60 days to review and approve the plan before filing it with the
Commission. PG&E has agreed to address control of existing known populations of
weeds as well as ensure that BMPs would be followed during all ground-disturbing
activities for the prevention of new invasive weed infestations.
Our Analysis
Vegetation management encompasses a wide variety of activities, such as roadside
mowing, weed control, and revegetation of eroding soils. Vegetation management can
have adverse or beneficial effects, or both, on natural resources, cultural values,
recreation, aesthetics, health and safety, and socioeconomics. Field surveys have
identified numerous sensitive plant populations throughout the project area. In addition,
numerous populations of noxious and invasive plants have been documented. For this
reason, consultation with the FS, FWS, CDFG, and California Department of Parks and
Recreation (CDPR) to develop and implement a plan that would include measures to
enhance and protect rare plants, wetlands, riparian communities, and sensitive wildlife
habitats is reasonable. In the following section, we address development of a vegetation
management plan, and focus on two aspects of vegetation management having to do with
terrestrial resources: protection of special-status plants and control of noxious and
invasive weeds. Vegetation management at recreational sites is addressed in section
3.3.5, Recreational Resources.
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Protection of Special-Status Plants
During field surveys in spring and summer of 2000, biologists documented the
occurrence of 12 special-status plants (GANDA, 2000). Most of these plants were found
well above the high water mark, and are not threatened by project flow regimes or
reservoir water level management. Although no federal- or state-listed plant species were
found within the project area, special-status plants were found in the Last Chance Marsh
area and could be influenced by widely fluctuating water levels. A few species could
also potentially be threatened by noxious and invasive weed populations that are in
proximity and share the same habitat, such as Geyer’s sedge and Klamathweed found in a
recently logged area. Since these are sites that could be affected by the spread of noxious
and invasive weeds or a variety of vegetation management activities (e.g., brushing,
mowing, herbicide application, replanting projects), recreation-related activities (e.g.,
camping, wood-cutting, ORV use), and other ground disturbances, we conclude that
consultation with the FS, FWS, and CNPS to identify any measures that may be needed
to protect these species is appropriate. Presently, PG&E maintains a project GIS data
base that allows PG&E to map and track occurrences of special-status plants and animals
in order to assist in evaluating plans for management, siting for new recreational
facilities, and considering other activities that would cause ground disturbance or habitat
alteration. Revisiting the database on an annual basis to assess the current status of
special-status plant and wildlife species would ensure that it remains current and any
special needs are addressed appropriately. With appropriate measures in place,
relicensing the project should not adversely affect special-status plants.
The SA measure to design and implement a wildlife habitat enhancement plan, to
be developed in consultation with the FS, FWS, CDFG, SWRCB, and Plumas County,
would benefit sensitive biological resources at the UNFFR Project. Such a plan should
include measures to enhance and protect rare plants, wetlands, riparian communities,
cultural resources, and sensitive wildlife habitats, including fencing and vehicle exclusion
measures. Any plan should also examine current land use and project-related effects and
provide enhancement opportunities to improve habitat suitability; grazing and land use
practices, riparian zone revegetation, and weed control. Implementation of this plan
would provide a reasonable level of protection to sensitive resources in the project area.
Measures that would be included in the FS-specified threatened, endangered,
proposed for listing and sensitive species protection plan would serve to protect federally
listed or FS sensitive species from potential effects associated with project-related sitespecific construction, operation, and maintenance activities. Having a plan in place that
includes consultation would protect sensitive vegetation (as well as fish and wildlife) and
should enable such activities to comply with the Northwest Forest Plan, current FS
direction, and the two applicable forest land and resource management plans. However,
the measures that are likely to be specified in this plan should be closely coordinated with
measures specified in a wildlife habitat enhancement plan, discussed in the previous
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paragraph. Additionally, this plan could include measures addressing an annual review
of the current list of special-status plant species (species that are listed as endangered or
threatened by the federal government, species that are listed as sensitive by the FS, or
species that occur on the watch lists for the Lassen and Plumas National Forests) that
might occur within the UNFFR Project boundary as specified in FS Section 4(e)
condition no. 44. Additionally, the plan also could include provisions for resurveying
those areas within the UNFFR Project boundary that have suitable habitat or known
occurrences of selected special-status plant species every 10 years and addressing any
negative impacts that may have occurred as a result of project operations.
Because development of such a plan to manage wildlife habitat would require the
same type of systematic, cooperative approach that would be needed for development of
a plan to manage and protect threatened, endangered, proposed for listing, and sensitive
species and would involve consultation with the same resource agencies, landowners, and
other interested parties, consideration should be given to combining the two plans into a
single habitat enhancement and protection plan. A separate section within the plan could
address protective measures for FS-sensitive or special interest plant species.
Incorporating the threatened, endangered, proposed for listing, and sensitive species
protection plan as one element of wildlife habitat enhancement plan would prove more
practical and cost effective than development of a separate plan.
Control of Noxious and Invasive Weeds
Noxious weeds are a growing threat to California’s environment, because of their
potential to degrade native plant communities, outcompete rare species, and reduce
wildlife habitat values. Both federal and state laws require landowners to manage
noxious weeds within their ownerships. Currently, the species of greatest concern are
spotted knapweed, identified as a CalEPPC “red alert” species and designated as a Class
A weed by CDFA; and Himalayan blackberry, identified as a CalEPPC Class A-1
species.
Successful weed control requires a cooperative effort by all landowners and land
managers in the vicinity, since untreated weeds on adjacent lands provide a ready seed
source for infestation by new species and re-infestation after treatment of existing
problem weeds. Development of an invasive weed management plan as part of the
vegetation management plan would facilitate an integrated approach to control effects,
and is appropriate for all project lands. Implementation of weed control measures on its
adjacent non-project lands would help reduce the risk of spread of weed infestations.
The FS specifies detailed identification, control, and monitoring measures for
invasive weed management in its final Section 4(e) condition no. 46. As such, any
invasive weed management plan should, at a minimum, include: (1) periodic inventory
and mapping of existing and new populations of invasive weeds; (2) actions/strategies to
prevent and control the spread of known populations or introductions of new populations;
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(3) treatment of all new infestations (any class) and existing infestations of California
class A and B rated weeds; (4) and monitoring of known populations of noxious weeds to
evaluate the effectiveness of revegetation and noxious weed control measures and BMPs.
Eradication may be attainable for species that are currently limited in distribution, but
attempts to eradicate species that are already well-established and widespread, such as
Himalayan blackberry, would not be likely to succeed, except at unacceptably high cost
to other resource values.
Noxious and invasive weeds can interfere or degrade ecological function of native
species or impair recreational experiences. As such, noxious and invasive weed
monitoring could be included as an element within other plans that could entail
monitoring for erosion, such as the erosion and sedimentation control plan and the spoil
pile management plan (both discussed in section 3.3.1, Water Resources), the recreation
management plan (discussed in section 3.3.5, Recreational Resources), and the road and
facilities management plan (discussed in section 3.3.6, Land Use and Aesthetic
Resources).
Effects of Flow Releases on Riparian Habitat
The UNFFR Project contains abundant riverine and lacustrine open water
wetlands associated with the NFFR, its tributary streams, and the project reservoirs.
Riparian habitat in the project area occurs in narrow bands along the shorelines of project
reservoirs and waterways. Under the current flow regime, riparian vegetation is
encroaching into the active stream channel onto formally active gravel bar, floodplain,
and bank surfaces. Higher stem densities may reduce water velocities, allowing
increased sediment deposition and further encroachment of vegetation.
Measures in the SA are intended to improve riparian habitat by providing flows
that would remove vegetation that has encroached into the active channel, while
promoting the establishment of vegetation on gravel bars, floodplains, and terraces. To
accomplish these objectives, the SA calls for increasing minimum instream flows and
shaping them seasonally. The SA’s proposed flow regime is described in detail in section
3.3.2, Aquatic Resources.
The FS and Interior recommend PG&E develop an adaptive management plan to
evaluate the degree of success associated with the various flow improvements. As part of
this plan, PG&E would need to evaluate the response of riparian vegetation and aquatic
species to changes in the flow regime and recreational use and activity.
Interior further recommends, for the conservation and development of fish and
wildlife resources, within 6 months of license issuance, PG&E develop in consultation
with FWS, NPS, the FS, CDFG, and SWRCB, a recreational activities monitoring plan.
The purpose of the plan would be to monitor the potential effects of recreational activities
on fish and wildlife resources. Elements of the plan would include a comparison of data
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on recreational activities use, distribution, and expanded fisheries and raptor monitoring
data. In addition, the plan would include elements to assess the effects of recreational use
and facility development on local vegetation resources.
PG&E states that a similar draft RRMP, already been developed for the license,
contains a monitoring program and resource integration and coordination program that
addresses Interior’s concerns. As part of the monitoring program, PG&E would monitor
recreation activities and distribution on project lands and waters over the license period.
This monitoring effort would include monitoring ecological capacity indicators such as
site size, litter and debris, sanitation, erosion, vegetation damage, proximity to wetlands,
and proximity to riparian vegetation, at developed and dispersed recreation sites.
Additionally, if recreational river flows are provided on the Belden reach, as part of the
SA, PG&E would monitor the amount of recreational boating use and impacts on other
recreation and natural riverine resources. Furthermore, PG&E would conduct
consultation and coordination meetings, at least annually, with the resource agencies and
other stakeholders to discuss recreation monitoring results and other inter-related
resource issues as part of the RRMP resource integration and coordination program.
Our Analysis
Proposed and recommended recreation flows may indirectly promote or affect
riparian vegetation in the project bypassed reaches. Recreational use monitoring, as
recommended by Interior, would be a means for evaluating the effects of proposed flows
and associated recreational use on biological resources within the project area. A plan for
avoiding or minimizing the biological effects of current and proposed project recreational
facilities and related activities would provide a reasonable level of protection to
biological resources in the project area. A more detailed discussion of recreation
monitoring plans can be found in section 3.3.5, Recreational Resources.
Bypassed reach flows proposed in the SA more accurately mimic the natural
hydrograph in seasonality by allowing for larger flows in the spring and lesser flows in
the summer and fall. The increases in flows that are proposed in the UNFFR reaches
would likely result in small changes in the amount of riparian vegetation growing along
the river margins. Under the current flow regime, riparian vegetation is encroaching into
the active stream channel onto formally active gravel bar, floodplain, and bank surfaces.
Higher stem densities may reduce water velocities, allowing increased sediment
deposition and further encroachment of vegetation.
Proposed flows would increase water velocities, decrease sediment deposition, and
reduce further encroachment of vegetation in the stream channel while promoting the
establishment of beneficial vegetation on gravel bars, floodplains, and terraces. The
amount of vegetation that would become established would likely vary from site to site
along the affected stream reaches, depending on factors such as aspect, slope, width of
the floodplain, substrate, stream gradient, and existing plant community, in addition to
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flow volumes. However, as the areas of new riparian vegetation become established, the
existing vegetation could be lost as higher flows inundate the habitat. The final proposed
flow regime is described in detail in section 3.3.2, Aquatic Resources.
Higher minimum instream flows than are currently provided to project-affected
reaches would have both positive and negative effects on riparian habitat. We agree that
flows proposed in the SA that more closely mimic the natural hydrograph would promote
more active riverine processes in terms of surface water and groundwater interactions,
instream habitat complexity, and primary productivity. We also note that existing
riparian vegetation supports unique plant communities and provides important habitat for
wildlife.
Riparian vegetation occupies a very small proportion of the landscape, and the loss
of this habitat type as a result of increased flows in the UNFFR reaches could adversely
affect amphibians, reptiles, songbirds, small mammals, and aquatic furbearers that
depend on riparian plant communities for foraging, hiding, nesting, or denning. Loss of
riparian vegetation could also reduce bank stability and increase the risk of establishment
and spread of noxious and invasive weed populations on exposed soils. Riparian
vegetation established as a result of the new higher flows would ultimately replace these
functions and values. In considering these positive and negative effects, we conclude that
long-term benefits of higher instream flows are likely to outweigh the adverse effects of
short-term habitat loss and alteration. Additionally, monitoring the response of riparian
vegetation to the flow regime specified in any license issued for this project, would
ensure that sufficient re-establishment of riparian vegetation consistent with the new flow
regime occurs to support the dependent beneficial aspects of the aquatic and wildlife
communities.
Effects of Flows on Special-status Amphibians and Reptiles
Declines in several native frog populations have been observed in California
(Jennings, 1996). Reasons for decline may include habitat loss or alteration, disease,
climate change, or a combination of these factors. Declines have been notable for the
foothill yellow-legged frog, especially in the west slope drainages of the Sierra Nevada
(Jennings, 1996). The FS maintains that habitat for the foothill yellow-legged frog has
been lost as a result of reservoir inundation and lower stream flows. Additionally, the FS
contends that habitat has been degraded by channel sediment, loss of edgewater habitat,
and fragmentation of populations by dams and reservoirs. Changes in the flow regime in
the project reaches (including increases in minimum flows, implementation of pulse
flows, restricted ramping rates, and whitewater boating releases) may also affect aquatic
and riparian habitat that currently supports potential habitat of FYLF and CRLF.
To evaluate project effects on special-status amphibians, FS final Section 4(e)
condition no. 26 specifies that PG&E, within 1 year of license issuance, develop and
implement an amphibian monitoring plan, concurrent with the Seneca, Butt Valley Creek,
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and Belden reaches biological monitoring, in consultation with other agencies, that is
approved by the FS, and filed with the Commission. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 5
specifies that PG&E would provide the FS with a minimum of 60 days to review and
approve the plan before filing it with the Commission.
Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 12 calls for PG&E to develop an amphibian
monitoring plan for the Belden and Seneca reaches in consultation with the FS, FWS,
CDFG, and SWRCB. This plan would be filed with the Commission within 6 months of
license issuance. The plan would evaluate possible changes in amphibian numbers and
diversity in response to changes in instream flow, water temperature, or other actions
associated with project operations and required license conditions. Amphibian surveys
would be conducted upon license issuance and at 5 year intervals thereafter.
PG&E, in its responses to the FS and Interior (letters filed with the Commission
on January 15, 2004), and in the SA, agreed to develop an amphibian monitoring plan.
As described in the SA, the plan would be developed in consultation with the FWS, the
FS, CDFG, and SWRCB, as part of the Seneca, Butt Creek, and Belden reaches
biological monitoring plan. The amphibian monitoring plan would include targeted
monitoring of FS sensitive and special-status amphibians, such as FYLF and CRLF,
conducted at 3-year intervals beginning no later than 3 years following license issuance.
If target amphibians are located in project reaches, focused annual monitoring of
population health, life stages, reproductive success, and distribution would be required.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 44 specifies that PG&E annually review the
current list of special-status plant and wildlife species (species that are listed as
endangered or threatened by the federal government, species that are listed as sensitive by
the FS, or species that occur on the watch lists for the Lassen and Plumas National
Forests) that might occur within the UNFFR Project boundary in consultation with the
FS. When a species is added to one or more of the lists, the FS specifies that PG&E, in
consultation with the FS, would determine if the species or unsurveyed suitable habitat
for the species is likely to occur within the UNFFR Project boundary. If the FS
determines that a newly added species is likely to occur, the FS specifies that PG&E
would develop and implement a study plan in consultation with the FS to reasonably
assess the effects of the UNFFR Project on the species. The FS specifies that PG&E
would prepare a report on the study including objectives; methods; results; recommended
resource measures, where appropriate; and a schedule of implementation, and provide a
draft of the final report to the FS for review and approval. The FS further specifies that
PG&E would file the FS-approved report, including evidence of consultation, with the
Commission and would implement those resource management measures required by the
Commission.
In addition, the FS specifies that PG&E would resurvey areas within the UNFFR
Project boundary that have suitable habitat or known occurrences of selected specialstatus wildlife or plant species every 10 years to (1) determine if special-status plant or
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wildlife species have changed in location (i.e., migrated into or moved within the project
boundary) and (2) monitor for impacts caused by ongoing project activities. The FS
specifies that PG&E would consult with the FS to determine which species need to be
resurveyed. The FS specifies that the survey interval may be adjusted based on the
amount of movement or impacts on the species that are observed. The FS specifies that
PG&E would provide the FS with the survey results. If the FS determines that negative
impacts have occurred, the FS specifies that PG&E would submit a proposal to the FS for
actions to reduce or eliminate impacts on special-status species. The FS specifies that
PG&E would file the report, including evidence of consultation, with the Commission
and would implement those resource management measures required by the FS and
approved by the Commission.
Our Analysis
Although no special-status amphibian species were documented in the project
area, certain reaches in the UNFFR may provide some potential habitat for special-status
species such as FYLF and CRLF. Habitat requirements and effects of flow on the
threatened CRLF are discussed in section 3.3.4, Threatened and Endangered Species.
The effects of instream flow increases on a year-round basis on amphibian habitat in the
Belden reach, for instance, are expected to be minimal at the proposed flow release level.
In riverine environments, breeding habitat for the foothill yellow-legged frog typically
consists of low-velocity, shallow water and rocky substrates, near sparsely vegetated
gravel and cobble bars (Hayes and Jennings, 1988).
The recreational boating flow study (PG&E, 2002a) included an evaluation of the
effects of potential recreational releases on amphibian habitat and found that, in the
Seneca reach, a release of 250 cfs did not result in a substantial change in the overall
quality at potential sensitive species habitat sites. At 400 cfs, however, the depth and
velocity were substantially increased, resulting in decreased overall amphibian habitat
quality. In the Belden reach, the 350 cfs release resulted in a slight decrease in the
overall quality of habitat at potential sensitive species habitat sites with the exception of
one site where habitat quality remained generally the same. At 600 and 850 cfs, the
depth and velocity were substantially increased, resulting in decreased overall habitat
quality.
Reducing rapid flow fluctuations, as proposed in the SA, would benefit potential
foothill yellow-legged frogs, and other amphibian species, since abrupt changes in water
velocity and water surface elevation have the potential to reduce the abundance of the
aquatic invertebrate prey base, dislodge or desiccate egg masses, and impair the
development of eggs and juveniles through changes in water temperature.
We anticipate that higher minimum flows and reduction of flow fluctuation as
outlined in the SA would be adequate to maintain and possibly improve habitat for the
foothill yellow-legged frog and other amphibian species, but conclude it would be
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reasonable to monitor the effects of changes in the flow regime, including effects of
minimum flows, pulse flows, ramping rates, and whitewater boating flows. Initial
surveys would be used to evaluate population abundance, distribution, and habitat use
following implementation of a new flow regime. An amphibian monitoring plan would
serve as a means for detection of new species in the project area and serve as a basis for
adaptive management. If previously unknown populations of federally listed or specialstatus species are discovered during the term of the license, the adaptive management
plan should specify the process by which consultation with FWS and others would be
initiated. A more detailed discussion of adaptive management can be found in section
3.3.2, Aquatic Resources.
If PG&E develops, in consultation with FWS, the FS, CDFG, and SWRCB, an
amphibian monitoring plan for listed, sensitive, and special-status amphibian species in
the Belden, Seneca, and Butt Creek bypassed reaches within 1 year of license issuance,
the plan would serve to determine effects of the proposed changes in minimum flows,
pulse flows, and other project operations on amphibian habitat. The first set of surveys
are not needed until 5 years after license issuance, since extensive surveys in the project
area were completed as part of project relicensing studies, and no sensitive amphibians
were found. We expect that a new flow regime that may be included in a new license
would enhance the quality of the habitat for amphibians, but it may take at least 5 years
for populations to become established to the point where they are likely to be detected by
monitoring. We conclude that the amphibian monitoring plan also should include
provisions for annually reviewing the current list of special-status wildlife species
(species that are listed as endangered or threatened by the federal government, species
that are listed as sensitive by the FS, or species that occur on the watch lists for the
Lassen and Plumas National Forests) that might occur within the UNFFR Project
boundary and, if a species of amphibian or reptile is likely to occur within the project
boundary, addressing that species in the amphibian monitoring plan to assess the effects
of the UNFFR Project on the species. Additionally, the amphibian plan also should
address the need to resurvey those areas within the UNFFR Project boundary that have
suitable habitat or known occurrences of selected special-status amphibians or reptiles
every 10 years and addressing any negative impacts that may have occurred as a result of
project operations.
Effects on Special-status Birds and Mammals
Existing project facilities and on-going project operations have the potential to
affect some special-status birds and mammals. Proposed changes (such as construction
of new recreational facilities, increases in minimum flows, and vegetation management
measures) could also affect special-status birds and mammals.
As discussed under the Vegetation Management subheading, PG&E proposes to
develop and implement a resource management plan that would benefit sensitive
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biological resources at the UNFFR Project. This plan would include measures to enhance
and protect sensitive wildlife habitats.
Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 18 calls for PG&E to also develop a plan for
the annual monitoring of active peregrine falcon eyries and suitable nesting habitat in the
project area. The plan would be developed in consultation with the FS, FWS, and CDFG
upon issuance of a new license. Interior indicates that, if new eyries are identified during
the monitoring efforts, consultation with the aforementioned agencies would be
appropriate to determine if protective measures are necessary. The results of the
monitoring would be submitted to the agencies for review and comment prior to being
filed with the Commission.
PG&E agrees that some monitoring of existing and potential peregrine falcon
nesting in the project area is appropriate and proposes to include this activity with
monitoring required for the nesting bald eagle population, discussed in section 3.3.4,
Threatened and Endangered Species.
Interior’s 10(j) recommendation no. 21 called for PG&E to develop a wildlife
monitoring plan. The plan would be developed in consultation with the FS, FWS, and
CDFG within 6 months of license issuance and would evaluate changes in wildlife use in
response to changes in flows, lake levels, implementation of the vegetation management
plan, and other activities associated with project operations and required license
conditions.
In its response to Interior, filed with the Commission on January 15, 2004, PG&E
states that, although it believes there is a need for wildlife management at the UNFFR
Project, Interior’s recommended wildlife management plan lacks definition and clarity
and is poorly focused on addressing any ongoing effects of the project on wildlife
populations. PG&E indicates that any wildlife monitoring that is needed at the project
should be specifically focused on identifiable project effects on specific special-status
wildlife species (e.g., bald eagles), groups of species (e.g., waterfowl), or their habitat.
In its letter filed with the Commission on November 1, 2004, Interior revised its
initial recommendation to wildlife monitoring focusing on changes in habitat types and
avian surveys for PG&E-owned lands as specified by the FS in its preliminary Section
4(e) condition no. 37. During the Section 10(j) teleconference on February 3, 2005,
Interior further refined its recommendation to a more focused request for wildlife studies
specific to the causeway area (between Last Chance Creek Campground and the Chester
Airport). Interior explained that this area is sensitive to water levels, and, under the new
license, water levels would be slightly higher and less variable. The causeway area is
important for wading birds and waterbirds, and Interior believes a focused study here
would be appropriate. Interior pointed out that this area is approximately the same area
specified by the FS in its final 4(e) recommendation no. 31: “lands owned by the
licensee on the shoreline of Lake Almanor from Last Chance Campground westward to
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approximately the northern edge of the flood control channel south of the Chester
Airport.”
The FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 31 specifies that PG&E develop a wildlife
habitat enhancement plan within 1 year of the date of license issuance. Implementation
of this plan would benefit sensitive biological resources at the UNFFR Project and would
include measures to enhance and protect riparian communities and sensitive wildlife
habitats. The plan would be developed in consultation with FS, FWS, CDFG and Plumas
County.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 44 specifies that PG&E annually review the
current list of special-status plant and wildlife species (species that are listed as
endangered or threatened by the federal government, species that are listed as sensitive by
the FS, or species that occur on the watch lists for the Lassen and Plumas National
Forests) that might occur within the UNFFR Project boundary in consultation with the
FS. When a species is added to one or more of the lists, the FS specifies that PG&E, in
consultation with the FS, would determine if the species or unsurveyed suitable habitat
for the species is likely to occur within the UNFFR Project boundary. If the FS
determines that a newly added species is likely to occur, the FS specifies that PG&E
would develop and implement a study plan in consultation with the FS to reasonably
assess the effects of the UNFFR Project on the species. The FS specifies that PG&E
would prepare a report on the study including objectives; methods; results; recommended
resource measures, where appropriate; and a schedule of implementation, and provide a
draft of the final report to the FS for review and approval. The FS further specifies that
PG&E would file the FS-approved report, including evidence of consultation, with the
Commission and would implement those resource management measures required by the
Commission.
In addition, the FS specifies that PG&E would resurvey areas within the UNFFR
Project boundary that have suitable habitat or known occurrences of selected specialstatus wildlife or plant species every 10 years to (1) determine if special-status plant or
wildlife species have changed in location (i.e., migrated into or moved within the project
boundary) and (2) monitor for impacts caused by ongoing project activities. The FS
specifies that PG&E would consult with the FS to determine which species need to be
resurveyed. The FS specifies that the survey interval may be adjusted based on the
amount of movement or impacts on the species that are observed. The FS specifies that
PG&E would provide the FS with the survey results. If the FS determines that negative
impacts have occurred, the FS specifies that PG&E would submit a proposal to the FS for
actions to reduce or eliminate impacts on special-status species. The FS specifies that
PG&E would file the report, including evidence of consultation, with the Commission
and would implement those resource management measures required by the FS and
approved by the Commission.
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On January 25, 2005, Interior filed a biological opinion with the Commission.
Interior recommended that PG&E include Western and Clark’s grebes (Aechmophorus
grebe) conservation measures in the Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Plan as one of the
conservation recommendations included in the biological opinion. Interior also
recommended that PG&E incorporate management considerations outlined in the
“Conservation Assessment and Management Plan for Breeding Western and Clark’s
Grebes in California” (Ivey, 2004) in its Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Plan.
No specific measures were proposed or recommended by any entity for forest
carnivores such as California wolverine, Pacific fisher, pine marten, or Sierra Nevada red
fox, or other mammals that may occur within the project boundary.
Our Analysis
We concur with Interior that some monitoring of existing and potential peregrine
falcon nesting in the project area is appropriate because some project-related activities
(e.g., construction, operation, maintenance, and recreational activities) have the potential
to disturb peregrines during the breeding season. We conclude that such monitoring
could be combined with monitoring of the nesting bald eagle population, discussed in
section 3.3.4, Threatened and Endangered Species, and should be consistent with the
strategy FWS outlines in its monitoring plan for the American Peregrine Falcon (FWS,
2003).
We did not concur with Interior’s original recommendation for development of a
wildlife management plan, as it was written. Hundreds of wildlife species may occur in
the project area, but other than recommending special emphasis on special-status species,
Interior did not identify which populations it believes PG&E should monitor or explain
why monitoring is needed. However, during the Section 10(j) teleconference on
February 3, 2005, Interior recommended wildlife studies specific to the causeway area
(between Last Chance Creek Campground and the Chester Airport). Interior explained
that this area is sensitive to water levels and, under the new license, water levels would be
slightly higher and less variable. The causeway area is important for wading birds and
waterbirds, and Interior believes a focused study here would be appropriate. We
conclude that it would be beneficial to have a broader plan to guide the interpretation of
monitoring results and consideration of potential effects on all resources, if any measures
are adjusted via adaptive management, and agree that the wildlife habitat enhancement
plan management plan should include the additional monitoring recommended by
Interior.
Implementation of the FS recommendations for wildlife habitat enhancement for
special-status species that may occur in the project area and that could be affected by the
project should protect such species is appropriate. Because habitat protection and
enhancement measures for wildlife, vegetation, and fish are frequently inter-related,
including such measures in an overall natural resource management plan, as proposed by
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PG&E, would facilitate coordination and cross-referencing of related measures. We
conclude that any recommended enhancement and protection measures should be
restricted to those species known to occur in the vicinity of the project. Suitable habitat
for sensitive species of wildlife occurs in the vicinity of the project. We conclude that
monitoring for the presence of those species with suitable habitat in the project should be
included in a natural resource management plan, and if the presence of new sensitive
species is established, consultation with FS, FWS, and CDFG should occur to determine
the nature of any protective measures, if any are needed.
Western and Clark’s grebes are covered under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act,
which protects migratory birds and their nests. Western and Clark’s grebes have
previously nested on the northwest shore of Lake Almanor. Including these species in
the wildlife habitat enhancement plan would possibly reduce nest mortality and
disturbance, resulting in a beneficial effect on the population.
Relicensing the project as proposed would likely maintain habitat at current levels
or close to current levels for all FS-selected wildlife MIS. These include mallard, osprey,
pileated woodpecker, hairy woodpecker, deer, black bear, and gray squirrel.
Preferred habitat for forest carnivores such as California wolverine, Pacific fisher,
pine marten, or Sierra Nevada red fox exists within the project area. However, the
presence of roads, facilities, residential development, and recreation may limit habitat
potential for these species.
3.3.3.3
Unavoidable Adverse Effects
None.
3.3.4 Threatened and Endangered Species
3.3.4.1
Affected Environment
Three federally threatened listed species of wildlife have been identified as
potentially occurring within the project area: VELB (Desmocerus californicus
dimorphus), CRLF (Rana aurora daytoni), and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
(letter from W.R. Taylor, Interior, to the Commission, dated December 1, 2003). FWS
also indicated that the threatened slender Orcutt grass (Orcuttia tenuis) could also occur
in the project area (letter from D.L. Harlow, FWS, to the Commission, dated June 19,
2003). However, relicensing studies indicate that there are no populations of, or suitable
habitat for, this threatened grass within the UNFFR Project area (GANDA, 2000). For
the purpose of consultation under the ESA, this EIS constitutes our Biological
Assessment for these federally listed species. We describe each species’ life history
below.
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Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle
The VELB was listed as a threatened species in 1980 (45 FR 52,803). The range
of the VELB extends throughout California’s Central Valley and associated foothills
from generally below the 3,000-foot elevation contour on the east to the watershed
boundary of the Central Valley on the west. The project features located upstream of the
Belden forebay are above 3,000 feet in elevation (USGS datum), and features located
below 3,000 feet include the Oak Flat and Belden powerhouses. The beetle relies entirely
on its host plant, the elderberry (Sambucus spp.). Elderberry shrubs are a common
component of riparian forests in the Central Valley, and optimal habitat is usually
considered moist valley oak woodlands or hardwood stands with a large variety of
species, such as cottonwood, sycamore, Oregon ash, or willow. The VELB is a woodboring insect and lays its eggs in the stems of elderberry shrubs that are at least 1 inch in
diameter at ground level. Frequently, there is no sign of the VELB except for the exit
holes that the larvae create as they emerge just prior to the pupal stage. For this reason,
surveys for the VELB focus on searching for elderberry shrubs.
We conducted a California Natural Diversity Database search, which indicated
that to date there have been no recent documented occurrences of the VELB in the
project area or in Plumas County (CDFG, 2002a). One potential host plant27 was
identified along Caribou Road south of Oak Flat powerhouse during 1999 surveys, but
there was no indication of VELB presence. The project lies at the upper elevation limit
of this species, and habitat suitability here is considered low. Surveys completed in 1998
for the downstream Rock Creek-Cresta Project and associated transmission lines
identified a number of host plants in the vicinity of Camp Creek, north of Pulga (outside
the UNFFR Project boundaries). These records are the only known records of VELB
habitat in the project vicinity.
California Red-legged Frog
The CRLF is the only sensitive amphibian species federally listed as threatened
within the project area. On March 13, 2001, the FWS formally designated critical habitat
for this species. The NFFR and selected tributary drainages were included in critical
habitat Unit 1 – North Fork Feather Unit. However, on June 8, 2001, a lawsuit
challenging the designation was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia, and on November 6, 2002, the court entered a consent decree remanding the
designation to the FWS and vacating most of the 2001 designation. On April 13, 2004,
the FWS proposed designating critical habitat for the CRLF identical to the configuration
of the previously published final designation of critical habitat (which included the NFFR
27
PG&E uses the term “host plant” in its application, which we assume to mean an
elderberry shrub that has stems at least 1 inch in diameter at ground level.
3-185
and selected tributary drainages). The FWS accepted comments on this proposal until
July 14, 2004.
Critical habitat Unit 1, the North Fork Feather Unit, includes areas as far upstream
as the Butt Creek confluence with the NFFR in the Seneca reach and the upper Mosquito
Creek drainage east of Butt Valley reservoir (69 FR 19,619–19,642). Historically, CRLF
populations were found at the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains at elevations
below 4,900 feet. The current range is greatly reduced, with a few, highly restricted
populations in the Sierra Nevada, and most remaining populations occurring along the
coast from Marin County to Ventura County.
The primary constituent elements of CRLF habitat include essential aquatic
habitat, associated uplands, and dispersal habitat connecting essential aquatic habitat (66
FR 14,625–14,674). Breeding sites are varied, including marshes, springs, permanent
and semipermanent natural ponds, ponded and backwater portions of streams, as well as
artificial impoundments such as stock ponds, irrigation ponds, and siltation ponds (66 FR
14,625–14,674). Dense, shrubby, or emergent riparian vegetation closely associated with
deep (> 2.3 feet), still or slow-moving water is needed during the November to March
breeding season for attachment of egg masses and escape cover (Hayes and Jennings,
1988). Rocks, boulders, small mammal burrows, organic litter such as downed trees or
logs, and leaf litter within 300 feet of riparian areas provide estivation habitat and refugia
at any time of the year (61 FR 25,813–25,833).
Potential habitat for CRLF was found in four locations during the 2001
herpetofauna surveys (Sites #3, #38, #45, and Lippy Lake) (GANDA, 2002). Sites #3,
#38, and #45 represented good potential habitat, while Lippy Lake had a low habitat
potential for CRLF. Sites #38, #45, and Lippy Lake contain trout, which limits the
possibility they would successfully be used by CRLF. Site #3 is a small pond located
along a small ephemeral drainage that flows northeast into Lake Almanor, near the access
road into Butt Valley reservoir. This site does not appear to be hydraulically influenced
by project flows. Site #38 is located on China Bar along the NFFR about 3 miles
downstream of Seneca. Site #45 is located below the surge chamber for the Butt Valley
Tunnel near the beginning of the penstock that feeds the Butt Valley powerhouse. Lippy
Lake is adjacent to the NFFR at the old mining town of Seneca. The field surveys were
conducted using FWS protocol (FWS, 1997) with one FWS pre-approved modification.
No individuals were documented within the project area during the 2001 amphibian and
aquatic reptile survey, the 2001 visual encounter survey, or the 2000 recreational boating
flow study (PG&E, 2002a). The nearest known occurrence of CRLF to the UNFFR
Project area is approximately 20 miles southwest of Belden powerhouse (GANDA,
2002).
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Bald Eagle
In 1999, FWS proposed to remove the bald eagle from the list of threatened and
endangered species, due to the success of recovery efforts throughout the United States
(64 FR 36,453–36,464). Overall recovery goals for the bald eagle in the Pacific Region
(which includes California) were met in 1990 and have been reached or exceeded in
every year since. Goals for nest productivity and wintering population stability in the
region also have been met or exceeded. Although the recovery goal of 800 breeding pairs
has not yet been reached in California, the number of breeding pairs has increased
dramatically. About 30 pairs were documented in 1977, whereas surveys in 1999
indicated the number had increased to over 150 (CDFG, 2002b). In addition to
increasing in numbers, bald eagles are recolonizing their former range in California. In
1977, bald eagles were known to nest in 8 of the 58 counties in the state, and as of 1999,
bald eagle nests were documented in 28 counties.
There are currently 14 known bald eagle nesting territories in the UNFFR Project
vicinity: 9 at Lake Almanor, 3 at Butt Valley reservoir, and 2 at Mountain Meadows
reservoir (table 3-25). Of these, 12 were confirmed active in 2001. However, no bald
eagle nests are located within the project boundary. Between 1988 and 2001, PG&E’s
reports show the number of young per occupied territory averaged 1.0, and an average of
about 61 percent of the occupied territories were successful each year (table 3-25).
In California, bald eagles forage primarily on fish (Jackman et al., 1999). Studies
in the project area showed that bald eagles preyed primarily on carp, brown bullhead, and
Sacramento sucker. Carp accounted for 82 percent of the prey biomass for eagles in the
NFFR project area. Birds were found to account for 7.4 percent of the prey biomass.
In 1988, PG&E developed bald eagle management zones for the seven nesting
territories occurring at that time. Nesting territory management plans with specific
protection measures have been developed and would continue to be implemented for
most of the existing active nest sites within the project area.
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1989
NO
ONS
2
ONS
OSU
ONS
1
ONS
OSU
6
3
1988
ONS
2
2
ONS
SU
ONS
SU
ONS
2
7
6
Nest Territory
Butt Valley 1
Cool Springs
Butt Valley 2
Rocky Point
Switchback
Rock Lake
Collins Pine
South
Collins Pine
North
Chester
(Church)
Mud Creek
Rim
Catfish Beach
Eastside
Mountain
Meadows West
Mountain
Meadows East
No. Occupied
Territories of
Known
Outcome
Total Young
Produced
5
4
SU
OSU
2
NO
NO
1
NO
2
ONS
1990
3
5
NO
OSU
1
ONS
1
ONS
NO
1
SU
1991
3
7
NO
ONS
ONS
ONS
2
ONS
1
OSU
ONS
1992
6
4
7
6
SU
SU
2
ONS
NO
1
2
2
ONS
1994
3-188
SU
SU
ONS
OSU
SU
2
2
2
NO
1993
5
8
NO
ONS
11
10
NC
1
ONS
2
2
NO
ONS
ONS
2
2
2
2
ONS
1996
1
2
ONS
ONS
ONS
ONS
1995
15
11
ONS
2
2
2
NO
1
ONS
2
1
2
1
2
1997
12
11
13
12
NO
2
ONS
2
1
NO
1
1
2
ONS
ONS
1
1
1
2
2
1999
1
NO
ONS
2
ONS
1
2
ONS
1
2
1998
10
12
NO
2
ONS
1
2
ONS
ONS
ONS
1
1
2
1
ONS
2000
11
12
110
115
(1.0)
(0.0)
(1.8)
(0.4)
ONS
1
ONS
NO
(1.1)
(1.7)
(0.3)
2
1
NO
2001
1988-2001
(yng/
occ.yr.)
ONS
(0.7)
ONS
(0.8)
2
(1.5)
2
(0.6)
1
(1.2)
1
(1.0)
1
(1.6)
Table 3-25. Reproduction in 14 bald eagle nesting territories in the UNFFR Project vicinity, 1988-2001. (Source: PG&E,
2002a)
0.4
2
29%
0.6
3
60%
1992
0.9
0.5
1.3
Young per
Occupied
Territory
3
2
3
No. of
Successful
Territories
43% 33% 75%
% Successful
Occupied
Territories
ONS – occupied, not successful
NO – not occupied
OSU – occupied, success unknown
SU – success unknown
NC – not checked
1989
1991
1988
1990
Nest Territory
67%
4
1.2
1994
3-189
75%
3
1.5
1993
38%
3
0.6
1995
60%
6
1.1
1996
82%
9
1.4
1997
73%
8
1.1
1998
75%
9
1.1
1999
58%
7
0.8
2000
67%
8
61%
70
1988-2001
2001
(yng/
occ.yr.)
0.9
1.0
3.3.4.2
Environmental Effects
Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle
PG&E proposes no specific measures for protection of the VELB. Although the
FS recommends no specific measures for protection of the VELB, it recommends
development of protective measures in a land management and visual resource protection
plan, as well as development of a vegetation management plan prior to ground-disturbing
activities, as specified in final Section 4(e) condition nos. 40 and 41 (discussed in section
3.3.3, Terrestrial Resources). The FS recommends that PG&E perform necessary
surveys prior to ground-disturbing activities in locations for which current information
about population occurrence for some species is lacking (e.g., VELB). In final Section
4(e) condition no. 45, the FS specifies that PG&E prepare a biological evaluation (BE) in
consultation with other appropriate agencies evaluating the potential impact of an action
on any species listed or proposed for listing or any special-status species. The FS
recommends that the BE should include: (1) developing procedures to minimize adverse
effects on listed species; (2) ensuring that project-related activities meet restrictions
included in site management plans for listed species; and (3) developing implementation
and effectiveness monitoring of measures taken or employed to reduce effects on listed
species.
Interior, in its December 1, 2003, filing with the Commission, makes a 10(j)
recommendation that PG&E develop and implement a vegetation management plan that
incorporates FWS’ July 9, 1999, Conservation Guidelines for the Valley Elderberry
Longhorn Beetle (FWS, 1999). As part of this plan, PG&E would detail the types and
schedules of planned road and project-related maintenance activities that may affect
vegetation resources, develop survey methods for the protection of listed species, and
develop contingency measures to avoid and minimize effects on special-status species.
The plan would provide environmental awareness training for employees and contractors
conducting work in sensitive areas.
PG&E, in its response to Interior’s December 1, 2003, 10(j) recommendation,
states that it maintains a geographic information system that contains the known locations
of sensitive plant and animal resources and PG&E employees are already required to take
annual training on environmental laws and protection of sensitive species and habitats.
PG&E feels that these measures, along with pre-activity surveys prior to construction of
all new project features (e.g., recreation facilities), are adequate to provide a reasonable
level of protection to sensitive species in the project area.
Additionally, PG&E states that Interior’s reference to the FWS conservation
guidelines is not relevant because PG&E is currently operating under an incidental take
statement issued by FWS on June 27, 2003, for VELB throughout PG&E’s service
territory. The incidental take statement already provides for mitigation and monitoring
related to O&M that could affect the VELB. PG&E feels that it is not necessary or
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appropriate for the Commission to consult with FWS regarding the VELB in the
relicensing proceeding, nor is it appropriate for FWS to impose conditions that differ
from those set forth in the June 27, 2003, incidental take statement.
Interior, in its biological opinion filed with the Commission by letter dated
January 25, 2005, pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA, states that PG&E previously
consulted with FWS for routine operations and maintenance activities that occur on all
PG&E lands within the range of the beetle and that the incidental take statement
authorized take for a term of 30 years. As a result, Interior has determined that the
project is not likely to adversely affect the VELB.
Our Analysis
Only one elderberry shrub that would be suitable as a VELB host plant was
located in the project area, along Caribou Road, south of Oak Flat powerhouse, during
the 1999 surveys, but there was no indication of VELB presence. We conclude that
potential habitat for the VELB in the project area is extremely limited, and occurrences of
this species are unlikely. A vegetation management plan that includes FWS
Conservation Guidelines (FWS, 1999) and addresses PG&E’s management of activities
affecting vegetation, including maintenance, construction, or other ground-disturbing
activities, with consideration for their potential to affect elderberry shrubs, would be
protective of VELB habitat at sites within the project boundary that either contain
elderberry shrubs, or may not have been previously surveyed (i.e., sites where recreation
facilities would be constructed). Such a plan would be consistent with FS final Section
4(e) condition no. 45. Examples of project-related activities that could affect elderberry
shrubs include: mowing, brushing, herbicide application, culvert replacement, and other
road repairs; ground-clearing needed to improve or expand recreation sites; and thinning
or burning for fire fuels management.
FWS (1999) specifies that complete avoidance is required to assume no adverse
effects would occur. Complete avoidance is defined as protection of a 100-foot (or
wider) buffer around elderberry plants containing stems measuring 1.0 inch or more in
diameter at ground level. Based on available information, such a buffer would only be
necessary around a single plant. Pre-construction surveys to identify the presence of
previously unknown potential host plants or verify the absence of such plants, and
PG&E’s continuing to provide training and education for maintenance crews, would
ensure that incidental observations of potential habitat for the VELB can be reported and
appropriate actions can be taken that would provide additional protection to the VELB, if
needed. To the extent that the existing incidental take statement measures, which have
not been filed with the Commission, address provisions of a vegetation management plan,
they can be incorporated into such a plan.
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Our determinations regarding the three federally listed species that may occur in
the vicinity of the project, including the VELB, are specified in section 5.5.4,
Endangered Species Act.
California Red-legged Frog
Although PG&E proposes no specific measures for the protection of the CRLF,
the SA proposes an amphibian monitoring plan for FS sensitive species. The plan would
include sampling within the Seneca, Butt Creek, and Belden bypassed reaches to be
conducted at 3-year intervals beginning no later than 3 years following license issuance.
If target amphibians are located in project reaches, focused annual monitoring of
population size, health, life stages, reproductive success, and distribution would be
required.
Neither the FS nor Interior recommend specific measures for the protection of the
CRLF, however, they both recommend amphibian monitoring plans. Although one of the
amphibians for which presence would be monitored would be the CRLF, we discuss the
amphibian monitoring plan in section 3.3.3, Terrestrial Resources.
Interior, in its biological opinion filed with the Commission by letter dated
January 25, 2005, pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA, states that the project is not likely to
adversely affect the CRLF because surveys were conducted in suitable habitat and no
CRLFs were detected, and the PG&E-proposed amphibian monitoring plan would
include continuing surveys for the CRLF.
Our Analysis
Although suitable habitat exists for the CRLF at the downstream end of the
project, no individuals were documented within the project area during the 2001
amphibian and aquatic reptile survey, the 2001 visual encounter survey, or the 2000
recreational boating flow study (PG&E, 2002a). Bypassed reach flows proposed in the
SA more accurately mimic the natural hydrograph in seasonality, and magnitude, by
allowing for larger flows in the spring and lesser flows in the summer and fall, and higher
base flows throughout the year. Additionally, pulse flows proposed in the SA would be
released in January, February, and March depending on the water year type (wet, normal,
dry, critically dry), potentially flooding some additional pools. However, because the
CRLF requires deep (> 2.3 feet), still or slow-moving water for attachment of egg masses
and escape cover during the November to March breeding season (Hayes and Jennings,
1988), these flows may not increase the availability of appropriate habitat for the CRLF
at the appropriate time of year, and may negatively affect the quality of the habitat by
increasing velocity in the pools.
The recreational boating flow study (PG&E, 2002a) studied the effects of the
recreational releases on amphibian habitat. Lippy Lake was the only potential CRLF site
studied. The 250-cfs release did not result in a substantial change in the overall quality of
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habitat at the Lippy Lake site. At 400 cfs, however, the depth and velocity were
substantially increased, resulting in decreased overall habitat quality. Site #3 does not
appear to be directly hydraulically connected to the project waters, so we assume that a
change in project operations would not affect its potential as CRLF habitat. Site #38 has
not been studied to determine how they would be affected by recreational releases. Site
#45 would not be affected by recreational flow releases. No potential CRLF habitat sites
were identified in the Belden reach. However, potential habitat was only assessed under
the existing flow regime. Under a new flow regime that would be specified in any
license that may be issued for this project, potential CRLF habitat may develop in
alternative and additional locations, especially following the adjustment of riparian
vegetation to the new flow regime (which could take up to 10 years for shrubs).
The development of an amphibian monitoring plan to determine what effects the
proposed changes in minimum flows, pulse flows, and other project operations have on
amphibian, including CRLF, habitat in the Belden and Seneca reaches, as discussed in
section 3.3.3, Terrestrial Resources, would ensure long-term protection for the CRLF.
The surveys included in any plan should be designed to detect the presence of the CRLF
and determine how potential CRLF habitat is affected by the proposed changes in project
operations. However, based on our review of PG&E’s survey results, potential CRLF
habitat that could be influenced by changes in the project flow regime is limited (Lippy
Lake and Site #38). Consequently, we conclude that specific sites to be monitored for
CRLF presence should be identified in any amphibian monitoring plan that may be
developed, along with the rationale for monitoring the identified sites. Additional sites
may need to be monitored besides the sites that represent potential habitat under the
existing flow regime, and provisions for doing so should be included in an amphibian
monitoring plan as well as how the influence of the new flow regime on this habitat
would be addressed.
Bald Eagle
PG&E has previously established bald eagle protection policies and management
zones in the UNFFR Project vicinity for all nest sites occurring at that time (1988).
These management zones provide up to a 0.5-mile buffer zone around existing nesting
trees, less if sheltered by topography, to protect the nest from human disturbance and
development, and to provide suitable habitat for future nesting opportunities.
Based upon its 1988 findings, PG&E proposes the following management
recommendations for each bald eagle nesting territory currently found in the project
vicinity:
1.
Limit habitat alterations within the management zone to those that would
enhance bald eagle nesting habitat and pose no hazard to eagles. For
example, silvicultural practices that encourage long-term regeneration of
large pines and reduction of fuel loading where necessary.
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2.
Between January 1 and July 31 of each year, no compatible habitat
alterations would be allowed within a management zone with the exception
of emergencies. If a nesting attempt fails during a certain year, this
restriction may be eased at the approval of the land or wildlife manager.
3.
Discourage new recreational developments or policy changes that would
alter the current use of the nesting area by public users and prohibit new
permanent access roads within a management zone.
4.
Schedule non-emergency maintenance of power lines, such as vegetation
removal or trimming operations, outside of the bald eagle nesting season.
5.
Managers should consider the effects of any proposed alterations to the
operation or configuration of existing water facilities on the abundance of
bald eagle prey species and availability of eagle foraging habitats at Lake
Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and Mountain Meadow reservoir.
None of the bald eagle nests in the project vicinity are located on project lands or
PG&E-owned lands. The lands within the 0.5-mile buffer zone around each nest are
primarily owned by United States (and managed by the FS), PG&E, and private timber
companies.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 47 specifies that PG&E develop a new bald
eagle management plan for the project area within 2 years of license issuance. The plan
would be developed in consultation with the FS, and other appropriate agencies;
consultation would be initiated within 90 days of license issuance. The FS indicates that
this bald eagle management plan would assist in the ongoing bald eagle recovery efforts
and would be a tool for future management of all lands around these projects. At a
minimum, the FS believes the plan should include: (1) periodic monitoring of human use
patterns to discern human/bald eagle interaction conflicts; (2) annual monitoring of bald
eagle reproduction around Lake Almanor; (3) coordination of any plans for timber
harvest or mining on PG&E lands within the project boundary with the FS and other
appropriate agencies to reach the goals and requirements of this plan; and (4)
coordination of woodcutting activities on PG&E lands. FS final Section 4(e) condition
no. 5 specifies that PG&E would provide the FS with a minimum of 60 days to review
and approve the plan before filing it with the Commission.
Because changes in project operations, management, and visitor use are proposed
by PG&E, Interior feels that disturbance from these activities may adversely affect bald
eagle productivity and survival (letter filed December 1, 2003). Although the eagles are
currently doing well in the project vicinity with the current level of human interaction,
the tolerance threshold is unknown. Interior makes a 10(j) recommendation that PG&E
should develop an interagency bald eagle management plan within 6 months of license
issuance in consultation with FWS, the FS, and CDFG. Interior states that this plan
should address land and resource management strategies to promote the conservation and
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recovery of bald eagles associated with Butt Valley reservoir, Mountain Meadows
reservoir, and other project lands and waters.
Interior states that the interagency bald eagle management plan should identify
steps to minimize eagle disturbance and ensure that proposed changes in project
operations, management, and visitor use does not impair bald eagle productivity and
survival. Interior feels this plan is necessary because the FS’s September 2003 “Bald
Eagle Management Plan, Lake Almanor and the Upper Feather River, Recovery Zone 26,
Lake Almanor Basin Area” only applies to FS lands in the Lake Almanor area. Interior
feels that the interagency bald eagle management plan would address management of
recreation, timber harvesting, housing development, and fisheries management on project
lands and waters and other private lands in the basin.
Interior also makes a 10(j) recommendation that PG&E conduct bald eagle
monitoring in order to ensure that sufficient and effective protection measures are in
place. Interior recommends the development of a bald eagle monitoring plan, within 180
days of license issuance, in consultation with FWS, the FS, and CDFG. Interior states
that this plan should include annual bald eagle surveys on project and waters, monitoring
bald eagle reproductive success, eagle distribution and abundance, and human use to
evaluate eagle/human interactions. Interior adds that these annual surveys should be
conducted according to protocols acceptable to the consulting agencies and submitted to
the agencies for review and comment prior to being filed with the Commission.
The biological opinion filed by Interior with the Commission on January 25, 2005,
finds that relicensing the project would not be likely to jeopardize the continued existence
of the bald eagle, and no critical habitat would be adversely modified or destroyed.
However, Interior also states that the proposed project could cause the incidental injury or
death of one bald eagle while foraging or perching in the area at some time during the
term of any new license issued. The biological opinion requires the Commission to
implement the project description as described in the draft EIS and final FS Section 4(e)
conditions and requires that any new buyers of any lands in the project area previously
owned by PG&E must abide by the same terms and conditions as the licensee, report the
finding of any listed species not addressed in the biological opinion or unanticipated
harm to the bald eagle, and report compliance on an annual or quarterly basis.
The biological opinion also contains two conservation recommendations. These
recommendations state that PG&E should continue to assist FWS in recovery efforts for
the bald eagle and include Aechmophorus grebe conservation measures in the wildlife
habitat enhancement plan.
PG&E, in its responses to the FS Section 4(e) conditions and Interior’s 10(j)
recommendations (letters filed with the Commission on January 15, 2004), agrees with
the need to develop an interagency bald eagle management plan in the project area.
PG&E would cooperate with FWS, the FS, and CDFG to incorporate project-related
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activities into the existing FS September 2003 Bald Eagle Management Plan for Lake
Almanor. PG&E believes the 2-year schedule recommended by the FS is more
reasonable than the 6-month schedule recommended by Interior due to the magnitude and
complexity of this plan. PG&E agrees that initial consultation regarding this plan with
the appropriate agencies could occur more quickly, as the FS recommends. PG&E also
feels that the monitoring requirement detailed in Interior 10(j) recommendation no. 17
should be included with the management plan and developed in cooperation with the
participating agencies.
Our Analysis
Since 1995, five new bald eagle breeding territories have been established in the
project vicinity for a total of 14. Overall productivity of the nests in the project vicinity
(1.0 young per occupied territory) was at or near the statewide averages of 1 young per
occupied territory from 1988 to 2001. The FWS bald eagle recovery plan (1986, as cited
in the letter from Interior filed with the Commission on December 1, 2003) specifies a
goal of 16 occupied territories for the project vicinity. Based upon this information, the
bald eagle population in the project vicinity appears to be doing well under existing
operating conditions. However, several changes in operating conditions and facilities are
proposed in the SA, including those that are designed to enhance recreation opportunities
and experiences.
Fish make up the vast majority of the bald eagles’ diet in the project vicinity.
Studies in the project area showed that bald eagles preyed on carp, brown bullhead, and
Sacramento sucker. Carp accounted for 82 percent of the prey biomass for eagles in the
NFFR project area. For this reason, proposed changes in reservoir operation or the flow
regime (including implementation of higher minimum flows, pulse flows, more
restrictive ramping rates, and recreation releases) that affect fish populations or foraging
conditions would have the potential to affect bald eagles.
The proposed raising of lake levels during the late spring/summer period over
existing conditions would provide for increases in the available habitat for spawning
centrarchids, such as smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, and Sacramento perch. Carp
have a propensity to flourish in most lakes and reservoirs where they have been
introduced, regardless of the water level management regime that is in place. This often
results in carp populations reaching nuisance proportions, which may serve to detract
from the native fish populations and associated fisheries, but should continue to provide
an abundant prey source for bald eagles. Although few carp would be expected to occur
in the bypassed reaches, most operating conditions (higher minimum flows, pulse flows
and more restrictive ramping rates) proposed in the SA would generally enhance fish
habitat for other potential fish prey species. In particular, Sacramento sucker populations
in the bypassed reaches should increase, thus enhancing the prey base. Sacramento
suckers are a common prey for eagles in California that reside near hydroelectric projects
where carp have not yet been introduced (FERC, 2004).
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Effects of implementing recreation flows, as PG&E proposes in the SA, would
depend to a large extent on the timing (both time of day and time of year) of release
flows. Restricting boaters to the 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. period of the day would help to
avoid disturbance during prime foraging hours. Since bald eagles are thought to be less
sensitive to disturbance after fledging is complete (WDFW, 2004), restricting the
program to the months of August, September, and October would have a lower potential
for harm than would be the case earlier in the season. Although, the timing of the
proposed recreation flows would be dependent upon approval of the Recreation River
Flow Technical Group (CDFG, SWRCB, FWS, NPS, Plumas County, and AW), the
flows currently proposed include releases in July. These flows would be more likely to
adversely affect the latter stages of bald eagle nesting.
The proposed recreational releases could have an adverse effect on aquatic
resources. However, the adaptive approach to recreation river flow management, as
outlined in the SA, should allow for the identification of any potential negative effects
prior to the release of the test recreation flows. If negative effects are found after the
release of test recreation flows, the adaptive approach should provide for the protection of
aquatic resources. (Further discussion of the effects of proposed flows on fishery
resources is contained in section 3.3.2, Aquatic Resources.) As a result, with
implementation of the adaptive approach, the proposed operating conditions are unlikely
to have a long-term adverse effect on bald eagle prey populations.
Bald eagles could also be affected by increases in recreational activities, because
they are sensitive to disturbance. PG&E proposes a number of recreational
enhancements and development throughout the project area. These include new
campsites, access routes, boat launching facilities, trails, and parking areas, as well as
improvements, relocations, and expansion of existing facilities. FS Section 4(e)
condition 44 (filed with the Commission on December 1, 2003) also calls for similar
recreational enhancements. Some of these recreation areas, such as Rocky Point and
Almanor campgrounds, are in close proximity to bald eagle foraging areas. In these
cases, the construction, maintenance, and use of the facilities could create human
disturbance to eagles during the nesting season. The recommended recreation resource
measures are discussed in more detail in section 3.3.5, Recreational Resources.
Recreational use which has the potential to disturb bald eagles is highest during
the summer, when recreation use is at its highest. Boating, fishing, and hiking during
spring and early summer months would coincide with the time of year when eagles are
laying eggs and feeding young at the nest. Eagles may be slightly less sensitive to
disturbance during June and early July than they are earlier in the nesting stage, but
forage availability and undisturbed access to forage can strongly affect rearing success
(Johnsgard, 1990).
Construction projects, including improvements to roads and existing facilities and
development of new facilities, could probably be timed to occur outside the breeding
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season to prevent disturbance to nesting birds, but several of these proposals have the
potential to cause long-term disturbance to bald eagles. Special care would be needed to
prevent adverse effects where proposed recreational sites overlap with areas that are
known to provide important foraging opportunities for bald eagles (such as Rocky Point
and Almanor campgrounds).
The bald eagle population in the project vicinity is currently being protected from
recreational development by the existing PG&E bald eagle protection policies. The
development of an interagency bald eagle management plan, as recommended by the FS
and Interior, would address changes in project operations and recreational facilities and
flows. This plan would appropriately identify possible adverse effects to bald eagles
resulting from changes in project operations, facilities, and human disturbance resulting
from recreation use and provide a mechanism to enforce protection measures.
Compliance with the management measures specified in an interagency bald eagle
management plan could be monitored by implementing a bald eagle management plan as
described by the FS. An interagency bald eagle management plan would also facilitate
assistance of the FWS in the implementation of recovery efforts of the FWS for the bald
eagle, as specified in the conservation recommendations.
However, we conclude that some elements of the bald eagle management plans
recommended by the FS and Interior are beyond the jurisdiction of the Commission. In
order for the Commission to have jurisdiction, there must be a nexus of a measure to
project purposes. The Commission would not be able to enforce measures that pertain to
timber harvesting, mining, and housing development outside the project boundary,
whether the land affected is owned by PG&E or private entities, unless a connection to
project purposes is established. Because existing management practices are already in
place on PG&E lands, and also because the FS has already developed a bald eagle
management plan that PG&E can use as a guide, and PG&E has experience in developing
such bald eagle management plans at some of its other hydroelectric projects (e.g., the Pit
3, 4, 5 Project [FERC No. 233]), we believe that this plan could be developed within less
than 2 years of license issuance. However, consulting with many different entities to
produce a plan poses significant time-related challenges, so we do not believe that
development of the plan within 6 months of license issuance is realistic.
Condition 1.b of Interior’s biological opinion would require any new owners of
lands in the project area previously owned by PG&E, including holders of any
conservation easements, to agree in writing to abide by the terms and conditions of the
biological opinion. The Commission has the authority to enforce the terms and
conditions of a license, including provisions of the biological opinion to the extent that
those provisions would be included in a new license. If PG&E sells or transfers any
project lands, it would not be relieved of complying with license conditions as long as
those lands remain within the project boundary.
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For land that would be removed from the project boundary, the Commission
would consider the potential for adverse effects on project purposes, including protection
of endangered species. The Commission, however, can neither impose nor enforce any
conditions on that removal, including any covenants running with the land. To receive
protection from incidental take of listed species, PG&E and perhaps any new landowners
would have to comply with the provisions of the biological opinion.
3.3.4.3
Cumulative Effects on Bald Eagles
Construction of several dams downstream of the UNFFR Project, including the
Big Bend dam (1908-1910), Cresta dam (1949), Rock Creek dam (1950), Poe dam (1957
– 1958), Oroville dam (1961-1968), and Thermalito diversion dam (1962-1967) blocked
the upstream migration of anadromous fish that once may have provided a large,
concentrated food resource for bald eagles. However, construction of the UNFFR Project
and other reservoirs in the Feather River watershed has provided a stable and abundant
warmwater prey base for the bald eagle, and regulated flows in the NFFR maintain
foraging opportunities in smooth, shallow water. Modest increases in flows, such as
those proposed in the SA, would be likely to maintain or increase the prey base, as well
as foraging opportunities, and result in a cumulative benefit to the bald eagle.
3.3.4.4
Unavoidable Adverse Effects
None.
3.3.5 Recreational Resources
3.3.5.1
Affected Environment
The UNFFR Project is located in northeastern California in a sparsely populated
area composed of forest and river canyon and valley landscapes. The project lies
partially within and adjacent to the Lassen National Forest and the Plumas National
Forest, which both provide a variety of formal and informal recreational facilities and
opportunities; much of the NFS lands are open to the public for recreation. Chester,
California, a full-service community with a year-round population of 2,316 (Census,
2000), is located at the northern end of the project area (see figure 1-1).
Because the project location is remote and there are no developed winter
recreation facilities, recreation use at the UNFFR Project occurs primarily during summer
months. During the summer recreation season, recreationists in the region participate in
walking, hiking, motor boating, fishing, canoeing, watersports, bicycling, equestrian use,
camping, picnicking, wildlife viewing, off-highway vehicle use, and whitewater boating.
During the fall, hunters visit the area, and during the winter season, visitors participate in
snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, ice skating, and ice fishing. However,
because winter use is minimal, PG&E has not studied winter recreation use.
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Recreation opportunities at the UNFFR Project are varied, and recreationists can
access different areas around the project for different experiences and activities.
Recreationists who prefer opportunities with developed recreation facilities tend to visit
Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir.
Three reservoirs, Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and Belden reservoir, are
located within the project area. Lake Almanor, with a surface area of 27,000 acres and
approximately 52 miles of shoreline, has abundant access in the form of state highways,
FS and county roads, and many privately owned lands developed with homes and
businesses. Lake Almanor provides a setting for local, community-based year-round
recreation activities as well as seasonal tourist-based activities. Butt Valley reservoir,
which is just under 5 miles long and almost a mile wide with a surface area of 1,600
acres, is surrounded by undeveloped NFS land, and is more remote with access by county
and FS roads, some of which have a dirt or gravel surface. Belden reservoir, or forebay,
is small with a surface area of 42 acres and a daily water surface elevation that can
fluctuate between 5 and 10 feet, depending on power operations. There are no developed
recreation facilities at the Belden reservoir.
Recreational Access and Facilities
Table 3-26 lists the developed recreation facilities for project reservoirs, and figure
3-15 shows their locations. In addition to the developed sites, PG&E documented a total
of 25 dispersed recreation sites in the area of the project reservoirs: 22 sites at Lake
Almanor and three sites at Butt Valley reservoir.
Lake Almanor Recreation Facilities
All public developed recreation facilities at Lake Almanor are owned and operated
by either PG&E or the FS. Most of the FS facilities on Lake Almanor are on the Lassen
National Forest. Facilities at the southeast end of Lake Almanor are on the Plumas
National Forest.
FS Facilities—The Almanor Family Campground, which is located outside of the
UNFFR Project boundary on the west shore of Lake Almanor, is owned by the FS. A
concessionaire operates and maintains the campground for the FS under a special-use
permit. The campground comprises two loops. The north loop has 49 campsites, each of
which includes a picnic table and a fire ring/cooking grill; there are eight vault toilets in
the north loop of the campground. The Lake Almanor Recreation Trail (LART) passes
through the north loop of the campground and provides opportunities for walking, hiking,
and bicycling. In addition there is an outdoor amphitheater that is shared with the south
loop of the campground. Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E
determined that most of the facilities at the north loop of the Almanor Family
Campground are generally in good condition with the exception of the older toilets,
which should be replaced. PG&E also determined that some of the picnic tables and the
amphitheater are in need of some maintenance. Through its ADA-accessibility study,
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Table 3-26. Public recreation sites on UNFFR Project reservoirs. (Source: PG&E,
2002a)
Facility
Boat Ramps/Lanes
Car-top Boat Access
Lake Almanor
Almanor boat launch (FS)
Canyon dam boat launch and dayuse area (FS)
None
Picnic Areas/Tables
Almanor picnic area (FS)
Almanor scenic overlook
Canyon dam boat launch and dayuse area
Canyon dam day-use area
East shore day-use area
Angler Access Sites
Almanor boat launch (FS)
Almanor beach (FS)
Canyon dam boat launch and dayuse area (FS)
Canyon dam day-use area
Dyer View day-use area
East shore day-use area
Rocky Point campground
Trailheads
Dyer View day-use area (FS)
Lake Almanor recreation trail (FS)
Campgrounds/Campsites Rocky Point campground (Loops 1,
or (Bunkhouses)
2, and 3)
Camp Connery group camp
Last Chance campground and
group camp
Almanor Family campground
Almanor group campground
Swimming Areas
Almanor beach (FS)
Canyon dam day-use area
Dyer View day-use area (FS)
Rocky Point campground
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Butt Valley Reservoir
Alder Creek day-use
area and boat launch
None
Alder Creek day-use
area and boat launch
Alder Creek day-use
area and boat launch
Cool Springs
campground
Cool Springs
campground
Alder Creek day-use
area and boat launch
Cool Springs
campground
Non-Internet Public
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE
UPPER NORTH FORK FEATHER RIVER PROJECT
Project No. 2105-089
Page 3-202
Figure 3-15
Public access for the above information is available only
through the Public Reference Room, or by e-mail at
public.referenceroom@ferc.gov.
PG&E determined that none of the campsites or water faucets at this facility are ADAaccessible. Each of the four toilet buildings has one accessible toilet, but they do not
have accessible access routes or accessible trash receptacles.
The south loop of the Almanor Family Campground has 53 campsites, each with a
picnic table and fire ring/cooking grill. Nine of the sites can be reserved, while the
remaining 44 sites are available on a first-come, first-served basis. There are 12 vault
toilets in the south loop of this facility. The LART is adjacent to the west side of the
south loop of the campground and is available for walking, hiking, and bicycling.
Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that most of the
facilities at the south loop of the campground are generally in good condition with the
exception of the older toilets, which should be replaced. Through its ADA-accessibility
study, PG&E determined that none of the campsites or water faucets in the south loop of
this facility are ADA-accessible. Only one of the vault toilets is accessible and also has
an accessible access route. The trash receptacles are an accessible type, but most do not
have accessible access routes. The Almanor picnic area is located approximately 10
miles south of the town of Chester adjacent to SR 89 on NFS land outside of the UNFFR
Project boundary. There are two vault toilets, a paved parking area, a picnic area with
seven picnic tables and cooking grills, two interpretive signs, and an informational sign.
This facility was constructed by and is operated and maintained by the FS. Through its
recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that most of the facilities at
Almanor picnic area are generally in good condition with the exception of the picnic
tables and cooking grills, which need some maintenance, and the water faucet and the
water pump, which need to be repaired. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E
determined that the two vault toilets at this facility are new and ADA-accessible. None
of the other elements at this facility are ADA-accessible.
The FS owns and operates a primitive group camping area located outside of the
UNFFR Project boundary on NFS land adjacent to the Almanor picnic area known as the
Almanor Group Campground. The site contains enough room for approximately 10 sites,
each with a picnic table, and fire ring or cooking grill. There are no amenities at the site.
Campers use the vault toilets at the adjacent rest area. Through its recreation facility
condition inventory, PG&E determined that most of the facilities at the Almanor Group
Campground are generally in good condition with only the picnic tables and fire rings in
need of maintenance. The FS plans to relocate the entire facility to a more suitable
location away from the highway. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E
determined that none of the elements at this facility are ADA-accessible. Group campers
may use the two ADA-accessible toilets at the Almanor picnic area.
An overflow camping area is also adjacent to the Almanor picnic area along State
Route 89. The FS used to manage this area, which is outside of the UNFFR Project
boundary, as overflow for RV and tent camping during peak usage in the Lake Almanor
area. According to comments on the draft EIS filed by the FS on November 1, 2004, the
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FS recently closed this area. There are no developed campsites. Previous users of the
area constructed 40 fire rings and campers used the two ADA-accessible toilets in the
nearby rest area. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that none of
the elements at this facility were ADA-accessible.
The Dyer View day-use area is located on NFS land outside of the UNFFR Project
boundary, along the west shore of Lake Almanor. The FS operates and maintains this
facility which has paved parking, interpretive signs, benches, and a vault toilet. The site
provides views of Mount Lassen to the north and Dyer Mountain to the south and
functions as a trailhead for the LART and a shoreline beach. Through its recreation
facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that all of the facilities at Dyer View dayuse area are generally in good condition. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E
determined that the new vault toilet at this facility is fully accessible and the access route
to the adjacent paved portion of the LART is also accessible. There are no accessible
access routes between the parking area and the primary activity areas, or to the accessible
trash receptacles. The benches located at this facility are also not ADA-accessible.
The Almanor boat launch is located outside of the UNFFR Project boundary on
the west shore of Lake Almanor adjacent to Almanor campground north on NFS land. A
concessionaire operates and maintains the facility for the FS under a special-use permit.
The facility has two concrete boat launching lanes, a wooden courtesy dock, a large
paved area with space for 53 vehicles and trailers, a flush restroom, a single vault toilet,
and an accessible picnic table. Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E
determined that most of the facilities at Almanor boat launch are in good condition with
the exception of the access road and the parking area, which are in need of repair; the
ramp, which needs to be resurfaced; and the restroom and courtesy dock, both of which
need to be replaced. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that there
is an accessible restroom with four flush toilets at this facility and a new accessible vault
toilet on the road leading to the boat launch. However, there are no accessible access
routes from the parking area to the primary activity areas, or to the accessible trash
receptacles. None of the other elements at this facility are ADA-accessible.
Almanor beach is located on the west shore of Lake Almanor adjacent to the
Almanor boat launch on NFS lands. A concessionaire operates and maintains the facility
for the FS under a special-use permit. The facility has seven picnic tables, cooking grills,
a vault toilet, a flush restroom, and a large swimming beach with a buoy safety line.
Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that most of the
facilities at Almanor beach are generally in good condition with the exception of the vault
toilet, which is in need of some maintenance, and the flush restroom, which is old and is
not accessible. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined there is one
accessible picnic table available at this location; however, it is segregated from the rest of
the facility. None of the remaining elements at this facility are ADA-accessible.
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The Canyon dam boat launch/day-use area is located on the south end of Lake
Almanor on NFS land. O&M of the facility is accomplished by a concessionaire under a
special-use permit from the FS. The facility has two concrete boat launching lanes, five
picnic tables with cooking grills, two vault toilets, one flush restroom, and a paved
parking area with 13 single vehicle spaces and 51 vehicle with trailer spaces. The site
also has a paved ADA accessible trail and fishing pier near the boat launch. Through its
recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that some of the facilities at the
Canyon dam boat launch/day-use area are in good condition while others are in need of
maintenance, including the beach area, the picnic tables, and the parking area. PG&E
also determined that the large informational sign at the entrance is in disrepair and should
be repaired or replaced. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that the
new shoreline fishing station is accessible and meets ADA guidelines and there is one
accessible flush restroom. There are three accessible parking spaces provided at this
facility but there are no accessible access routes to the picnic tables, barbecues, or the
accessible trash receptacles. The water faucets and picnic tables at this facility are not
ADA accessible.
The FS manages the LART, a paved, 10-foot-wide trail on the southwest side of
Lake Almanor that is currently 9.5 miles long. This multi-use trail, which extends from a
gravel road opposite Humbug Road, just off State Highway 89 to Rocky Point Road,
adjacent to the southern end of Loop 3 of PG&E’s Rocky Point campground, is open to
walking, hiking, bicycling, and cross-county skiing. Most of the LART is located outside
of the UNFFR Project boundary, but the section that goes through the Rocky Point
campground is located within the UNFFR Project boundary. Motorized use of the trail is
not permitted. The trail passes through campgrounds and public and private properties
and near private residences. Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E
determined that most of the recreational elements associated with the LART are in good
condition, including the trailheads and parking areas, signs, and bollards. PG&E also
determined that the trail surface is in need of maintenance and repair in approximately 20
locations along the trail. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined there is
no ADA-accessible access route from the trailhead parking areas to the LART, except at
the Dyer View day-use area. The LART is paved and generally accessible in most
segments; however, in some areas, the trail is too steep and does not include rest areas.
Additionally, the informational signs at the trailheads do not provide basic accessibility
information, such as maximum grade, length, width, maintenance practices, and types of
surface materials. The FS anticipates extending the LART 1.5 miles to the FS Canyon
dam boat launch and day-use area.
PG&E Facilities—PG&E owns and operates the Camp Connery group camp,
which is a reservation-only facility located within the UNFFR Project boundary east of
Canyon dam and inland from the reservoir approximately 0.25 mile. The group camp can
accommodate groups of up to 50 persons and includes five bunkhouses, an
indoor/outdoor central group meeting and food service facility, a large campfire area, a
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paved parking lot, a volleyball court and an area for basketball. RVs are allowed to park
in the parking area, but there is no designated RV camping area. Through its recreation
facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that all of the developed facilities at
Camp Connery group camp are in good condition including the bunkhouses, the group
meeting facility, the picnic tables and the restrooms. However, portions of the access
road are in need of maintenance. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E
determined that none of the elements at this facility are ADA-accessible except for the
trash receptacles, which do not have accessible access routes.
PG&E manages the Rocky Point Campground, which was previously known as
the Lake Almanor Campground. The public often confused the Lake Almanor
Campground with Almanor Campground, which is located just north on Highway 89, so
the name was changed in 2003. This facility is located on the west shore of Lake
Almanor within the UNFFR Project boundary on PG&E-owned land. The campground
is comprised of three loops. Loop One, the northernmost loop, consists of 68 campsites,
each with a picnic table, cooking grill, fire ring, paved spurs, a camp cupboard, and tent
pads in some cases. Loop One also has 10 overflow campsites. Through its ADAaccessibility study, PG&E determined that four of the campsites in Loop 1 are ADAaccessible, but many of the elements at the four campsites are not actually accessible. All
of the toilets in Loop 1 are accessible. The telephone and water faucets are not accessible
and there are no accessible access routes to the host’s site, the shoreline, the entry sign,
the pay station, the camp library box, or to the accessible trash receptacles. Loop Two
has 41 campsites with similar amenities as the campsites described for Loop One.
Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that two of the campsites in
Loop 2 are ADA-accessible, but many of the elements at the two campsites are not
actually accessible. All of the toilets and one water faucet in Loop 2 are accessible. The
telephone is not accessible and there are no accessible access routes to the host’s site, the
shoreline, the entry sign, the pay station, the camp library box, or to the accessible trash
receptacles. Loop Three consists of 22 campsites, with 20 overflow campsites. The
LART ends on the south side of Loop Three. Through its ADA-accessibility study,
PG&E determined that two of the campsites in Loop 3 are ADA-accessible, but many of
the elements at the two campsites are not actually accessible. All of the toilets in Loop 3
are accessible as is one of the water faucets. The telephone is not accessible and there are
no accessible access routes to the host’s site, the shoreline, the entry sign, the pay
stations, the camp library box, or to the accessible trash receptacles. Through its
recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that most of the elements at the
Rocky Point Campground are generally in good condition with the exception of many of
the older Klamath stoves, which should be replaced.
The upper arm of Lake Almanor transitions from lake to lacustrine wetland and
includes the Last Chance Marsh. The Last Chance Campground/group camp, is located
within the UNFFR Project boundary, on the edge of the Last Chance Marsh and is owned
and operated by PG&E. The facility has a family campground area with 12 campsites
and a group camping area with 13 campsites. Each campsite has a picnic table, camp
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cupboard, fire ring, cooking grill, and graveled parking spur. PG&E maintains four vault
toilets in two separate buildings at the campground. In addition to the campsites, there
are two horseshoe pits at the site. Through its recreation facility condition inventory,
PG&E determined that most of the facilities at the Last Chance Campground are
generally in good condition with the exception of a few recreation elements within the
developed campsites, including several older picnic tables, many of the older Klamath
stoves, and some water faucets, only in need of maintenance. PG&E also determined that
the playground area was in need of maintenance. Through its ADA-accessibility study,
PG&E determined that none of the campsites at this facility are ADA-accessible. The
interior design of the existing toilets does not meet draft proposed ADA guidelines, and
one restroom does not have an accessible access route, even though signage indicates that
they are both accessible. There are also no accessible access routes from the main access
gravel roadway to the primary activity areas at this facility.
PG&E owns and operates the East Shore day-use area which is located along the
eastern shore of Lake Almanor on PG&E-owned land outside of the UNFFR Project
boundary. PG&E maintains nine picnic tables and two vault toilets. Anglers can access
the shoreline via a steep, unmarked trail. Through its recreation facility condition
inventory, PG&E determined that most of the facilities at the East Shore day-use area are
generally in fair condition with the exception of the picnic tables, which are in need of
maintenance, the user-defined shoreline access trail, which is currently undeveloped and
eroding, and the existing hand-pumped water spigot, which should be removed or
replaced. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that one vault toilet at
this facility is fully accessible. There are no accessible access routes from the parking
area to the picnic area, or to the accessible trash receptacles. None of the other elements
at this facility are ADA-accessible.
PG&E owns and operates the Almanor Scenic Overlook which is located on
PG&E-owned land within the UNFFR Project boundary on the east shore of Lake
Almanor near Canyon dam. This facility has a paved parking area and two vault toilets.
The site offers views of Canyon dam to the south and of Lake Almanor, and formerly
provided a view to the north of Mt. Lassen, which has become obscured by vegetation.
Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that the parking
area at the Almanor scenic overlook is generally in good condition but the vault toilets
are in need of maintenance. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that
there is one accessible vault toilet at this facility; however, it does not have an accessible
access route. The paved parking area is accessible, but there are no designated accessible
spaces.
PG&E owns and operates the Canyon dam day-use area, which is located within
the UNFFR Project boundary just east of Canyon dam on the north side of SR 89. This
facility has 19 picnic tables, cooking grills, an undeveloped swimming beach, two vault
toilets, a circular drop-off and parking area, and a separate parking lot further upslope.
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Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that some facilities
at the Canyon dam day-use area are in good condition while others are need of
maintenance including the beach area, the picnic tables, and the parking area. PG&E also
determined that the large informational sign at the entrance was in disrepair and should
be replaced or repaired. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that the
two vault toilets at this facility are fully accessible as are two picnic tables, which have a
firm and stable access route. There are accessible access routes from the parking area to
the primary activity areas. However, there are no accessible access routes to the
shoreline, the informational sign at the entrance, or to the accessible trash receptacles.
None of the other elements at this facility are ADA-accessible.
Other Facilities—Visitors to Lake Almanor also use 22 dispersed undeveloped
recreation sites. Visitors at these sites enjoy fishing, relaxing, swimming, sunbathing,
and camping. Fires are not permitted by county ordinance except in developed sites.
Potable water and restrooms are not provided at any of these sites. These dispersed sites
are located on lands owned by a variety of entities including PG&E, the FS, and private
entities.
In addition to the public facilities on Lake Almanor, there are 22 privately-owned
recreation facilities. These entities provide lodging, tent and RV camping, picnic
facilities, swimming beaches, stores, fishing access, boat launching, and boat slip
use/rental.
Butt Valley Reservoir Recreational Facilities
All of the public developed recreation facilities at Butt Valley reservoir are owned
and operated by PG&E.
PG&E owns and operates the Ponderosa Flat Campground located within the
UNFFR Project boundary on PG&E-owned land at the north end of Butt Valley reservoir.
The facility has 61 campsites and an overflow area with 20 campsites. Each campsite has
a picnic table, fire ring, cooking grill, camp cupboard, paved spur, and some have tent
pads. There are 10 vault toilets at the campground. Through its recreation facility
condition inventory, PG&E determined that most of the facilities at the main Ponderosa
Flat Campground are in good condition with the exception of the water faucets and
several of the older Klamath stoves, which are in need of maintenance. In the less-used
overflow area of the campground, PG&E found that the older vault toilets need
replacement and several other recreational elements have broken or missing components,
structural damage, or are otherwise in obvious disrepair. Through its ADA-accessibility
study, PG&E determined that four of the campsites in the main campground are ADAaccessible, but many of the elements at the four campsites are not actually accessible. All
of the vault toilets in the main campground area are accessible. The water faucets and the
shoreline area are not accessible and there are no accessible access routes to the
accessible trash receptacles.
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PG&E owns and operates the Cool Springs Campground located within the
UNFFR Project boundary on PG&E-owned land on the east shore of Butt Valley
reservoir. There are 30 campsites at this campground, each with the same amenities as
listed for the Ponderosa Flat Campground. There are eight vault toilets at the site.
Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that some of the
facilities at the Cool Springs Campground are in good condition while others are in need
of maintenance, including the pay station, several of the older Klamath stoves, and the
water faucets. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that two of the
campsites at this facility are ADA-accessible, but they do not have accessible water
faucets. All of the vault toilets at this facility are fully accessible. The water faucets and
the shoreline area are not accessible and there are no accessible access routes to the
accessible trash receptacles.
PG&E owns and operates the Alder Creek day-use area/boat launch, which is
located within the UNFFR Project boundary on PG&E land on the east shore of Butt
Valley reservoir. There are three picnic tables, cooking grills, a single boat launching
lane and a paved parking area at this site. Guests camping at the Ponderosa Flat
campground must launch their boats at the Alder Creek boat launch to access Butt Valley
reservoir. Through its recreation facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that
most of the facilities at the Alder Creek day-use area/boat launch are in good condition.
Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that the vault toilet at this
facility is accessible. The picnic tables and the shoreline at this facility are not
accessible, and there are no accessible access routes to the accessible trash receptacles.
Visitors to Butt Valley reservoir also use three dispersed, undeveloped sites.
These undeveloped sites are primarily used by anglers for fishing access. There are no
facilities at any of the dispersed recreation sites.
Recreational Use at Project Reservoirs
The primary recreational activities occurring at the project reservoirs during the
summer period include wildlife viewing, picnicking, swimming, canoeing, motorboating,
fishing, hiking, backpacking, camping, equestrian use, and sightseeing. During the
winter, the primary activities include: snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, ice-skating, and
ice-fishing. Since there are no facilities in the project area that have been developed
exclusively for winter activities such as groomed trails or commercial ski areas, these
activities all take place in a dispersed manner on unplowed roads and trails.
As a part of the FERC Form 80 recreational monitoring process, in 2002 PG&E
estimated that Lake Almanor receives 1,214,000 visits annually and Butt Valley reservoir
receives 40,900 visits annually.
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Camping
There are three developed campgrounds at Lake Almanor and two developed
campgrounds at Butt Valley reservoir. PG&E studied camping use at the public
campsites during 2001.
PG&E estimated total annual camping use at Lake Almanor public, developed
campsites to be 53,471 recreation days (PG&E, 2001). Recreation day is defined as
“each visit by a person to a development for recreational purposes during any portion of a
24 hour period.” Table 3-27 includes a breakdown of the numbers by campsite and
season. In addition to the total number of camping days, PG&E investigated the number
of times that the campgrounds were at or above capacity. On Lake Almanor, PG&E
determined that the Last Chance Campground was the only campground that reached
capacity; this was noted on two occasions in 2001.
PG&E estimated total camping use in 2001 at Butt Valley reservoir public,
developed campsites to be 18,970 recreation days. Table 3-27 includes a breakdown of
the numbers by campsite and season. In addition to the total number of camping days,
PG&E investigated the number of times that the campgrounds were at or above capacity.
On Butt Valley reservoir, PG&E determined that both the Cool Springs campground and
the Ponderosa campground reached capacity on eight and two occasions, respectively in
2001.
Table 3-27. Recreation visits to campgrounds at the project reservoirs in 2001. (Source:
PG&E, 2002a)
Total
Recreation
Days
Percent of visitation
during peak season
Number of days
at or above
capacity
Rocky Point
34,921
80
0
Last Chance Creek
1,693
58
2
Almanor Family
Butt Valley Reservoir
16,857
79
0
Cool Springs
4,180
86
8
Ponderosa Flat
14,790
82
2
Campground
Lake Almanor
Boating
Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir offer a variety of boating opportunities.
When Lake Almanor is at full pool (4,494 feet PG&E datum), recreationists have access
to 27,000 acres of surface water for boating, fishing, swimming, waterskiing,
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wakeboarding, and personal watercraft use. Boating access to Lake Almanor is provided
at public boat ramps, private marinas, and on private land adjacent to the project. PG&E
observed boat use on the reservoir during the summer of 2001. PG&E counted the total
number of boats on Lake Almanor on 14 days between May 12 and October 13, 2001.
PG&E has provided information about the number of boats by type across a number of
seasons. Table 3-28 contains information regarding boat use on Lake Almanor.
Table 3-28. Average daily boating use on Lake Almanor between May 12 and
October 13, 2001. (Source: PG&E, 2002a)
Boats At-One-Time
Season
Powerboat PWC
Canoe/Kayak
Sailboat
Floattube
Total
Non-Peak
Season
47.8
1.4
2.2
0.2
1.2
52.8
Peak Season
101.7
29.8
5.5
1.5
0.3
138.7
Peak Holiday
Season
103
37.3
12.7
4.3
2
159.3
Butt Valley reservoir at full pool, 4,140 feet (PG&E datum) consists of 1,600 acres
of surface water for boating, fishing, and swimming. Boating access to Butt Valley
reservoir is provided at one public boat ramp located at the Alder Creek day use area.
Due to a requirement of the current FERC license, the reservoir contains many stumps,
which are more obvious in the shallower upper end of the reservoir. Personal watercraft
and water skiing are not allowed on this reservoir due to safety hazards presented by the
stumps and posted regulations limit boat speeds on Butt Valley reservoir to 25 miles per
hour.
PG&E observed boat use on the reservoir during the summer of 2001. PG&E
counted the total number of boats on Butt Valley reservoir on 14 days from May 12
through October 13, 2001. PG&E reported that use of Butt Valley reservoir was low
with counts ranging from 1 to 10 boats at one time, with the highest number of boats
reported during observations conducted between 4:00 and 7:00 pm.
Recreational Use in River Reaches
Recreational Access and Facilities
Table 3-29 contains information about the developed public recreation sites on the
Belden and Seneca reaches (9.3 and 10. miles long, respectively), and figure 3-15 shows
the location of these sites.
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Table 3-29. Public recreation sites on UNFFR Project River reaches. (Source: PG&E,
2002a)
Facility
Seneca Reach
Belden Reach
Boat ramps/lanes
None
None
Car-top boat access
None
None
Picnic areas/tables
None
Belden rest stop
Gansner Bar campground
Angler access sites
None
Belden rest stop
North Fork campground
Queen Lily campground
Trailheads
North Fork fishing trail
Campgrounds/campsites
or (bunkhouses)
Belden rest stop
Gansner Bar campground
North Fork campground
Queen Lily campground
Swimming areas
None
Ponderosa Flat
campground
Seneca Reach Recreational Facilities—The North Fork fishing trail begins within
the UNFFR Project boundary at the Caribou No. 1 powerhouse. Access around the
powerhouse is provided via steel stairs and a narrow, metal catwalk which extends across
the face of the powerhouse, above the tailrace. The trail then continues down to the
NFFR, eventually paralleling the river and leaving the UNFFR Project boundary, and
extending for approximately two miles upstream of the Caribou powerhouse to Butt
Creek. The trail includes two single span footbridges over the NFFR. The FS maintains
the North Fork fishing trail, including the maintenance and repair of the two trail
suspension bridges, with the exception of the metal catwalk that crosses the powerhouse.
PG&E does not provide parking at the powerhouse. Anglers who use the trail must use
small roadside pull-outs along Caribou Road or park at the Belden forebay and walk up
Caribou Road.
There are two dispersed campsites in the Seneca reach. There are no facilities at
the sites and they appear to receive low levels of use.
Belden Reach Recreational Facilities—The FS owns and operates three
campgrounds outside of the UNFFR Project boundary along the Belden reach. At each
of the campgrounds, each campsite has a picnic table, cooking grill, paved spur, and
some have tent pads. The Queen Lily campground is located on the west branch of the
NFFR along Caribou Road and has 12 campsites, a flush restroom, and potable water.
The North Fork Campground is located on the west branch of the NFFR along Caribou
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Road approximately 1 mile from the Queen Lily campground. This facility has 20
campsites, a flush toilet, and potable water. The Gansner Bar campground is located on
the west branch of the NFFR along Caribou Road approximately 1 mile from the North
Fork campground and approximately 2 miles from the Queen Lily campground. This
facility has 14 campsites, a flush restroom, and an amphitheater. Through its recreation
facility condition inventory, PG&E determined that most of the facilities along the
Belden reach are in good condition.
PG&E owns and operates the Belden rest stop, which is located within of the
UNFFR Project boundary adjacent to the Belden powerhouse. There are four picnic
tables, informational and interpretive signs, a vault toilet, and a paved parking lot at this
site. Visitors can access three recreational trails from this site: Yellow Creek Trail,
Indian Springs Trail, and the Pacific Crest Trail. Through its recreation facility condition
inventory, PG&E determined that some of the facilities at the Belden Rest Stop are in
good condition while others need maintenance, including the vault toilets, the picnic
tables, signs, and the cooking grills. PG&E also determined that the two water faucets
near the open pavilions are broken, and since there is no longer water at the site, they
should be removed. Through its ADA-accessibility study, PG&E determined that the two
vault toilets and the trash receptacles at this facility are fully accessible and meets ADA
guidelines and there is one accessible flush restroom. The picnic tables at this facility are
not accessible and there is no accessible route to the adjacent creek.
In addition, there is a well-defined, but undeveloped site that provides access to
the Belden forebay. Anglers use a small gravel parking area within the UNFFR Project
boundary off of Caribou Road at the northwest end of the forebay and follow a steep trail
to the forebay shoreline. There are no formal facilities at the site and boats are currently
not allowed on the forebay.
There are 20 dispersed sites in the Belden reach used primarily for dispersed
camping. Some of the sites serve as overflow areas for the developed FS campgrounds.
PG&E documented camping at 16 of the 20 sites in 2001, while the remaining sites
appear to be used to access the shoreline for angling and hiking.
In addition to the public sites on the Belden reach, there are two privately-owned
campgrounds on the Feather River just below the project.
Recreational Use at Project Reaches
The primary recreational activities occurring at the project river segments during
the summer include: wildlife viewing, picnicking, swimming, canoeing, motorboating,
fishing, hiking, backpacking, camping, equestrian use, and sightseeing. During the
winter, the primary activities include: snowshoeing and cross-country skiing. Since there
are no facilities in the project area that have been developed exclusively for winter
activities such as groomed trails or commercial ski areas, these activities all take place in
a dispersed manner on unplowed roads and trails.
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Camping
The Belden reach has 3 public developed campgrounds owned and operated by the
FS. PG&E studied camping use at these campgrounds in 2001.
PG&E estimated total camping use at Belden reach public, developed campsites to
be 14,020 recreation days. Table 3-30 includes a breakdown of the numbers by
campground and season. In addition to the total number of camping days, PG&E
investigated the number of times that the campgrounds were at or above capacity. On the
Belden reach, PG&E determined that all three of the campgrounds exceeded capacity;
Queen Lily campground on 18 occasions, Gansner Bar campground on 35 occasions and
North Fork campground on 10 occasions.
Table 3-30. Recreation visits to campgrounds in the project reaches in 2001. (Source:
PG&E, 2002a)
Total recreation
days
Percent of visitation
during peak season
Number of days at
or above capacity
Queen Lily
3,252
69
18
Gansner Bar
5,396
56
35
North Fork
5,372
65
10
Campground
Whitewater Boating
The Seneca reach of the UNFFR begins below Lake Almanor dam and runs south
approximately 11 miles to Caribou No. 1 powerhouse. The Seneca reach has limited
access because of the steep, rugged terrain and private land ownership along the river.
The Belden reach of the UNFFR begins at Caribou No. 1 powerhouse and runs
southwesterly approximately 9 miles to the confluence with the EBNFFR near State
Route 70. Caribou Road runs parallel to the Belden reach, which makes it relatively
accessible.
PG&E conducted a whitewater controlled flow assessment in September/October
2000. PG&E scheduled three boating releases on each of the two reaches. The Seneca
reach was assessed at 210, 325, and 410 cfs and the Belden reach was assessed at 350,
600, and 850 cfs.
For the whitewater controlled flow study, nine boaters participated in the study on
the Seneca reach. Participants were asked to evaluate the flows that they experienced.
PG&E reported that boaters would prefer flows higher than 210 and 325 cfs and a
majority of participants would prefer flows at 410 cfs or slightly higher. Additionally,
PG&E determined that, based on the participants’ responses to specified flow questions,
if they were to provide a single release, a flow of 400 cfs would be recommended until
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locations of rapids and lines became better known. After these became known, a single
release of about 450 cfs would provide quality boating.
On the Belden reach, 24 boaters participated in the study. PG&E reported that all
of the participants considered the 350 cfs flow to be too low and a majority of the
participants considered the 600 cfs to also be too low. A majority of the participants
preferred the 850 cfs flow and those who did not prefer it were roughly split as to
whether the flow was too high or too low. Additionally, PG&E determined that, based on
the participants’ responses to specified flow questions, if it was to provide a single
release, a flow of 750 cfs would be appropriate to provide quality standard kayaking and
rafting opportunities and 850 cfs would be needed to provide some higher challenge
boating.
Participants were asked to compare the runs in comparison to other northern
California Rivers. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents rated the Seneca reach as “better
than average” or “excellent”; while participants were split for the Belden reach with half
indicating that the run is “worse than average” or “average” and half indicating that the
run is “better than average” or “excellent.”
Angling
Angling is a popular activity at the project reaches and reservoirs. The shoreline
fishing opportunities along the Seneca and Belden reaches were assessed at various flows
by PG&E in a fishability study during May of 2001.
PG&E evaluated flows of 700, 300, and 100 cfs in the Seneca reach on separate
days. In addition, researchers evaluated the reach at 35 cfs. At the end of each day,
participants were asked to indicate their preferences for similar, higher, or lower flows.
All participants considered the 700 cfs flow to be too high and two-thirds of the
participants would definitely not return to fish at that flow. At 300 cfs, all of the
participants preferred lower flows. In response to items regarding likelihood of return,
one-third of the participants would not return and two-thirds would possibly return at the
300 cfs flow. At 100 cfs, all anglers reported that they preferred flows at about this level
and two-thirds of the participants indicated that they would definitely return, while onethird indicated that they would possibly return. The core participants were asked to rate a
range of flows that would be suitable for fishing. The 4 study participants who were fly
anglers indicated a range of 50 to 200 cfs, with an optimal flow of 100 cfs. The study
participant who was a bait/spin angler on the panel indicated an acceptable range of 100
to 300 cfs, with the optimal range from about 150 to 250 cfs.
PG&E provided flows of 700 and 300 cfs in the Belden reach on separate days. In
addition, researchers evaluated the reach at 100 cfs. At the end of each day, participants
were asked to indicate their preferences for similar, higher, or lower flows. All
participants considered the 700 cfs flow to be too high and two-thirds of the participants
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indicated that they would definitely not return to fish at that flow. At 300 cfs, threequarters of the participants preferred lower flows, while the remainder indicated that they
preferred flows at about this level. In response to likelihood of return at the 300 cfs flow,
one-quarter of the participants would not return, half would possibly return, and onequarter would definitely return. Participants were asked to rate a range of flows for
fishing. The 4 study participants who were fly anglers indicated a range of acceptable
flow levels between 50 and 250 cfs, with an optimal flow of about 150 cfs. The study
participant who was a bait/spin angler on the panel indicated a range of 275 to 600 cfs
with an optimal flow of 300 cfs.
Accessibility
PG&E conducted a field assessment of both FS and PG&E-owned public
recreation facilities at Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and Belden reach to
determine present adequacies and future accessibility needs for persons with disabilities
who may use public recreation facilities and use areas associated with the project, or who
may participate in primary recreation activities (i.e., camping, fishing, picnicking,
swimming, shoreline access and boating) occurring in the project area. The current
guidance for accessibility is the ADA. ADA-related elements at each site include:
restrooms, toilets, picnic areas, campsites, group sites, water sources, trash receptacles,
fishing areas, boating and swimming areas/shoreline access, outdoor recreation access
routes to primary elements, and recreation trails to non-primary elements.
PG&E determined that the North Fork Feather Trail is not accessible and likely
could not be made accessible due to topography. Likewise, PG&E determined that the
shoreline was too steep for accessible fishing access at Belden forebay. PG&E also
determined that none of the dispersed recreation use areas along the two bypassed
reaches are accessible for persons with disabilities.
Table 3-31 summarizes the accessibility of existing PG&E and FS facilities and
indicates whether the FS facilities are located on the Lassen National Forest (LNF) or the
Plumas National Forest (PNF).
Both the FS and PG&E have provided opportunities for persons with disabilities to
participate in primary recreational activities in the project area and each has emphasized
different activities, to help fill gaps in access.
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X
X
Lake Almanor recreation trail
(LART) (LNF)
Gansner Bar campground (PNF)
North Fork campground (PNF)
Queen Lily campground (PNF)
X
X
Almanor group campground (LNF)
(SR 89)
Dyer View day-use area (LNF)
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Telephones
Canyon dam boat launch/day-use area
(LNF)
Almanor picnic area (SR 89) (LNF)
X
Water faucets
X
X
Almanor boat launch (LNF)
Trash
Receptacles
X
Picnic Tables
Almanor beach (LNF)
X
Toilets/
Restrooms
Almanor Family Campground (LNF)
FS Facilities
Facility
Fishing Sites
X
Parking Areas
X
X
X
X
Campsites
Boat Launches
Swimming Areas/
Shoreline Access
Table 3-31. Summary of the accessibility of existing public, FS, and licensee recreation facilities. (Source: PG&E,
2002a)
X
X
X
Recreation Trails
X
X
Rocky Point campground loop 2
Rocky Point campground loop 3
X
X
Almanor scenic overlook
East shore day-use area
X
X
X
Alder Creek day-use area/boat launch
Cool Springs campground
Belden rest stop (SR 70)
Telephones
X
Trash
Receptacles
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Water faucets
X
X
X
X
Picnic Tables
X
Parking Areas
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Campsites
Boat Launches
Fishing Sites
Swimming Areas/
Shoreline Access
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Notes: X – the existing recreational element in the corresponding column is fully or partially accessible at that facility.
However, the number of accessible facilities may not be fully adequate.
LNF – Lassen National Forest
PNF – Plumas National Forest
X
Ponderosa Flat campground
Last Chance campground/group camp
X
Canyon dam day-use area
Camp Connery group camp
X
Toilets/
Restrooms
Rocky Point campground loop 1
PG&E Facilities
Facility
Recreation Trails
3.3.5.2
Environmental Effects
Recreation Resource Management Plan
PG&E presented a draft RRMP in the final license application, which provides
both existing and future recreation resource needs associated with the UNFFR Project
and PG&E’s proposed involvement and responsibilities in managing those identified
needs over the term of the new license. PG&E prepared the draft RRMP in consultation
with the Recreation, Land Use, and Aesthetics Work Group (RLA Work Group). The
RLA Work Group included representatives of federal, state, and local agencies; adjacent
landowners; shoreline homeowner and country and community club associations; and
other stakeholders. The RLA Work Group participated in the development and review of
technical studies, proposals included in the final license application, and the preparation
of the draft RRMP.
In the SA, PG&E proposes to finalize the draft RRMP in consultation with the FS
and Plumas County within 1 year of license issuance.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies in its final
Section 4(e) condition no. 32, that PG&E finalize the draft RRMP in consultation with
the FS and Plumas County.
In the draft RRMP, PG&E proposes both site-specific and programmatic measures
and the details for implementing them. A brief description of the six programs included
in the draft RRMP defining PG&E’s roles and responsibilities for recreation resources
over the term of the new license is presented here:
x A recreation facilities development program that defines PG&E’s proposed
responsibilities related to construction, including details of proposed
recreation development projects, estimated costs, and schedules.
x A recreation O&M program that defines PG&E’s proposed existing and
future recreation O&M responsibilities, including annual maintenance costs
and maintenance standards to be used. The O&M program also details
programmatic costs for draft RRMP implementation.
x An I&E program that defines how hydroelectric energy production,
environmental, cultural, and informational I&E would be coordinated and
conducted by PG&E at project facilities.
x A recreation monitoring program that defines how PG&E proposes
conducting recreation resource monitoring, including monitoring standards
and indicators, and how the monitoring information would be used in
decision-making.
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x A resource integration and coordination program that defines how PG&E
would integrate recreation resource needs with other resource management
needs over time, such as cultural, wildlife, and aquatic resources and
discusses how actions would be coordinated through annual meetings.
x A RRMP review and revision program that defines how the RRMP would
be updated or revised over the term of the new license.
Our Analysis
The draft RRMP would provide a framework for PG&E to implement recreational
site improvements and coordinate management of recreational resources with the FS and
Plumas County. The proposed recreation facilities development program includes
measures that are extensive and provide substantial improvements to existing recreational
resources associated with the project and significant development of new resources at the
project to address visitor demand and reduce the potential for overcrowding. The
operations and maintenance program clearly defines PG&E’s responsibilities related to
operating and maintaining the project facilities, and describes how PG&E intends to
accomplish them. The interpretation and education program provides a means to
disseminate information regarding project-area resources, facilities, and management
issues to members of the public who either currently use the project area or may be
interested in using the area. The recreation monitoring program would help PG&E
identify changing recreational needs during the term of any new license. The resource
coordination and integration program allows for a variety of parties with interests in
various natural resources to express their individual concerns and resolve potential
conflicts among resources. The RRMP review and revision program provides an
opportunity to modify the RRMP, if necessary, and presents guidance on the timing and
frequency of any modifications.
The terms of the draft RRMP, as well as all of the proposed site-specific measures,
were developed in close coordination with the RLA Work Group and are consistent with
the Lassen and Plumas National Forest Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMPs).
As specified in the LRMPs, the recreational sites would continue to provide developed
recreational opportunities for the public, including day-use areas, campgrounds, parking
areas, and boat ramps, while protecting and improving the natural forest setting
surrounding these facilities and providing future recreational opportunities that meet
changing recreational demand.
Recreational Facility Development Program
As a component of the draft RRMP and identified in the SA, PG&E proposes to
develop a recreation facilities development program to help meet existing and future
recreation facility needs identified in the project area during the term of the license.
PG&E proposes to focus on upgrading existing recreation facilities and constructing new
recreation facilities when appropriate, based on demonstrated need. PG&E proposes that
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this program would address (1) proposed recreation facility development measures and
upgrades in the project area, (2) locations of the proposed recreation facilities or use area
improvements, (3) recreation facility design guidelines and approvals, (4) ADA
compliance and facility upgrades, (5) compliance with NEPA and CEQA as well as
acquisition of all necessary permits and approvals prior to construction of any of the
proposed recreation facilities, (6) agency and public review of planned recreation
development, and (7) facility construction coordination, scheduling, and phasing. PG&E
proposes to implement a number of recreational facility enhancement measures after
initial license issuance and during the license term based on target completion dates and
monitoring triggers (standards) included in the draft RRMP in the license application.
PG&E also proposes to improve accessibility at various sites in accordance with the
ADA.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies in its final
Section 4(e) condition no. 32, that PG&E implement a variety of recreation facility
enhancement measures and improvements after license issuance and during the license
term, based on target completion dates provided in the facility enhancement description
and recreation monitoring indicators and standards included in the draft RRMP. The FS
specifies that all FS recreation facilities be constructed in accordance with ADAAG
guidelines at the time the recreation facilities are upgraded or constructed.
Some portions of FS final condition no. 32 are not under FS jurisdiction because
the facilities they address are not located on NFS lands. These facilities are the Last
Chance Family and Group campgrounds; the Rocky Point Campground and day-use area;
the East Shore Group Camp Area, Family Campground, and day-use area; the North
Shore public boat launch; the Stover Ranch day-use area; Marvin Alexander Beach; the
Canyon Dam day-use area; Westwood Beach; Stumpy Beach; Catfish Beach; the
Almanor Scenic Overlook; Camp Connery; Butt Valley powerhouse trails; Ponderosa
Flat Campground; Cool Springs Campground; the Alder Creek boat launch; and the
Belden Rest Stop. The FS fully supports all elements of condition no. 32, even those
parts pertaining to facilities outside of its jurisdiction, and recommends including all parts
in the license under Section 10(a) of the FPA.
Our Analysis
The recreation facility development program is one of the components of PG&E’s
draft RRMP and would provide direction for the coordination of the development,
management, and maintenance of recreational opportunities and facilities associated with
the project. All of the measures outlined provide improvements to facilities that are
either within the project boundary or are proposed to be added to the project boundary, or
provide access to recreation opportunities that are within the project boundary.
Additionally, PG&E has developed the proposals in consultation with a number of
appropriate parties as a part of settlement discussions. PG&E’s implementation schedule
targets high priority needs first, including ecological and safety concerns, excess
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recreation site capacity, ADA needs, and distribution of access sites around the reservoir
shorelines. Campground and day use facilities which would be significantly modified or
newly built would conform with ADA, increasing the number of accessibility related
opportunities. For future improvements to facilities, PG&E has developed monitoring
triggers that would ensure that such improvements are necessary for public use of the
areas. Facilities would be made safer due to replacement of old stoves and grills and
accordingly, by implementing the proposed recreation measures, PG&E would be
responsible for ensuring that the recreational needs of the public are met throughout the
licensing period.
Section 2.7(b) of the Commission’s regulations requires a project licensee to
consider the needs of the physically disabled in the design and construction of public
recreational facilities on project lands and waters, including public access to such
facilities. The Commission has no statutory role in implementing or enforcing the ADA
as it applies to its licenses. A licensee’s obligation to comply with the ADA exists
independent of its project license. In this regard, the RRMP developed by PG&E for
project recreational facilities should include a discussion of how the licensee considered
the needs of physically disabled individuals in the design and construction of the
proposed recreational enhancements.
Staff lists PG&E’s and FS specific recreation facility development proposals in the
following sections. Figure 3-16 shows the location of these facilities.
Proposed Recreation Facilities and Improvements
Lake Almanor Recreational Facilities and Access
Last Chance Family and Group Campground
In accordance with ADA guidelines, PG&E proposes to modify two campsites and
existing toilet buildings and provide a 150-foot access route leading to the nearby creek.
PG&E intends to initiate and complete the implementation of this measure within 1 to 3
years after license issuance. FS Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1) A.1.a recommends the
same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
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Non-Internet Public
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE
UPPER NORTH FORK FEATHER RIVER PROJECT
Project No. 2105-089
Page 3-223
Figure 3-16
Public access for the above information is available only
through the Public Reference Room, or by e-mail at
public.referenceroom@ferc.gov.
Rocky Point Campground and Day-Use Area
Within 5 to 10 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to convert the Loop 3
overflow camping area into a day-use swim area containing an approximately 1-acre sand
beach above the high water level (4,494 feet elevation, PG&E datum), a swimming
delineator, a paved parking area to accommodate 35 to 40 vehicles, and a double vaulted
restroom; relocate the 20 Loop 3 overflow campsites to the Loop 1 camp overflow area
and provide a new double vaulted toilet building at this location; provide a new entrance
kiosk at the campground, three fee-based shower facility buildings (one for each loop)
with hot water, and bear-proof food lockers at each campsite (151); replace older
Klamath stoves with campfire rings; and revegetate or harden areas significantly
disturbed by pedestrian or vehicle traffic. PG&E also proposes the following
accessibility improvements in accordance with ADA guidelines: modify 10 campsites
(four at Loop 1, three at Loop 2, and three at Loop 3); an accessible access route to the
high water level (4,494-foot elevation, PG&E datum) at the sandy beach; improvements
to existing recreation facilities as needed, such as the campground library box,
telephones, and the envelope box at the pay station and provide appropriate ADAaccessible access routes; modify existing water faucets near accessible elements, such as
toilets and campsites, to be ADA-accessible; accessible routes to the toilet buildings near
the campground entrance and near campsite # 100); and relocate the interior pay station
directly across the road on a level, firm, and stable surface (Loop 2). FS Section 10(a)
condition no. 32(1) A.1.b also recommends the same proposal as PG&E, including the
same implementation timeline.
Forest Service Almanor Shoreline Facilities
Within 1 to 13 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to partner with the FS
and provide approximately 40 percent of matching funding up to a maximum of
$5,000,000 (2004 dollars) for the FS to complete recreation improvements, including
reconstruction of existing facilities and construction of new facilities, at the following
FS-owned recreation facilities: the Almanor Family Campground, the Almanor Group
Campground, the Almanor amphitheater, the Almanor picnic area, and the Almanor
beach. According to the SA, the FS would provide the remaining 60 percent of the cost
to construct the recreation improvements. PG&E also proposes to apply to the
Commission to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary to include the Almanor Family
Campground, the Almanor Group Campground, the Almanor amphitheater, and the
Almanor beach within 6 months after the FS has completed construction of all of the
recreation improvements it has planned for each of these facilities.
If PG&E has not paid the FS the maximum $5,000,000 (2004 dollars) at the end of
the thirteenth year after the license is issued because the FS has been unable to obtain its
corresponding share of the matching funds, then PG&E proposes to use the remaining
funds (the difference between the amount PG&E has already paid the FS in matching
funds and the $5,000,000 cap [2004 dollars]) for recreation improvements at the Almanor
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beach and the East Shore family campground, which would include the addition of up to
28 campsites in a third loop as funding permits. The recreation improvements anticipated
to be completed with the matching funding are described in the following section.
Almanor Family Campground and Amphitheater
Within 1 to 13 years after license issuance, reconstruction of the north and south
loops of the Almanor Family Campground including general improvement of travel ways
and campsite spurs, upgrading sanitation facilities, providing utility hookups, and
constructing an amphitheater, would be completed.
The FS specified, in preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 44A.1, that within 5
years of issuance of a new license, or no later than January 1, 2009, PG&E provide
matching funding for the FS to rehabilitate the Almanor Family Campground by
converting those campsites in proximity to existing underground utilities (approximately
one-half of the sites in the south loop) to accommodate RVs with longer level spurs, to
provide water and power hookups, and to be ADA-accessible; reconstructing the main
access roads and spurs to improve traffic flow and to accommodate modern recreational
vehicles, including leveling, lengthening, and widening of campsite spurs; replacing all
non-accessible vault toilets; constructing shower buildings with showers and toilet
facilities (possibly flush, vault and/or composting toilets) at both the north and south
campground loops; and paving small vehicle parking areas to provide additional vehicle
parking for campground visitors to access recreation facilities. Additionally, the FS
specified that PG&E take over full O&M of the Almanor Family Campground under an
annual agreement with the FS.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(1)A.1.c specifies that PG&E provide
matching funding to reconstruct the north and south loops of the Almanor Family
Campground, including general improvement of travel ways and spurs, upgrading
sanitation facilities, providing utility hook ups, and constructing an amphitheater.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(3) specifies that within 6 months after the
FS has completed all of the recreation improvements at the Almanor Family Campground
and Amphitheater, PG&E would (1) apply to the Commission to adjust the project
boundary as needed to incorporate this facility into the project boundary, and (2) assume
responsibility for the operational maintenance and heavy maintenance of the Almanor
Family Campground and Amphitheater. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 33 defines
operational maintenance as maintenance or reconditioning that neither materially adds to
the value of the property nor appreciably prolongs its life and serves only to keep the
facility in an ordinary, efficient operating condition. Operational maintenance includes
work that may be expensed. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 33 defines heavy
maintenance as maintenance or reconditioning that arrests deterioration and appreciably
prolongs the life of the property and includes expenditures may be capitalized.
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Almanor Group Campground
Within 1 to 13 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes that construction of
camping loops, a group gathering area including a pavilion, and a trailer dump station,
and rehabilitating, restoring, and revegetating the decommissioned overflow and group
camp at the Almanor Group Campground, would be completed.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(1)A.1.c specifies that PG&E provide
matching funding to the FS to construct camping loops, a group gathering area including
a pavilion and a trailer dump station, and to rehabilitate, restore and revegetate the
decommissioned overflow and group camp at the Almanor Group Campground.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(3) specifies that, within 6 months after the
FS has completed all of the recreation improvements at the Almanor Group Campground,
PG&E would (1) apply to the Commission to adjust the project boundary as needed to
incorporate this facility into the project boundary, and (2) assume responsibility for the
operational maintenance and heavy maintenance of the Almanor Group Campground.
Almanor Picnic Area
Within 1 to 13 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes that defining and
upgrading picnic sites, shade structures, and interpretation/orientation facilities at the
Almanor picnic area, would be completed.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(1)A.1.c specifies that PG&E provide
matching funding to the FS for redevelopment of the Almanor picnic area by defining
and upgrading picnic sites, shade structures, and interpretation/orientation facilities. FS
final Section 4(e) condition no. 33 explicitly specifies that PG&E would not be
responsible for the operational maintenance and heavy maintenance of the Almanor
picnic area.
Almanor Beach
Within 1 to 13 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide matching
funding for the FS to expand the sandy beach area and parking area, and construct a swim
buoy at the Almanor beach.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(1)A.1.c specifies that PG&E provide
matching funding to expand the sandy beach area, expand the parking area, and construct
swim buoy at the Almanor beach.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(3) specifies that within 6 months after the
FS has completed all of the recreation improvements at the Almanor beach, PG&E would
(1) apply to the Commission to adjust the project boundary as needed to incorporate this
facility into the project boundary, and (2) assume responsibility for the operational
maintenance and heavy maintenance of the Almanor beach.
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East Shore Group Camp Area
Within 1 to 3 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to convert the existing
East Shore picnic area to a group reservation camp area that would accommodate one
group of 16 RVs or two groups of eight RVs; widening the entrance road; improving
internal road circulation to accommodate RVs; provide one ADA-accessible parking
space near the existing double-vaulted toilet building and an ADA-accessible access
route to the nearby trash receptacles; provide bear-proof food lockers at 16 sites;
providing a paved, non-accessible trail down to the shoreline with switchbacks and stairs;
and institute erosion control measures. PG&E also proposes to apply to the Commission
within 1 year of license issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary to include this
facility. FS final Section 10(a) condition nos. 32(1)A.1.d and 32(3) recommend the same
proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
East Shore Day-Use Area
Within 1 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to designate a day-use
swim area in the existing cove adjacent to the proposed new East Shore campground,
which would include up to five picnic tables, non-paved shoreline access trails, a single
vaulted toilet building, and parking for 10 to 20 vehicles. PG&E also proposes to apply
to the Commission within 1 year of license issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project
boundary to include this facility. FS final Section 10(a) condition nos. 32(1)A.1.i and
32(3) recommend the same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation
timeline.
East Shore Family Campground
Over the term of the project license period, contingent on reaching the recreation
monitoring standards contained in the RRMP during the new license term, PG&E
proposes to provide a new two-loop family campground on PG&E-owned land along the
east shore of Lake Almanor. PG&E proposes to construct the campground in two phases
with a total of approximately 63 new tent and RV campsites, bear-proof food lockers at
each campsite, two user fee, indoor hot shower buildings with flush toilets,
approximately 20 boat moorage slips/buoys, and a camp host site. PG&E also proposes
to apply to the Commission within 1 year of license issuance to adjust the UNFFR
Project boundary to include this facility. FS final Section 10(a) condition nos. 32(1)2.A.2
and 32(3) recommend the same proposal as a potential future recreation enhancement
measure.
North Shore Public Boat Launch
Within 3 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide a new and
expanded public boat launching facility at the North Shore campground, including paved
parking for 40 single vehicles with trailers and 12 single vehicles, a double vaulted toilet
building, and a boarding float. Additionally, PG&E proposes dredging and maintaining
along the existing submerged river channel to provide an approximate 1,000 foot long, 50
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foot wide, and 6 foot deep boat channel that provides boat access to approximately the
4,480-foot elevation (PG&E datum). PG&E proposes that the boat launch would be open
for public use from April 1 to December 1 when the lake’s elevation is at or above the
4,480 foot elevation (PG&E datum) and as snow on the ground permits. PG&E proposes
to provide public access to the boat launch facility along an abandoned portion of
Highway 36 located along the north side of the campground, in order to reduce traffic
impacts at the campground, and relocate 22 campsites within the project boundary that
would be affected by the expanded boat launch facility.
FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.1.e recommends the same proposal as
PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
In its November 29, 2004, comments on the draft EIS, EPA mentions potential
environmental impacts from dredging activities at this site and the need to consider
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
Stover Ranch Day-Use Area
Within 3 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to develop the Stover
Ranch day-use area to provide improved Lake Almanor shoreline access for Chester
residents including gravel parking for 10 to 20 vehicles, a double-vaulted toilet building,
four picnic tables, a non-paved trail to the shoreline, an interpretive sign, and an RV site
to accommodate a new Lake Almanor caretaker. PG&E would coordinate these
developments with the Chester Public Utility District and the Almanor Recreation and
Park District. PG&E also proposes to apply to the Commission within 1 year of license
issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary to include this facility. FS final Section
10(a) condition nos. 32(1)A.1.f and 32(3) recommend the same proposal as PG&E’s,
including the same implementation timeline.
Marvin Alexander Beach
Within 1 to 3 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to assume management
responsibility of the PSEA swim beach and expand and improve the existing sandy beach
to a 0.4 acre area above the high water level (4,494-foot elevation, PG&E datum),
provide an improved gravel parking area for 30 to 45 single vehicles, replace the site's
two single-vault toilet buildings and 10 picnic tables, and provide a swim delineator.
PG&E also proposes changing the name of the site to the “Marvin Alexander Beach” to
eliminate any public perception that this is a private beach. FS final Section 10(a)
condition no. 32(1)A.1.g recommends the same proposal as PG&E, including the same
implementation timeline.
Canyon Dam Day-Use Area
Within 1 to 3 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide an
approximately 0.3-acre sandy beach above the high water level (4,494-foot elevation,
PG&E datum), a swim area delineator, an informational kiosk, improved vehicle
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circulation, and eight new ADA-accessible picnic tables; and in accordance with ADA
guidelines, modify eight existing picnic tables to make them accessible, provide an
accessible parking space, and provide an accessible route to the high water level (4,494
foot elevation, PG&E datum) at the swim beach area in accordance with ADA guidelines.
Additionally, PG&E proposes to reserve approximately 1 acre of land adjacent to the
Canyon dam day-use area for potential future recreation development during the term of
the new license. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.1.h recommends the same
proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Westwood Beach Day-Use Area
Within 1 to 3 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide a gravel
parking area for 10 vehicles, six picnic tables, an ADA-accessible single vaulted toilet
building, an approximately 0.1 acre sandy beach, a swim delineator, directional signage,
and erosion control measures to protect the shoreline from wind-caused wave action at
the Westwood beach. PG&E also proposes to apply to the Commission within 1 year of
license issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary to include this facility. FS final
Section 10(a) condition nos. 32(1)A.1.j and 32(3) recommend the same proposal as
PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Stumpy Beach Day-Use Area
Within 1 to 3 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide five picnic
tables, directional signage, an approximately 0.7 acre sandy beach above the high water
level (4,494 foot elevation, PG&E datum), a swim delineator, eight to 10 paved parking
spaces parallel to Highway 147 with trails connecting to the northern and southern
portions of Stumpy beach (the southern trail would be ADA-accessible where feasible
and the northern trail would be non-paved), four benches at the roadside parking area for
viewing Lake Almanor and the surrounding mountains, and erosion control measures to
protect the shoreline from wind-caused wave action. PG&E also proposes providing a
single vaulted toilet building if allowed by Plumas County and the California Department
of Transportation set back regulations; otherwise, PG&E proposes providing a seasonal
portable toilet building. PG&E also proposes to apply to the Commission within 1 year
of license issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary to include this facility. FS
final Section 10(a) condition nos. 32(1)A.1.k and 32(3) recommend the same proposal as
PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Catfish Beach
Within 3 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to make a good faith
effort to negotiate a reasonable easement across private lands to provide public road
access to the Catfish beach area. If PG&E’s negotiations are unsuccessful, PG&E would
not be required to seek to condemn the easement. PG&E also proposes to provide a
single vaulted toilet building at this site and monitor and maintain the toilet building and
the site’s cleanliness through appropriate means. PG&E proposes to apply to the
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Commission within 1 year of license issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary to
include this facility. FS final Section 10(a) condition nos. 32(1)A.1.l and 32(3)
recommend the same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Almanor Scenic Overlook
Within 1 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide an ADAaccessible route connecting the existing accessible double vaulted toilet building at the
overlook with a new ADA-accessible parking space, and conduct vegetative brushing and
clearing to restore the views of Lake Almanor, Mt. Lassen, and Canyon dam. FS final
Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.1.m recommends the same proposal as PG&E,
including the same implementation timeline.
Southwest Shoreline Access Zone
Within 1 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide four
shoreline access points at existing informally used areas along Lake Almanor’s southwest
shoreline between Prattville and Canyon dam in consultation with the FS. These
shoreline access areas would provide vehicle access at or above the 4,494 foot elevation
(PG&E datum) and serve as pedestrian access areas to the adjacent shoreline. PG&E
proposes to provide four gravel parking areas that provide parking for up to four to eight
vehicles at two of the areas and 10 to 20 vehicles at the other two areas; vehicle barriers;
regulatory, interpretive, and informational signs; gravel access roads; and, if appropriate,
single vaulted toilet buildings at these access areas. PG&E proposes to assume
responsibility for operational maintenance and heavy maintenance for each facility as it is
constructed. PG&E also proposes to apply to the Commission within 1 year of license
issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary as needed to incorporate these facilities.
PG&E also proposes to close and restore to natural conditions other degraded usercreated vehicular access routes along the southwest shoreline in consultation with the FS.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 32(1)A.1.n specifies the same proposal as
PG&E, including the same implementation timeline. FS final Section 4(e) condition no.
32(3) specifies that PG&E apply to the Commission to adjust the project boundary as
needed to incorporate those portions of the southwest shoreline access zone facilities
currently outside of the project boundary into the project boundary. FS final Section 4(e)
condition no. 33 specifies that PG&E would assume responsibility for the operational
maintenance and heavy maintenance of the southwest shoreline access zone facilities as
each facility is constructed.
Camp Connery Reservation Group Camp Area
Within 1 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide an ADAaccessible parking space and a new bunk house cabin with an ADA-accessible toilet and
a user fee based hot shower and retrofit the existing telephone position and water faucet
features to meet the ADA guidelines. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.1.o
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also recommends the same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation
timeline.
Over the term of the project license period, contingent on reaching the recreation
monitoring standards contained in the draft RRMP during the new license term, PG&E
proposes to provide a new group reservation camping area adjacent to the existing Camp
Connery group camp, which would either provide space for two groups of approximately
eight self-contained RVs or one group of approximately 16 self-contained RVs, a
centrally located bear-proof food facility, and two user fee, indoor shower buildings with
hot water and flush toilets. PG&E also proposes to repair and resurface the existing
access road. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)2.A.1 also recommends the same
proposal as a potential future recreation enhancement measure.
Lake Almanor Recreation Trail Easements
The FS specified, as preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 44B.2, that within 5
years of issuance of a new license, or no later than January 1, 2009, that PG&E provide
easements to the FS and Plumas County for non-motorized recreational trails across
PG&E-owned project lands surrounding Lake Almanor. The FS specified that the
conditions of the proposed trail easements would be similar to those previously provided
to the FS. The FS originally specified extending the LART all the way to the Canyon
dam boat launch and day-use area, adding another few miles to the LART. The FS final
Section 4(e) conditions did not include any specifications related to the LART.
Our Analysis
Lake Almanor, the largest reservoir at the UNFFR Project, has induced high
concentrations of human use around the lake shoreline. Only 11 percent of the perimeter
of Lake Almanor is composed of NFS lands, and the remaining shoreline consists of
private land owned by either PG&E or private owners. The majority of the non-PG&E
private land is occupied by private dwellings so public access at Lake Almanor is limited
to NFS lands, PG&E lands, and a limited number of private marinas and other points of
access.
The Last Chance family and group camp currently has no ADA-accessible
elements. Based on draft ADA guidelines, this facility should have three accessible
campsites, but the modification of both two campsites and the two toilet buildings to
ADA standards would improve accessibility at the facility. Providing an ADA-accessible
access road to the nearby creek would also enhance accessibility.
Loop One of the Rocky Point campground is one of only two facilities in the
project that provides the minimum number of accessible campsites as required in the
draft ADA guidelines. PG&E’s proposal to modify several elements to ADA standards at
this facility would greatly improve accessibility. Replacing the older Klamath stoves
with campfire rings at all of the campsites would improve safety at the facility. The other
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improvements proposed at this facility would make the facility more desirable to
recreation users.
Most of the recreation facilities on NFS lands along Lake Almanor are located
adjacent to PG&E-operated facilities. Unfortunately, most of these recreation facilities
do not meet current FS standards including LRMP standards and guidelines and current
ADA accessibility standards. PG&E proposes providing 40 percent of the matching
funds up to a maximum of $5,000,000 to the FS to assist with making major
improvements to its Lake Almanor facilities. Many of these facilities have very few, if
any, ADA-accessible elements and the elements that are there are in need of
modification. PG&E has set a limit on the amount of money it would provide to the FS
to assist with reconstruction and modifications of these facilities. Improvement of the FS
facilities would bring them up to the current standards of the PG&E facilities.
PG&E’s proposed modification of the East Shore picnic area into a group camp
area would increase the number of group camping areas available at Lake Almanor.
Likewise, PG&E’s proposal to modify several elements to ADA standards at this facility
would improve accessibility at Lake Almanor. Formalizing the trail down to the
shoreline and completion of erosion control measures would improve the recreation
experience at this site, as well as protect it and water quality in Lake Almanor.
PG&E’s proposal to create a swimming area adjacent to the new East Shore group
camp area would increase recreational opportunities for visitors to the East Shore
campground, as well as day use visitors.
PG&E proposes to provide a new two-loop family campground on the east shore
of Lake Almanor once use levels or other indicators reach a defined capacity threshold
level. PG&E proposes monitoring campground utilization at Lake Almanor by
calculating the capacity utilization of selected campgrounds during the managed use
season (primarily mid-May to mid-September) and during the peak months (July and
August at most sites). PG&E would annually assess whether use levels are approaching
threshold standards to determine if demand warrants construction of another campground
in the area.
PG&E’s proposal to provide a new and expanded boat launching facility at North
Shore campground on Lake Almanor would increase the number of free public launch
facilities available on Lake Almanor and would also provide a launch facility at the
northern end of the lake, allowing boat users to disperse themselves around the Lake
Almanor shoreline. Currently, parking at this site is limited and increasing opportunities
for parking at this facility would make this site more desirable and efficient. Dredging
and maintaining the existing submerged river channel within the project waters would be
necessary to provide an approximately 1,000 foot long, 50 foot wide, and 6 foot deep
boat channel that provides boat access to approximately the 4,480-foot elevation (PG&E
datum). Dredging activities can be undertaken with minimal effects on water quality as
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long as best management practices are in place to control sedimentation and downstream
transport of fine-grained sediment that may be resuspended at the dredging site. We
anticipate that dredging activities would occur during the fall, when the lake level is
typically lower and much, if not all, of the work could be conducted “in the dry.”
PG&E’s proposed development of the Stover Ranch into a day use area with
parking, picnic tables, and a trail to the shoreline would provide easier and improved
access to the Lake Almanor shoreline for Chester residents and visitors. Additionally,
accommodating a seasonal caretaker at the site would help ensure that the site is
maintained in a pleasing manner and should minimize the possibility of vandalism at the
site.
PG&E’s proposal to modify the existing PSEA swim beach would increase dayuse beach opportunities for the public along the Lake Almanor shoreline. Renaming the
site “Marvin Alexander Beach” would allow PG&E to pay tribute to a member of the
community with a long-time, unwavering interest in Lake Almanor and should help
eliminate any public perception that the facility is a private beach.
PG&E’s modification of eight existing picnic tables and provision of eight new
picnic tables to ADA standards would improve accessibility at the Canyon dam day-use
area and bring the facility up to ADA standards. Providing an ADA-accessible parking
space and an accessible route to the high water level would also enhance accessibility.
Westwood and Stumpy beaches are currently undeveloped dispersed sites along
the eastern shoreline of Lake Almanor. PG&E’s proposal to provide facilities at the
Westwood and Stumpy beaches would increase day-use beach opportunities for the
public along the Lake Almanor shoreline and should attract some of the day use from the
western shore. PG&E’s proposals to provide elements at these sites in compliance with
ADA standards would improve accessibility at Lake Almanor. Additionally, PG&E’s
provision of erosion control measures would protect the shoreline and the newly created
beaches at these sites, and should help maintain water quality in Lake Almanor.
PG&E proposes to attempt to acquire an easement across private lands to provide
both public road access and a single vaulted toilet building at Catfish beach, which
currently is an undeveloped dispersed site. According to studies conducted by PG&E, fly
fishermen expressed concern over the current gated access to Catfish beach, which makes
it difficult for older fly fisherman to reach the area they traditionally use to go fishing.
This proposal would increase day use beach opportunities for the public along the Lake
Almanor shoreline, may disperse some of the use from the western shore, and should
address sanitation issues at Catfish beach.
PG&E’s proposals for the Almanor scenic overlook would make the site more
accessible and also improve the aesthetic appeal of the site for visitors.
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PG&E’s proposal for the southwest shoreline access zone would formalize some
of the existing undeveloped dispersed use in this area. Defining the boundaries of this
shoreline vehicular access area would minimize adverse impacts on water quality,
cultural resources, and the flora and fauna in the area.
PG&E’s proposal to modify several elements to ADA standards at Camp Connery
would greatly improve accessibility at this site and allow a broader range of visitors to
use the facility. PG&E also proposes to provide a new group camping area adjacent to
the existing Camp Connery group camp once use levels or other indicators reach a
defined capacity threshold level. PG&E proposes monitoring group campground
utilization at Lake Almanor by calculating the capacity utilization of selected
campgrounds during the managed use season (primarily mid-May to mid-September) and
during the peak months (July and August at most sites). PG&E would annually assess if
use levels are approaching threshold standards to determine if demand warrants
construction of another group campground in the area.
The FS originally recommended that PG&E provide easements to them for the
purpose of extending the LART to the north and to the south. Extending the LART
would enhance trail opportunities at Lake Almanor and provide visitors with another
means to access sites on the western shore of Lake Almanor without having to drive a
vehicle. However, to extend the LART all the way to Canyon dam day-use area and boat
launch to the south, the route would pass through sensitive plant and animal habitat and
coordination with other resource specialists would be necessary prior to designing a trail
in this area. Also, certain use restrictions in this sensitive area may apply. The FS no
longer recommends that PG&E grant easements to the FS so that it may extend the
LART. We conclude that extension of the LART is not appropriate at this time.
A connection exists between project operations and recreational use of formal and
informal recreational sites at Lake Almanor. All of the facilities that PG&E proposes to
either construct or provide funding to construct are used as primary access points to Lake
Almanor. As such, a clear connection exists between project operations and recreational
use of these facilities. Including all of these facilities in the project boundary would
provide assurance that improvements would be consistent with project purposes and that
PG&E, in cooperation with the FS, would continue to provide recreational access to
project lands and waters. We conclude that the facilities proposed for improvement or
construction should be included in the project boundary. The FS would own the facilities
on NFS land but we consider it appropriate for PG&E to contribute annually to the O&M
of project-related recreational facilities.
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Butt Valley Reservoir Recreational Facilities and Access
Powerhouse Trails
Within 5 to 10 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide two
improved angler access trails to two locations near the Butt Valley powerhouse. One of
the trails would be an approximately 200-foot, non-paved trail beginning at the existing
gravel parking area next to the powerhouse down the steep slope east of the powerhouse
to the levee below, with stairs, if needed. The second trail would be ADA-accessible
(compact base rock) originating from an existing pullout along the Prattville-Butt Valley
Road near the powerhouse, extending approximately 700 feet to the eastern shoreline of
the inlet near the levee. PG&E proposes to develop a new compacted base rock trailhead
parking area with barriers for this trail. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.2.a
specifies the same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Ponderosa Flat Campground
Within 5 to 10 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide a single
person, non-heated outdoor shower at Ponderosa Flat campground, and, in accordance
with ADA guidelines: modify four campsites and retrofit the existing designated
accessible campsites to provide accessibility of the picnic table, fire ring, cooking grill,
tent or RV area, and water faucet at each of these campsites; replace the vault toilets in
the overflow area with one new accessible single vaulted toilet building and modify all of
the other existing designated accessible toilet buildings to meet current ADA standards;
provide an ADA-accessible access route to the toilet building near Site 45 and one ADAaccessible paved parking space near the toilet buildings; provide an ADA-accessible
swimming area at the campground with an approximately 0.4 acre sandy beach above the
high water elevation (4,132 foot elevation, PG&E datum) and a swim delineator; and
provide a new ADA-accessible fishing access trail and pier or platform north of the
overflow area. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.2.b specifies the same
proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Over the term of the project license period, contingent on reaching the recreation
monitoring standards contained in the draft RRMP during the new license term, PG&E
proposes to provide approximately 20 new primitive tent campsites, likely to the north of
the current overflow area, and a new 100 person capacity group camp area in the existing
overflow area. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)2.B.1 specifies the same
proposal as a potential future recreation enhancement measure.
Cool Springs Campground
Within 5 to 10 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide a twoperson, non heated outdoor shower at Cool Springs campground and one new ADAaccessible campsite by modifying the picnic table, the fire ring, the cooking grill, the tent
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or RV space, and water faucet. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.2.c
recommends the same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Alder Creek Boat Launch
Within 5 to 10 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to expand the existing
Alder Creek boat launch parking area to accommodate 10 to 20 additional vehicles with
trailers and to improve circulation. PG&E proposes that new parking areas on the east
side of the Butt Valley Reservoir Road would be gravel while the parking areas on the
west side of this road would be paved. PG&E also proposes to modify the boat launch to
be accessible, and provide one ADA-accessible parking space near the existing double
vaulted toilet building. PG&E proposes to apply to the Commission within 1 year of
license issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary as needed to include all of this
facility. FS final Section 10(a) condition nos. 32(1)A.2.d and 32(3) specify the same
proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Our Analysis
Butt Valley reservoir is located on the Plumas National Forest. There is no road
access to the west side of the reservoir, and all developed facilities are located along the
Caribou-Butt Valley Road on the east side of the reservoir. Recreation development at
Butt Valley reservoir has focused on a more primitive recreation experience in an attempt
to provide a wide spectrum of opportunity from highly developed at Lake Almanor to
primitive at Butt Valley reservoir.
PG&E’s proposal to provide two angler access trails near the Butt Valley
powerhouse would formalize some of the existing user-defined trails in the area. One of
the trails is proposed to be ADA-accessible, increasing the diversity of recreation
experiences available.
Ponderosa Flat Campground is the second one of only two facilities in the project
that provides the minimum number of accessible campsites as required in the draft ADA
guidelines. PG&E’s proposal to modify several elements to ADA standards at this
facility would greatly improve accessibility. The other improvements proposed at this
facility would make the facility more desirable to recreation users.
PG&E proposes to provide 20 new primitive tent campsites and a new 100 person
capacity group camp area in the existing overflow area at the Ponderosa Flat
Campground once use levels or other indicators reach a defined capacity threshold level.
PG&E proposes monitoring campground utilization at Butt Valley Reservoir by
calculating the capacity utilization of selected campgrounds during the managed use
season (primarily mid-May to mid-September) and during the peak months (July and
August at most sites). PG&E would annually assess if use levels are approaching
threshold standards to determine if demand warrants construction of another campground
in the area.
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PG&E’s proposal to provide a new, fully-accessible campsite at the Cool Springs
Campground would bring this facility into compliance with ADA standards.
The new parking areas that PG&E proposes at the Alder Creek boat launch would
help accommodate user demand at this facility. PG&E’s proposal to modify the boat
launch to be ADA-accessible and providing one accessible parking space would improve
accessibility at this site. A connection exists between project operations and recreational
use of this site and this site is used as a primary access point to Butt Valley reservoir. As
such, a clear connection exists between project operations and recreational use of this
facility. Including this facility in the project boundary would provide assurance that
improvements would be consistent with project purposes and that PG&E, in cooperation
with the FS, would continue to provide recreational access to project lands and waters.
We conclude that this facility should be included in the project boundary.
Belden Forebay Recreational Facilities and Access
Belden Forebay Access
Within 5 to 10 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide a car-top
boat launch, a seasonal portable toilet building, and a gravel parking area for 10 single
vehicles at the Belden forebay's existing undeveloped parking area, which also serves as
the trailhead for the North Fork fishing trail; provide suitable access for launching small
car-top watercraft at the Belden forebay; post signage referring to a Plumas County
ordinance (once the ordinance is approved) limiting boat engines to 10 hp, boat speeds to
5 mph on small reservoirs such as the Belden forebay, prohibit swimming or boating
within 0.25 mile of Belden dam and prohibit swimming or boating at night. FS final
Section 4(e) condition no. 32(1)A.3.a also specifies the same proposal as PG&E,
including the same implementation timeline.
North Fork Fishing Trail
Within 1 to 3 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to improve the North
Fork fishing trail from the Belden forebay parking area to the upstream side of Caribou
powerhouse 1, including retrofitting the existing metal trail decking and railing at the
powerhouse above the turbine outlets providing enhanced access and safety, trail
directional signs, and a wider, more even non-paved trail base along the chain-link
fencing at the powerhouse yard and along Caribou Road from the parking area. FS final
Section 4(e) condition no. 32(1)A.3.b specifies the same proposal as PG&E, including the
same implementation timeline.
Our Analysis
There are no developed boating-related facilities at the Belden forebay. PG&E’s
proposal to provide access for boaters to launch their car-top boats at the Belden forebay
would address angler needs and user demand at this site. Providing a parking lot and a
toilet building would address any sanitation concerns at the site. The North Fork fishing
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trail is the only developed non-motorized trail on the project river reaches and receives
regular use by anglers. Improving the trail would prevent site degradation and ensure the
safety of trail users.
Bypassed River Reaches
Upper Belden Reach River Access
Prior to the initiation of any recreation release flows, PG&E proposes to provide a
river access point at the upstream end of the Belden reach located at the spoil pile area
which would include a seasonal portable toilet, a seasonal dumpster located over a
concrete pad, and a non-paved parking area to accommodate 15 to 25 single vehicles.
PG&E proposes to apply to the Commission within 1 year of license issuance to adjust
the UNFFR Project boundary to include this facility. FS final Section 4(e) condition nos.
32(1)A.4.a and 32(3) specify the same proposal as PG&E.
Belden Reach Trails
Within 1 to 3 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to provide and maintain
four trails to the Belden reach shoreline from existing informal parking areas where
public access can be provided in a safe manner. PG&E proposes to apply to the
Commission within 1 year of license issuance to adjust the UNFFR Project boundary to
include these facilities. FS final Section 4(e) condition nos. 32(1)A.4.b and 32(3) specify
the same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation timeline.
Belden Rest Stop (SR 70)
Within 3 to 5 years after license issuance, PG&E proposes to relocate the existing
picnic tables down to the rest stop's lower level and disperse them within the area from
the Eby Stamp Mill to the gazebo near the creek; replace two of the tables with ADAaccessible tables; develop ADA-accessible routes to the gazebo, the overlook area next to
the creek, and to the Eby Stamp Mill historical features; and provide improved I&E
elements at the rest stop and erosion control measures on the slope between the parking
lot and the upper picnic area. PG&E also proposes to remove the existing cooking grills
from the upper level and closing that area. FS final Section 10(a) condition no.
32(1)A.4.c specifies the same proposal as PG&E, including the same implementation
timeline.
Lower Belden Reach River Access
If a determination is made to proceed with scheduled river recreation flows,
PG&E proposes to provide up to a maximum of $125,000 (2005 dollars) to the FS for
construction of non-Project river access to the lower Belden reach. PG&E expects the FS
to make a good faith effort to obtain matching funds to help offset the cost of these
improvements.
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FS preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 44H.1 recommended that PG&E prepare
a river recreation facilities plan in consultation with the Technical Review Group and
approved by FS, if a determination is made to proceed with scheduled river recreation
flows. The FS further recommended that PG&E provide up to $125,000 for construction
of essential facilities including access facilities at a site determined by the FS, with paved
parking, restroom, picnic table, bear-proof garbage disposal and reasonable access to
launch and retrieve kayaks and rafts.
FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(1)A.4.d specifies the same proposal as
PG&E except that the FS clarifies that the $125,000 is in constant dollars and not subject
to escalation.
Our Analysis
The Seneca and Belden reaches provide many dispersed recreation use
opportunities, especially the Belden reach. Formalizing access points at the upper and
lower ends of the reach would address environmental concerns related to riparian areas at
these locations. Likewise, providing and maintaining trails to the shoreline should
discourage the formation of informal trails, thus addressing environmental concerns at
this site. Regular maintenance of the trails to the shoreline of the Belden reach should
also ensure user safety.
The Belden Rest Stop receives year-round use due to its location on SR 70, which
is plowed in the winter. It is primarily used by motorists for short periods of time.
PG&E’s proposal to provide two ADA-accessible picnic tables would bring the facility
into compliance with the draft ADA guidelines. PG&E’s proposal to modify other
elements at this facility to ADA standards would greatly improve accessibility at this site
and allow a broader range of visitors to use the facility. Safety for all users would be
enhanced with the closure of the upper picnic area. The other improvements proposed at
this facility would make the facility more desirable to visitors and may encourage
extended visits at the site. Additionally, PG&E’s provision of erosion control measures
would protect the environmental quality of the area, and should help maintain a pleasing
aesthetic quality at the site.
Whitewater boating flows may be proposed in the Belden reach and there is
potential for implementation of scheduled recreational boating releases there in the
future. PG&E proposes providing an improved access point at the upper end of the
Belden reach for a boater put-in location. This access point would accommodate use
issues such as vehicle parking and sanitation issues at this location. Additionally, PG&E
proposes providing funding to the FS for construction of a non-project river access point
to provide a boater take-out location. Any amenities provided at this site, would be based
on an assessment of user needs by the FS and PG&E.
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A connection exists between project operations and recreational use of informal
recreational sites in the Belden reach. All of the facilities that PG&E proposes to either
construct or provide funding to construct are used as primary access points to the Belden
reach. As such, a clear connection exists between project operations and recreational use
of these facilities. Including all of these facilities in the project boundary would provide
assurance that improvements would be consistent with project purposes and that PG&E,
in cooperation with the FS, would continue to provide recreational access to project lands
and waters. We conclude that the facilities proposed for improvement or construction
should be included in the project boundary. The FS would own the facilities on NFS land
but we consider it appropriate for PG&E to contribute annually to the O&M of projectrelated recreational facilities.
Recreation Operations and Maintenance Program
In the draft RRMP, PG&E states that it expects to allocate most of the day-to-day
recreation facility management responsibility for its facilities to a PG&E-contracted
concessionaire who would be responsible for all necessary personnel, equipment,
materials, and management. PG&E also states that it expects that all existing and future
recreation facilities owned and operated by entities other than PG&E would be operated
and maintained by their current providers. However, as a component of the draft RRMP
and identified in the SA, PG&E proposes assuming responsibility for operational
maintenance and heavy maintenance of the following FS facilities prior to the start of the
first recreation season following license issuance: the Dyer View day-use area, the
Canyon dam boat launch and day-use area, and the Almanor boat launch. Additionally,
as each recreation facility is individually constructed, PG&E proposes to assume
responsibility for operational maintenance and heavy maintenance for the southwest
shoreline access zone facilities described in the recreation facilities development
program. Further, PG&E proposes that, within 6 months after the FS has completed
construction of each of the recreation improvements it had planned for the FS Almanor
Family Campground and Amphitheater, the FS Almanor Group Campground, and the FS
Almanor beach, it would apply to FERC to incorporate these additional FS facilities
within the FERC project boundary and to include these facilities in the O&M program.
PG&E proposes that its operational maintenance and heavy maintenance of FS
facilities would be consistent with FS standards, applicable laws, regulations, codes and
other legal direction. PG&E proposes that it would not be responsible for any future
reconstruction of FS facilities.
PG&E proposes to be responsible for operational maintenance and heavy
maintenance at FS facilities. To offset its operational and heavy maintenance costs and
reasonable administrative costs, PG&E proposes to collect and retain 100 percent of FSapproved reasonable user fees at all FS recreational facilities that PG&E operates and
maintains with the intent that the fees would be sufficient to cover PG&E’s costs over the
term of the license. These fees may also cover any matching contribution PG&E made
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toward initial construction of recreation improvements at FS facilities. Collection of user
fees would be done in accordance with FERC, FS, and applicable California Department
of Boating and Waterways regulations. PG&E proposes to track costs and revenues in a
balancing account and providing the FS with an annual accounting. PG&E proposes that
funds derived from user fees may be accumulated from year to year to address larger
heavy maintenance projects. At the end of the license term, PG&E proposes that any
funds remaining in the balancing account would be used to offset its matching
contribution toward initial construction of recreation improvements at FS facilities.
Prior to assuming responsibility for the operational maintenance and heavy
maintenance of these FS facilities, PG&E proposes to enter into an FS-approved
operation agreement or other appropriate authorization with the FS that addresses
PG&E’s obligations as defined in the SA. PG&E proposes to meet with the FS and
Plumas County every 5 years, or as necessary, to determine whether the fees are
sufficient to meet their proposed purposes, and if not, to make necessary adjustments.
PG&E further proposes to meet with the FS and Plumas County at least annually to
review the operational maintenance and heavy maintenance of FS facilities included in
the license and to adjust maintenance levels as necessary.
As part of the O&M program, PG&E proposes to work with the Plumas County
Sheriff’s Department and its Marine Patrol to provide for adequate public safety on
project lands and waters. PG&E proposes to develop a new Memorandum of
Understanding with the Plumas County Sheriff’s Department that would define activities
proposed at the UNFFR Project. PG&E proposes to coordinate with the Plumas County
Sheriff’s Department to provide for continued seasonal marine patrols of Lake Almanor
and land patrol of project lands within the project boundary. PG&E proposes that the
Marine Patrol would be responsible for marking and/or removing floating hazards in the
lake per the new MOU, enforcing existing county ordinances regarding watercraft speed
limits and no-wake zones, and enforcing new vehicular access restrictions below the
4,500-foot elevation at Lake Almanor (once a new county ordinance is approved). The
Marine Patrol would be assisted by land-based Sheriff’s Department patrols to help
enforce existing county campfire restrictions and new county vehicular access restrictions
below the 4,500-foot elevation at Lake Almanor.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS reflects PG&E’s
proposal as described in the SA in its final Section 4(e) condition no. 33 and specifies
that PG&E assume responsibility for operational maintenance and heavy maintenance of
the following FS facilities prior to the start of the first recreation season following license
issuance: the Dyer View day-use area, the Canyon dam boat launch and day-use area,
and the Almanor boat launch. Additionally, as each recreation facility is individually
constructed, the FS specifies that PG&E assume responsibility for operational
maintenance and heavy maintenance for the southwest shoreline access zone facilities
described in the recreation facilities development program. In its final Section 4(e)
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condition no. 32(3), the FS further specifies that, within 6 months after the FS has
completed construction of each of the recreation improvements it has planned for the FS
Almanor Family Campground and Amphitheater, the FS Almanor Group Campground,
and the FS Almanor beach, that PG&E would apply to FERC to incorporate these
additional FS facilities within the FERC project boundary and to include these facilities
in the O&M program.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 33 defines operational maintenance as
maintenance or reconditioning that neither materially adds to the value of the property
nor appreciably prolongs its life and serves only to keep the facility in an ordinary,
efficient operating condition. Operational maintenance includes work that may be
expensed. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 33 defines heavy maintenance as
maintenance or reconditioning that arrests deterioration and appreciably prolongs the life
of the property and includes expenditures may be capitalized. FS final Section 4(e)
condition no. 33 further specifies that PG&E’s operational maintenance and heavy
maintenance of FS facilities be consistent with FS standards, applicable laws, regulations,
codes, and other legal direction. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 33 specifies that
PG&E would not be responsible for any future reconstruction of the FS facilities listed.
The FS also specifies that PG&E collect and retain 100 percent of the FS-approved
reasonable user fees at all FS recreation facilities that PG&E operates and maintains in
accordance with Commission, FS, and applicable California Department of Boating and
Waterways regulations. The FS specifies that these user fees be used to offset PG&E’s
operational maintenance, heavy maintenance, and reasonable administrative costs, with
the intent that the fees would be sufficient to cover these costs over the term of the
license,
Our Analysis
The O&M program is a component of the draft RRMP and has also been proposed
by PG&E in the SA and recommended by the FS. Ongoing and adequate O&M of
existing and future recreation facilities is critical to visitor enjoyment and effective
recreation resource management. A partnership between PG&E and the FS for O&M of
FS recreation facilities would be beneficial for a number of reasons: FS funding is often
too low and unpredictable to adequately maintain facilities and meet growing needs;
PG&E is able to provide more consistent management over the life of the license than the
FS, which is subject to changing budgets based on Congressional appropriations; PG&E
would be able to realize all receipts received from the recreational facilities which would
provide substantially more revenues to invest in the facilities for maintenance and
standard upgrades over the life of the license; adjacent project facilities would be
managed more consistently, reducing visitor confusion over management practices; and
funding for the facilities would be provided in a more efficient and consistent manner,
which should result in improved public service and increased user satisfaction.
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Interpretation and Education Program
As a component of the draft RRMP and identified in the SA, PG&E proposes to
develop an I&E program for the project in consultation with the FS, Plumas County, and
other stakeholders within 2 years after license issuance. PG&E proposes to submit the
portion of the I&E program that pertains to FS facilities to the FS for its approval and to
implement the program within 1 year of program approval by the Commission. PG&E
proposes that the I&E program would provide information to enhance recreation
experiences and encourage appropriate resource protection, cooperative and safe
behaviors from project visitors. PG&E proposes that the I&E program would include
themes, media, media design, prioritized sites, and prioritized services. Potential themes
that PG&E proposes include fish and wildlife resources, volcanic history, hydropower,
Native American cultures, pioneers, recreation activities and facilities available in the
project area, and boating hazards. The program as PG&E proposes it in the SA would
include improvements such as interpretive or informational signs, kiosks, reservoir
boating safety and hazard information signs and brochures, and informational signs
describing recreation facilities and opportunities in the area. PG&E proposes that
development of improvements contemplated in the I&E program would be at recreation
sites owned by PG&E and the FS that are to be included within the project boundary.
PG&E also proposes that the I&E program would identify funding partnership
arrangements with the FS and other interested parties, and would include a schedule for
implementation. PG&E proposes to review facility naming practices with the FS and renaming facilities with similar names to reduce visitor confusion. PG&E proposes that
wording of entrance signs to facilities operated by PG&E but owned by the FS would be
completed in agreement with the FS. PG&E also proposes to prepare a Lake Almanor
bathymetric (underwater topographic) map within 1 year of license issuance, which
would be available in pamphlet form to area boaters and posted on signs at Lake Almanor
public boat ramps.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies in final
Section 4(e) condition no. 34, that PG&E develop an I&E program with the same
elements as PG&E’s proposed I&E program, including developing the program within 2
years of license issuance.
Our Analysis
The I&E program is a component of the draft RRMP and has also been proposed
by PG&E in the SA. Development of an I&E program would help provide a means to
disseminate information regarding project-area resources, facilities, and management
issues to members of the public who currently use the project area and to members of the
public who may be interested in using the area. This information would provide a means
to help educate the public about safety factors to consider within the project area and the
potential effects of recreational use on sensitive project-area resources. An I&E program
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would also help with coordination of the types of information that should be provided to
the public and the best methods for providing it.
The proposed bathymetric map would provide valuable information such as
submerged hazards and pool depth to boaters that visit Lake Almanor. The map would
be especially useful during times of the year when the water level of Lake Almanor is
below full pool. PG&E’s proposal to provide copies of the bathymetric map at the public
boat ramps on Lake Almanor would ensure that the boaters who launch their watercraft
there have been exposed to information included on the map such as underwater boating
hazards, and may improve the recreation experiences of these individuals as well as
enhancing safety.
Recreation Monitoring Program
As a component of the draft RRMP and identified in the SA, PG&E proposes to
complete a recreation monitoring program in consultation with the FS, Plumas County,
and other interested parties within 1 year after license issuance. PG&E proposes to
submit that portion of the recreation monitoring program pertaining to FS facilities to the
FS for its approval. In the recreation monitoring program, PG&E proposes adopting the
limits-of-acceptable-change (LAC)-based monitoring approach as described in the
October 2002 draft of the RRMP. This approach includes recreation monitoring
indicators and standards that would initiate management action to help maintain desired
recreation experiences and resource conditions at project recreation areas over the license
term. PG&E proposes specifically monitoring the following recreation areas at a
minimum: the water surface of project reservoirs, and PG&E and FS recreation facilities
and shoreline areas within the project boundary. PG&E proposes including a schedule of
information to be collected annually, every 6 years, or every 12 years in the recreation
monitoring program. PG&E also proposes more in-depth monitoring, such as visitor
questionnaire surveys and general assessment of regional recreation trends at 12-year
intervals. PG&E proposes preparing periodic monitoring reports every 6 years in
conjunction with FERC Form 80 recreation facility and use monitoring requirements. As
part of the monitoring program, PG&E proposes conducting annual recreation planning
and coordination meetings with other recreation providers in the project area to discuss
recreation resource management decisions for the project area, implementation of project
recreation enhancements, recreation monitoring results, potential grant applications, and
other pertinent project-related recreation issues that may arise over the term of the new
project license. If recreation test river flows are conducted, PG&E proposes to develop a
study plan to monitor recreation use during the test flow period and producing a report on
monitoring results in consultation with the FS and other interested parties.
In its December 1, 2003, filing with the Commission, the FS recommended, as
preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 42, that PG&E prepare a recreation monitoring
and survey plan in consultation with the FS, Plumas County, and other interested parties
that would be approved by the FS and filed with the Commission within 12 months of
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license issuance. The FS also recommended that PG&E complete FS-approved reports
on recreational resources and file them with the Commission. The FS wanted to reserve
the right to require changes in the project and its operation, after notice and opportunity
for comment and administrative review, through revision of the Section 4(e) conditions
that require measures necessary to accomplish protection and utilization of National
Forest resources identified in those surveys. The rest of preliminary Section 4(e)
condition no. 42 is consistent with the proposal in the SA.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies in final
Section 4(e) condition no. 35 developing a recreation monitoring program with the same
elements as PG&E’s proposed recreation monitoring program, including development of
the program within 1 year of license issuance.
Our Analysis
The recreation monitoring program is a component of the draft RRMP and has
also been proposed by PG&E in the SA. Implementation of a recreation monitoring plan
would provide measures to assess the adequacy of the recreational facilities, the effects of
recreational use on the project area’s resources, recreational-use capacity issues, and the
opportunity to adjust recreational facility development and management over the term of
a new license.
The proposed stakeholder consultation and annual recreation coordination and
planning meetings would ensure that all of the recreation providers and managers are in
agreement with regard to the necessary improvements at the project. Implementation of
the recommended recreation monitoring plan and associated stakeholder consultation
would provide the opportunity for the review of the recreational facilities and
maintenance over the term of the license.
A report on the recreation monitoring and coordination would allow the
Commission to review the proposed recreation facilities as they are planned or as
modifications are required over the course of the license. Such a report would be best
suited to a similar time schedule as the FERC Form 80 requirements. This report could
include the recreational monitoring results, documentation of consultation, and a
summary of planned recreational facility improvement measures or resources protection
mitigation measures associated with the recreational facilities within the project
boundary, schedule information, the party responsible for funding and implementing the
measures, estimated costs for implementation, and the entity responsible for the longterm maintenance and management of the planned recreational facilities and/or mitigation
measures.
Resource Integration and Coordination Program
As a component of the draft RRMP and identified in the SA, PG&E proposes to
hold annual public meetings to coordinate recreation resource needs with other resource
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management needs such as cultural, wildlife, and aquatic resources with appropriate
agencies and stakeholders over the term of the new project license.
In its December 1, 2003, filing with the Commission, Interior recommended that
PG&E develop a recreational activities monitoring plan, to monitor the potential effects
of camping, angling, access, and boating flows (if adopted) on fish and wildlife
resources. Interior would like for elements of the plan to include a comparison of data on
recreational activities use, distribution, and expansion to fisheries and raptor monitoring
data. Interior would also like for the plan to include elements to assess the effects of
recreational use and facility development on local vegetation resources.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies in final
Section 4(e) condition no. 36, developing a resource integration and coordination
program with the same elements as PG&E’s proposed resource integration and
coordination program.
Our Analysis
The resource integration and coordination program is a component of the draft
RRMP and has also been proposed by PG&E in the SA. A similar program has been
recommended by Interior. Results of the recreation monitoring conducted at the project
would provide information on the effects of recreational use on the project area’s
resources and the opportunity to adjust recreational facility development and
management over the term of a new license. Monitoring of recreation at the project
should be designed so that effects on a variety of resources are addressed, not just
recreation-related interests. This would help ensure that minimal adverse effects on the
project area’s sensitive resources, such as cultural resources, would occur as a result of
project-area recreational use.
A number of parties have oversight for and an interest in various natural resources,
commercial interests, and community interests that may be affected either positively or
negatively by recreational pursuits. By holding specific coordination meetings,
information obtained in previous years, as well as results of current surveys can be
reviewed and discussed. Data obtained from ongoing recreation surveys would assist in
making any needed changes in management of the area and for future planning.
Recreation Resource Management Plan Review and Revision Program
In the draft RRMP and in the SA, PG&E discusses unforeseen recreation needs,
changes in visitor preferences and attitudes, and new recreation technologies that would
likely occur over the term of the license. PG&E proposes that the frequency with which
the RRMP is revised or updated should be dependent on significant changes to existing
conditions, monitoring results, and management responses made over time. Therefore,
PG&E proposes that the frequency of RRMP updates should not exceed every 12 years
and should be based on consultation with the FS, other parties to the SA, and the
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SWRCB, and other interested parties during monitoring and coordination meetings and
through other appropriate sources.
In its November 4, 2004, filing with the Commission, the FS specifies in final
Section 4(e) condition no. 37 developing a RRMP review and revision program with the
same elements as PG&E’s proposed RRMP review and revision program.
Our Analysis
The RRMP review and revision program is a component of the draft RRMP.
Updating the RRMP at 12-year intervals allows for two FERC Form 80 reporting periods
to take place before any changes to the RRMP may occur. Additionally, meeting every 6
years to review the data provided in the FERC Form 80 report would provide PG&E and
interested stakeholders the opportunity to identify and assess changes and trends that
have occurred or are occurring over time, and to distinguish them from simple annual
variability. Therefore, any changes to the RRMP would be appropriate and would
address needed change in the direction of the program. As stated above, the proposed
stakeholder consultation, monitoring, and reporting would ensure that the needs of the
public are met throughout the term of the license.
Final Recreation Resources Plan
In its December 1, 2003, filing with the Commission, Interior recommended, in its
Section 10(a) condition no. 2, that PG&E develop a final recreation resources plan that
provides for a diverse range of recreational opportunities on Lake Almanor and the river
reaches including a comprehensive listing of capital investments, facility enhancements,
and programmatic elements and delineate which entity is responsible for paying for such
investments and improvements and have a schedule indicating when it would take place.
Our Analysis
PG&E proposes to finalize the draft RRMP in consultation with the FS and
Plumas County within 1 year of license issuance. The six programs included in the draft
RRMP, described in detail above, would address Interior’s recommendation.
Fishery Programs
PG&E proposes to annually provide up to $50,000 (2004 escalated dollars) to: (1)
reimburse CDFG for stocking approximately 5,000 pounds of catchable trout per
calendar year in the waters of the NFFR between its confluence with the EBNFFR and
the Belden diversion dam; and (2) to augment CDFG’s existing Lake Almanor fisheries
program. PG&E proposes that its cost for fish stocking in the NFFR should be the actual
average hatchery production cost per pound to the CDFG, and any applicable distribution
and planting costs. PG&E also proposes that any augmented fisheries program in Lake
Almanor may include, but is not limited to, such projects as the expansion of the pen
rearing program and the construction of rearing habitat for warmwater fish.
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In its final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(4), filed November 4, 2004, the FS
recommends the same proposal for funding the fishery programs as PG&E.
Our Analysis
Bank fishing is one of the most popular dispersed uses in the project’s bypassed
reaches. Also, the CDFG has a long history of developing and maintaining the popular
reservoir fishery in Lake Almanor. The fishery in Lake Almanor is primarily for
salmonids (trout and related species) and bass (smallmouth and largemouth). Since the
salmonid fishery is not self-sustaining, CDFG annually stocks large numbers of hatcheryreared fish in Lake Almanor. According to PG&E’s recreation visitor survey results,
approximately 71 percent of the visitors to Lake Almanor have fished at Lake Almanor
and fishing was the second most common activity enjoyed at Lake Almanor.
According to studies completed by PG&E, demand for fishing is currently high in
California. In the UNFFR Project area, 71 percent of visitors participate in fishing either
from the shoreline or from a boat. PG&E determined that fishing is increasing in demand
in the project area annually at 0.6 percent for both boat angling and bank angling.
Demand for each of these types of angling is expected to increase by 23 percent in the
project area over the term of the license. However, fishing has been experiencing a
decrease in the number of participants in California, based on the number of fishing
licenses sold from 1996 to 2000. The sale of both resident and non-resident fishing
licenses has decreased nearly 10 percent since 1996, with non-resident 10-day licenses
experiencing the largest decrease (approximately 14 percent). PG&E conducted a study
of overall fishing needs in the project area, and availability of catchable fish was not
considered an issue. However, we believe that maintaining the current stocking program
at the project is beneficial at this time. Visitors to the project currently enjoy fishing
there and may tailor their fishing trip in anticipation of catching certain species of fish
currently stocked in the project area. PG&E proposes monitoring recreational activities
on the surface of project reservoirs and along the shoreline areas within the project
boundary, as part of its recreation monitoring program included in the draft RRMP.
Information on fishing use at the project would be determined though these activities, and
the need to continue or modify the fish stocking program over the term of the license
should be addressed as part of the monitoring program.
River Ranger Funding
PG&E proposes providing up to $25,000 (2004 dollars) to the FS by March 1 of
each year of the new project license to assist in funding a river ranger position to provide
additional light maintenance, visitor information/assistance, user safety, and law
enforcement presence in the project’s bypassed river reaches. PG&E further proposes
that, by January 31 of each year during the term of the new license, the FS would provide
it with a written summary of the previous year’s expenditures and river ranger activities
and the current year’s planned expenditures and river ranger activities. FS final Section
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4(e) condition no. 38, filed November 4, 2004, also specifies the same proposal as
PG&E’s.
Our Analysis
The addition of a river ranger along the project river reaches could enhance the
recreation experiences of some of the visitors to the project river reaches. The
implementation of a seasonal position would likely increase visitor awareness of federal,
state, county, and local regulations and laws. This increase in awareness could lead to an
increase in compliance with those laws and regulations, and a greater degree of resource
protection resulting from increased compliance. In addition, the position would provide
opportunities to increase visitor satisfaction by helping to disseminate project information
at various recreation facilities throughout the project area.
However, law enforcement at the UNFFR Project is the responsibility of the FS
and Plumas County. PG&E pays property taxes to Plumas County that relate to the
operation of its UNFFR Project. A portion of the tax payment would be expected to fund
law enforcement activities associated with continued project operation. The FS is
responsible for enforcing the natural resource protection provisions of the Plumas
National Forest LRMP. Neither Plumas County nor the FS has provided any data to
indicate the need for PG&E to fund a river ranger position to patrol the UNFFR Project
area. Security at the project development is the responsibility of PG&E.
We find no indication that law enforcement within the project area is inadequate,
or that additional assistance is needed to complement the current levels of law
enforcement. PG&E has proposed, and the FS has specified, that PG&E provide $25,000
a year to the FS to assist in funding a river ranger position in order to provide additional
light maintenance, visitor information/assistance, user safety, and law enforcement
presence in the project’s bypassed river reaches. However, funding a river ranger
position, as specified and proposed, provides no assurance that the river ranger would be
used exclusively in the project area, in addition to the current levels of patrols in the
project area. As such, there is no indication that the proposed measure would reduce any
existing recreational conflicts or further protect project environmental resources for the
term of the new license.
Recreation River Flow Management
Recreation River Flow Technical Review Group
PG&E proposes establishing a TRG within 6 months of license issuance for the
purpose of consulting with PG&E in the design of recreation and resource river flow
management and monitoring plans, reviewing and evaluating recreation and resource
data, and in developing possible recreation river flows in the Belden reach. The TRG
would include representatives of the FS, CDFG, SWRCB, FWS, NPS, Plumas County,
and other parties to the SA. TRG meetings would be open to and accept comments from
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the public. PG&E proposes maintaining, and making public, records of TRG meetings,
and forwarding those records with any recommendations to the FS, SWRCB, and the
Commission. PG&E also proposes establishing communication protocols in consultation
with the TRG to facilitate interaction among TRG members, which would allow for open
participation, consultation with independent technical experts, and communication among
all TRG participants.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 28(1) also specifies the same proposal as
PG&E’s.
Recreation Flow Implementation Plan
PG&E proposes implementing the following RFIP:
1.
Determination to Proceed with Test Flows—Within 6 months after license
issuance, PG&E proposes convening the TRG to evaluate the existing
available ecological information regarding recreation river flows to make a
determination whether (a) sufficient information exists to conclude that
recreation river flows would result in unacceptable impacts on sociological
or ecological resources; or (b) recreation river test flows as prescribed in
table 3-32 should be conducted to further evaluate the ecological and social
effects of the recreation river flows in the Belden reach. If the TRG
determines that recreation test flows should be conducted, it would not
recommend any flow schedule that exceeds the frequency, magnitude, or
duration of flows prescribed in table 3-32. Within 6 months of convening
the TRG, PG&E proposes forwarding the TRG recommendations regarding
recreation test river flows to the FS and SWRCB.
2.
Approvals to Proceed with Test Flows—If the TRG recommends that
recreation test river flows in the Belden reach should be conducted, the FS
and SWRCB would consult with appropriate state and federal agencies,
PG&E, tribal governments, and other interested parties prior to approving,
denying, or modifying the TRG’s proposal. If the FS and SWRCB approve
a proposed schedule for recreation test river flows that does not exceed the
frequency, magnitude, or duration of flows prescribed for any given month
in table 3-32, then PG&E proposes submitting the proposal to FERC for
approval.
3.
Conducting Test Flows—Upon approval from FERC, PG&E proposes
conducting the recreation test river flows as prescribed in table 3-32 for a
3-year period.
4.
Monitoring—PG&E proposes preparing and submitting to the FS and
SWRCB for their review and approval, concurrent with the TRG
recommendation, a Belden reach recreation test river flow evaluation plan.
Upon FS and SWRCB approval, PG&E proposes submitting the plan to
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FERC for approval. The plan would be designed to evaluate the effects of
the recreation test river flow releases on ecological and social resources,
and the metrics to be used in this determination. Upon approval of the plan
by the Commission, PG&E proposes implementing the plan during the 3year recreation test flow period.
5.
Determination of Continued Flows—After the 3-year recreation test river
flow period, PG&E proposes convening the TRG to evaluate the existing
available ecological and social information. The TRG would make a
recommendation regarding whether recreation river flows should be
continued to meet the river flow management for recreation objective. The
TRG would not recommend any flow schedule that exceeds the frequency,
magnitude, or duration of flows prescribed for any given month in
table 3-32.
6.
Approval of Results of Determination of Continued Flows—Any
recommendation regarding continued recreation river flows made by the
TRG would be submitted to the FS and SWRCB. The FS and SWRCB
would consult with appropriate state and federal agencies including FWS,
PG&E, tribal governments, and other interested parties prior to approving,
denying, or modifying the TRG’s proposal. If the FS and SWRCB approve
a proposed schedule for continued recreation river flows that does not
exceed the frequency, magnitude, or duration of the flows prescribed for
any given month in table 3-32 below, PG&E proposes submitting the
proposal to FERC for approval.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 28(2) specifies that PG&E would implement
the RFIP as described above.
Recreation River Flows
PG&E proposes implementing the recreation river flow schedule and other
provisions presented in table 3-32, subject to the RFIP described above.
Recreational Flow Calendar and Additional Flow Days
PG&E proposes posting an annual recreation flow calendar scheduling the initial
recreation flow day per month through a third party or other mechanism. PG&E
proposes conducting an annual planning meeting each year in March to discuss expected
water year type, results of monitoring efforts, PG&E maintenance needs that may conflict
with recreation flow releases, and other relevant issues. PG&E further proposes that the
TRG recommend the desired date of the month for any additional recreation river flow
release days triggered by the number of boats per day as described below based on
evaluation of social and ecological considerations.
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Table 3-32. Belden reach recreation river flow schedule.a (Source: PG&E, 2004a)
Release Amount
(cfs)
Month
Dry/
Crit.
Cry
Norm./
Wet
Release Days Per Month
Crit.
Dry
Start
Crit.
Dry
Cap
Dry/
Norm./
Wet
Start
Dry/
Norm./
Wet
Cap
Boats Per Day
Triggers
Wet and
Normal/Dry
Up
Down
July
650
750
1 day
1 day
1 day
2 days
>100
<100
Aug/Sep/ Oct
650
750
1 day
1 day
1 day
2 days
>100
<100
Notes: Water year types are determined by PG&E based on the predicted, unimpaired
inflow to Lake Oroville and the spring snowmelt runoff forecasts provided by
PG&E and CDWR each month from January through May. Water year types are
defined as follows:
̛
Wet Water Year Type—greater than or equal to 5,679 thousand acrefeet (TAF) inflow to Oroville is predicted.
̛
Normal Water Year Type—less than 5,679 TAF, but greater than or
equal to 3,228 TAF inflow to Oroville is predicted.
̛
Dry Water Year Type—less than 3,228 TAF, but greater than or
equal to 2,505 TAF inflow to Oroville is predicted.
̛
Critically Dry Water Year Type—less than 2,505 TAF inflow to
Oroville is predicted.
a
Flow releases would occur between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. for the first day
and between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. for the second release day during wet
and normal water years, and between the hours of 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. during dry and
critically dry years for both release days.
Recreation River Flow Postponement
PG&E proposes postponing any scheduled recreation river flow release in the
event of an emergency. PG&E proposes providing as much notice as reasonably
practicable under the circumstances.
If practicable, PG&E proposes rescheduling postponed recreation river flow
releases as recommended by the TRG.
Triggers for Adjustments
During scheduled recreation river flows, PG&E proposes counting observed
boater use in number of boats per day to determine whether recreation flow release days
should be added or subtracted. All boats would be counted as one boat except for rafts 12
feet or greater in length, which would be counted as two boats. All boats observed on the
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Belden reach for any part of a given day would be counted. If the number of boats per
day on the first recreation river flow day for a month exceeds 100 boats per day, one day
of recreation river flow would be added to the recreation river flow schedule in that
month the next year. If the number of boats per day is less than 100 boats per day for
both the recreation river flow releases in one month, one day of recreation river flow
would be subtracted from the recreation river flow schedule for the that month in the next
year. Recreation river flow releases would not decrease below one day per month and
would not exceed the cap defined in table 3-32. Recreation river flow release days would
not be added or subtracted during any period of recreation test river flows.
PG&E also proposes developing and implementing a visitor survey for up to 3
years to determine if visitors would choose to return to recreate on the Belden reach
based on their experience related to the number of boats encountered on the river. The
visitor survey questionnaire and methodology would be statistically valid and approved
by the TRG. The TRG would evaluate the survey results and other data to determine if
the trigger for adding/deleting days, based on the number of boats per day, should be
amended based on this analysis.
Ramping Rates
PG&E proposes applying the basic ramping rates when implementing recreation
river flows. The basic ramping rate at Canyon dam is 0.5 foot per hour up and down, in
all months, as measured at NF-2. The proposed basic ramping rate at Belden dam is also
0.5 foot/hour up and down, in all months, as measured at NF-70.
Streamflow Information
PG&E proposes creating a calendar that lists the dates of the March pulse flow in
the Seneca reach and any scheduled pulse flow or recreation river flow releases in the
Belden reach, and making that calendar available on the Internet through a third party or
other mechanism. The calendar would state the timing and magnitude of the scheduled
flow release. The March pulse flow release in the Seneca reach would be posted by
February 15, and the scheduled summer releases in the Belden reach would be posted by
May 15. If PG&E anticipates releasing flows of a similar magnitude and duration as a
scheduled pulse flow in the Seneca or Belden reaches, it proposes posting an estimate of
the release magnitude and duration of the flow.
In its Section 10(a) condition no. 1, filed December 1, 2003, Interior recommends
that PG&E implement a flow schedule similar to the one shown in table 3-31, and
concurred with the elements for managing the recreation river flow listed in the SA,
including the establishment of a TRG and the consideration of river test flows.
CDFG, in its November 26, 2003, letter to the Commission, indicates that it would
support the recreation river flow management program as proposed in a previous version
of the SA. CDFG states that it supports this proposal since the agreement language states
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that the recreational flow proposal would go forward only if the available information
suggests that there would be no unacceptable impacts on sociological and ecological
resources.
In their December 1, 2003, letter to the Commission, AW, Chico Paddleheads, and
Shasta Paddlers concur with the recreation river flow proposal included in a previous
version of the SA with the following exceptions: including whitewater releases during
the month of June; modifying the number of boaters necessary to trigger modification of
whitewater releases to 80 boaters for the up-trigger and 25 boaters for the down-trigger;
scheduling dates for the actual releases in coordination with releases on the Rock CreekCresta Project; and an adaptive management team limited to parties to the SA with
responsibility for providing recommendations to the regulatory agencies and PG&E and
no decision-making authority.
In its response to AW, Chico Paddleheads, and Shasta Paddleheads in a letter filed
with the Commission on January 15, 2004, PG&E disagrees with the recommended
number of boaters necessary to trigger modification of the whitewater flow releases and
explained the calculation and rationale used in the license application to determine the
boater use trigger.
In its final Section 4(e) condition no. 28(3), filed November 4, 2004, the FS
specifies the same flow schedule, triggers for adjustments, ramping rates, and streamflow
information provision as are in PG&E’s proposal.
Our Analysis
The proposal to provide recreational whitewater flows in the Belden reach would,
if implemented, enhance whitewater boating opportunities in the area. The proposed
TRG would ensure that whitewater boating provisions would not cause irreversible
damage to terrestrial, aquatic, or other recreational values in the Belden reach of the
UNFFR, such as habitat for sensitive wildlife species, riparian vegetation, and developed
and dispersed camping in the Belden reach. The up and down triggers for increases and
decreases of the number of days would ensure that the benefits of the whitewater releases
are commensurate with demand. The trigger numbers that were developed for the Rock
Creek-Cresta Project may not necessarily be appropriate for this project. Given the
features of the Belden reach and relative inaccessibility, up and down triggers specific to
the Belden reach developed by the TRG would provide triggers that are more appropriate.
As stated in section 3.3.4, Threatened and Endangered Species, there is a potential for
recreational whitewater flows to negatively affect the federally threatened bald eagle if
they occur during prime foraging hours. The TRG should give special consideration to
these potential conflicts caused by the provision of whitewater flows during June and
July to ensure that such effects are not realized. Certainly, whitewater boaters would
benefit from releases during these months; however these benefits should be balanced
with effects on other resources.
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During 2000, PG&E conducted a flow assessment for recreational use within the
UNFFR bypassed reaches. The study assessed recreational opportunities including
whitewater boating and angling within the bypassed reaches and the effects of flows on
these activities. Whitewater boaters ran the rivers at approximately 350, 600, and 850
cfs. As a result of the study, PG&E determined that flows from about 700 to 850 cfs are
would likely provide quality standard trips for both kayaking and rafting. Lower flows,
such as approximately 600 cfs, would provide a starting point for quality kayaking
opportunities, but that flow would be below optimal levels for rafting. Flows above 850
cfs would provide more powerful hydraulics and smaller recovery areas associated with
challenging whitewater boating opportunities. PG&E’s proposed release flows of 650
and 750 cfs fall within the range necessary for providing good boating opportunities.
PG&E proposes providing a calendar that lists the dates of the March pulse flow in
the Seneca reach and any scheduled pulse flows or recreation river flow releases in the
Belden reach for the public (including anglers and boaters) via an Internet site. This
information would help inform the public about flow-related recreational opportunities
within the river reaches. The calendar would state the timing, magnitude, and duration of
any scheduled flow release. This information could deter unqualified boaters from
beginning a run that is too dangerous for their skills and alert anglers of difficult stream
fishing conditions.
Belden Interagency Recreation River Flow Management Plan
If a determination is made to proceed with scheduled river recreation flows,
PG&E proposes to coordinate with the FS, Plumas County, and CalTrans to develop an
MOU to produce the Belden interagency recreation river flow management plan. This
plan would address management and integration of recreation opportunities provided by
the Belden recreation river flow release with other river recreation opportunities in the
watershed. The plan would address establishment of visitor capacity thresholds,
maintenance of facilities, signage, traffic management, and monitoring. PG&E proposes
that the plan and the MOU would not be financially binding, but would document agency
roles, responsibilities, and intentions related to river recreation management. PG&E
further proposes terminating the plan and the MOU if recreation river flow releases are
not continued after an evaluation period. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 29 also
specifies the same proposal as PG&E.
Our Analysis
The proposal to provide recreational whitewater flows would enhance whitewater
boating opportunities in the area. The proposed interagency recreation river flow
management plan would provide guidance to ensure that whitewater boating provisions
would not cause unintended damage to terrestrial, aquatic, or other recreational values in
the Belden reach of the UNFFR. Results of the evaluation of any test flows provided in
the reach would provide information on the effects of recreation flows on other river
recreation opportunities in the watershed. The plan would be designed so that effects on
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a variety of resources are addressed, not just recreation-related interests. This would help
minimize adverse effects on any sensitive resources in the Belden reach, such as riparian
and wetland habitat, from recreational flows. Additionally, the plan would enhance
recreation provisions along the river reaches and would provide guidance in regard to
roles and responsibilities along the river reaches.
Reservoir Levels and Annual Meeting with Plumas County
In the SA, PG&E proposes to meet annually with a committee appointed by the
Plumas County Board of Supervisors between March 15 and May 15 in order to inform
the committee about the water elevation levels of Lake Almanor predicted to occur
between May 1 and September 30. Additionally, PG&E proposes to schedule an
additional meeting with the committee if PG&E forecasts that its obligation to deliver
water to the State of California and the Western Canal Water District pursuant to the
January 17, 1986, agreement would require it to deviate from the Lake Almanor water
elevation levels previously predicted.
FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 30(12) specifies that PG&E participate in an
annual meeting with the Plumas County Board of Supervisors as described above.
Our Analysis
In the SA, PG&E proposes to operate Lake Almanor and the other reservoirs at a
higher level than is currently practiced. However, lake levels vary depending on the type
of water year forecasted. Informing Plumas County of predicted Lake Almanor water
surface elevations in the spring would facilitate its understanding of conditions that are
likely to occur during the subsequent high-use recreation season.
Potential Measures to Reduce Water Temperature
As detailed in section 3.3.1.2, as part of the SA for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project,
PG&E agreed to evaluate the effectiveness of modifying UNFFR Project’s Prattville
intake as a temperature control measure for the downstream reaches of the NFFR. PG&E
has been conducting feasibility studies, including modeling the water temperature effects
of potential Prattville intake modifications, re-operation of the Canyon dam outlet gates,
and modification of Caribou No. 2 intake for the past few years. Appendix D of this EIS
provides an initial evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of 42 potential
measures that could affect water temperatures and identifies the five measures we analyze
further in section 3.3.1.2, Water Resources, of this EIS.
Two of the measures evaluated by PG&E and described in section 3.3.1.2 include
the installation of a thermal curtain in front of the Prattville intake. The Prattville intake
is located in a steep-sided trough in a cove of the relatively shallow western lobe of Lake
Almanor. Black & Veatch (2004) conducted a feasibility study of alternatives to lower
water temperature based on results of the hydraulic model testing conducted by the IIHR,
and provided a conceptual design for installing a U-shaped thermal curtain in this
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location. Two sides of the thermal curtain described by Black & Veatch would extend
approximately 900 feet from two locations on the shore, with an approximately 770-footlong thermal curtain parallel to the lakeshore connecting them. The curtain would be
supported on the lake surface by a floating boom of steel cables connecting floating
galvanized steel tanks. Large floating stabilizing buoys, also of galvanized steel, would
be attached to the floating boom with chains to assist with holding the curtain in place.
To minimize public safety hazards, warning signs would be installed offshore to
inform the boating public of the existence of the thermal curtain. Public warning buoys
(standard lighted Coast Guard warning buoys) also would need to be installed beyond the
location of the thermal curtain.
Our Analysis
Lake Almanor is formed by two main lobes or branches; the western lobe or the
Chester branch, and the eastern lobe or the Hamilton branch. On average, the eastern
lobe is considerably deeper than is the western lobe. The two lobes of Lake Almanor are
connected at a narrow region locally called the “Narrows.” A peninsula extends into the
lake at the Narrows, and acts to partially isolate the eastern and western lobes. The
Prattville intake is located just off the southwest shore of the lake’s western lobe, in a
small cove just northwest of the Narrows.
Access currently is restricted in the area immediately surrounding the Prattville
intake for safety reasons. Just beyond the Prattville intake, orange buoys are suspended
across the small cove where the intake is located. The thermal curtain would eliminate
boating access near the cove where the intake is located, since it would extend
approximately 900 feet into Lake Almanor. According to the California Department of
Boating and Waterways regulations, boaters must limit their speed to 5 mph or less when
within 100 feet of a bather or within 200 feet of a swimming beach, dock, or marina and,
according to a Plumas County ordinance, boaters must limit their speed to 5 mph or less
when within 300 feet of any buoy or boom. At this time, the low speed zone in Lake
Almanor is 300 feet from the buoy line located just beyond the Prattville intake. If the
thermal curtain and its associated public warning buoys are added, a low speed zone over
830 feet wide would extend for more than 1,200 feet from the shore. In this narrow
section of the lake, the space available for boaters to travel at speeds greater than 5 mph
would be greatly reduced by the presence of the thermal curtain, increasing the likelihood
of boating accidents. Additionally, boaters, water skiers, and bathers no longer would
have access to approximately 16 acres of Lake Almanor occupied by the thermal curtain
and the public warning buoys.
We present the estimated cost of all measures that pertain to recreational resources
in chapter 4, Developmental Analysis, and make our final recommendations regarding
these measures in section 5.1, Comprehensive Development and Recommended
Alternative.
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3.3.5.3
Unavoidable Adverse Effects
None.
3.3.6 Land Use and Aesthetic Resources
3.3.6.1
Affected Environment
The UNFFR Project developments span a 30-mile reach of the UNFFR and 4
miles of the Butt Valley drainage and encompass roughly 31,060 acres of land within the
project boundary (see figure 1-1). A total of 1,024 acres of federally owned lands are
located within the project boundary. Of this acreage, the FS administers about 986 acres
of federally owned land within the project boundary. The Lassen National Forest
manages approximately 577 acres, and the Plumas National Forest manages
approximately 409 acres. The BLM manages the remaining 38 acres of federal land.
Approximately 3 acres of land within the project boundary is privately owned. The entire
project is within Plumas County
The general character of the lands in the region surrounding the project includes
residential, transportation, parks and recreation, and open space. Much of the region
consists of low-density residential and undeveloped lands. The aesthetic character of the
area is generally forested. The highways and trails in the area offer scenic views of the
lakes, streams, waterfalls, and surrounding mountains.
Land Use
Project Reservoirs
Lake Almanor—Lake Almanor is a 27,000-acre reservoir formed by the 135-foothigh earth-filled Lake Almanor dam. The shoreline of Lake Almanor consists of
extensive recreation and residential development. There are more than 1,000 residential
lots adjacent to Lake Almanor, as well as 22 commercial resorts and 13 public recreation
sites. Highways run along all sides of Lake Almanor, which provides easy access to the
area. The principal highways are State Routes (SR) 36, 89, and 147.
Butt Valley Reservoir—Butt Valley reservoir has a surface area of 1,600 acres and
is more rural in character than Lake Almanor. The FS manages the lands that completely
surround the PG&E-owned Butt Valley reservoir. This reservoir sits within a fairly
narrow wooded valley with no commercial or residential uses.
Belden Forebay—The Belden forebay is the smallest of the project reservoirs with
a surface area of approximately 42 acres. The Belden forebay is surrounded by the
Plumas National Forest, and the shoreline adjacent to the forebay is undeveloped. The
northwest boundary of the reservoir is along Caribou Road.
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Stream and River Reaches—The project’s stream and river reaches are within a
canyon that is a deep and narrow valley. Other than the PG&E town of Caribou, there
are no commercial or residential developments in this area.
Land Management Plans
The project area falls within several different land management areas and
therefore is subject to the following land management plans.
Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment
The Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment establishes the management direction
for five problem areas: old forest ecosystems and associated species; aquatic, riparian,
and meadow ecosystems and associated species; fire and fuels management; noxious
weeds; and lower westside hardwood forest ecosystems. It amends the LRMPs for nine
National Forests within California including the Lassen and Plumas LRMPs. It also
amends the regional guides for the Intermountain and Pacific Southwest regions. The
Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment serves as an overlay to existing forest plan
designations and only replaces standards and guidelines of the LRMPs that conflict with
it. Within the project area, this plan applies only to NFS lands managed under the Lassen
and Plumas LRMPs, namely the area along the southwestern shoreline of Lake Almanor,
the land surrounding Butt Valley reservoir and the Belden forebay, and the land along the
Belden and Seneca reaches.
The primary objective of the Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment is to conserve
important components of the landscape such as stands of mid-seral and late-seral forests
with large trees. Riparian conservation area designations are provided along streams and
around water bodies to preserve, enhance, and restore habitat for riparian and aquaticdependent species as well as ensure that water quality is maintained or restored. There
are also important and wide-ranging new land allocations for fire and fuels management.
The plan attempts to link potential fuel treatment areas to support one another on the
landscape so that wildland fire spread and intensity are reduced.
The majority of the NFS lands along the southwestern shoreline of Lake Almanor,
a little more than half of the NFS lands along the Seneca reach, and a small portion of the
lands along the Caribou Road are designated general forest under the Sierra Nevada
Forest Plan Amendment. General forest refers to lands outside other land prescriptions.
The management focus of these lands limits fuel treatments to 75 percent of the stand and
works toward increasing the amount of forest with late-successional characteristics such
as diverse species composition, multi-layered canopy, and a higher density of large
diameter trees. Most of the remaining NFS lands along the southwestern shoreline of
Lake Almanor, nearly half of the NFS lands along the Seneca reach, and the majority of
the lands along the Belden reach are classified as old forest emphasis. Management of
old forest emphasis areas focuses on developing larger aggregations of old forest over
time through reducing hazardous fuel conditions and re-introducing fire to reduce fuels
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and meet ecological goals. Additionally, most of the NFS lands within the project are in
the urban wildland intermix zone, which overlaps the other land designations. This zone,
where human habitation is mixed with areas of flammable wildland vegetation, extends
1.5 miles out from areas where the population density indicates at least one structure per
40 acres. Management in the urban wildland intermix zone gives high priority to fuel
reduction activities to protect human communities from wildland fires as well as
minimizing the spread of fires that might originate in urban areas (FS, 2001).
Lassen National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan
The Lassen National Forest LRMP was finalized in 1992 and prescribes land
management measures for NFS lands within or administered by the Lassen National
Forest. Within the project vicinity, the Lassen LRMP applies to NFS lands on Lake
Almanor’s southwestern shoreline between Canyon dam and the Lake Almanor West
subdivision. The Lassen National Forest administers 577 acres within the project
boundary.
All the project lands and lands influenced by project operations that are managed
under the Lassen National Forest LRMP fall within the Prattville management area, one
of 48 specific management areas designated by the Lassen LRMP. The Prattville
management area covers approximately 6,280 acres along the large southwestern
shoreline area above Lake Almanor. Most of this management unit lies southwest of SR
89. The majority of intense public recreation is generally found along lands on the
northeastern side of SR 89, although there is a group camp and rest area on the
southwestern side of the highway. Approximately 480 acres are dedicated to recreation
uses and management emphasis around the Almanor campground and neighboring
summer housing area. Another 2,210 acres south of Prattville are now designated old
forest emphasis areas under the Sierra Nevada Framework Plan Amendment. The Lassen
LRMP specifically recognizes that the Prattville area is a highly used recreation area and
identifies the need for a comprehensive recreation development plan for the Almanor
campground and vicinity. However, snags, wetlands, and nest site protection are also
important to protect waterfowl and raptors in the area, and the plan specifically calls for
protection and enhancement of bald eagle nesting habitat at Rocky Point and Prattville.
Plumas National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan
The Plumas National Forest LRMP was finalized in 1988 and directs land
management measures for NFS lands within or administered by the Plumas National
Forest. Within the project vicinity, the Plumas LRMP applies to NFS lands near Canyon
dam at the southern end of Lake Almanor, NFS lands around Butt Valley reservoir and
Belden forebay, and the NFS lands along the Seneca and Belden reaches. The Plumas
National Forest administers 409 acres within the project boundary.
All the project lands and lands influenced by project operations that are managed
under the Plumas National Forest LRMP fall within one of four management areas
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designated by the Plumas LRMP: Butt Lake, Rich, and a small portion of the North Fork
and Indian Valley Management Areas. The Butt Lake management area includes all of
the lands surrounding the Butt Valley reservoir and the area to the southwest of Canyon
dam. The primary land allocation for NFS lands near Canyon dam is the protection of
bald eagle habitat, which includes limiting human activities between November 1 and
March 1 to minimize disturbance. The Rich management area includes the lower portion
of the Belden bypassed reach just upstream of the confluence with the EBNFFR, and
contains three small NFS campgrounds. The management direction for the Rich
management area includes maintaining or improving recreation development in the area,
eliminating some grazing uses, and reconstructing and surfacing the Caribou Road from
Highway 70 to the old railroad bridge at Queen Lily campground. The Belden rest stop,
which includes the trailhead for the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT), is located in the North Fork
management area. Management direction for the North Fork management area includes
maintaining this PCT trailhead and another one near Belden. The northwestern corner of
the Indian Valley management area reaches Canyon dam and the Almanor scenic
overlook.
Bureau of Land Management Plans
The BLM administers two parcels of land along the western shores of Lake
Almanor. One 34-acre parcel is near the end of the runway at the Chester airport and is
slated to be transferred to Plumas County. The area below the 4,500-foot-elevation is
used for storing water for project purposes. The other parcel is an isolated 4-acre parcel
within the Eagle Lake resource area and includes about 4 acres within the project
boundary north of Chester. This parcel is used for grazing above the 4,500 foot elevation
contour.
Plumas County General Plan
The Plumas County General Plan, as amended, presents goals and policies for
private lands within the county and serves as a basis for all decisions regarding land use
within the county. The plan elements most relevant to the project include land use, open
space, seismic safety, scenic highways, noise safety, and conservation. The Plumas
County General Plan addresses hydroelectric power generation under its constraints
policies, and the expressed goal of the county is to encourage the use of water for
hydroelectric generation to meet the energy needs of the county.
The Plumas County General Plan includes the Plumas County zoning ordinances,
which prescribes regulations governing land use through the establishment of land use
zones, parcel sizes, and placement of structures within the county. Much of the private
land within and adjacent to the project boundary lies within residential zones, especially
along Lake Almanor. Also prevalent along the shoreline of Lake Almanor are prime
recreation zones, which allow marinas, resorts, and boat ramps, as well as dwellings.
However, there are other private lands in commercial, recreation and timberland
production zones (TPZs). TPZs are state-designated zones that are reserved for timber
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production and compatible uses. In addition to the basic zoning designations, Lake
Almanor and its shoreline are considered a scenic area, and scenic protection
designations include additional planning measures.
The Plumas County General Plan also includes standards for scenic highways and
roads including the Feather River Highway (SR 70) corridor, Highway 147 and SR 89,
except where SR 89 crosses Canyon dam. SR 36 is designated scenic from Chester to the
Lassen County line near Clear Creek, California. Almanor Drive West is an important
roadway serving the Prattville area and many public recreation areas along the
southwestern shoreline of Lake Almanor and is also designated as scenic. For each of
these scenic roads, a 100-foot scenic corridor is designated from the outer edges of the
road easement. Within these zones there are to be no “off-premise” advertising signs,
and transmission and utility lines are to be located where they may be concealed by
vegetation or topographical features.
Shoreline Land Management
PG&E maintains a public recreational policy that allows access to the project
lands without compromising public safety, environmental resources, or interfering with
the operation of the project for hydroelectric power generation. Although vehicular
access is limited to developed recreation sites, numerous informal trails provide access to
the reservoir shorelines. PG&E's policy also includes providing appropriate recreational
facilities for public use, without discrimination, and providing general information about
availability of recreational use through brochures, notices, and signs.
All project shorelines are open to the public because they are either PG&E lands
or public domain lands administered by the FS. Access to project shorelines is variable,
with most areas accessible by foot or boat, and specific areas accessible by bicycle,
wheelchair or motorized vehicles. Vehicle access is available at all commercial and
public recreation sites, as well as several locations where public road rights-of-way
parallel project shorelines.
Lake Almanor
Lake Almanor is a highly developed reservoir with more than 1,000 adjacent
residential lots, 22 commercial resorts, and 13 public recreation developments (seven
PG&E developments and six FS developments). The shoreline of Lake Almanor spans a
distance of more than 52 miles. Most of the private residential lots are developed with
single-family residential structures. The project boundary around Lake Almanor is
generally defined by the 4,500-foot elevation contour (PG&E datum). In five locations
the project boundary extends upland above 4,500 feet elevation to encompass Canyon
dam and spillway, the Prattville intake, and PSEA camp, as well as several recreation
facilities. A large portion of the southwestern Lake Almanor shoreline is federal land
managed by the Lake Almanor Ranger District of the Lassen National Forest and the Mt.
Hough Ranger District of the Plumas National Forest. The BLM manages another two
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parcels of federal land in the northern half of the western shoreline. PG&E owns the
remaining 97 percent of the land along the shoreline within the project boundary.
The shoreline within the project boundary serves as a buffer zone surrounding the
reservoir. This buffer zone protects the reservoir from encroachments or other competing
uses that might degrade the natural resource conditions important to the region and also
protects the recreational and aesthetic values of the reservoir. The public can access most
of the shoreline by foot or boat. Most of the western shoreline is accessible by
pedestrians since it is near the town of Chester; the topography is relatively flat, and the
vegetation is grass and shrub land. In non-developed areas on the southeastern shoreline,
the land is steeper, making pedestrian access impractical for most individuals. Access is
restricted in the areas immediately surrounding Canyon dam and the Prattville intake for
safety reasons.
There are several roaded access points at Lake Almanor along SR 147, 36, and 89,
including at least two side roads accessing the reservoir off of Almanor Drive West,
southeast of Prattville. PG&E seasonally closes some roads along upper Lake Almanor
to minimize disturbance to bald eagles, and permanently gates or blocks off lesser used
private roads to prevent vehicular damage to archaeological sites.
On June 10, 1935, parts of the Lake Almanor shoreline were acquired by PG&E’s
predecessor, the Great Western Power Company, from the Red River Lumber Company.
These lands include many areas along the Lake Almanor peninsula including much of the
Lake Almanor Country Club and parts of the Lake Almanor West subdivision. Some
property owners on these lands, including PG&E, possess a special deed reservation that
states that the Red River Lumber Company (“second party” in the deed) and its assigns
retain:
“the right and privilege, subject to the restrictions and limitations
herein specified, of access by second party, its successors, assigns,
and/or licensees, to both of said reservoirs, and each of them for all
purposes whatsoever that will not materially injure the quality or do
not materially reduce the quantity of water therein. Such right and
privilege shall be so exercised as to not limit or impair any of the
uses for which first parties, their successors or assigns, may make of
said reservoirs, or either of them.”
The deed goes on to further state “it is understood and agreed that each of the
parties hereto, its successors, lessees and assigns, may boat, hunt, fish and take other
recreation upon the waters of both said reservoirs and each of them, subject, however to
the prior right of first parties to use said reservoirs for irrigation and power purposes.”
The intent of the deed reservation appears to be to ensure that local residents and users
will always have the use of Lake Almanor waters for their enjoyment. The 1935 deed
reservation also specifies that the Red River Lumber Company’s privileges “shall be
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exercised as to not limit or impair any of the uses.” Under the responsibilities of its
current FERC license, PG&E is also responsible for ensuring reasonable public access to
the reservoir, formulating rules to ensure public safety, and protecting and enhancing the
scenic, recreational, and other environmental values of the project. The FERC license
provides similar access and use measures as the Red River Lumber Company provided in
its deed reservation. These access provisions ensure that the project shorelines are
accessible for use and enjoyment by the public without degrading water quality or
reducing water quantity.
Under the permitting authority in its current license, PG&E has developed a
private residential and commercial development permitting program for Lake Almanor.
This permitting program covers routine, non-project uses, including non-commercial
boating access facilities (boat docks and buoys), erosion control structures, certain types
of recreation development, bulkheading, vegetative removal or trimming, and planting of
new vegetation for both private individuals and commercial interests who desire to place
structures or undertake other types of development activities on project shorelines. To
authorize non-project uses, PG&E must ensure that the proposed uses and occupancies
are consistent with the purposes of protecting and enhancing the environmental values of
the project. Of the 1,003 residential lots adjacent to Lake Almanor’s shoreline, 419 have
docks, and 540 have buoys. Also, some lot owners have installed shoreline protection
measures such as riprap.
Butt Valley Reservoir
Butt Valley reservoir, which is just under 5 miles long and almost 1 mile wide
with a surface area of 1,600 acres, is surrounded entirely by undeveloped NFS land on
the Plumas National Forest. The entire shoreline, except for the area near the Butt Valley
powerhouse and the Butt Creek inlet, is open to the public. Several locations provide
easy road access to the Butt Valley reservoir shoreline along the Prattville-Butt Valley
Road, which closely parallels the eastern edge of the undeveloped reservoir shoreline.
Belden Forebay
Belden reservoir, or forebay, is small with a surface area of 42 acres and a daily
water surface elevation that can fluctuate between 5 and 10 feet, depending on power
operations. Belden forebay is surrounded by the Plumas National Forest and the entire
shoreline, with the exception of the area near the Oak Flat powerhouse, is open to the
public. There are several locations providing easy road access to the Belden forebay
shoreline along Caribou Road, which closely parallels the western edge of the
undeveloped reservoir shoreline.
Traffic Use
Four major state highways pass through the project area: SR 36, 89, 147, and 70.
SR 36 provides a major transportation corridor between Red Bluff and Susanville with
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connecting access into Mount Lassen Volcanic Park and also provides access via U.S.
Highway 395 to the Reno area. SR 89 serves as a well-used transportation corridor
between communities in the Lake Almanor basin and Quincy, the Plumas County seat.
The route is also used as a north-south corridor to access Reno and commercial centers to
the south. SR 147 is a 12-mile road running along the eastern shore of Lake Almanor
from Canyon dam to an intersection with SR 36 near Westwood, California, and also
connects to SR 36 closer to Chester via the 4.2-mile-long County Road A-13. SR 70 is
the Feather River Highway, bisecting the Sierra Nevada Mountains along the NFFR
canyon and passing through Quincy and onto a connection with U.S. Highway 395.
The existing road system in the project area has been built and maintained around
the major transportation corridors, with secondary roads around project developments.
These roads continue to provide essential access to project facilities for PG&E personnel
and the general public. The project operates on a continuous basis; therefore, project
facility roads must be maintained at all times.
Seventeen project area road segments are used (or historically were used) by
project personnel for accessing project lands and waters. Table 3-33 lists these 17 road
segments. Of these, five roads are wholly within the project boundary and are essential
to O&M of the project, including the Butt Valley Dam Road (two roads), the Butt Valley
Powerhouse Road, the Oak Flat Powerhouse Road, the French Creek Road, and the
Belden Surge Chamber Road. The project boundary is 60-feet wide along most of the
project roads and 40-feet wide along the French Creek Water Supply Road.
Additionally, there are 10 recreation facilities and access roads completely within
or partially within the project boundary. These include the Almanor scenic overlook, the
Canyon dam day-use area, the East Shore picnic area, the Rocky Point campground
(three road loops), Camp Connery group camp, Last Chance campground, Last Chance
group camp, Ponderosa Flat campground, Alder Creek day-use area, and Cool Springs
campground. Table 3-34 lists these 10 project recreation roads. These roads are all
designed as 10-mile-per-hour class roads, with a minimum 12-foot paved top.
New development in Plumas County is expected to be concentrated around Lake
Almanor and in the southern portions of the county. Overall traffic projections in the
project vicinity for at least the next 10 years have minimal increases, along with some
overall decreases, on an average daily traffic usage basis. CalTrans suggests that former
summer homes are now occupied as full-time residences by retirees, which reduces peak
period travel. CalTrans recently decreased its projections for 2020 traffic in the area by
more than 20 percent between 1997 and 2000. Also, although California’s population is
rapidly growing, a slower growth rate is reflected in Plumas and Lassen counties, and
most of the new residents in California would likely be urban-oriented.
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None
None
26N26E
None
None
27N26/
Siphon portal #3
Siphon portal #2
Belden adit
NF 70 gage station
Oak Flat
Butt Valley dam
27N28C
305
French Creek
Prattville-Butt
reservoir
27N26D
None
26N26A
26N26/
27N26A
27N26/
Belden surge chamber
Lower LongvilleBelden
Caribou Road
FS
FS
FS
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Aggregate Plumas County
/asphalt
Aggregate FS
Aggregate
Aggregate Licensee
Aggregate Licensee
Aggregate FS
Aggregate Licensee
Aggregate Licensee
Native
Aggregate FS/Licensee
Asphalt
Table 3-33. Project-related roads. (Source: PG&E, 2002a)
Road
Road Name
Number
Surface
Jurisdiction
Plumas County
Licensee
Licensee/FS
Licensee
Licensee
Licensee
Licensee
Licensee
Licensee
Licensee/FS
Licensee/FS
Maintenance
10.4
0.3
7.1
0.2
0.7
0.3
1.2
0.2
0.7
5.1
7.8
Length
Plowed in winter by
licensee
Access to local potable
water supply system
A 2.2-mile portion is
one way north, used
only in the non-winter
season.
Spur off Caribou Road
Spur off Caribou Road
Spur off Caribou Road
Spur off Caribou Road
Spur off LongvilleBelden Road
Spur off LongvilleBelden spur
Provides access to
Tunnel portals #3 and
#4, and Belden surge
chamber
Provides access to
Caribou powerhouses
Notes
None
None
309
306
27N98
None
Butt Valley
penstock/surge
chamber
Humbug-Humbolt
Cross
Seneca
Ohio Valley
Last Chance
campground access
Road
Number
Butt Valley
powerhouse spur(s)
Road Name
Jurisdiction
Gravel
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Licensee
Asphalt/
Plumas County
aggregate/
Native
Aggregate FS
Aggregate Plumas County
Aggregate Licensee
Aggregate Licensee
/asphalt
Surface
Licensee
FS
Plumas County
Plumas County
Licensee
Licensee
Maintenance
4.0
7.7
9.8
1.0
2.4
0.4
Length
Provides access to
adjoining properties.
Closed in winter
Provides good access
between Canyon dam
and Butt Valley
dam/Caribou
Not used frequently for
project purposes
Plowed in winter by
licensee, provides
access to Butt Valley
penstock/surge chamber
access road
Also provides access to
Butt Creek gaging
station
Two spur roads
accessing Butt Valley
powerhouse
Notes
Table 3-34. Project recreation roads. (Source: PG&E, 2002a)
Road Name
Road
Number
Surface Maintenance Jurisdiction
Notes
Last Chance
campground
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Seasonal
campground
Last Change group
camp
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Seasonal
campground
Eastshore picnic area
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Day-use area
Almanor scenic
overlook
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Day-use area
Canyon dam day-use
area
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Lake Almanor
campground loops
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Seasonal
campground
Camp Connery group
camp
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Seasonal
campground
Ponderosa Flat
campground loop
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Seasonal
campground
Alder Creek day-use
area loop
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Seasonal
campground
Cool Springs
campground loop
None
Asphalt
Licensee
Licensee
Seasonal
campground
PG&E rated all of the project area roads using the FS's classification system. The
majority of the roads were rated as traffic service level C, which means they have
interrupted traffic flow, limited passing facilities, and low-design speeds; are unstable in
certain traffic or weather conditions; and may not be able to accommodate some vehicles.
The first 7.2 miles of the Caribou Road between SR 70 and the town of Caribou; the first
4.3 miles of the Prattville-Butt Reservoir Road from Lake Almanor to Butt Valley
reservoir; the first 0.2 mile of the primary access road to the Butt Valley powerhouse
coming off of County Road 305; and the first 1.3 miles of the Seneca Road heading
southbound from the junction with SR 89 were rated with a traffic service level B, which
is congested during periods of heavy traffic, slower speeds, and high dust, but
accommodates all legal vehicles. The Belden Surge Chamber Road and a 2-mile segment
of the Seneca Road from Seneca to the junction with Dutch Hill Road were rated traffic
service level D, which has slow or blocked traffic flow and rough and irregular surface, is
difficult for two-way traffic, and accommodates high-clearance vehicles. There were no
ratings for the project recreation roads listed in table 3-34.
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Fire Events
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection recorded more than 350
small fires in the Lake Almanor region from 1981 until 2001. Small fires are considered
to be less than 30 acres. Many of the small fire incidents were less than an acre, and most
of them occurred close to developed areas. The most recent large fire was the Storrie fire
in early September 2000, which burned more than 46,000 acres including some project
facilities near the Belden powerhouse.
Mining
There are 206 active mining claims on federal lands situated along the NFFR,
mostly along the Seneca bypassed reach. A mining claim is a particular parcel of federal
land valuable for a specific mineral deposit or deposits. It is a parcel for which an
individual has asserted a right of possession, and that right is restricted to the extraction
and development of a mineral deposit. The rights granted by a mining claim are valid
against a challenge by the United States and other claimants only after the discovery of a
valuable mineral deposit. There are two types of mining claims: lode and placer. Lode
claims include rock-in-place bearing veins or lodes of valuable minerals having welldefined boundaries. Placer claims are mineral deposits not subject to lode claims and
generally consist of unconsolidated materials such as sand and gravel containing free
gold or other materials.
Most of the mining claims in the project area are placer claims, and most are
located around the small community of Seneca within the Seneca bypassed reach of the
NFFR. The maximum size of a placer claim is 20 acres, and most of the claims in the
Feather River area are 20-acre claims. There are also a few lode mines as well as mining
activities on the scattered private lands in the Seneca area.
Aesthetic Resources
For its aesthetic resource assessment, PG&E identified four characteristic
landscape units (zones of generally similar landscape conditions) the Lake Almanor
basin, Butt Creek Valley, NFFR/Caribou Road canyon, and the Belden area. PG&E also
identified a set of key viewing points (KVPs) within the project area to provide a basis
for systematic evaluation of aesthetic resources at the project. The KVPs represent a
sampling of views of each landscape unit within the project area and are based on
evaluation of the aesthetic characteristics of each landscape unit; each landscape unit’s
use patterns; the aesthetic sensitivity of each landscape unit; and the plans, regulations,
and policies affecting the alteration of each landscape unit’s appearance. Table 3-35
provides a summary, and figure 3-16 shows the location of the KVPs.
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Table 3-35. Key viewing points in the UNFFR Project area. (Source: PG&E, 2002a)
KVP
Orientation
Landscape Perspective
(1) SR 36 causeway
West
SR 36 Causeway bridge on Lake
Almanor
(2) North Shore campground
South
Shallow areas of upper Lake
Almanor
(3) SR 36 rest area
Southwest
Wooded view of upper Lake
Almanor, Chester and onto Mt.
Lassen
(4) Little Cove
South
Inside cove looking down into Lake
Almanor neat Peninsula Village
(5) Eastshore picnic area
West
Typical wooded view from picnic
area
(6) Scenic Overlook
Northwest
Canyon dam and spillway area
(7)Canyon dam boat ramp
West
Lower Lake Almanor from
developed recreation site.
(8) Plumas Pines Resort
Northwest
Resort view of Lake Almanor and
Mt. Lassen
(9) Rocky Point campground
beach
East
Swimming beach at campground
(10) Butt Valley reservoir cove
Southwest
Upper Butt Valley reservoir
shoreline
(11) Alder Creek campground
boat ramp
South
Developed recreation site view
along Butt Valley reservoir
(12) Lower Butt Valley reservoir
South
Butt Valley dam and spillway
(13) Seneca Bridge
South
Seneca bypassed reach
(14) Butt Valley Dam Road
South
Project transmission line with
Belden forebay in distance
(15) Belden forebay
North
Belden forebay and Oak Flat area
(16) Caribou Road bridge
Northeast
Belden bypassed reach
(17) Belden siphon
North
At road crossing on Caribou Road
(18) Belden bypassed reach
Northeast
Along SR 70
(19) Belden powerhouse
Northwest
Pacific Crest Trail crossing and SR
70 corridor at Belden powerhouse
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Lake Almanor Basin
The Lake Almanor basin is a large basin rimmed by densely wooded mountains
and rolling topography. Lake Almanor, the dominant feature of the basin is an extensive
reservoir of high scenic quality. The basin is somewhat flat and the lake is several miles
wide and long, broad sweeping views are generally available along most reservoir
shorelines. These include highly scenic views of 10,457-foot-high Mt. Lassen and the
rugged terrain within Mt. Lassen Volcanic National Park. Views of Mt. Lassen are
possible from the northeast shoreline near SR 36’s Johnson Grade, the SR 36 Rest Area,
Lake Almanor Country Club, County Highway A13, most of the East Shore area, and
much of the shoreline in the Prattville community and Lake Almanor West subdivision.
Lake Almanor is generally a fairly shallow reservoir in a wide basin so a drop of a
few feet in elevation can expose wide areas of shoreline. When the lake is above 4,482
feet, the exposed shoreline is somewhat beneficial by serving as a beach area for
engaging in or staging recreation activities. However, below about elevation 4,482 feet,
the exposed shoreline progressively becomes more undesirable to many users and
viewers because of the jagged volcanic-type rocks that occur there. In steeper shoreline
areas along the southern portion of the east shore, larger reductions in lake elevation are
not noticed because the water line remains fairly close to shore. The western shoreline
near Chester and the area north of the SR 36 causeway have large areas of brown flat
terrain exposed below elevation 4,482 feet.
Other scenic areas of high quality include the broad meadow landscapes found
north of the SR 36 causeway and on the extensive lowlands between Chester and Lake
Almanor’s western shoreline. These areas offer viewers a distinctive change in scenery
from the predominant wooded terrain. These meadows offer a lot of variety and
gradually blend into mixed lands with interspersed wooded clumps on relatively flat
terrain. Waterfowl and other bird life offer additional aesthetic values to these areas.
Butt Creek Valley
The Butt Creek Valley landscape extends from about halfway between Prattville
and the Butt Valley powerhouse to the Caribou powerhouses near the mouth of Butt
Creek on the NFFR. This landscape offers a wide variety of dramatic topographic relief
that is gentle in the upper elevations and steep and rugged in the lower elevations leading
down to the Caribou area. Butt Valley reservoir is of high scenic quality with moderately
low banks rimmed by a uniform and densely wooded shoreline. The reservoir is confined
inside the valley bottom and is long and narrow allowing good view across its waters to
the surrounding undeveloped shorelines. There are few long distance views from within
this basin since it is somewhat confined in a narrow valley. There are no residences
along the reservoir shoreline but the Butt Valley-Caribou Electric Transmission line,
supported by steel lattice towers, dominates the foreground landscape as viewed by
travelers on the road. Many users think the power line detracts from the natural
landscape qualities that dominate the scenery.
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Butt Valley reservoir fluctuates daily and weekly to match daily output to peak
needs and typically fluctuates about 1 foot on a daily basis and between 3 and 5 feet on a
weekly basis depending on power system operating needs. Butt Valley reservoir has a
more attractive sand and rock shoreline than Lake Almanor when exposed. Even with
the usual amount of fluctuation, visual quality is generally preserved across the range of
normal operating levels.
From the Butt Valley reservoir down to the Caribou powerhouses, the terrain is
extremely steep and rugged. A single-lane dirt road, which splits into two one-way
separated roadways that wind steeply down the hill, provides most visitors their only
access to this landscape. There are several locations along the roads in the upper and
lower reaches that offer dramatic views down into the rugged and deep NFFR canyon.
North Fork Feather River/Caribou Road
This landscape unit extends the length of the NFFR from Canyon dam passing
through Caribou leading downstream to the confluence of the EBNFFR at the scenic SR
70 highway corridor. The uppermost part of this landscape unit is characterized by
rolling wooded terrain bisected by the incised NFFR. The river is hidden from
widespread public viewing in most locations because there are few trails or roads in the
area. Near Seneca, the river canyon is deeply incised, which is especially noticeable
around the Caribou powerhouses. Immediately downstream of the Caribou powerhouses,
the river fits inside a small box canyon rimmed by jagged rock ledges. The river valley
from this location to Belden is narrow and tucked deep down inside a more open canyon
with ridges and mountain tops extending over 3,000 feet above the valley floor on both
sides. The valley is highly scenic and has an undeveloped feel with rough mountainous
character.
Belden Area
The Belden area landscape spans a distance of less than 2 miles along the deep
scenic gorge of the NFFR along the SR 70 highway corridor. The upper end of this
distinctive landscape is the confluence of the EBNFFR and the NFFR, where Caribou
Road begins. The landscape is fairly uniform in topography but has an impressive
variety of geologic and vegetative conditions leading to the Belden powerhouse located at
the confluence of Yellow Creek and the NFFR. The canyon gorge is generally U-shaped
with both wooded and open rocky slopes bisected by steeply defined stream channels
extending up several thousand feet above the valley bottom. Most viewers experience the
landscape from well-traveled SR 70. The PCT crosses the canyon at Belden powerhouse.
The PCT is a 2,638-mile-long National Scenic Trail extending from Canada to
Mexico. The PCT section crossing the NFFR receives light use, although some
horseback use is noted in late summer. Views of the project from the PCT can be seen as
northbound users descend the canyon from the south where the Belden powerhouse
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penstocks and surge chamber are readily visible on the lower slopes of the canyon. At
the SR 70 crossing, the Belden powerhouse becomes visible although viewer sensitivity
in this stretch is low because of the variety of developed features present.
LRMP Visual Quality Objectives
The Lassen and Plumas National Forest LRMPs provide guidelines for the
preferred VQO of land managed under each designation. VQOs are based on the degree
of acceptable alteration permitted within the natural characteristic landscapes and are
applied to all project proposals and activities on NFS lands. The Lassen National Forest
LRMP assigns two VQOs to the project area or lands influenced by project operations,
including Retention and Partial Retention. The VQOs for project lands in the Plumas
National Forest are Retention, Partial Retention, and Modification. The three VQOs that
apply to the project area are further described in table 3-36.
Table 3-36. VQO classifications and guidelines. (Source: FS, 1992, 1995)
VQO
Designation
Definition
Retention
Allows management activities that are not visually evident. Activities
may only repeat form, line, color, and texture found frequently in the
characteristic landscape. Changes in size, amount, intensity,
direction, and pattern should not be evident.
Partial
Retention
Allows management activities that remain visually subordinate to the
characteristic landscape. Activities may repeat form, line, color, and
texture common to the characteristic landscape but changes in their
qualities of size, amount, intensity, direction, and pattern remain
visually subordinate to the characteristic landscape. Activities may
also introduce form, line, color, and texture found infrequently or not
at all in the characteristic landscape, but they should remain
subordinate to the visual strength of the characteristic landscape.
Modification
Human activities may visually dominate the original characteristic
landscape. Vegetation and landform alteration must borrow from
naturally established form, line, color, texture, and scale.
On the Lassen National Forest, Retention is prescribed for most of the recreation
and lightly developed lands on the southwest shore of Lake Almanor around Prattville.
Partial Retention is allocated for the undeveloped lands immediately outside the Lake
Almanor West subdivision. On the Plumas National Forest, Retention is prescribed in
recreation and scenic areas around Butt Valley reservoir and the lands along the NFFR
below the Caribou powerhouses. Partial retention is prescribed to the NFS lands along
the Seneca reach. Modification is assigned to the steep canyon lands leading from Butt
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Valley dam to Caribou where the project roads, transmission lines and penstocks are
visible features of the landscape.
The Lassen and Plumas National Forest LRMPs also provide guidelines for the
preferred ROS of land managed under each plan. The ROS provides a framework for
classifying the types of outdoor recreational opportunities that the public may desire and
identifies the portion of the ROS that any given area may be able to provide. In
designating the ROS, factors include qualities provided by the natural setting (i.e.,
vegetation, topography, scenery), activities associated with recreational use (i.e., type and
level of recreational use), and experience opportunities related to management (i.e.,
development, access, and regulations). Table 3-37 summarizes ROS classifications and
guidelines.
Table 3-37. ROS classifications and guidelines. (Source: FS, 1992, 1995)
Guidelines
ROS Classification
Semi-primitive motorized
Provide for minimum evidence of onsite disturbance.
Only subtle modifications to an otherwise natural
environment. Motorized use of roads and trails is
allowed.
Roaded natural
Provide for low-to-moderate interaction between
users. Sights and sounds of others are clearly evident.
Rural
Natural environment is substantially modified.
Structures are readily evident. Controls and
regulations are obvious and law enforcement visible.
The Plumas National Forest LRMP further specifies goals and policies for visual
resources. The plan emphasizes the need to allow certain management activities to
dominate the visual landscape, especially those activities on lands committed to intensive
timber or other commodity production. In areas frequently used by recreationists, the
plan emphasizes the need to maintain high visual quality on these lands that are clearly
visible from recreational developments, as well as from major travel routes and other
high use areas.
In addition to VQOs, there are considerations for visual quality related to the
federal designation of the Lassen Scenic Byway and Feather River Scenic Byway. SR 89
has also been designated a California State Scenic Highway by the California State
legislature.
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3.3.6.2
Environmental Effects
Adding Lands to the Project Boundary
In the license application, PG&E proposes adding approximately 34 acres of the
Plumas National Forest into the project at Caribou and Belden dams. The area around the
Caribou Nos. 1 and 2 penstocks has required slope stabilization and remediation work
over the last 20 years, and PG&E has indicates that it is likely that attention to slope
stabilization would continue. Therefore, PG&E proposes to include the area between the
two penstocks within the project boundary. Also the project spoil areas located west of
the downstream portal of the Caribou No. 2 tunnel and just downstream of the road from
the top of Belden forebay dam to Oak Flat powerhouse have each experienced project use
and that use is expected to continue. Finally, over the years, the Caribou to Butt Valley
Road has experienced minor changes in its alignment, and there are also short access
roads in the vicinity of this road that are used by the project. For these reasons, PG&E
proposes to include the 34 acres.
In the SA, PG&E proposes to apply to the Commission within 1 year of license
issuance to adjust the project boundary to include all recreation improvements covered by
the SA at PG&E facilities including the East Shore campground, group camp area, and
day-use area, the Stover Ranch day-use area, the Catfish Beach area, the Westwood
Beach day-use area, the Stumpy Beach day-use area, the Upper Belden Reach river
access site, the Belden Reach trails, and those portions of the southwest shoreline access
zone facilities currently outside the project boundary. PG&E also proposes to adjust the
UNFFR Project boundary to include the following FS facilities located on the Plumas and
Lassen National Forests: Canyon dam boat launch and day-use area, Dyer View day-use
area, and Almanor boat launch. PG&E further proposes applying to the Commission to
adjust the project boundary as needed to incorporate the Almanor Family Campground
and amphitheater, the Almanor Group Campground, and the Almanor beach, 6 months
after the FS has completed construction of all of the recreation improvements it has
planned for each of these facilities. PG&E also proposes to request a modification of any
license article addressing the recreation O&M program included in the draft RRMP to
include these facilities.
FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 32(3) specifies the same project boundary
adjustments as those listed in PG&E’s proposal.
Our Analysis
There are currently 409 acres of lands administered by the Plumas National Forest
within the project boundary and 577 acres of lands administered by the Lassen National
Forest. PG&E meets with the FS on an annual basis to discuss plans for the upcoming
year. The Commission requires licensees for major projects, such as the UNFFR Project,
to secure all lands necessary for project purposes either by purchase or acquisition of
appropriate easements. Such lands are included within the designated project boundary
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and the Commission only has jurisdiction over activities that occur within this project
boundary. The Commission has the authority to enforce the terms and conditions of a
new license within the project boundary. Adding an additional 34 acres of the Plumas
National Forest to the project boundary would not be detrimental to the purposes of the
Plumas or Lassen National Forests. The activities that PG&E is responsible for on those
lands to be added are addressed in the discussion of vegetation management plans below
and in section 3.3.1.2, Water Resources.
PG&E has proposed new recreational facilities at the UNFFR Project (see section
3.3.5, Recreational Resources) and all of the facilities that PG&E proposes to either
construct or provide funding to construct are partially within or adjacent to the existing
project boundary, and are used as primary access points to the UNFFR hydroelectric
project. As such, a clear connection exists between project operations and recreational
use of these facilities. Including all of these facilities in the project boundary would
provide assurance that improvements would be consistent with project purposes and that
PG&E would continue to provide recreational access to project lands and waters.
Additionally, including the FS recreation facilities listed above in the project boundary
would have a beneficial effect on recreation since PG&E would be able to apply
consistent management to all of the recreation facilities on the Lake Almanor shoreline,
reducing visitor confusion over management practices. We conclude that the facilities
proposed for improvement or construction should be included in the project boundary.
Traffic Use Surveys and Road Management
In the SA, PG&E proposes to file an FS-approved road traffic survey plan for
roads used for project purposes located on NFS lands with the Commission within 1 year
of license issuance. PG&E proposes that the plan would include provisions for
monitoring traffic every 6 years when PG&E is monitoring recreation use in accordance
with FERC Form 80 requirements. PG&E proposes that, at a minimum, the road traffic
survey would include the Caribou Road (27N26) and the Caribou-Butt Valley Reservoir
roads (27N26 and 27N60) and include the number and types of vehicles per day on these
roads and a sampling schedule that includes: the fishing season, including the opening
weekend; holiday weekends including Memorial Day, Fourth of July, and Labor Day;
non-holiday weekends; the day of and the day after any scheduled Belden reach
recreation river flow releases; and weekdays. PG&E further proposes that every 6 years
the road traffic reports would be reviewed by the FS and then filed with the Commission.
In its preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 48, filed December 1, 2003, the FS
specified that every 5 years from license issuance, PG&E file a FS-approved road/traffic
survey report with the Commission and provide a copy of the survey and the survey
results to the FS. The FS wanted to reserve the right to require changes in the project,
designated project roads, and operation, after notice and opportunity for comment and
administrative review, through revision of the Section 4(e) conditions that require
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measures necessary to accomplish protection and utilization of NFS resources and
provide for public safety identified as a result of those surveys.
In its response to the FS, filed with the Commission on January 15, 2004, PG&E
did not oppose this recommendation, but suggested that it be modified to incorporate the
cost sharing responsibilities reflected in the 1998 road maintenance agreement between
PG&E and the Plumas National Forest. Additionally, PG&E proposed that the traffic
sampling approach not be currently defined but be developed by PG&E in consultation
with the FS.
In its preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 19, filed December 1, 2003, the FS
also specified that PG&E furnish, install, and maintain temporary traffic controls when
construction is in progress adjacent to or on FS controlled roads open to public travel, to
provide the public with adequate warning and protection from hazardous or potentially
hazardous conditions associated with PG&E’s operations. The FS also specified that any
flaggers or devices be as described in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for
Streets and Highways.
Interior, in its Section 10(j) condition no. 19, filed December 1, 2003,
recommends that PG&E develop an erosion control plan for all project facilities
including roads, reservoirs, and bypassed reaches.
In its response to Interior filed with the Commission on January 15, 2004, PG&E
disagrees with the necessity of the proposed condition for several reasons. One of the
reasons PG&E disagrees with the need for a separate erosion control plan is that PG&E
and the Plumas National Forest have already entered into a road maintenance agreement
for roads on NFS lands. PG&E points out that the agreement addresses such items as
slide repair, ditch cleaning, surface repair, shoulder maintenance, dust abatement,
drainage structures, and roadside vegetation. PG&E also states that it would be meeting
with the FS, Plumas County, and other interested parties at least annually to discuss any
project-related issues, including erosion.
FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 39 specifies the same road traffic use survey
plan as the one described in PG&E’s proposal. In its final Section 4(e) condition no. 42,
filed November 4, 2004, the FS specifies that, within 1 year of license issuance, PG&E
file a FS-approved road management plan addressing all FS and unclassified roads
required by PG&E to access the project area. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 5
specifies that PG&E would provide the FS with a minimum of 60 days to review and
approve the plan before filing it with the Commission. The FS specifies that the road
management plan for the UNFFR Project include (1) identification of all FS roads and
unclassified roads on NFS lands needed for project access, including road numbers; (2) a
map showing all FS roads and unclassified roads on NFS lands used for project access,
including digital spatial data accurate to within 40 feet, identifying each road by FS road
number; (3) a description of each FS road segment and unclassified road on NFS lands
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needed for project access including termini, length, purpose and use, party responsible for
maintenance, level of maintenance, structures accessed, location and status of gates and
barricades, if any, ownership of road segment and underlying property, instrument of
authorization for road use, assessment of road conditions; and (4) provisions requiring
PG&E to consult with the FS in advance of performing any road construction,
realignment, or closure involving FS roads or lands. The FS specifies that PG&E
cooperate with the FS on the preparation of a condition survey and a proposed
maintenance plan subject to annual FS approval, beginning the first full year after the
road management plan has been approved.
The FS further specifies that PG&E obtain appropriate authorization (e.g., specialuse permit, road-use permit, or maintenance agreement) in accordance with the road
management plan for all project access roads under FS jurisdiction that are located
outside the project boundary, including unclassified roads and FS system roads needed
for project access; the term of the authorization would be the same as the term of the
license. The FS specifies that PG&E enter into the appropriate authorization mechanism
with the FS that supersedes the existing authorization with the FS. The road management
plan would identify PG&E’s responsibilities for road maintenance and repair costs
commensurate with PG&E’s use and project-induced use. The FS specifies that the road
management plan specify road maintenance and management standards that provide for
traffic safety; minimize erosion and damage to natural resources and that are acceptable
to the FS.
The FS further specifies that PG&E would be responsible for any new
construction, realignment, closure, or other road management actions PG&E proposes in
the future, subject to FS standards in effect at the time, including related studies, analyses
or reviews required by FS. The FS specifies that snow removal on roads nos. 27N26 and
27N60 and other project roads would be performed to minimize erosion during runoff
periods. PG&E would be responsible for maintenance and replacement of aggregate that
is damaged or lost due to snow plowing on the aggregate surfaced portion of road nos.
27N26 and 27N60 and other roads from which snow is plowed. The FS specifies that
PG&E would be responsible for a share of the cost of needed maintenance and repairs of
roads nos. 27N26 and 27N60 commensurate with PG&E’s use and project-induced use.
Our Analysis
During its review of PG&E’s first stage consultation package, the FS
recommended an access management and traffic study for project roads to provide
information on the current condition of the project roads as well as current traffic levels,
to determine if the roads and trails can provide safe and adequate access to meet existing
and future demands. In summer 2001, PG&E conducted a traffic study of the project
roads, investigating the traffic safety and road system operations. Also in 2001, PG&E
conducted comprehensive traffic monitoring of roads throughout the project area.
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The traffic study and road management report concluded that the project road
system was suitable for the traffic expected during the life of the license and also
provided some specific recommendations for several roads.
PG&E responded to the FS’s request for a study of the project roads during initial
consultation and in 1998 entered into a road maintenance agreement with the FS that
includes a list of roads covered by the agreement (FS System roads jointly used by PG&E
and the FS), levels of road maintenance, road maintenance specifications, and methods to
fulfill maintenance obligations. The intent of the agreement is to ensure maintenance of
the roads in a condition that provides for their intended use, prevent and correct erosion
to the roads and adjacent lands, and ensure safe and efficient use of the roads.
Additionally, PG&E projects an increase in recreation use at the project over the year
2001 levels. An increase in users as well as the passage of time would likely warrant
additional road rehabilitation to help ensure that the capacity of the roads is not exceeded
and to maintain the roadways to current traffic service levels and maintenance levels.
The traffic use surveys that PG&E and the FS have proposed would help identify when
and where roads have reached or exceeded their capacity or fallen below an acceptable
level of service. If roads have exceeded their anticipated capacity, PG&E and the FS
may need to assess the need to reclassify the road maintenance level or the traffic service
level of the road. According to the road maintenance agreement, PG&E and the FS meet
annually to develop an annual maintenance plan that addresses all anticipated road
maintenance work needed on the roads covered by the road maintenance agreement.
The road management plan specified by the FS differs slightly from the road
maintenance agreement PG&E has developed with the FS. Development of a road
management plan would require minimal changes to the existing road maintenance
agreement as well as development of digital spatial data accurate to within 40 feet,
identifying each road by FS road number.
Specific Land Management and Visual Resource Protection Measures
In the SA, PG&E proposes to implement a number of land management and visual
resource protection measures at existing facilities within 2 years after initial license
issuance.
In its final Section 4(e) condition no. 40, the FS specifies that PG&E implement
specific mitigation measures. PG&E’s specific visual management proposals and the
FS’s 4(e) specifications related to visual management are described in the following list.
x Within 2 years of license issuance, PG&E proposes to paint the metal siding
and roof of the hoist house on the Prattville intake structure a dark green color
similar to the current color. The FS recommends the same measure as an
element of its final Section 10(a) condition no. 40(A).
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x Within 2 years of license issuance, PG&E proposes to plant sufficient
evergreen trees within the UNFFR Project boundary between the existing
Prattville maintenance buildings and the shoreline to reduce visual domination
of the buildings on the shoreline area. PG&E further proposes to monitor and
oversee survival of these trees through the first three summers to ensure their
successful establishment. The FS recommends the same proposal as PG&E in
its final Section 10(a) condition no. 40(B).
x Within 2 years of license issuance, PG&E proposes to re-grade the Oak Flat
road debris spoil piles located on PG&E land outside of the UNFFR Project
boundary along Caribou Road to create a more natural rolling topography
along the roadside and, where possible, to move spoil materials farther from
the road. PG&E also proposes to establish native plantings where possible
between the road and the spoil piles to help screen the active use areas from
passing motorists. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 40(C) specifies the same
proposal as PG&E.
x Within 2 years of license issuance, PG&E proposes to prepare a plan, in
consultation with the FS, to annually apply dust palliatives or other measures,
including regular grading, to help minimize dust emissions and improve the
lower coupled segment of the Butt Valley-Caribou Road, which is located
within the UNFFR Project boundary. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 40(D)
specifies the same proposal as PG&E.
x Within 2 years of license issuance, PG&E proposes to consult with the FS on
color selection when maintenance or repair work is scheduled on the Belden
powerhouse penstocks, surge chamber, or other powerhouse facilities to reduce
visual contrast as seen from SR 70. FS final Section 10(a) condition no. 40(E)
specifies the same proposal as PG&E.
x Within 2 years of license issuance, PG&E proposes to maintain the exterior
and landscaping of the old clubhouse facility and grounds at Caribou Village to
preserve the historic features and character of this facility, which is located
within the UNFFR Project boundary. PG&E also proposes to consult with the
FS when maintenance or repair activities that affect exterior appearance are to
take place to help preserve, as practical, the historic and visual appeal of the
village landscaping and structures. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 40(F)
specifies the same proposal as PG&E.
PG&E proposes to file an FS-approved visual management plan with FERC
within 60 days prior to any ground-disturbing activities on NFS lands. PG&E proposes
that these this plan would, at a minimum, address clearings, spoil piles, and project
facilities such as diversion structures, penstocks, pipes, ditches, powerhouses, other
buildings, transmission lines, corridors and access roads; facility configurations,
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alignments, building materials, colors, landscaping, and screening; a proposed mitigation
and implementation schedule necessary to bring project facilities into compliance with
the National Forest LRMP direction; locating road spoil piles either in approved areas on
NFS lands or in a location off of NFS lands; monitoring and eradicating invasive weeds
as specified in any invasive weed management plan for the project; removing all visible
non-native materials, including construction debris from the surfaces of piles located on
NFS lands; and stabilizing and revegetating all native material that is allowed to be left
on NFS lands, including complying with visual quality objectives.
The FS specified, as a part of preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 49, that
within 1 year of issuance of a new license, or 60 days prior to any ground-disturbing
activity, that PG&E file a FS-approved visual management plan with the Commission.
Additionally, FS preliminary Section 4(e) condition no. 50 specified that PG&E file an
FS-approved spoil disposal plan with the Commission within 2 years of license issuance
and at least 60 days prior to any ground-disturbing or soil-producing or piling activity.
The FS-specified elements are reflective of the elements that PG&E has proposed for
inclusion in any visual management plan it prepares.
In its response to the FS, contained in a letter filed with the Commission on
January 15, 2004, PG&E expresses its belief that the existing project-related visual
quality issues on NFS lands have been adequately addressed through the relicensing
studies and consultation and would continue to be adequately addressed through
implementation of the proposals included in both the license application and the SA.
PG&E has discussed the need for a comprehensive visual management plan with the FS
and the FS has concurred with PG&E’s recommendation that the visual management plan
would only be needed to address future ground-disturbing activities, and should be
developed at least 60 days prior to any such activity. FS final Section 4(e) condition no.
40(G) specifies the same proposal as PG&E.
Our Analysis
The Lassen and Plumas National Forest LRMPs define the VQOs for National
Forest System lands in the project area. VQOs for the project area are intended to
provide various degrees of a natural-appearing landscape. Existing project facilities and
operations are clearly visible on the landscape, with buildings, dams, and penstocks
contrasting sharply with the surrounding forested setting. Project roads, campgrounds,
and appurtenant facilities are also obvious to the casual observer. Although it may not be
practical to devise methods to blend the dams in with the natural environment, there may
be ways to reduce the contrast of other structures through paint colors or vegetative
screening during regular maintenance or upgrading of existing facilities. A coordinated
approach to address visual effects of the existing facilities and proposed new facilities
would help to protect aesthetic resources within the project area and help ensure that
project facilities would be consistent with the applicable LRMP direction.
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Periodic painting and maintenance of project facilities is necessary to meet current
standards and maintain aesthetic appeal. Consulting with the FS on color selection when
any maintenance or repair work is scheduled at the Belden Powerhouse facilities would
assure that the LRMP standards are addressed.
The existing PG&E-operated maintenance buildings located at the Prattville intake
visually dominate the Lake Almanor shoreline area. Planting evergreen trees between
these buildings and the shoreline would reduce the visual domination of the buildings.
The spoil piles located on the Caribou Road at Oak Flat are clearly visible from
the road and detract from the scenic quality of the area. Removal of this project-related
debris to the extent that such removal is practical along with establishing native plantings
where possible, would provide a visual benefit on this road.
The historic structures at the Caribou Village are in need of maintenance to
prevent deterioration of the buildings and loss of historic character and value. It would
be advantageous for PG&E to consult with the FS on preserving the historic and visual
appeal of the village landscaping and structures.
The Butt Valley-Caribou Road (27N60 and 27N26) is quite dusty during the
summer, and the dust creates a potential driving hazard. It would be beneficial for PG&E
and the FS to work together to address this concern.
A spoil disposal plan was originally recommended by the FS, and the FS final
Section 4(e) conditions address spoil pile disposal in the proposed visual management
plan. Implementation of this plan would limit the potential for existing and new spoil
piles to erode and would improve the aesthetics of the spoil piles. See section 3.3.1.2 for
more discussion on the visual management plan.
Shoreline Management Plan
In the SA, PG&E proposes to implement the Lake Almanor SMP included in the
final license application within 30 days after license issuance. PG&E further proposes to
meet with the FS and Plumas County and other interested parties a minimum of every 10
years to discuss the need to update the SMP. The SMP included in PG&E’s final license
application describes current conditions and management of the Lake Almanor shoreline
and presents the proposed shoreline management program including shoreline
authorizations and management policies, including permitting. The proposed shoreline
management program designates five shoreline management zones on Lake Almanor
including commercial, industrial, residential, recreation, and conservation and also
describes the shoreline management policies that apply across all shoreline zones.
In its October 29, 2004, comments on the draft EIS, Plumas County recommends
that PG&E meet with local citizens and the 2105 Committee prior to finalizing the SMP
and filing it with the Commission.
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In its final Section 4(e) condition no. 40(H), filed November 4, 2004, the FS
specifies that PG&E consult with the FS and other interested relicensing SA signatories
within 30 days of license issuance to finalize the SMP, which the FS specifies that PG&E
implement within 1 year of license issuance. The FS states that it would approve those
portions of the plan that are within its jurisdiction. The FS further specifies that PG&E
meet with the FS, Plumas County, and other interested relicensing SA signatories a
minimum of every 10 years to discuss the need to update the SMP; the need to update the
SMP sooner may also be raised and discussed during the annual land use meetings with
the FS, Plumas County, and other interested relicensing SA signatories.
Our Analysis
The shoreline of Lake Almanor is highly developed and along certain areas of the
shoreline, convenient access is limited. PG&E faces a growing need to provide more
shoreline access points and shoreline recreation facilities to meet future demand and
growth. Also, PG&E currently has more than one program for permitting various
features along the reservoir shoreline, addressing both private and commercial uses. The
draft SMP that PG&E presented in its license application integrates existing shoreline
management policy and permitting documents into one comprehensive plan. The SMP
was developed as a guide to future management of the Lake Almanor shoreline in the
face of increasing development pressures, as well as frequent requests from adjacent
property owners to either make shoreline improvements or place private docks and
facilities for public or group use inside the project boundary around Lake Almanor. The
plan examines all shoreline areas of the reservoir to identify the appropriate
developmental uses, as well as to protect areas deemed necessary for preservation to
protect and enhance environmental values. Under the terms and conditions of the project
license, PG&E must retain all rights to lands and waters within the project boundary
needed for project purposes. PG&E may permit others to use the project’s lands and
waters but before permitting such a use, PG&E must ensure that the use does not
endanger health, create a nuisance, or otherwise be incompatible with overall project
recreational use and that a permittee takes all reasonable measures to protect the scenic,
recreational, and environmental values of the project. Additionally, PG&E is responsible
for ensuring that permitted facilities are constructed and operated in a safe manner that do
not adversely affect project operations and purposes. See section 3.3.1, Water Resources,
for more discussion on the SMP.
Annual Meeting
In the SA, PG&E proposes to conduct an annual meeting with the FS, CDFG, and
Plumas County to coordinate ongoing project-related land management activities
including recreation management and use; fire suppression and related forest health
activities; and the planning for commercial, residential and industrial developments. FS
final Section 4(e) condition no. 40(I) specifies the same proposal as PG&E.
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Our Analysis
An annual meeting of the FS, CDFG, Plumas County, and PG&E would allow
these agencies to share current and future plans for land management activities, including
any planned development or timber removal. Such a meeting should decrease conflicts
with the established land use policies in place for the project area, such as FS LRMP
direction and Plumas County zoning ordinances.
Fire Prevention and Response Plan
In its final Section 4(e) condition no. 41, filed November 4, 2004, the FS specifies
that, within 1 year of license issuance, PG&E file an FS-approved vegetation
management plan, developed for the purpose of identifying hazardous vegetative
conditions surrounding project facilities that may accelerate the spread of a wildfire onto
NFS lands as a result of project activities or might place project facilities in jeopardy
from an approaching fire. The FS specifies that the plan include the following minimum
provisions: (1) analysis of live and dead fuel loading and potential fire behavior within
300 feet of project features; (2) treatments to be employed to reduce ignition hazard; (3)
an implementation schedule; and (4) provisions for the reassessment of hazardous
conditions at 5- to 8-year intervals depending on regrowth of vegetation. The FS further
specifies that any treatments extending onto adjacent NFS lands be approved by the FS
and accomplishment of any hazard reduction activities be coordinated with the FS when
practicable.
The FS also specifies in final Section 4(e) condition no. 9(A) that PG&E file an
FS-approved fire prevention and response plan with the Commission, developed in
consultation with the appropriate state and local fire agencies. The fire prevention and
response plan would set forth in detail the plan for preventing, reporting, controlling, and
extinguishing fires in the vicinity of the UNFFR Project, within 1 year of license
issuance. The FS specifies that the plan address the following categories at a minimum:
(1) fuels treatment and vegetation management; (2) prevention; (3) emergency response
preparedness; (4) reporting; and (5) extinguishing and controlling fires. The FS further
specifies that the plan include appropriate measures from the vegetation management
plan and that any fire prevention measures conform to the water quality protection
practices as enumerated in the USDA, FS, Pacific Southwest Region, Water Quality
Management for NFS Lands in California-BMPS.
In final Section 4(e) condition no. 9(B), the FS specifies that PG&E agree to fully
cooperate with the FS in all fire investigations and produce for the FS upon request all
materials and witnesses over which PG&E has control that are related to the fire and its
investigation, including all investigation reports, all witness statements, all photographs,
all drawings, all analysis of cause and origin, and all other, similar materials and
documents regardless of how collected or maintained. The FS further specifies that
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PG&E preserve all physical evidence and give the FS custody of all physical evidence
requested.
Our Analysis
PG&E has documented only one large fire, but a relatively high number of small
fires. The large number of small fires indicates the presence of ignition sources, though
favorable conditions such as weather and people to extinguish the fires have helped to
keep the number of large fires down. However, the continued hydroelectric operations
along with the presence of project facilities such as generators, construction equipment,
and transmission lines contribute to fire danger in the project area. We expect that, over
the term of a new license, the number of recreational users would increase at most
developed project sites, and dispersed recreational areas with user-created fire rings add
to the threat of fires in the area. Additional fires within the project area would most
likely result in property damage, destruction to the scenic beauty of the project area,
increased particulate matter and decreased air quality due to smoke, and possibly loss of
life.
Having a fire management and response plan in place with fire prevention and
response strategies would help minimize damage to natural resources and increase
preparedness of fire personnel to provide for public safety when future fires occur.
Currently, CDF, Plumas County, private timber companies, the FS, and PG&E are
working together to reduce fire danger in the project area in the future. A fire
management and response plan would enable compilation of information from the
various consulting agencies to facilitate fire prevention needs and procedures throughout
the project area. Formalizing any existing agreements would improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of fire management of the project area.
Reservoir Levels
The Lake Almanor water levels proposed by PG&E in the SA provide for water
surface elevations from June 1 through August 31 that are 10 feet higher than the current
required levels in wet and normal water year types and 5 feet higher in dry and critically
dry water year types. In its Section 10(j) recommendation, Interior recommends that
PG&E implement project operations to maintain the same water surface elevations as
those proposed in the SA. The water levels proposed by PG&E in the SA maintain
existing water level management regimes for the Butt Valley reservoir. Typically, Butt
Valley reservoir fluctuates about 1 foot on a daily basis and between 3 and 5 feet on a
weekly basis depending on power system operating needs.
Our Analysis
Currently, PG&E operates the project with the level of Lake Almanor between a
normal maximum elevation of 4,494 feet and a normal minimum pool elevation of 4,469
feet. The reservoir usually reaches it highest elevation in May or June and is slowly
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drawn down to its lowest level by December or January. Lake Almanor’s average high
level occurs in June when the lake averages about 4,487 feet. The average September
lake level is about 4,482 feet.
PG&E’s proposal to operate the project to maintain the surface water elevation
level of Lake Almanor at 4,485 feet until August 31 in wet and normal water years would
improve the aesthetic values of the Lake Almanor area.
Potential Measures to Reduce Water Temperature
As detailed in section 3.3.1.2, as part of the SA for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project,
PG&E agreed to evaluate the effectiveness of modifying the UNFFR Project’s Prattville
intake as a temperature control measure for the downstream reaches of the NFFR. PG&E
has been conducting feasibility studies, including modeling the water temperature effects
of potential Prattville intake modifications, re-operation of the Canyon dam outlet gates,
and modification of Caribou No. 2 intake for the past few years. Appendix D of this EIS
provides an initial evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of 42 potential
measures that could affect water temperatures and identifies the 5 measures we analyze
further in section 3.3.1.2, Water Resources, of this EIS.
Two of the measures evaluated by PG&E and described in section 3.3.1.2 include
the installation of a thermal curtain in front of the Prattville intake. The Prattville intake
is located in a steep-sided trough in a cove of the relatively shallow western lobe of Lake
Almanor. Black & Veatch conducted a feasibility study of alternatives to lower water
temperature based on results of the hydraulic model testing conducted by the IIHR, and
provided a conceptual design for installing a U-shaped thermal curtain in this location.
Two sides of the thermal curtain described by Black & Veatch would extend
approximately 900 feet from 2 locations on the shore, with an approximately 770-foot
long thermal curtain parallel to the lakeshore connecting them. The curtain would be
constructed of a geotechnical fabric (Hypalon), supported on the lake surface by a
floating boom made of a string of floating tanks, with the bottom edge held at a constant
elevation (4,445 ft) by buoyant tanks anchored to the bottom of the lake. Each of the
tanks in the floating boom would be 15 feet long with hard rubber bumpers attached to
each end to absorb impacts from the tanks bumping each other and to reduce the noise
level during those impacts. Large floating stabilizing buoys would be attached to the
floating boom with chains to assist with holding the curtain in place. Both the tanks and
the stabilizing buoys would be constructed of galvanized steel. The main floats
supporting the upper curtain’s top edge would be anchored by cables to the stabilizing
buoys, which in turn would be anchored by cables to the large main anchors on the
bottom of the lake. With this two-cable system, a vertical force would not pull down on
the main floats.
The curtain would be attached to the shore by cables attached to “trolley” beams
extending from two walls, such as bin-type galvanized steel walls, extending from the
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high water line (elevation 4,495 feet) on the shore to a point offshore where the bottom of
the lake is at elevation 4,463 feet. The “trolley” beams would be used to accommodate
the changing levels of the water level of the lake. The two walls would be backfilled
with aggregate to form a top surface which could be used to drive small equipment to the
lake end of the walls.
To minimize public safety hazards, warning signs would be installed offshore to
inform the boating public of the existence of the thermal curtain. Public warning buoys
(standard lighted Coast Guard warning buoys) would also need to be installed beyond the
location of the thermal curtain. Additionally, cable break warning buoys would be
installed at about the mid-span of the main cables so that in the event of a break in the
cable the marker buoy would surface to indicate where there is a problem. These buoys
would be spherical buoys approximately 2 feet, 6 inches in diameter, constructed of
encapsulated rigid closed-cell foam and brightly painted with an identifier for the cable
which has broken below the surface.
As described in section 3.3.1.2, in the 1920s, a channel was constructed to link the
Prattville intake with the Big Springs area in the eastern lobe of Lake Almanor. When
the channel was constructed, excavated sediments were placed along it, creating
underwater levees. Based on the results of the IIHR Report, Black & Veatch also
evaluated removal of these levees, in addition to installing a thermal curtain around the
Prattville intake. Black & Veatch estimated that a disposal site consisting of a minimum
of 2 acres of land would be required to contain the estimated 23,000 cubic yards of
dredged spoils that would be generated by the floating curtain and dredging-only
alternative. Dredging operations would likely occur during the seasonal low water period
when the Prattville intake is shut down, likely mid to late October through the end of
November. With approximately a 2-acre “footprint” 23,000 cubic yards of dredged
spoils could be placed to a height of 10 to 12 feet on the site, which is a fairly typical
depth for spoils placement on a disposal site.
Prior to the placement of spoil material, the disposal site would require some
preparatory development work, including developing a low containment berm (at least
around the downhill side of the site), installing silt fencing or other erosion and sediment
control measures, clearing of brush and trees, creating a temporary landing and berth for
moorage of transfer barges during the unloading operation, creating a working platform
for the unloading crane, and developing appropriate temporary site access improvements.
Upon completion of the project, the site would be finish graded to natural contours and
planted with appropriate native plants and grasses.
Black & Veatch evaluated two potential disposal sites for the dredged material.
The first site was the quarry site near the spillway for Canyon dam, which was last used a
few years ago to provide rock for reinforcement of the dam. This site has been
extensively regraded and planted and is now covered by a crop of pine seedlings. The
second disposal site considered was immediately adjacent to the Prattville intake area.
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This disposal site would occupy an unused portion of a parcel of PG&E property where
PG&E’s cloud seeding facility, including a garage and machine shop, is located. The site
near the Prattville intake is an upland site and is also convenient to the area where
dredging would occur.
Our Analysis
Lake Almanor is formed by two main lobes or branches; the western lobe or the
Chester branch, and the eastern lobe or the Hamilton branch. On average, the eastern
lobe is considerably deeper than is the western lobe. The two lobes of Lake Almanor are
connected at a narrow region locally called the “Narrows.” A peninsula extends into the
lake at the Narrows, and acts to partially isolate the eastern and western lobes.
The Prattville intake is located just off the southwest shore of the lake’s western
lobe, in a small cove just northwest of the Narrows. Construction activities related to the
thermal curtain, though temporary, would detract from the visual experience when
visiting Lake Almanor. If constructed as designed, the thermal curtain would extend
approximately 900 feet from the shoreline, well beyond the location of the Prattville
intake. The floats holding the top of the thermal curtain and the stabilizing buoys would
be constructed of galvanized steel, and would be connected with steel cables. The
galvanized steel floats and buoys and the steel cables would contrast with the darker
tones of Lake Almanor and be highly visible, particularly to boaters in this narrow
section of the lake. Several homes and resorts are located on the peninsula that extends
into the lake at the Narrows across from the Prattville intake. It is likely that the view of
Lake Almanor from the peninsula would also be affected by the reflection of the steel
tanks and buoys. We conclude that locating a thermal curtain in this location in Lake
Almanor would negatively affect the aesthetic quality of the lake, particularly since the
area where the curtain would be located is one of the narrowest sections of the lake.
Access currently is restricted in the area immediately surrounding the Prattville
intake for safety reasons. However, a day-use area is proposed just north of the Prattville
intake. The visual experience of the visitors to this day-use area would also be affected
by the presence of a thermal curtain in the lake just south of this area.
Dredging may also occur in conjunction with the placement of a thermal curtain.
The timing of the dredging would be from mid to late October through the end of
November, when there are fewer visitors to Lake Almanor. However, prior to dredging,
vegetation removal and other site disturbing activities would occur in the 2 acres
proposed for the spoil disposal area, negatively affecting aesthetics for visitors to Lake
Almanor. It is possible that the spoil pile created with the material dredged from the
bottom of Lake Almanor would be 10 to 12 feet high. Even with contouring and
planting, the spoil pile would contrast with the surrounding area along the southwest
shoreline of Lake Almanor, creating negative visual effects for boaters and visitors to the
day use area.
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We present the estimated cost of all measures that pertain to land use and aesthetic
resources in chapter 4, Developmental Analysis, and make our final recommendations
regarding these measures in section 5.1, Comprehensive Development and Recommended
Alternative.
3.3.6.3
Unavoidable Adverse Effects
None.
3.3.7 Cultural Resources
3.3.7.1
Affected Environment
Identification of the Area of Potential Effects and Consultations
PG&E advocated that the area of potential effects (APE) for the project (PG&E,
2002a, report 4E) should be defined as follows: all of the lands within FERC project
boundaries, including the shorelines of Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and Belden
forebay; roads between Butt Valley reservoir and Caribou powerhouse; the adit access
road leading up from Caribou Road to the Belden tunnel; the access road leading up from
Highway 70 to the Belden tunnel siphon; and about 15 acres north of the rest stop along
Highway 70 near Belden. Project access road corridors extend 25 feet on either side of
centerline and include turnouts. Maps of the APE are included in appendix E4-D of
PG&E’s application.
This definition of the APE was included in PG&E’s First Stage Consultation
Package for the UNFFR Project, and circulated for discussion among the project’s
Cultural Resources Working Group. The Cultural Resources Working Group includes
representatives of the Greenville Rancheria, Susanville Indian Rancheria, Mountain
Maidu, Maidu Cultural and Development Group, United Maidu Nation, Honey Lake
Maidu Tribe, Roundhouse Council, Tasmam Koyom Foundation, Mountain Meadows
Conservancy, Plumas County 2105 Committee, Lassen National Forest, and Plumas
National Forest. FERC cultural resources staff met with the Cultural Resources Working
Group twice (July 23 and September 4, 2002), and discussed the definition of the APE.
In a letter dated April 10, 2002, conveying cultural resources reports to the
California State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), PG&E requested that SHPO
concur with its definition of the APE. SHPO responded in a letter dated July 29, 2002,
accepting the reports submitted by PG&E. We also agree with PG&E’s definition of the
APE with the understanding that it can be modified in the future based on the discovery
of project-related impacts elsewhere.
Staff consulted with federally recognized Indian tribes with an interest in this
proceeding; these tribes were sent Commission notices and issuances. The Greenville
Rancheria and the Susanville Indian Rancheria were the only federally recognized tribes
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to request to be consulting parties in this proceeding. On two occasions prior to the filing
of PG&E’s final application, staff met directly with the tribal council of the Greenville
Rancheria. PG&E documented its consultations with Native American organizations and
individuals in appendix E4-C of its application.
Archaeological Research
The earliest professional archaeological field work in the project area was initiated
in the late 1940s and 1950s by Francis Riddell of the University of California at
Berkeley. Riddell had previously excavated Tommy Tucker cave in the Honey Lake
Valley of Lassen County in the late 1930s and 1940s, while a student at Sacramento
Junior College (Fenenga and Riddell, 1949; Riddell and Fenenga, 1951). He also was the
first to investigate Rainbow Point at Buck’s Lake in Plumas County (Riddell and
Pritchard, 1971). Riddell recorded sites around Lake Almanor that include CA-PLU-1,
30, 32, and 33.
Chester Rich, a school teacher from Chester, recorded site CA-PLU-87 on Lake
Almanor in 1956. His students produced a manuscript (Johnson and Newman, 1956)
about the Indians of Big Meadow (where Lake Almanor is now located), which reported
projectile points found near the Durbin Motel on the east side of the lake.
In 1974, Makoto Kowta of California State University at Chico led a survey of the
Lake Almanor shoreline between the 4,490 and 4,500 foot elevation contours on behalf
of PG&E (Kowta, 1974). Kowta relocated four previously recorded sites and recorded
four new archaeological sites (CA-PLU-333, 334, 335, 336). In 1975, Kowta salvaged
prehistoric burial remains found eroding into the reservoir at site CA-PLU-33 (Kowta,
1980). Those remains were recently reinterred in the Lake Almanor vicinity.
Trudy Vaughn, of Coyote and Fox, led surveys on the eastern and southern end of
Butt Valley reservoir for a powerline tree removal project for the FS and PG&E in 1994.
Vaughn recorded 15 new archaeological sites (CA-PLU-1185 to 1197 and 1206 and
1207). PAR Environmental Services, Inc. (PAR) conducted additional archaeological
surveys at the Butt Valley reservoir in 1996 for PG&E’s seismic remediation project at
the Butt Valley dam (Macdougall and Maniery, 1996).
In 2000, PG&E had PAR inventory all accessible lands within the relicensing
APE. After the level of Lake Almanor was lowered in 2001, PAR conducted additional
surveys (Compas, 2001, 2002). Combined, these surveys covered 7,567 acres, which
PG&E claims represents 75 percent of the APE, the remaining 25 percent of the APE
being inaccessible due to steep terrain. In 2003, PAR surveyed an additional 140 acres
for various proposed recreational areas around Lake Almanor, Butt Valley reservoir, and
Belden forebay (Compas, 2003). The 2000 PAR survey relocated 21 previously recorded
sites within the APE and identified 35 newly recorded sites and 119 isolated finds. The
2001 PAR survey relocated 11 previously recorded sites and identified 36 new
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archaeological sites and 60 new isolated finds. The 2003 PAR survey recorded two new
archaeological sites. Among the previously recorded sites relocated by PAR around Lake
Almanor were Riddell’s CA-PLU-1, 30, and 33; Rich’s CA-PLU-87; and Kowta’s CAPLU-334 and 336. PAR indicated that Riddell’s sites CA-PLU-31 and 32 could not be
relocated because they are inundated beneath the waters of Lake Almanor. The same is
the case for Kowta’s sites CA-PLU-333 and 335. PAR also relocated seven sites
previously recorded by Vaughn around Butt Valley reservoir (CA-PLU-1186, 1188,
1190, 1192, 1195, 11196, and 1206).
The cultural chronology of the Sierra Nevada was shaped by the work of the
University of California Archaeological Survey beginning in 1948 (Morato, 1984). The
oldest occupations in the project area can be placed within the Upper Archaic period,
dating back to about 2500 BC, and include projectile points typed as Elko or Martis series
(corner-notched, contracting stem and expanding stem) and Mesilla complex (large leafshaped and wide-stemmed). Martis or Elko type points were found at site CA-PLU-113
at Rainbow Point and CA-PLU-115 at Boathouse Point on Buck’s Lake (Crew, 1981).
Along Lake Almanor, sites CA-PLU-30, 33, 284, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1732, 2019, 2061,
2072, 2073, and 2077 produced Martis or Elko type points. Wide stemmed, or leafshaped Mesilla style points were recovered at sites CA-PLU-33, 1717, 1709, 1721, 2063,
2067, 2068, and 2090 around Lake Almanor. No evidence of the Bidwell complex was
uncovered in the project area.
The Emergent period, after AD 1000, distinguished by the introduction of the bow
and arrow, is represented by the Sweetwater and Oroville complexes in the Sierra
Nevada. The Sweetwater complex includes Rose Spring and Gunther points. Some
archaeologists believe that Gunther points mark the arrival of the Maidu in the northern
Sierra. Gunther points were found at Rainbow Point on Buck’s Lake, and at sites CAPLU-284, 2071, and 2072 along Lake Almanor. The Oroville complex is denoted by
Cottonwood triangular and Desert side-notched points. At Boathouse Point on Buck’s
Lake, Gunther, Eastgate, Rose Spring, Cottonwood, and Desert side-notched points were
found within the same cultural horizon (Crew, 1981). Likewise, at site CA-PLU-33 at
Lake Almanor, Kowta (1980) recovered Gunther, Rose Spring, Desert side-notched
points, and Cottonwood points from a cultural horizon estimated to date between AD
1100 and 1750, together with ground stone artifacts, a steatite pipe, tubular bone beads,
pine nut beads, Olivella shell beads, abalone shell objects, and carbonized coiled
basketry, associated with 14 burials. Rose Spring, Eastgate, and Desert side-notched
points were also noted at sites CA-PLU-2063, 2072, and 2090 and P-32-2076 at Lake
Almanor, and site CA-PLU-1186 at the Butt Valley reservoir.
Table 3-38 lists all of the prehistoric or aboriginal archaeological sites identified in
the APE. Many of these sites also have historic materials associated with them.
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Table 3-38. Prehistoric or multicomponent sites identified within the APE. (Source:
PG&E, 2002a)
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
Management
CA-PLU-1/CAPLU-1731 (NF-15)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
originally recorded by Riddell
in 1949, and relocated by
Kowta in 1974 and by PAR in
2000.
Riddell noted that wave
action was destroying
site. Partly inundated.
Local residents cited
artifact collection.
Private home
construction.
Signage, education,
and limit permit.
Monitor and
additional recording
and testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-30 may
be related to
ethnohistoric
Maidu village of
Manimbaldiki
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
Elko/Martis type point.
Originally recorded by
Riddell in 1958. Relocated
by Kowta in 1974 and PAR in
2001.
Usually inundated, wave
action, changing lake
levels, recreation, casual
visitation and potential
vandalism.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-33 may
be related to
ethnohistoric
Maidu village of
Nakango Koyo
Originally recorded by
Riddell in 1958 as prehistoric
village and historic stage
station, with 8 burials
reported. Kowta (1980)
salvaged 14 burials eroding
from site in 1975. PAR
relocated site in 2000, and
found bedrock mortars
(BRM), ground stone
artifacts, Martis expanding
stem, Martis corner- notched,
Mesilla large leaf shaped, and
Gunther points.
Periodically inundated,
wave action, recreation
and potential vandalism,
ORV use.
Proceed to Stage 3.
Consult with FERC,
SHPO, Greenville
Rancheria, SIR, and
other interested
parties regarding
treatment measures
to be developed.
CA-PLU-87 may
be related to
ethnohistoric
Maidu village of
Yotim
Originally recorded by Rich
in 1956 as prehistoric camp
with BRMs, points, beads,
and ground stone below high
water mark. Relocated by
PAR in 2000, noted lithics,
BRM, and ground stone.
Periodically inundated,
wave action, recreation
(near old boat ramp and
resort), vandalism.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
3-292
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
Management
CA-PLU-284 and
CA-PLU-674 may
be related to
ethnohistoric
Maidu village of
Oidoing-Koyo
Originally recorded in 1977
for timber sale as prehistoric
base camp with Martis
corner-notched point and
ground stone. Historic
component of tin cans
originally recorded in 1985
by Chico State. Relocated in
2000 by PAR with Gunther
point noted.
Recreation (near camp
ground), casual
visitation, logging.
Within Lassen
National Forest, so
treatment should be
determined by the
FS.
CA-PLU-334
Originally recorded during
Kowta’s 1974 survey, as
BRM. Relocated in 2001 by
PAR, with BRMs and lithic
scatter, together with historic
artifacts and remains of
logging railroad grade.
Partial inundation,
changing lake levels,
wave action, ORV use,
casual visitation.
Block ORV access,
signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-336
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
originally recorded during
Kowta’s 1974 survey, and
relocated by PAR in 2000.
Casual visitation,
grazing.
Prohibit grazing.
CA-PLU-1185
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including ground stone
artifacts, originally recorded
during 1994 Coyote and Fox
survey.
Recreation (near a camp
ground), casual
visitation, logging.
Restrict road
grading, signage,
monitor.
CA-PLU-1186
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
Desert side-notched point.
Originally recorded during
1994 Coyote and Fox survey.
In 2001, PAR relocated site
and found historic artifacts.
Recreation (near camp
ground), casual
visitation, logging.
Signage, monitor.
CA-PLU-1709
(NF-3)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
prehistoric lithic scatter in a
meadow, with large leafshaped Mesilla type point.
Casual visitation.
Signage, monitor.
CA-PLU-1710
(NF-4)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
prehistoric lithic scatter in a
forested meadow, with large
leaf-shaped Mesilla type
point, and ground stone
(metate).
Casual visitation.
Signage, monitor.
3-293
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
CA-PLU-1712
(NF-5)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
prehistoric lithic scatter in a
forested meadow. Also has a
historic component with
depression and artifacts.
Casual visitation (near a
dirt road).
Signage, monitor.
CA-PLU-1717
(NF-24)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
a prehistoric lithic scatter,
including large leaf-shaped
point (Mesilla complex?).
Often inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1718
(NF-26)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
a prehistoric lithic scatter,
including 2 Martis-type points
and ground stone artifacts.
Often inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment measures.
CA-PLU-1719
(NF-27)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
a prehistoric lithic scatter in
marshy alluvial flat, including
Martis contracting stem point
and ground stone.
Often inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1720
(NF-28)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
a prehistoric lithic scatter in
alluvial flat, including Martis
point, ground stone, and
hearth feature.
Often inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action, recreation
(near camp ground), and
casual visitation.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1721
(NF-29)
Recorded by PAR in 2000 as
a prehistoric lithic scatter in
marshy alluvial flat, including
broad stemmed point similar
to Mesilla type.
Often inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action, recreation
(near picnic area), and
casual visitation.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1725
(NF-13) may be
associated with
ethnohistoric
Maidu village of
Manimbaldiki
Recorded by PAR in 2000
and 2001 as a prehistoric
lithic scatter, with ground
stone, and midden soils.
Historic component related to
RRLC Camp 28.
Often inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
Monitor and
additional recording
and testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1728
(NF-28)
Sparse prehistoric lithic
scatter recorded by PAR in
2000.
Partly inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
3-294
Management
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
CA-PLU-1729
(NF-30)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
ground stone, and midden
soils, recorded by PAR in
2000.
Partly inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1730
(NF-14)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
midden soils, recorded by
PAR in 2000 on a forested
flat.
Partly inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action, casual
visitation.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1732
(NF-23)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
leaf-shaped point, recorded
by PAR in 2000 and 2001.
Partly inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1733
(NF-22)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
ground stone, recorded by
PAR in 2000 and 2001 on
muddy alluvial flat meadow.
Partly inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action, borrow
area for golf course.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1735
(NF-1)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
BRMs, recorded by PAR in
2000.
Partly inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-1737
(NF-7)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
ground stone artifacts,
recorded by PAR in 2000.
Partly inundated,
changing lake levels,
wave action.
Recreation, casual
visitation, and
vandalism.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1738
(NF-8)
Sparse prehistoric lithic
scatter, recorded by PAR in
2000. Historic component of
tin cans mostly outside
project boundary.
Logging, casual
visitation.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2019
(LA-5)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including 4 Elko/Martis
points, and ground stone
artifacts, recorded by PAR in
2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
3-295
Management
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
Management
CA-PLU-2061
(LA-6)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including Elko point,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2063
(LA-8)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including 2 leaf-shaped
Mesilla type points and a
Desert side-notched point,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2065
(LA-10) may be
associated with
ethnohistoric
villages of
Oidoing-Koyo or
Nakang-Koyo
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2066
(LA-11)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2068
(LA-18)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including wide-stemmed
Mesilla type point, recorded
by PAR in 2001. Historic
component related to logging
activities.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2069
(LA-20)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
4 point fragments, and hearth
feature, recorded by PAR in
2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2071
(LA-22)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including Gunther point and
ground stone, recorded by
PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2072
(LA-24)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including Martis, Gunther,
and Rose Spring points and
ground stone, recorded by
PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
3-296
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
CA-PLU-2073
(LA-29)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including corner-notched
Martis and Sierra Contracting
Stem points, recorded by
PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2074
(LA-30)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
2 point fragments, recorded
by PAR in 2001. Site
contains an historic
component also.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2077
(LA-34)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including Northern sidenotched and Martis type
points, and ground stone,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2089
(LA-26) may be
associated with
ethnohistoric
villages of
Manimbalkiki
Prehistoric BRM, recorded by
PAR in 2001, near sites CAPLU-30 and 333.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2090
(LA-27)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including leaf-shaped,
Eastgate, and Desert sidenotched points, and ground
stone, recorded by PAR in
2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
CA-PLU-2094
(LA-28)
Prehistoric BRM, recorded by
PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-1714 (NF-16)
may be associated
with ethnohistoric
village of
Chambukunyim
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
mounds, and midden soil, in
grassy meadow, recorded by
PAR in 2000.
Casual visitation,
grazing.
Signage. Monitor
and additional
recording and
testing, as
necessary.
P-32-2064 (LA-9)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
3-297
Management
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
Management
P-32-2075 (LA-32)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2076 (LA-33)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
2 points, including a sidenotched, recorded by PAR in
2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2079 (LA-36)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
a steatite pipe bowl, recorded
by PAR in 2001. Site
includes an historic artifact
also.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2080 (LA-39)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
May be related to site LA-40.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2081 (LA-40)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including ground stone
artifacts, recorded by PAR in
2001. May be related to site
LA-43.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2082 (LA-42)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
May be related to site CAPLU-1717.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2083 (LA-43)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
May be related to site LA-40.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2084 (LA-44)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2085 (LA-45)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including 3points, recorded
by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2086 (LA-46)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
May be related to site LA-47.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
3-298
Site No./Name
Description
Effects
Management
P-32-2087 (LA-47)
Prehistoric lithic scatter, with
ground stone, and hearth
feature. May be related to
site LA-46.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2092 (LA-2)
Prehistoric lithic scatter and
ground stone artifacts,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Site also contains an historic
component.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2093 (LA-37)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
including corner-notched
point, and BRM, recorded by
PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
P-32-2122 (LA-38)
Prehistoric lithic scatter,
recorded by PAR in 2001.
Usually inundated.
PG&E did not
propose any
treatment.
Ethnographic Research
The project area is the native homeland of the Maidu Indian tribe. The Mountain
Maidu, also known as the Northern or Northeastern Maidu, occupied valleys in the Sierra
Nevada along the Feather River and its tributaries, including Big Meadow and Butt
Valley. Their territory extended from Mount Lassen south to Sierra Butte, and from
Honey Lake west to Rich Bar. The Northwestern Maidu, or Konkow, occupied the area
from Rich Bar west to the Sacramento River, while the Southern Maidu, or Nisenan,
occupied the Yuba and American River drainages east from Sacramento. The Maidu,
Konkow, and Nisenan are all subgroups of the California Penutain linguistic family.
Ethnographic studies of the Maidu date back to Stephan Powers’ articles in the
early 1870s. As part of the Huntington Expedition, between 1899 and 1903, Roland
Dixon (1905) was the first trained anthropologist to conduct field work with the Maidu.
Physician and biologist C. Hart Merriam did anthropological field work with the Maidu
in Big Meadow and the American Valley between 1903 and 1930, supported by an
endowment from E.H. Harriman. In 1924, Edward Curtis published photographs of
Maidu people, together with some ethnographic notes, in volume 14 of his North
American Indian series. A.L. Kroeber, of the University of California, devoted several
chapters to the Maidu in his Handbook of the Indians of California, published in 1925.
University of California linguist William Shipley started working on the Maidu language
in 1954. Francis Riddell (1978), the former State Archaeologist for California, had a
long career of research among the Maidu, dating from the 1940s through the 1970s.
Dorothy Hill studied the Maidu both as a student at the California State University at
3-299
Chico and as a teacher at Butte College. In 1977, Marie Potts, a Maidu from Big
Meadow, published her book about the tribe. Leigh Ann Hunt’s 1992 California State
University at Sacramento master’s thesis on the Bear Dance also contained ethnographic
information about the Mountain Maidu.
As part of its relicensing efforts, in 2001, PG&E commissioned an ethnographic
study of the project area to identify traditional cultural properties (TCPs). The research
was conducted by Albion Environmental, Inc. (Albion), according to an MOU signed by
Albion, PG&E, and the Greenville Rancheria. Albion reviewed the ethnographic
literature, and interviewed nine Maidu informants. The study mentions 14 potential
TCPs in the APE (Brickley and Blount, 2002; see table 3-39).
Table 3-39. Potential TCPs identified by PG&E’s ethnographic study in the APE.
(Source: PG&E, 2002a)
Field No. and
Name
Description
Archaeological
Correlate
Evaluation
Effects/Management
1 – Big
Meadow
Site of numerous
ethnohistoric Maidu
villages, and historic
Maidu allotments;
plays role in Maidu
Creation Story and
other myths, place for
fishing, hunting, and
gathering activities.
Maidu called valley
Naga Koiyo or
Nakankoyo or NahKahn-ko. Valley
contains numerous
aboriginal sites.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
Inundated by Lake
Almanor. PG&E to
develop a public
education program.
2 – Eastern
Shore Burials
Maidu burials
associated with former
village location.
Maidu village
called
Manimbaltdiki.
Sites CA-PLU-30,
1725, and 2090.
Retains
qualities of
a TCP.
Inundated by Lake
Almanor. If reservoir
is drawn down PG&E
would try to relocate
and assess burial site.
3 – Frog Rock
Place connected to
Maidu mythology and
stories about
Earthmaker.
CA-PLU-1729.
Retains
qualities of
a TCP.
Partly inundated by
Lake Almanor.
PG&E would protect
site from future
impacts by
prohibiting
construction in area.
3-300
Field No. and
Name
Description
Archaeological
Correlate
Evaluation
Effects/Management
4 – Prattville
Botanical gathering
area; possible burial
location; and location
of Maidu Big Times
ceremony.
CA-PLU-1734, and
P-32-2093.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
Partly inundated by
Lake Almanor, and
partly developed as
PG&E construction
camp, and
recreational area.
PG&E would
develop an agreement
with Maidu regarding
future gathering and
protection of specific
plant species.
5 – Big Spring
Maidu village location;
named in Maidu myths
and associated with
Earthmaker; site of Big
Times and Bear Dance
ceremonies; and
important location for
Maidu shamans.
Maidu village
called Wisotpinim.
Site CA-PLU-32.
Retains
qualities of
a TCP.
Inundated by Lake
Almanor. PG&E to
develop a public
education program.
6 – Canyon
dam spillway
Place associated with
Earthmaker in Maidu
Creation Story and
myths.
CA-PLU-1264,
1265, 1726, and
1727.
Retains
qualities of
a TCP.
Site developed as
dam and spillway,
and impacted by
associated
construction camp,
and historic logging
activities. No
treatment proposed.
7 – Willow
gathering area
Maidu botanical
gathering area. “Gray”
willow used for
basketmaking.
None.
Retains
qualities of
a TCP.
Partly inundated by
Lake Almanor.
PG&E would
develop an agreement
with Maidu regarding
future gathering and
protection of specific
plant species.
8 – Fishing
hole along
Butt Creek
Maidu family fishing
location
None
Does not
qualify as a
TCP
Project may have
affected fishery. No
treatment proposed.
3-301
Field No. and
Name
Description
Archaeological
Correlate
Evaluation
Effects/Management
9–
Roundhouse
in Butt Valley
Location of a Maidu
roundhouse, probably
associated with a
village.
CA-PLU-1245.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
Inundated by Butt
Valley reservoir. If
reservoir is drawn
down PG&E would
try to relocate and
assess site.
10 – Maidu
Trail
Trail historically used
by Maidu to travel
between Butt Valley
and Humbug Valley.
None.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
Partly inundated by
Butt Valley reservoir.
No treatment
proposed.
11 – Gould’s
Swamp
Historic Maidu hunting
grounds and botanical
gathering area.
CA-PLU-1709,
1710, 1712, 1719.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
Partly inundated by
Lake Almanor. No
treatment proposed.
12 – Maidu
Church
Location of a former
church attended by
members of the Maidu
community; also a
plant gathering area.
CA-PLU-1714, and
1717.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
Church building no
longer standing. No
effect from the
project. No treatment
proposed.
13 – Gravel
pit gathering
area
Location of a Maidu
family botanical
gathering area.
CA-PLU-1713 and
1715.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
No effect from the
project. PG&E
would develop an
agreement with
Maidu regarding
future gathering and
protection of specific
plant species.
14 – Butt
Valley
Location of
ethnohistoric Maidu
villages; botanical
gathering, and hunting
area.
Maidu called valley
Kobati or Yakuning
Koiyo or Kawati.
Five prehistoric
sites recorded in the
vicinity.
Does not
retain
qualities of
a TCP.
Inundated by Butt
Valley reservoir.
PG&E to develop a
public education
program.
Based on research conducted by Riddell and Kowta, PAR (Compas, 2001)
identified nine ethnohistoric Maidu villages in the Lake Almanor area. Brickley and
3-302
Blount’s (2002) TCP study also mentions Maidu village place names in the project area
(see table 3-40).
Table 3-40. Ethnohistoric Maidu villages in the UNFFR Project vicinity. (Source:
PG&E, 2002a)
Village Name
Place/Source
Archaeological
Correlates
Effects/Management
Chaldino
Village in the Lake
Almanor area (Brickley
and Blount 2002)
Not located
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. No treatment
proposed.
Chambukunyim
Village near Chester and
Stover Ranch (Riddell
1978; Compass, 2001)
P-32-1714
Affected by historic use, grazing,
casual visits; and partly inundated
by Lake Almanor. Treatment
would include signage,
elimination of grazing,
monitoring, and possibly testing.
Humodum
Winter village site in Big
Meadow (Brickley and
Blount, 2002)
Not located
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. No treatment
proposed.
Kobati or
Yakuning
koiyo or
Kawati
Maidu name for Butt
Valley, means “fan the
dirt.” (Brickley and
Blount, 2002)
Too general, not
located
Inundated under Butt Valley
reservoir. Proposed treatment
would include developing a
public education and
interpretation program.
Kolyem
Village near a spring west
of Big Spring (Riddell,
1978; Compass 2001;
Brickley and Blount, 2002)
CA-PLU-31, not
relocated
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. No treatment
proposed.
Kom-hum
Village with a roundhouse
in Big Meadow (Brickley
and Blount, 2002)
Not located
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. No treatment
proposed.
Manimbaltdiki
Village at edge of Big
Meadow, near Canyon
dam, including dance
house and associated
cemetery (Riddell, 1978,
Compas, 2001; Brickley
and Blount, 2002)
CA-PLU-30, 333,
1725, and 2089
Affected by recreation, casual
visitation; and partly inundated
under Lake Almanor. Treatment
would include signage,
monitoring, and possibly testing.
3-303
Village Name
Place/Source
Archaeological
Correlates
Effects/Management
Naga koiyo,
Nakankoyo, or
Kahn-ko
Maidu name for Big
Meadow (Brickley and
Blount, 2002)
Too general, not
located
Inundated under Lake Almanor.
Proposed treatment would
include developing a public
education and interpretation
program.
Nakan Koyo
Village near Big Spring.
Also Maidu name for
people of the entire Big
Meadow valley (Dixon,
1905; Compass, 2001;
Brickley and Blount,
2002))
Compass (2001)
associates this
village with CAPLU-33, but the
locations do not
match
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. Treatment proposed
for CA-PLU-33 could include
data recovery.
Oi-dim koiyum, or Oidim
koiyo, or
Oiding Koiyo
Maidu name for “upper
valley” or “upper end of
the meadows,” and village
north of Chester (Brickley
and Blount, 2002).
Compas (2001) thought
this village was near Big
Spring.
CA-PLU-284 and
2065
Affected by recreation, casual
visitation, logging, and
inundation. Treatment of site 284
should be determined by the FS.
Potadi
Village west of Canyon
dam (Riddell, 1978;
Compas, 2001; Brickley
and Blount, 2002)
Not located
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. No treatment
proposed.
Taldinom
Village near new Prattville
(Riddell, 1978; Compass,
2001; Brickley and Blount,
2002)
Not located
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. No treatment
proposed.
Wisotpinim
Village near Big Spring
(Riddell, 1978; Compas,
2001; Brickley and Blount,
2002)
CA-PLU-32, not
relocated
Assumed inundated under Lake
Almanor. No treatment
proposed.
Yoatim,
Village near Hamilton
Branch (Riddell, 1978;
Compass, 2001; Brickley
and Blount, 2002)
CA-PLU-87
Affected by vandalism; partly
inundated by Lake Almanor.
Treatment would include signage,
monitoring, and possibly testing.
3-304
Although representatives of the U.S. government negotiated a treaty with various
Maidu bands in 1851, it was never ratified. While some Maidu people were forced to
relocate to reservations, many Mountain Maidu remained in their ancestral homeland, coexisting with miners, ranchers, loggers, and tourists. Marie Potts (1977) recalled that it
was common for the Maidu to work as laborers on the ranches in Big Meadow and
adjacent valleys. A census in 1864 counted 262 Maidu in Seneca Township, including
Big Meadow and Butt Valley, out of a total population of 800 (Brickley and Blount,
2002). The federal census of 1880 enumerated 137 Indians out of a total population of
535 people in Seneca Township (Maniery, 1999). In the 1890s, the government
established boarding schools for Maidu children in Greenville, Taylorville, and Indian
Valley. After the passage of the Dawes Act in 1887, some Maidu people were able to
acquire allotments near their traditional villages in the mountain valleys. Kelsey’s census
of non-reservation California Indians in 1905-1906 enumerated 29 Maidu families
owning land in Big Meadow, and an additional 23 Maidu families living in Big Meadow
but not owning land (Compass, 2001). The Great Western Power Company had to
acquire some allotments from Maidu landowners when it bought up property for its
UNFFR hydroelectric project, shortly after the turn-of-the-century.
Historical Research
The Maidu first came into contact with Euro-Americans during the period of
Spanish colonization of California. In 1820, Luis Arguello led a Spanish expedition
through the San Joaquin Valley and named the Feather River. American and Canadian
fur traders explored the Sierra Nevada between 1828 and 1836, making contact with
native tribes, but only passing through the region temporarily during their travels. The
first Euro-Americans to reside in Maidu territory included John Sutter at modern day
Sacramento in 1839, and John Bidwell at Chico in 1847, at a time when California was
still part of Mexico.
It was the gold rush which led to the permanent Euro-American settlement of the
project area. In 1848, Peter Lassen blazed the trail, named after him, through the project
area. Miners followed this trail to the upper Feather River drainage. Big Meadow,
Prattville, Butt Valley, and Caribou are on Gudde’s (1975) list of California gold camps.
In the 1850s, the town of Caribou sprung up to support activities at the Caribou Mining
District. The community of Buttville (site CA-PLU-1245), centered on William and
Lena Miller’s hotel and store, and Drake’s saloon, including a Chinatown, served the
North Fork and Seneca Mining Districts.
Some miners turned to agriculture. Although the Lee, Bunnell, and Miller
families, who eventually intermarried with each other, were drawn to the upper Feather
River drainage in search of gold in the 1850s, they ended up running dairy ranches in
Butt Valley (Maniery, 1999). In 1859, the Stover brothers were the first to establish a
ranch in Big Meadow (site P-32-1716). Dr. Willard Pratt founded his ranch and hotel in
Big Meadow in 1867, and the town of Prattville grew around it. In 1869, Wells Bunnell
3-305
married Julia Lee, Lena Miller’s sister, and they moved from Butt Valley to near
Prattville to operate a ranch and hotel. By the 1870s, a road (site P-32-1742) led from
Miller’s ranch up Butt Valley to Prattville, and then on to Johnson’s ranch near modern
Chester.
The timber industry also was associated with mining activities. In the 1890s the
Sierra Lumber Company was a major landowner in Big Meadow. Around the turn-ofthe-century, the Red River Lumber Company, from Minnesota, began operations in the
project area, and established the town of Westwood at its mill in 1913 (Maniery and
Compas, 2002). Timber-related historic archaeological sites in the APE include the
remains of logging railroad grades (like site CA-PLU-1211) and camps (like site CAPLU-1736).
The UNFFR Project was the brainchild of engineer Julius Howells, who first
visited the region during a geological expedition in 1882 and recognized its potential for
hydropower development. In 1902, he helped organize what later became the Great
Western Power Company, with the backing of Edwin and Guy Earl. This company had
representatives gather together the water rights and easements necessary for the project,
and began construction of Canyon dam in 1912, as a multiple arch design by John
Eastwood. However, company politics changed this into a hydraulic-fill dam, designed
by Howells, which was completed in 1914, creating Lake Almanor. In 1925, the size of
Lake Almanor was increased when a new, larger hydraulic-filled dam was put up by the
Foundation Company. In Butt Valley, a rock-filled dam was erected by Stone and
Webster in 1921. It was replaced by larger hydraulic-filled dam begun in 1923 by the
Schultz Construction Company (Jackson Research Projects, 1986). Water from Lake
Almanor and Butt Valley was conveyed by tunnels and penstock to the Caribou No. 1
powerhouse, which became operational in 1921. PG&E acquired Great Western Power
in 1930, and expanded the UNFFR Project. The Belden dam and forebay were built in
1956; in 1958 the Butt Valley powerhouse came on line and a second powerhouse was
put in at Caribou; the Belden powerhouse was built in 1969; and the Oak Flat
powerhouse was built in 1984 (Baker and Bakic, 2001).
The earliest history of Plumas County was published in 1882, and mentioned the
Miller ranch in Butt Valley and the Stover ranch in Big Meadow (both ranches are within
the APE). The first published summary of the creation of the UNFFR hydroelectric
system was Coleman’s (1952) corporate history of PG&E. In 1986, PG&E
commissioned Jackson Research Projects to write a more detailed history of the Great
Western Power Company and the UNFFR hydroelectric system. Also for PG&E, Shoup
and Cornford (1987) produced a National Register of Historic Places (National Register)
evaluation of the Caribou No. 1 powerhouse. Michael Landon, a student at California
State University at Sacramento, wrote his 1988 masters thesis about the creation of Lake
Almanor. This was also the subject of an article by Teisch (1999). In 1996, PG&E
conducted seismic remediation work at both the Butt Valley dam and Canyon dam. This
3-306
resulted in a National Register evaluation of Canyon dam (Maniery and Baker, 1996).
When water behind the Butt Valley dam was drawn down, the historic dam construction
camp (Camp 5, recorded as archaeological site CA-PLU-1245) was revealed, so PG&E
mitigated impact through data recovery excavations (Maniery, 1999, 2002). Also
because of the seismic remediation, PAR documented the Butt Valley dam, Gate
Tender’s House and outbuildings for the Historic American Engineering Record. As part
of its current relicensing effort, PG&E had PAR produce a National Register evaluation
of the entire UNFFR hydroelectric system (Baker and Bakic, 2001), and evaluations of
historical archaeological sites within the APE (Maniery and Compass, 2002).
Table 3-41 lists the historic archaeological sites and standing structures identified
within the APE. During PG&E’s seismic remediation program in 1996, FERC, in
consultation with SHPO, determined that Canyondam; Camp 5 (CA-PLU-1245); the Butt
Valley Railroad (CA-PLU-1743); and the Gate Tender’s House, barn, and shed at the
Butt Valley dam were eligible for the National Register. For the current relicensing,
SHPO commented on PAR’s recommendations for historic sites and structures, in a letter
dated July 29, 2003. While SHPO states the UNFFR hydroelectric system as a whole
does not qualify for the National Register as a historic district, it does find individual
elements of the system to be eligible (Lake Almanor and the Canyondam Outlet Tower).
SHPO also indicates that one structure at Camp Almanor (Gate Tender’s House), two
structures at Canyondam Camp (Patrolman’s House and Cottage), and all structures
within PG&E’s Camp Caribou are eligible for inclusion on the National Register.
Table 3-41. Historic archaeological sites and structures identified in the APE. (Source:
PG&E, 2002a)
Site No./Name
Description
SHPO Opinion
Effects
Management
CA-PLU-334
Red River Lumber
Company (RRLC)
railroad grade (includes
prehistoric component,
bedrock mortar).
Eligible for
nomination to the
National
Register.
Partly
inundated,
wave action,
recreation,
ORV use.
Signage, block
access, monitor,
and possibly test.
CA-PLU-713
Caribou No. 1
Powerhouse
Powerhouse building and
penstocks, originally built
with 2 generating units by
Stone and Webster
between 1919 and 1921,
with a third unit added in
1923-1924.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Operation and
maintenance.
No treatment
proposed.
3-307
Site No./Name
Description
SHPO Opinion
Effects
Management
CA-PLU-1028
Belden
Cemetery
Cemetery contains at least
14 graves, some of whom
are Maidu.
Not eligible for
nomination to the
National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1188
Can scatter, probably
related to recreational
activities after ca. 1935.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1190
Historic artifact scatter,
including cans, ceramics,
and glass bottles,
probably related to post1930 recreation.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1192
Historic artifact scatter,
probably associated with
the Butt Valley dam
caretaker’s residence,
dating to ca. 1930s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1195
Historic artifact scatter,
dating between about
1910 and 1920, related to
the occupation of the
construction camp for the
first Butt Valley dam
(Camp 5).
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1196
Historic artifact scatter
related to the occupation
of Camp 5, ca. 1915 to
1930.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1211
RRLC
Railroad
RRLC logging railroad
system, 1922 to 1924,
consists of 17 recorded
segments.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1236
Can dump probably
related to logging
activities, ca. 1920s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
3-308
Site No./Name
Description
SHPO Opinion
CA-PLU-1245
Buttville/Camp
5
William Miller ranch,
founded in 1859, later a
hotel, store, and townsite,
acquired by Great
Western Power in 1902
and used as a workers
camp during the
construction of the first
Butt Valley powerhouse
in 1911, and the Butt
Valley dams built in 1919
and 1923.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Inundated
under
reservoir.
Signage. In the
event of a draw
down, record, test,
and conduct data
recovery as
necessary.
CA-PLU-1265
Historic artifact scatter
(cans and ceramics)
probably related to
logging activities, ca.
1920s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1496
Can dump probably
related to logging
activities, ca. 1920s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1711
(NF-6)
Historic artifact scatter,
perhaps related to
recreational activities,
1930s to 1960s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1713
(NF-12)
Historic artifact scatter,
probably representing
post-1926 recreation.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1715
(NF-17)
Historic artifact scatter,
dated from the 1930s to
the 1960s, probably
related to the community
of Chester. Includes
sparse prehistoric
component.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
3-309
Effects
Management
Site No./Name
Description
CA-PLU-1726
(NF-19)
Historic artifact scatter
related to the second
Canyondam construction
camp, occupied in the
mid-1920s by the
Foundation Company
workers.
CA-PLU-1727
(NF-20)
Foundation
Company
camp at Nevis,
also called
Canyondam
Camp
SHPO Opinion
Effects
Management
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
Foundation remains of the
administrative building
for the second
Canyondam construction
camp, occupied between
about 1925 and 1930.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1734
(NF-21)
Historic artifact scatter
related to Camp 1 (also
known as Camp Almanor
at New Prattville) the
construction camp opened
in 1919 for the Prattville
intake towers and tunnel,
later reused by PG&E as a
recreational camp.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1736
(NF-2) RRLC
Camp 34
Historic artifact scatter
related to the RRLC
Camp 34 logging camp,
occupied in the early
1920s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
CA-PLU-1739
(NF-9)
Historic mining remains
and later artifact scatter
related to the construction
of the Butt Valley dam,
ca. 1920.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
3-310
Site No./Name
Description
SHPO Opinion
CA-PLU-1743
Butt Valley
Railroad
In 1919 Stone and
Webster built a railroad
for the construction of the
Caribou power plant and
Butt Valley dam. The
railroad was reused by
Schultz during
construction of second
Butt Valley dam in 1923.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Inundated
under Butt
Valley
reservoir.
Signage. In the
event of a draw
down, record, test,
and conduct data
recovery as
necessary.
P-32-1206
Concrete cap over air vent
for the Prattville Tunnel
1. Use of this tunnel
began in 1919 and it was
abandoned in place in
1957.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-1638
Canyon dam
Originally begun in 1912
as multiple arch designed
by John Eastwood, but
finished in 1914 as
hydraulic-fill designed by
Julius Howells. Replaced
in 1925-1927 by larger
hydraulic fill dam built by
the Foundation Company.
Second dam height raised
in 1962, and seismically
retrofitted in 1996.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Operation and
maintenance
(O&M)
activities
No treatment
measures
proposed by
PG&E.
P-32-1639
Canyon dam
Outlet Tower
Lower section of the
tower built in 1912, and
height raised in 1926.
Slight modifications made
between 1936 and 1965.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
O&M
activities.
(PG&E
repairing
outlet tower
gates in Fall
2005.)
No treatment
measures
proposed by
PG&E.
P-32-1640
Prattville
Intake Towers
First intake tower begun
in 1919 to supply water
for Prattville Tunnel 1. It
was abandoned and
replaced by second
Prattville Intake Tower in
1957, which connects to
Butt Valley Tunnel 1A.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
3-311
Effects
Management
Site No./Name
Description
SHPO Opinion
Effects
Management
P-32-1641
Patrolman’s
House at
Canyondam
Camp
One of the few remaining
buildings left from the
construction camp used
by the crew which built
the second Canyon dam.
This house was
constructed in 1922 and
moved to this location in
1926.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Operation and
maintenance.
No treatment
proposed.
P-32-1642
Cottage at
Canyondam
Camp
This cabin was
constructed in 1922 and
moved to this location in
1926. The Canyondam
Camp was occupied by
the crew which built the
second Canyon dam.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Operation and
maintenance.
No treatment
proposed.
P-32-1643 to 1652 Camp
Caribou
district (also
known as
Camp 9)
Originally a construction
camp for the crew which
built the Caribou
powerhouse, ca. 19191921. Later became a
PG&E recreational camp.
Consists of 22 structures,
including 10 houses,
clubhouse, dormitory,
schoolhouse, and 2
garages.
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Operation and
maintenance.
PG&E
considering
removing
pool and
tennis court.
SA requires
PG&E to maintain
exterior and
landscaping of old
clubhouse and
grounds to
preserve historic
features and
character, and
consult with the
FS before
conducting
maintenance and
repair activities.
P-32-1716
(NF-18)
Stover Ranch
Stover family ranch
founded in 1859, operated
until 1960s. Ten standing
structures remain.
Eligible for
National
Register.
Recreation,
casual visits,
vandalism.
Signage,
monitoring,
possibly testing.
P-32-1722
(NF-31)
Portion of a wagon road
grade, dating to the 1870s,
connecting Big Meadow
ranches with the road to
Red Bluff.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
3-312
Site No./Name
Description
SHPO Opinion
Effects
Management
P-32-1723
(NF-32)
Fence.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-1724
(NF-33)
Portion of a local wagon
road grade, connecting
ranches in Big Meadow,
utilized from the 1890s to
the 1920s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-1740
(NF-10)
Mine adit. Claim not
recorded. May date to the
1930s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-1741
(NF-11)
Mine adit. Claim not
recorded. May date to the
1930s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-1742
(NF-35)
Portion of the wagon road
grade between Prattville
and Johnson’s Ranch,
dated to the 1860s
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-1744
(NF-36)
Wood fence.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-1766
Camp 4
Construction camp,
including sawmill,
utilized by Stone and
Webster from 1919 to
1921 for the first Butt
Valley dam. It was
reoccupied by Schultz
between 1923 and 1924
during construction of
second dam.
Eligible for
National
Register.
Partly
inundated,
wave action,
casual
visitation.
Signage. In the
event of a draw
down of reservoir
level, site should
be more fully
recorded, possibly
tested, and data
recovery done if
necessary.
P-32-2062
(LA-7)
Fence line.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
3-313
Site No./Name
Description
SHPO Opinion
Effects
Management
P-32-2067
(LA-17)
RRLC Camp
38
Multi-component:
prehistoric isolated find
and historic artifact
scatter related to RRLC
railroad and logging camp
occupied in the 1920s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-2070
(LA-21)
Fence line.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-2078
(LA-35)
Gravel quarry, perhaps
used by RRLC railroad in
the 1920s.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-2088
(LA-48)
Remains of a segment of
old State Highway 36,
abandoned in 1928 when
the new causeway was
built.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
P-32-2091
(LA-1)
Multi-component:
prehistoric isolated find
and historic artifact
scatter dated to about the
turn-of-the-century.
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
UNFFR-1H
Remains of hydraulic
mining, including cut
features, equipment pads,
rock walls, test pits, and
rock piles. Not a claimed
mine, may date to 1920s–
1930s.
Unevaluated.
Use of
recreational
campground
and logging.
No treatment
proposed.
UNFFR-2H
Historic artifact scatter,
mostly tin cans. Related
to sites CA-PLU-1726
and 1727, part of the
Canyondam construction
camp, occupied in the late
1920s.
Unevaluated.
Use of
recreational
campground.
No treatment
proposed.
3-314
Site No./Name
Description
Camp
Almanor (also
called New
Prattville or
Camp 1)
Construction camp
established in 1919 for
crews working on the
Prattville Intake Tower
and Prattville Tunnel 1.
Moved when level of
Lake Almanor was raised
in 1925. Most extant
structures erected ca.
1926. Non-eligible
elements include the old
mess hall, office, 2
bunkhouses, warehouse,
meathouse, 2 garages, 2
sheds, and boathouse
moved here in 1957.
Since the 1930s, it has
been used as PG&E
recreational camp.
Gate Tender’s
House at Camp
Almanor
UNFFR
Hydroelectric
System
SHPO Opinion
Effects
Management
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
Built in 1926 as part of
Camp Almanor, the
interior retains many
original elements.
Eligible under
criterion 36 CFR
60.4c.
Operation and
maintenance.
No treatment
proposed.
Non-eligible elements
include Prattville Tunnels
1 (1919) and 1A (1957),
Butt Valley powerhouse
(1958), Butt Valley dam
and reservoir (1924), Butt
Valley Tunnel 1 (1920)
and 2 (1956), Caribou
Penstock 2 (1958),
Caribou powerhouse 2
(1958), Belden dam and
forebay (1956), Oak Flat
powerhouse, (1984),
Belden Penstock (1969),
Belden powerhouse
(1969).
Not eligible for
the National
Register.
Not
considered.
No further work.
3-315
Site No./Name
Description
Lake Almanor
When created behind the
first Canyon dam in 1914
it was the largest manmade reservoir in the
world. Reservoir size
increased in 1927 and
1963.
3.3.7.2
SHPO Opinion
Eligible for the
National
Register.
Effects
Operation and
maintenance.
Management
No treatment
proposed.
Environmental Effects
Effects on cultural resources within the APE can include, but are not limited to,
inundation under the waters of project reservoirs, wave action along the edges of the
reservoirs, recreational use of the reservoirs and other project lands, other uses of project
lands such as livestock grazing, natural wind and water erosion, use and maintenance of
roads, vandalism, and modifications or repairs to project facilities. The type and level of
effects on cultural resources can vary widely, depending upon site location and setting,
features and attributes, visibility of the resource, and public knowledge and access to a
resource. Effects can be direct, resulting from operation of the project, or indirect, such
as public use of project roads to access lands not used for project purposes.
Section 106 of the NHPA, and its implementing regulations at 36 CFR Part 800,
guide our consideration of project-related effects on cultural resources. The law and
regulations only require FERC to consider potential effects of undertakings we license on
historic properties, which are cultural resources that are listed or eligible for listing on the
National Register. PG&E has agreed to treat all cultural resources that have not been
officially evaluated for eligibility to the National Register as potentially eligible.
We agree with SHPO that 35 historic archaeological sites and standing structures
in the APE are not eligible for the National Register. The project would have no effect
on non-eligible sites, and those resources require no further work. FERC, in consultation
with SHPO, has determined that 13 historic archaeological sites and standing structures
in the APE qualify for nomination to the National Register. PG&E proposes measures
for the future management or treatment of most of the eligible historic archaeological
sites and standing structures (see table 3-40). In addition, there are 57 prehistoric
archaeological or multi-component sites that have been identified in the APE (see
table 3-38), but have not been officially evaluated for the National Register by the
Commission or SHPO. We agree with PG&E that these sites should be managed as if
they are eligible. PG&E and its cultural resources consultants also identified TCPs and
ethnohistoric Maidu village locations in the APE (see tables 3-39 and 3-40). None of the
TCPs and ethnohistoric Maidu village sites has been officially evaluated for the National
Register by the Commission or SHPO. To the extent that the ethnographic resources can
3-316
be tied to specific on-the-ground locations, we agree with PG&E’s philosophy to treat
them as if they are eligible for the National Register.
Applicant-Proposed Treatment Measures
PG&E's application included, as Report E4, an HPMP. This plan, which we
consider a draft, outlines the measures PG&E proposes to use to avoid, reduce, or
mitigate effects on cultural resources within the APE listed, eligible, or potentially
eligible for listing on the National Register. Site-specific management or treatment
measures are detailed in tables 3-37 through 3-39.
The draft HPMP presents a general three-stage strategy for managing eligible and
potentially eligible properties. Stage 1 would use signs and dissemination of information
to the public and PG&E employees to deter or redirect activities away from sensitive
areas. PG&E would assess the effectiveness of Stage 1 measures by monitoring sites. If
Stage 1 measures are not effective, PG&E would implement Stage 2 measures, including
more restrictions on access and recreational activities, and additional monitoring. If
Stage 2 measures fail to protect sites adequately, PG&E would move to Stage 3, and
consult with FERC, the FS, Greenville and Susanville Indian rancherias, and other Maidu
organizations as appropriate to develop better management or treatment alternatives. The
draft HPMP also presents site-specific treatment measures for threatened eligible
properties, as discussed above (see tables 3-37 through 3-39).
With one exception, PG&E has not identified plans for major changes, repairs, or
modifications at National Register-eligible historic project structures. At Camp Caribou
(site P-32-1643 to 1652), PG&E would like to remove the tennis court and swimming
pool for safety reasons. However, PG&E has not proposed any site-specific measures to
mitigate the impacts of that proposal. PG&E would need to prepare a treatment plan for
review by FERC and SHPO prior to receiving approval for actions that may have adverse
effects on National Register-eligible properties. The SA and FS Section 4(e) condition
no. 40 requires PG&E to maintain the exterior and landscaping of the clubhouse, houses,
and grounds at Camp Caribou to preserve the historic features and character of the
facility, and to notify the FS when maintenance or repair activities are to take place. The
draft HPMP states that any major repairs or modification to National Register-eligible
historic project structures done during the course of the new license would be performed
in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, and in
consultation with SHPO. In addition, table E4-16 identified routine maintenance
activities that PG&E believes would have no adverse effects on National Registereligible historic project structures, and should be exempt from SHPO review.
Recommended Measures from Other Parties
NPS and the FS have raised concerns about PG&E’s proposed public education
and interpretive program. NPS would like PG&E to develop a plan that addresses the
area’s unique cultural history and the history of the hydroelectric system. The FS would
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like the HPMP to include more details about the public education and interpretive
program, including informational kiosks and brochures. In the opinion of the Maidu
Cultural and Development Group (MCDG), PG&E’s proposed use of signage and public
education would not be adequate to protect or mitigate effects on cultural resources, and
its three-stage approach would not be practical. The Plumas County Board of
Supervisors (Plumas County), the FS, Greenville Rancheria, MCDG, and Tasmam
Koyom Indian Sanctuary Foundation requested that PG&E provide land and funds for a
curation and interpretive center for the Maidu community.
The FS, Honey Lake Maidu, Greenville Rancheria, and MCDG are concerned
about impacts on cultural resources from wave action, changing lake levels, erosion, and
inundation under the water of project reservoirs. The Susanville Indian Rancheria,
Tasmam Koyom Indian Sanctuary Foundation, Maidu Summit Group, Greenville
Rancheria, and Plumas County raised concerns about potential effects on cultural
resources if PG&E were to conduct dredging activities at either Lake Almanor or the Butt
Valley reservoir related to the possible proposed installation of thermal curtains. In
comments on the draft EIS, the Greenville Rancheria and MCDG questioned PG&E’s
proposed measures to mitigate effects on cultural resources. The Greenville Rancheria
wants PG&E to monitor the project more often, and execute an MOU with the Plumas
County Sheriff for patrols and prosecution of vandals. Both the Greenville Rancheria and
the Susanville Indian Rancheria offered the services of their members for monitoring and
other cultural resources investigations. The Greenville Rancheria indicated that the
HPMP needs more specific details about control of grazing and ORV traffic.
The FS listed some site locations that it would like recorded and evaluated by
PG&E. In its comments on the draft EIS, dated October 29, 2004, Plumas County
indicated concerns for the historic buildings at Camp Caribou (also known as Camp 9 or
site P-32-1643 to 1652). The FS would like the APE extended for 1 mile outside the
current FERC boundary on FS lands to account for effects on cultural resources due to
dispersed recreational activities. The Greenville Rancheria would like the APE expanded
for 2 miles outside the current FERC boundaries.
The FS and Honey Lake Maidu have suggested that unevaluated cultural resources
should be archaeologically tested, and FERC should make formal determinations of
National Register eligibility for all sites identified in the APE, in consultation with
SHPO. The Greenville and Susanville Indian rancherias object to disturbing prehistoric
archaeological sites through archaeological excavations, and would like those sites to be
treated as if they were eligible for the National Register, with preservation, education,
monitoring being preferable management practices. The Honey Lake Maidu, Greenville
Rancheria, Susanville Indian Rancheria, and Mountain Maidu raised concerns about the
treatment of Native American human remains.
NPS, the FS, Plumas County, Honey Lake Maidu, Greenville Rancheria,
Susanville Indian Rancheria, and MCDG have all requested to be parties to be consulted
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during the process of complying with Section 106 of the NHPA. The FS, Greenville
Rancheria, and Susanville Indian Rancheria requested to be signatories to the PA for this
project. The FS, NPS, and Plumas County want to be included in the UNFFR Cultural
Resources Working Group, and the FS questioned the status of future working group
meetings. The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) encouraged FERC to consult on a
government-to-government basis with federally recognized Indian tribes with an interest
in the cultural resources of the project area, including the Enterprise, Mooretown, and
Berry Creek rancherias. EPA, in comments on the draft EIS, requested that FERC
provide additional information on the process and outcome of government-to-government
consultations with Indian tribes. Both the Susanville Indian Rancheria and the Greenville
Rancheria questioned FERC’s consultation process with Indian tribes. Plumas County
and the FS have requested copies of cultural resources reports, including PG&E’s
ethnographic study. MCDG requested that the ethnographic study MOU be revised to
include them. In addition, MCDG questioned the recommendations in the ethnographic
report.
The Greenville Rancheria, Susanville Indian Rancheria, and MCDG requested that
PG&E allow Maidu people access to project lands for gathering activities and set aside
project lands for traditional cultural practices. The Tasmam Koyom Indian Sanctuary
Foundation believes that donations of land and funds could bridge the gap between
Native Americans in the project area and agencies associated with the relicensing
proposal. MCDG indicated that it considers the donation of land to be mitigation of
effects on Maidu lifeways and cultural resources resulting from the construction and
continued operation of the UNFFR Project. In addition, the Greenville Rancheria and
MCDG would like PG&E to provide them with information about historic Indian
allotments that were acquired when Great Western Power initiated the Project.
Our Analysis
The original FERC license for the project was issued in 1955, prior to the passage
of the NHPA. Therefore, no article in the original license dealt with the management of
cultural resources. However, over time the license has been amended, and articles 37 and
44 were inserted to address cultural resources. These articles require that construction be
halted, SHPO and the FS consulted, and a mitigation plan developed if previously
unidentified cultural resources are discovered during construction activities. An Order in
1997 amended the license to attach the Memorandum of Agreement executed for the
seismic remediation program at the Butt Valley dam, outlining the measures implemented
to mitigate impacts on Camp 5, the Butt Valley Railroad, and the Butt Valley dam Gate
Tender’s House and outbuildings.
The license application filed by PG&E on October 23, 2002, included a draft PA
and provided the first opportunity for FERC to address project-wide compliance with
Section 106 of the NHPA, through the execution of it. FERC produced its own PA, and
on November 23, 2004, provided copies of our draft to the ACHP, SHPO, the FS,
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Greenville Rancheria, Susanville Indian Rancheria, MCDG, and Honey Lake Maidu
Tribe. In a letter dated December 22, 2004, PG&E concurred with the draft PA. The
Greenville Rancheria, Susanville Indian Rancheria, and the FS indicated they want to be
signatories to the PA, rather than concurring parties as listed in the draft.
It has been FERC’s practice in hydropower relicensing cases to restrict signatories
to a PA to the Commission, SHPO, and ACHP to ensure that the Commission remains in
control of its ability to issue a license in a timely manner. The FS, as a federal landmanaging agency, would retain its ability to manage historic properties on NFS lands
through its Section 4(e) conditions and various other federal laws and regulations,
including, but not limited to, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation
Act (NGPRA) and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act. The responsibilities of
the FS arise out of these statues, and not as a result of the PA. With respect to the tribes,
no tribal lands (as defined in 36 CFR Part 800.16(x)) are within the project boundaries.
We believe that the FS and tribes should remain as concurring parties as outlined in the
PA. As concurring parties, the FS and the tribes would have the ability to review and
comment on the draft HPMP and would be consulted about the treatment of historic
properties under the terms of the PA. By letter dated May 10, 2005, the ACHP declined
to participate further in this consultation. As a result, the PA, would be executed as a
“two party” PA between FERC and SHPO. The final PA was provided to the consulting
parties for signature on August 11, 2005.
FERC’s PA would require that cultural resources be managed over the term of the
new license in accordance with a final HPMP. The final HPMP would be based on
PG&E’s draft HPMP, after it has been revised to address comments from interested
parties. FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 43 specifies that PG&E file an FS-approved
HPMP within 1 year after license issuance. Implementation of the measures outlined in
the PA and the final HPMP would ensure that cultural resources are afforded adequate
protection.
PG&E has expressed a willingness to formulate an I&E program relating to the
region’s cultural history as proposed mitigation for effects on potential TCPs such as Big
Meadow and Butt Valley. The SA includes an I&E program that PG&E would develop
within 2 years after issuance of a new license, which addresses themes including Native
American culture, pioneers, and the development of hydropower. This program is also
specified in FS final Section 4(e) condition no. 34. Such a program would likely include
an explanation of how information would be conveyed through interpretive signs and
kiosks and at recreational sites within the project. The details of PG&E’s I&E program
relating to employee education, and public interpretation, protection, and treatment of
cultural resources would likely be outlined in the final HPMP. While the MCDG
questions whether signage and public education would be adequate mitigation of effects
on cultural resources, it could assist PG&E in formulating more practical mitigation
measures during consultations prior to the production of the final HPMP.
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Because the FS, Plumas County, and the Maidu community have requested a
curation facility or interpretive center, PG&E needs to consult with those parties and
more fully investigate the possibility of providing land or seed funds for such a facility.
PG&E (in its comments on the draft EIS) pointed out that it currently holds no cultural
materials from the project area requiring curation. If, during the term of the new license,
archaeological excavations are conducted in the future, in accordance with the procedures
outlined in the HPMP, PG&E indicated it would consult with the Maidu community
regarding the appropriate curation of recovered cultural materials. Before it would
consider any funding for a new Maidu curation or interpretive center, PG&E would
request additional information from the Maidu community about details for such a
facility, and the source of other funds to be used for the creation and/or operation of the
curation/interpretive center. PG&E also pointed out that there are several museums in the
vicinity of the project that house Maidu cultural materials and that there is an existing
Maidu Interpretive Center in Roseville, California. PG&E agreed to consult with the
Maidu community, the FS, SHPO, and the Commission regarding additional interpretive
opportunities and a public education program. The results of those consultations need to
be documented in the final HPMP.
The draft HPMP identified effects on cultural resources resulting from wave
action, changing lake levels, erosion, and inundation from project reservoirs. It did not
address potential effects from measures that may be recommended to provide cool water
to the North Fork Feather River downstream of the project. In a December 17, 2004,
additional information request, we asked PG&E to provide the results of studies of
various alternatives to lower water temperatures in the Feather River for the Rock CreekCresta Project. On January 13, 2005, PG&E filed studies of 23 alternatives, including the
installation of thermal curtains at either or both Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir.
Some of these alternatives, including dredging of the Prattville intake area, would have
the potential to affect cultural resources. However, PG&E did not recommend any
alternative; although it indicated it was unlikely to recommend the use of thermal curtains
because of local opposition and their high cost with limited benefits. In section 3.3.1,
Water Resources, of this EIS, we address the alternatives for cooling water in the Feather
River. The final HPMP needs to provide more detailed site-specific treatment measures,
based on further consultations with interested parties.
Additional consultations with interested parties are needed so that the final HPMP
could address site-specific mitigation measures for the historic archaeological sites and
standing structures that FERC, in consultation with SHPO, has determined are eligible for
the National Register and may be affected by future project-related activities. This would
include the future management and treatment of sites P-32-1638 (Canyon dam), 1639
(Canyon dam outlet tower), 1641 (patrolman’s house at Canyondam Camp), 1642
(cottage at Canyondam Camp), 1643 through 1652 (Camp Caribou), Gate Tender’s
House at Camp Almanor, and Caribou No. 1 powerhouse. The SA proposes and FS
Section 4(e) condition no. 40.F specifies that PG&E maintain the exterior and
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landscaping of the clubhouse, houses, and grounds at Camp Caribou, and to consult with
the FS when planning maintenance and repair activities.
PG&E indicated that it no longer allows grazing on project lands. In addition, the
draft HPMP provides for barriers to limit ORV access. We agree with PG&E that
monitoring during the months when recreational activities are at the highest levels (April
to October) would be most effective. If Stage 1 monitoring shows continued impacts on
sites from tourists or recreational users of project lands, PG&E would increase
monitoring in Stage 2. Stage 2 also would include working with local law enforcement
agencies to undertake periodic patrols. Appendix B of the SA includes measures agreed
to among the parties that are not intended for inclusion in the project license and includes
a provision that, if Plumas County passes an ordinance limiting vehicle traffic below the
4,500-foot elevation contour, PG&E would partially fund a seasonal Plumas County
Sheriff’s Department position to enforce rules restricting visitor access below the 4,500foot elevation contour. As discussed in section 3.3.6, Land Use and Aesthetics, law
enforcement at the UNFFR Project is the responsibility of the FS and Plumas County so
we agree that this provision should not be included in the project license. Both the
Greenville Rancheria and the Susanville Indian Rancheria offered the services of their
members for monitoring and other cultural resources investigations. Continued
consultation among PG&E, Plumas County, the Greenville Rancheria, Susanville Indian
Rancheria, and other interested Maidu groups during preparation of the final HPMP
should allow these issues to be properly addressed.
PG&E indicated that the sites that the FS wants it to record (construction railroad
grade and historic trail) are outside of the currently defined APE, but that PG&E would
consult with the FS about this request. The FS indicated that it is willing to discuss the
modification of the APE with PG&E. SHPO and FERC have previously agreed with
PG&E’s definition of the APE. If the APE needs to be modified or expanded to meet
future project needs or modifications during the course of the new license, the HPMP
would need to include provisions for amending the APE if new information indicates a
need to do so. We support the recordation, evaluation, and treatment of all cultural
resources within the APE as it currently exists, and as it may be modified in the future.
While the FS and Honey Lake Maidu have suggested that unevaluated prehistoric
sites should be tested, the Greenville Rancheria and Susanville Indian Rancheria object to
archaeological excavations. The FS can require archaeological testing of sites on
National Forest lands, but this only applies to one unevaluated prehistoric site (CA-PLU284) within the APE. PG&E’s management strategy of treating all unevaluated
prehistoric sites as if they are potentially eligible for the National Register, once
incorporated into the HPMP, would offer all potentially eligible sites the same protection
as historic properties, those resources listed or officially determined eligible for listing on
the National Register.
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PG&E stated it would comply with all applicable state laws and regulations
(including Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code and Section 5097.98
of the California Public Resources Code) regarding the treatment of new discoveries of
human remains on non-federal project lands should they occur. The FS would be
responsible for following the NAGPRA if human remains and funerary objects are
discovered on federal lands within the project boundaries. The final HPMP needs to
outline procedures and establish protocols for consultation in the event of future
discoveries of human remains within the APE. All human remains and funerary objects
previously salvaged from the Lake Almanor shoreline were repatriated to members of the
Maidu community and reburied in October 2002. That action was done under the current
license and is not part of the undertaking considered in PG&E’s new license application.
Before filing its license application, PG&E created a Cultural Resources Working
Group to facilitate communication about the project. PG&E invited the federally
recognized Greenville Rancheria, Susanville Indian Rancheria, Berry Creek Rancheria,
Enterprise Rancheria, and Mooretown Rancheria to participate in the working group and
included those tribes on its project mailing list. PG&E also had its ethnographic
consultant contact the Greenville, Susanville, Berry Creek, Enterprise, and Mooretown
rancherias when it conducted its traditional cultural property study. PG&E needs to
continue to consult with Indian tribes about this project, and the results of these
communications need to be outlined in the final HPMP.
We also acknowledge that other Maidu groups, which have not been granted
federal recognition, have a demonstrated interest in the project because their ancestors
historically used or resided in the project area. We consider the Honey Lake Maidu and
the MCDG to be consulting parties in the process of complying with Section 106 of the
NHPA, according to 36 CFR 800.2(c)(5). PG&E invited the Honey Lake Maidu and
MCDG to attend its Cultural Resources Working Group meetings, and included them on
its cultural resources mailing list. Albion contacted both the Honey Lake Maidu and the
MCDG during its ethnographic study. We have included the Honey Lake Maidu and
MCDG as concurring parties to the PA for this project.
Additionally, Plumas County, the FS, and NPS could qualify as consulting parties
in the Section 106 compliance process according the 36 CFR 800.2(c)(3) and (5). PG&E
indicated it would like the Maidu community to concur with the involvement of Plumas
County and the NPS. We encourage the participation of all consulting parties in future
Cultural Resources Working Group meetings. PG&E stated that on January 22, 2003, it
provided copies of its traditional cultural properties study for this project, conducted by
Albion, to the staff archaeologists for the Plumas and Lassen National Forests. However,
the MOU between PG&E and the Greenville Rancheria restricts the distribution of this
report and requests for additional information must be made through the Greenville
Rancheria. While we encourage PG&E to provide copies of cultural resources
investigation reports to all consulting parties, the parties must agree not to make these
reports available to the public because they contain confidential information protected
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under Section 304 of the NHPA. The final HPMP needs to outline procedures for
inclusion of consulting parties in the Section 106 process, the organization of future
working group meetings, and the distribution of cultural resources investigation reports.
PG&E’s ethnographic study listed plants historically important to the Maidu. To
mitigate impacts on some gathering locations identified in the TCP study, PG&E
recommended protecting certain species, and conferring with the Maidu community to
reach an agreement on how and where future gathering could be done. The SA includes
a condition that would require PG&E to produce and implement a habitat enhancement
plan that would protect rare plants, wetlands, riparian communities, and cultural
resources. The final HPMP should address species protection and results of discussions
with Maidu groups concerning access to project lands for traditional cultural use.
A condition of the settlement of its bankruptcy case requires PG&E to protect
watershed lands in its service territory through conservation easements or the donation of
property to public entities or non-profit organizations. PG&E describes how the Pacific
Forest and Watershed Land Stewardship Council was created out of the bankruptcy
settlement and is charged with developing a Land Conservation Plan. PG&E will submit
any land transactions recommended by the Stewardship Council to the appropriate
regulatory agencies. We expect that conservation easements or donations of project lands
by PG&E should be discussed in the final HPMP, if applicable.
It is a historical fact that some Indian allotments were acquired by Great Western
Power when it obtained rights and easements for the original UNFFR hydroelectric
project. PG&E owns 30,032 acres out of the 31,060 acres within the FERC project
boundary. There are 1,024 acres of federal land within the FERC project boundary; 986
acres managed by the FS and 38 acres managed by the BLM. Land title is a legal issue to
be resolved in the courts and not an environmental issue to be reviewed under NEPA or
Section 106 of the NHPA.
3.3.7.3
Unavoidable Adverse Effects
None.
3.3.8 Socioeconomic Resources
3.3.8.1
Affected Environment
The UNFFR Project is located in northeastern California in Plumas County, which
has an area of 2,554 square miles. The population of the county in 2000 was 20,824
(Bureau of Census, 2003b). This rural county, with a population density of just
8.2 persons per square mile, has more than 100 lakes, 1,000 miles of rivers, and more
than 1 million acres of national forest (Plumas County, undated). This abundance of
natural resources supports not only employment in wood products and forest
management, but also in recreation-related industries such as hotels and motels, food
services, real estate, and retail trade.
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Between 1990 and 2000, the population of Plumas County grew by 1,085 people,
or approximately 5.5 percent. During the same period, the population of California grew
by approximately 13.6 percent (Bureau of Census, 2003b). The town closest to the
UNFFR Project is Chester, which is located on the shores of Lake Almanor and has a
population of 2,316. Other nearby towns include Taylorsville, with a population of 154,
and Westwood, in Lassen County, with a population of 1,998 (ePodunk, undated,
www.epodunk.com, accessed January 22, 2004).
According to the 2000 Census (Bureau of Census, 2003a), Plumas County ranked
48th out of 58 counties in the State of California in terms of total personal income. Total
personal income in the county equaled $543,953, which was less than 1 percent of total
personal income in the state. The average annual growth rate in total personal income in
Plumas County was 4.8 percent between 1990 and 2000, which was lower than both the
statewide rate (5.3 percent) and the national rate (5.6 percent) over the same period. On a
per capita basis, personal income in Plumas County was $26,173 in 2000. This per capita
income ranked 23rd in the state and equaled 81 percent of the state average ($32,363) and
88 percent of the national average ($29,760). The average annual growth rate in per
capita income in Plumas County was 4.3 percent between 1990 and 2000, which was
above the state average (4.0 percent) and equal to the national average (4.3 percent).
Employment in all industries in 2000 equaled 7,200 people, an increase of 740
(11.5 percent) compared to the 1990 employment of 6,460. By 2002, employment
equaled 7,370 people. During the same period, the unemployment rate was reduced from
9.8 to 8.4 percent of the labor force. The single largest employment sector in the county
is the local government sector, accounting for 28 percent of employment in 2000. Other
important sectors include leisure and hospitality services (14 percent), retail trade (11
percent), and manufacturing (9 percent) (InfoUSA, 2002). Within the leisure and
hospitality sector, employment in accommodation and food/drink services predominates.
Among the 10 major employers in the county are the county government, the FS, several
hospitals, Feather River College, the Plumas Pines Golf Resort, and two sawmills and
planing mills.
Similar to statewide and national economic trends, the county has seen a
continuing shift away from goods-producing (that is, manufacturing, construction, and
natural resource-based employment) to service-providing. Between 1990 and 2000,
employment in goods-producing sectors was reduced from 21 percent to 17 percent of
employment, while service-providing employment grew from 78 percent to 81 percent of
the economy (InfoUSA, 2002). This shift is exemplified in Plumas County by the loss of
130 jobs in the natural resources and mining sector between 1990 and 2000, with a
simultaneous gain of 110 jobs in the arts, entertainment, and recreation sector (part of the
leisure and hospitality sector noted above).
Recreation and tourism, which are becoming increasingly important to the local
economy, are one focus of local development efforts. The Plumas Corporation, which is
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the county’s non-profit economic development entity, is engaged in general economic
and business development, visitor attraction (through the Plumas County Visitor’s
Bureau), and natural resource development. The organization has cited the area’s scenic
beauty, the quality of life, and the recreational opportunities as some of the strengths that
can be drawn on in developing the local economy (Plumas Corporation, 2002).
According to one source, more than $117 million was spent on tourism in the
county in 1992, including a payroll of $18.1 million, employment of 1,800 people, and
tax receipts of $1.47 million (Plumas Corporation, 1996, cited in Pacific Health
Consulting Group LLC, 2000). A later study indicates that the total spent on tourism
increased in 1993 to more than $123 million, including a payroll of $19.2 million and
employment of 1,927 people (Sheffield and Warren, undated, cited in Pacific Health
Consulting Group LLC, 2000). According to Sheffield and Warren, vacation home
residents had the greatest influence on the economy, accounting for one-third of the jobs
resulting from tourism. Vacation home residents were found to spend more locally than
those who stay in hotels, motels, and other accommodations.
Table 3-42 presents the racial mix of the Plumas County population. The county
population is predominantly white, with whites (91.8 percent) and American
Indians/Alaska Natives (2.6 percent) representing a greater percentage of the population
than they do in the state of California as a whole. Hispanics or Latinos may be of any
race; they represent a much lower percentage of the county population (5.7 percent) than
of the state population (32.4 percent).
Table 3-42. Race and poverty in UNFFR Project area.
Plumas County
California
Race as Percentage of Total Populationa
Total population (2000)
100
100
Population of one race
97.4
95.3
White alone
91.8
59.5
Black or African American alone
0.6
6.7
American Indian and Alaska Native alone
2.5
1.0
Asian alone
0.5
10.9
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone
0.1
0.3
Some other race alone
1.8
16.8
Population of two or more races
2.6
4.7
a
Hispanic or Latino as Percentage of Total Population
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
5.7
32.4
b
Persons Below Poverty Level as Percentage of Total Population
Persons below poverty level (1999)
13.1
14.2
a
Bureau of Census, 2000a.
b
Bureau of Census, 2000b.
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As table 3-42 shows, a slightly lower percentage of the county population lives
below the poverty level than in the state as a whole.
3.3.8.2
Environmental Effects
Relicensing of the UNFFR Project could affect the socioeconomic resources of the
communities near the project. Possible effects include direct changes in employment, tax
revenue, and local expenditures, as well as indirect influences on the local economy.
Under the no-action alternative, there would be no project-related changes in the
socioeconomic conditions of the local communities. Any changes in population growth,
employment, property tax payments, and recreation expenditures would be unrelated to
relicensing the project, and there would be no change in government revenue related to
the project. The recreation services industry associated with rafting, boating, camping,
fishing, and other recreational activities would likely continue to make up a substantial
portion of the local economy.
PG&E’s proposal, including finalizing and implementing the RRMP; making
improvements in ADA accessibility; providing campground facilities, day use facilities,
boat launches, and trails; providing a new bathymetric map of Lake Almanor;
implementing river recreation flows; maintaining the surface of Lake Almanor at a higher
level through the summer recreation season; and improving the aesthetics of some project
features, would have a beneficial economic effect on the area. These measures would
help meet future recreation demand and could encourage additional tourism to the area,
thereby increasing expenditures in the region.
Growth-inducing Impacts
Growth-inducing impacts are another form of impact that may be attributed to
some projects. A project may be growth inducing if it fosters economic, population, or
housing growth or removes obstacles to growth, which could indirectly lead to additional
economic and environmental impacts. Evaluation of potential growth-inducing impacts
of the UNNFR Project was based on a qualitative analysis of the indirect effects that
could result from the use of power within PG&E’s service area and from the additional
tourism that could occur as a result of improvements in recreation resources.
At its proposed generating capacity, the project represents approximately seventenths of a percent of the current (2003) generating capacity in the CA/MX (see table 1-1)
and six-tenths of a percent of the generating capacity forecast for 2012. Neither PG&E’s
proposed action nor the proposed action with staff-recommended measures would change
the generating capacity, while the cost of generation at the project would increase by
about 13 and 15 percent, respectively (see table 4-2). Therefore, with respect to the use
of power within PG&E’s service area, any changes in the project would not be expected
to foster growth, remove obstacles to growth, or have any growth-inducing impacts.
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As noted above, PG&E’s proposed recreational resource improvements could
encourage additional tourism and increase tourism-related expenditures in the area.
Those changes would likely be experienced as small incremental changes in existing
activities rather than as large changes. Any growth-inducing impacts would be very
small, if they occur.
Demographics
PG&E’s proposed project is not expected to have adverse socioeconomic effects
on the local population. Insofar as the proposed project would protect or enhance fish
and terrestrial resources, improve public use of recreational facilities and resources, and
maintain and protect historic and archaeological resources within the area affected by
project operations, it can be reasonably expected to have a beneficial effect on any
population that relies on those resources.
Potential Measures to Reduce Water Temperature
As detailed in section 3.3.1.2, as part of the SA for the Rock Creek-Cresta Project,
PG&E agreed to evaluate the effectiveness of modifying the UNFFR Project’s Prattville
intake as a temperature control measure for the downstream reaches of the NFFR. PG&E
has been conducting feasibility studies, including modeling the water temperature effects
of potential Prattville intake modifications, re-operation of the Canyon dam outlet gates,
and modification of Caribou No. 2 intake for the past few years. Appendix D of this EIS
provides an initial evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of 42 potential
measures that could affect water temperatures and identifies the 5 measures we analyze
further in section 3.3.1.2, Water Resources, of this EIS.
Two of the measures evaluated by PG&E and described in section 3.3.1.2 include
the installation of a thermal curtain in front of the Prattville intake, in a steep-sided trough
in a cove of the relatively shallow western lobe of Lake Almanor. PG&E did not provide
any information on the estimated effects of the thermal curtain on the economy of the
Lake Almanor area. However, the Commission received many comments from
individuals concerned that the effects of the thermal curtain on the water quality,
fisheries, recreation, and aesthetics in the Lake Almanor area would ultimately have a
negative effect on the local economy. In its letter filed with the Commission on October
29, 2004, the Plumas County Board of Supervisors pointed out that Plumas County has
moved from a goods-producing to a service-providing economy, and that recreation and
tourism are increasingly important to the local economy. At the October 19, 2004, public
meeting in Chester, John DeJong stated that the recreation industry has replaced the
timber industry in the Lake Almanor area. Mr. DeJong emphasized that seasonal
recreational activities in the Lake Almanor area occur for about 12 weeks in the summer,
but that fishing in Lake Almanor usually begins 2 months before the summer recreation
season and continues for 2 months after the end of the summer recreation season. In its
letter filed with the Commission on November 3, 2004, the Butt Lake Anglers
Association points out that Lake Almanor and Butt Valley reservoir are invaluable
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recreation resources because of both their fisheries and water contact sports, and any
adverse effects on these resources will adversely affect Plumas County, due to loss of
recreational dollars.
Mr. DeJong and Plumas County both stated that Lake Almanor attracts land
buyers to northern Plumas County. Both Plumas County and the Plumas Association of
Realtors (letter filed with the Commission on December 6, 2004) express concern with
the effect of the thermal curtain on property values.
At the October 19, 2004, public meeting in Chester, Russ Lesko discussed a 1999
cost benefit analysis commissioned by PG&E that stated that the temperature
modification proposal did not come close to justifying its cost, as calculated by FERC
methods. At that time, PG&E's estimated capital costs for the Prattville intake
modification were $5 million. Mr. Lesko pointed out that PG&E now estimates the cost
to be $53 million (this cost includes dredging and installation of two curtains in Butt
Valley reservoir). In his letter filed with the Commission on September 27, 2004, Dale
Knutsen points out that in addition to the initial cost of approximately $53 million, PG&E
estimates annual maintenance costs of more than $100,000 per year. Mr. Knutsen
believes that this cost is unreasonable with so little benefit to the temperature of the water
in the system. Both Mr. Knutsen and Plumas County Several individuals expressed their
concern that the cost of installing and maintaining the thermal curtain would be borne by
PG&E’s customers in the form of higher utility bills.
3.3.8.3
Unavoidable Adverse Effects
None.
3.4
NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE
Under the no-action alternative, PG&E would continue to operate the project
under the terms and conditions of the current license. The environmental measures
proposed by PG&E and/or recommended by staff would not be implemented.
3.5
IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF
RESOURCES
Continued operation of the existing project would continue to commit the lands
and waters previously developed for energy production. This commitment of resources
would not necessarily be irreversible or irretrievable because removal of the project dams
and restoration of disturbed areas could return the project area to near pre-project
conditions. However, given the substantial costs and loss of energy, recreational, and
socioeconomic benefits, removal of the dams is unlikely.
Under PG&E’s proposed project, or with the staff, agency, and NGO
recommended measures, maintaining the new minimum flow regime would commit
water for aquatic and riparian habitat enhancements instead of energy production. While
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over the short term such commitment of water may be considered irretrievable, any
changes in flow requirements would not be irreversible over the longer term, since stream
flows are a renewable resource and flow requirements could be changed in a license
amendment proceeding or in any future license that may be issued for the project.
In addition, implementation of the staff-recommended alternative, or certain
measures recommended by others, would require the commitment of lands that would be
developed for recreational enhancements (e.g., trails, reservoir and river public access
sites, and development of current informal campgrounds and trails). However, our
measures would not change the existing, informal usage of such land and, therefore, there
would be no incremental irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources.
3.6
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES AND LONG-TERM
PRODUCTIVITY
Our recommended operating alternative for the project is expected to provide an
average of at least about 1,074,298,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy each year to the
region. This long-term energy productivity would extend for at least as long as the
duration of the new license. Our recommendations are designed to minimize or avoid in
certain cases, long-term decreases in biological productivity of the system, as well as
enhance aquatic habitat and local and regional recreational opportunities.
If the project was to operate solely to maximize hydroelectric generation, there
could be a loss of long-term productivity of the river fisheries and perhaps sensitive
invertebrates and amphibians (i.e., foothill yellow-legged frog), due to decreases in
habitat availability. Moreover, many efforts to enhance recreational opportunities at the
project would be foregone.
With the proposed operating mode, as well as with proposed and recommended
enhancement or protection measures, the project would continue to provide a low-cost,
environmentally sound source of power. Moreover, the project, with our recommended
measures, would further the many goals and objectives identified by the agencies and
other interested parties for managing the resources of the UNFFR, Butt Valley reservoir,
and Lake Almanor.
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