University of Florida College of Public Health & Health Professions PHC 6050 Statistical Methods for the Health Sciences I Online (Spring 2012) Instructor Information: Amy Cantrell, PhD Email: through Sakai (or acantrell@ufl.edu) Clinical Assistant Professor Phone: 352-294-1928 (Email preferred) UF Department of Biostatistics Web: http://users.phhp.ufl.edu/acantrell/ TA Information: Alexander Kirpich Email: through Sakai Online Administrator: Ms. Susan White; Email: swhite@ufl.edu Sakai Site: http://lss.at.ufl.edu – login to Sakai (the UF e-learning course management system), PHC 6050 will be one of your courses. The Weekly Schedule and all course materials are available online through the PHC 6050 Sakai site. Some Known Sakai Issues: Do NOT use spaces in any filename for a document you will attach in Sakai Do NOT paste from WORD or other Rich Text Formats unless you o use the Word Paste Tool Sakai) (for more information see the Student Help FAQ link in OR o first paste the text into Notepad (not Wordpad) or paste special in a word processing program to clear all formatting Best in Firefox version 3.6 – 7, you can see the full list at https://wiki.helpdesk.ufl.edu/FAQs/SupportedBrowsersForUFWebsites#elearning Starting the Course: Read this syllabus. Watch the instructor’s introductory video which will introduce you to the course, some Sakai Tools, and SPSS. You must take the “Syllabus quiz” and earn a score of 100% in order to start the course. This quiz is located in the Assessments tool. The quiz is based on the information in this syllabus and may be taken as many times as necessary to get the 100% score. This score does not count toward your course grade, but the quiz is required. Course Goals: Statistical methods for description and analysis provide investigators with useful tools for making sense from data. The pervasiveness of statistics in public health as well as other fields has led to increased recognition that statistical literacy—a familiarity with the goals and methods of statistics—should be a basic component of a well-rounded educational program. In this course, students will develop a statistical vocabulary, learn methods for descriptive data analysis, study the fundamentals of probability and sampling distributions, learn methods for statistical inference and hypothesis testing based on one or two samples, and become familiar with categorical data analysis and linear regression. Data analysis will be conducted in SPSS. Updated: January 8, 2012 1 Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, students will be able to: 1. Describe some of the roles biostatistics serves in the discipline of public health. 2. Distinguish among different types of measurement scales and the implications for selection of statistical methods to be used on these distinctions. 3. Apply descriptive techniques commonly used to summarize public health data. 4. Describe basic concepts of probability, random variation, and commonly used statistical probability distributions. 5. Define and explain the sampling distribution of a statistic and the standard error of a statistic, especially the standard error of the mean. 6. Understand the correct application and interpretation of a confidence interval and a test of hypothesis, and recognize common misinterpretations of these methods of statistical inference. 7. Carry out and interpret statistical methods for inference in the most common data structure: one sample, two samples, simple (one-predictor) regression, and two-way contingency tables. 8. Recognize which descriptive and inferential statistical methods are appropriate, based on the study design and data structure. 9. Apply descriptive and/or inferential techniques as appropriate with real public health data for the description of public health characteristics or for public health research and evaluation. 10. Interpret results of statistical analyses found in public health and medical studies. MPH Core Competencies Addressed by this Course: Four of the competencies listed in the 2011-2012 MPH Student Handbook are addressed by this course; these are listed below by their item number in the handbook: 1. Monitoring health status to identify and solve community health problems 2. Diagnosing and investigating health problems and health hazards in the community using an ecological framework 8. Evaluating effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services 9. Conducting research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems Communication Methods and Getting Help: Email or phone communication should be used only for personal matters which cannot be shared with your classmates (i.e. student grades, personal situations, issues with specific exam or quiz questions). If you have a question regarding the course material or course assignments, you will post your question on the appropriate discussion board or attend office hours in Sakai Chat. If you email a question about course material or assignments you will be asked to post the question on the appropriate discussion board before the instructor or TA will address your question. The primary reason for this policy is to give all students the ability to access all discussion related to the course content. If you ask a question (on a discussion board or in office hours) which has already been answered, you will often be directed to the location of the previously given answer. If this does not completely answer your question, please continue to ask on the discussion board or in office hours but be sure to clearly state that you have reviewed the previously given answer and explain what you still do not understand. Please do NOT post questions on the discussion boards of a personal nature or dealing with your specific grade(s) in the course. We never discuss a student’s progress, grades or personal situations in any open forum. These situations would require an email or phone call to the instructor. Note: When emailing the instructor, TA, or technical staff using the Sakai mail tool, ALWAYS check the box “send a copy to the recipients email.” This will result in the fastest possible response. Updated: January 8, 2012 2 Announcements: The announcement feature of Sakai will be the primary method by which the instructor and TA will communicate with the class about important matters such as scheduled times for office hours, due dates, exam dates, availability of new material, etc. These announcements will always be available to review in Sakai. When creating these announcements, we will also send a copy to your UFL.EDU email address associated with your gatorlink account. As a student of the University of Florida, it is very important that you check this email address regularly!! In this class, you should check this account at least once every few days. The easiest way to access this account is through UF webmail at https://webmail.ufl.edu/. Discussion Boards: Discussion boards are the best place to post your questions and comments. Be sure to place your posts the appropriate discussion board topic. You are also highly encouraged to respond to others posts. Discussion boards are not a graded element of this course, but are used for course questions, material discussions, communication, and problem solving between students, TAs, and the instructor. Office Hours: Office hours will be held in Sakai Chat. During the first week of the semester, please go to the POLLS in the Sakai site for this course then select and complete the poll “What time(s) for Instructor and TA Office Hours are best for you?” Based upon the results of this poll, an office hour schedule will be defined which may include a rotation to allow for greater student access. Appointments with the instructor and TA are also available by request. Please view the posted schedules for the instructor and TA to assist in scheduling such appointments. You will be asked to use the SIGN-UP feature to inform us when you will be attending office hours. Student questions will be answered in the order of sign-up. If you are not in chat when your turn is called you will move to the back of the line. If you will be attending at a time later than the start time, we ask that you use the comment feature to let us know when you will arrive. For example, the session is from 3 to 4 PM but you will not be able to attend until 3:30. Such a student will be served as close to that time as possible if their place in line has passed, otherwise, they will wait until their turn based upon the sign-up order. If no students have signed up for an office hour by the scheduled time and no students are in the chat room at the start of the session, the session may be cancelled by the instructor or TA. A message will be left in chat should this occur. For questions which require a more detailed explanation, the instructor or TA may create videos or other materials to answer questions and post these at a later time for students to review. Technical Help: On the sign-in site for Sakai, http://lss.at.ufl.edu, there are multiple tutorials and help to aid students in navigating through the Sakai system. In addition, your course will have help tools entitled “Using Sakai”, “Takings Exams”, and “Help”. Please familiarize yourself with the information in each of these help tools. If you need help logging onto Sakai, password issues, etc., please contact the UF Help Desk at 352392-HELP(4357) or helpdesk@ufl.edu. If you need technical help in the course, please post your questions in the “Technical Difficulties” discussion board. You may find the answer to your issue from other student postings. This can often be the quickest way to get help. If you need immediate help, send an email to donjohns@phhp.ufl.edu or send an email within the course, but be sure to check “send to email” as mentioned previously under Communication Methods and Getting Help. See the exam section for more information on technical help during your course exams. Course Materials: Textbook: Students are not required to purchase a textbook for this course. Updated: January 8, 2012 3 Flash: Many components of the course content require Flash. Be sure to enable Flash in your browser and upgrade if needed (http://www.adobe.com/software/flash/about/) Sakai Site: All content will be linked from the Sakai site for the course. The material will be presented in 15 modules which will consist of the primary instruction in the course. It is very important that you go through all content, including any SPSS Activities, contained in each module. See the Weekly Schedule in Sakai for links to this content with a suggested timeline and deadlines for graded assignments and exams. (Comment: It is in your best interest to get as far ahead as possible with the course material, it will make the overall experience more pleasant and give you ample time to complete all assignments.) The online course materials are based upon the Carnegie Mellon Open Learning Initiative Statistics course; however, there are many differences in the content between our course and theirs. You are responsible for the material covered in OUR online content for PHC 6050. Note that the inline quizzes (Learn by Doing, Did I Get This) do not send your results to us. If you wish to save your answers for future reference, please keep your own record of this information. Depending on your browser settings, answers may be stored in the quizzes between site visits. These quizzes can be reviewed or reset. Software: We are using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 18 (or higher), in this course. You will need to obtain this software by the end of the first week of classes. We will give video instructions and help with use of this package. Becoming familiar with a statistical package is an important part of your statistical education. The most economical option for students is to lease SPSS. It can only be loaded on two computers during the lease period. The standard GradPack is sufficient for this course; the premium GradPack is more than is required for this course but could be useful to some students in the future. UF information about this software is summarized below, you can see all information at http://software.ufl.edu/spss/spssstudent.html If you are a PHHP student and have a PHHP resources account (or if your department will request a PHHP resources account for you), you can access SPSS for free through the PHHP terminal server by remote desktop. (We cannot offer any assistance with this method of access.) IF YOU ARE ON UF’s MAIN CAMPUS (OR CAN VISIT) DURING THE FIRST WEEK: The IBM® SPSS® Statistics Premium educational package can be purchased for $35.00 licensing fee through the UF Computing Help Desk located at the 132 HUB Stadium Road, Gainesville, Florida 32611. At www.onthehub.com you can lease IBM® SPSS® Statistics Standard GradPack version 19 for 6 months for $54, or for 12 months for $90. Be sure to choose the correct operating system. An advantage of leasing is that you get a download, so there is no shipping involved— you get immediate delivery. At www.creationengine.com you can lease or purchase IBM® SPSS® Statistics Premium GradPack version 20 and maintenance packages via download or via regular mail. In addition to SPSS, you might find Open Office (http://www.openoffice.org/) or CutePDF (http://www.cutepdf.com/Products/CutePDF/writer.asp) useful for this course. Open Office is a free “Office” suite of programs (like Microsoft Office) which can edit Word and Excel documents and convert output to PDF files. CutePDF is a free “printer” which converts any document you can print into a pdf file. If installed, you can choose “CutePDF” in the printer list when you print a document. Updated: January 8, 2012 4 Assessment Plan/Grading: Your grade in this course will be based on exams, projects, SPSS activities, and checkpoint quizzes. The final average will be based on the following: □ SPSS Activities (20%) □ Checkpoint Quizzes (20%) □ Midterm (20%) □ Final Exam (20%) □ Projects (2) (20%) The grading scale for this course consists of the scale, including minus grades, follows. The conversion factors for grade point values assigned to each grade are also included (in parentheses): 94% - 100% = A (4.00) 77% - 79% = B- (2.67) 64% - 66% = D+ (1.33) 90% - 93% = A- (3.67) 74% - 76% = C+ (2.33) 60% - 63% = D (1.00) 85% - 89% = B+ (3.33) 70% - 73% = C (2.00) 57% -592% = D- (0.67) 80% - 84% = B (3.00) 67% - 69% = C- (1.67) Below 57% = E (0.00) For more details on letter grades and university policies related to them, see the Registrar’s Grade Policy regulations at http://gradschool.ufl.edu/catalog/current-catalog/catalog-generalregulations.html#grades Components of Assessment Plan: This section contains important instructions for the graded components of the course. Note: Although you can never be awarded negative points for an assignment, if you do not follow the directions given in this syllabus and in the actual assignment, additional points can be deducted even if the assignment is otherwise correct. Checkpoint Quizzes: There will be a checkpoint quiz for each group of modules as organized in the weekly schedule. These quizzes will be equally weighted after dropping the two lowest grades. The goal of these quizzes is to provide evidence that you are participating and succeeding in learning the concepts presented in the course. You will be allowed three attempts at each checkpoint quiz. Be aware, the specific questions may change for subsequent attempts. Your highest score for attempts made will be recorded. The due dates for these quizzes are listed in the Weekly Schedule and generally occur on the Friday of the week after the material is assigned. SPSS Activity Assignments: There will be numerous SPSS Activity Assignments during the semester. The goal of these assignments is to provide evidence that you are participating and succeeding in learning the SPSS software. Students will be asked to use the skills learned in these activities to complete important components of the project assignments. These activities will be completely illustrated in a video lecture covering the needed SPSS skills. These video lectures will be embedded into the content for their related module but links will also be provided from the Assignments tool in Sakai as well as the module table of contents. It is VERY important that you watch the videos in total as they provide detailed information regarding the assignment and working in SPSS. Usually you will be recreating the same analysis in the video lecture for the assignment. Sometimes, the activity assignment will be slightly different than the video lecture for the purpose of providing additional experience with the program and allowing students to be “surprised” by the results. You will be given extra time to complete these assignments since you are likely learning to use a new program. All due dates are clearly indicated in the Weekly Schedule. Start these assignments early. No late work will be accepted. Details on assignments in modules 11-15 will be available later in the semester. Updated: January 8, 2012 5 Each SPSS Activity Assignment will be relatively short and worth a small number of points which are specified clearly in each activity; the total points earned out of the total points possible will be the final grade in this component. Every SPSS Activity will count toward your total grade in this component. You will be allowed unlimited submissions until the due date. See the information about document preparation following the projects information. Projects: There will be two equally weighted projects during the semester. The emphasis in the projects is on developing skills in performing and explaining statistical results. As the focus of the class is on the practical application of statistical methods, the assignments will require the use of a statistical software package (SPSS) to carry out analyses. Most of the needed SPSS skills will be covered in previous SPSS Activity Assignments so, again, it is important to go through all of these activities to learn the necessary SPSS skills for the course. Instruction on any additional skills required will be provided with the project assignment. All questions should be clearly labeled and the student’s name should appear at the top of the first page in the created document. Do not repeat the questions in your submission, only the question number or part. Please create a document with your name at the top and your responses in order and numbered to match the assignment. See the next section for additional instructions regarding document preparation. Assignment Submission Information for SPSS Activities and Projects: All assignments which require uploading a document in Sakai are to be prepared as Word or PDF documents. Please be sure to save your documents in pdf, .doc, or .docx format. Be aware that SPSS uses a .doc extension for exporting rich text files (RTF). If you use this format in the export feature of SPSS, be sure to save the final document in one of the requested formats since rich text files tend to have large file sizes which can cause problems in Sakai. When SPSS is used, you are to select only the appropriate output to include in your report. Do not turn in the raw data. Do not turn in the complete computer output. Rather, select those graphs and/or output which answer the specific question asked, and then paste those graphs or other output into a document (for instance, created in Word) which can incorporate graphics and text. You should type any interpretations, comments, or conclusions in this document, under or near the corresponding graph. Some questions will ask for written answers involving math and statistical symbols. You may either type out English versions of those symbols (for example, “mu” for the Greek letter , or use the symbol itself if your word processor has the capability). We invite students to post questions and comments about assignments in a thread designated for that purpose in the Discussion tool. You may help each other as much as you like with assignments. Each individual student is responsible for writing up his or her own final paper for the assignment, and no copying is permitted. Note: Students can also post questions about the material covered on quizzes and exams, however, DO NOT post actual quiz or exam questions in the discussion board. Midterm and Final Exams: There will be a two-hour midterm and a two-hour final exam for this course. Each exam accounts for 20% of your grade. Exams will be administered in Sakai and are proctored by the online proctoring service, ProctorU. Students will be responsible for setting up an account at www.proctoru.com and scheduling their exam appointments during the dates and times the exam is available. Do not wait until the final two hours scheduled for this exam to start it, as delays will not be an excuse to miss the exam closing date and time. This is YOUR responsibility (not that of ProctorU). The closing time is the time you must FINISH your exam. Updated: January 8, 2012 6 The midterm and the final exam are open-book, open-notes. For many students, it is helpful to prepare a one- or two-page “crib sheet” of notes. A calculator is required for the tests; this may be an online calculator. The exams are timed to require 1.5 hours of work, allowing time for submission. Please allot 3 hours to take your exams to allow for any technical connection issues with ProctorU. If you have any difficulty, contact the UF Help Desk immediately at 352-392-HELP; write down your ticket number. This course will be utilizing the services of ProctorU as proctoring service for the exams in this course. This service is a user-friendly system, but you must follow these guidelines to register and take your exams: 1. Students must register for a time slot for their course exams with ProctorU starting the second week of the semester, but no later than 3 days prior to an exam. You will register for your exams at http://www.proctoru.com Their website will describe how you register and log on for your exam. Your exams will be taken in your Sakai course, but only ProctorU will be able to open the exam for you. 2. Exams will be administered 9:00AM–midnight (Eastern time), seven days a week. ProctorU is now allowing students to take exams after midnight, but it is strongly suggested that you schedule your exam before midnight (Eastern time) as program technical assistance can only be guaranteed up to midnight. 3. Students will need to have a microphone and webcam in place during the test-taking period. An inexpensive webcam and mic will work fine. ProctorU recommends the Microsoft LifeCam VX5000 webcam, but most brands or models will work. This webcam, as well as many newer webcams, comes complete with a microphone in the camera. Students will NOT be allowed to take an exam without a webcam. (Note: a microphone and webcam are program requirements for our online programs, see computer requirements on our program website.) Please test your microphone and camera with someone else before the exam appointment – Skype is a great tool to make this test. Not having a working camera or microphone will not excuse students from their exam time. 4. Exams may be taken at a student’s home, but students must plan to take their exams in an environment where other people are not in the room with the student during the exam. 5. Students will need to have some administrative rights on the computer they are using for the exam to enable the proctoring service to function. 6. If you schedule your exam more than three days ahead, the College will prepay student proctoring fees. However, if your desired time is within 3 days of your request to ProctorU, they will charge a $5 additional fee, which will be the responsibility of the student. Be prepared to provide a credit or debit card in US$ for this late fee. Make-up Policy: No late assignments or tests will be allowed, except for urgent need. Attendance Policy: This is an online course. “Attendance” means you are expected to go through each module, take notes, and pay attention to, and post in the discussion boards. This is to be done at your own pace, but assignments and tests have scheduled deadlines. Updated: January 8, 2012 7 Statement of University’s Honesty Policy: At the University of Florida, each student is bound by the academic honesty guidelines of the University and the student conduct code printed in the Student Guide and on the University website. The Honor Code states: “We, the members of the University of Florida community, pledge to hold ourselves and our peers to the highest standards of honesty and integrity." Cheating, lying, misrepresentation, or plagiarism in any form is unacceptable and inexcusable behavior. Students are expected to act in accordance with the University of Florida policy on academic integrity (see Student Conduct Code, the Graduate Student Handbook or this web site for more details: http://www.dso.ufl.edu/sccr/). Additional Instructor expectations and comments regarding academic integrity: Students will often be encouraged to discuss the material with other members of the class on assignments. I believe we learn best when individual learning and group cooperation are present. However, I expect that no student will ever do any of the following: Have another person complete any assignment in this course Copy another student’s work on any assignment in this course Use materials provided by a previous student in the course for any purpose. Do not seek to obtain or accept offers of such materials (delete any materials you obtained prior to the beginning of the course) I want to stress that in this class, if you focus on learning the material and worry less about the grade you will receive, you will be rewarded with knowledge that will be much more useful to you in the future than the difference between an A, B, or yes, even a C in this class. Accommodations for Students with Disabilities: If you require classroom accommodation because of a disability, you must first register with the Dean of Students Office (http://www.dso.ufl.edu/). The Dean of Students Office will provide documentation to you, which you then give to the instructor when requesting accommodation. The College is committed to providing reasonable accommodations to assist students in their coursework. Exam disability accommodations must be submitted at the beginning of the semester in order to make appropriate arrangements in Sakai and with ProctorU. Counseling and Student Health: Students may occasionally have personal issues that arise in the course of pursuing higher education or that may interfere with their academic performance. If you find yourself facing problems affecting your coursework, you are encouraged to talk with an instructor and to seek confidential assistance at the University of Florida Counseling Center, 352-392-1575, or Student Mental Health Services, 352-3921171. Visit their web sites for more information: http://www.counsel.ufl.edu/ or http://www.shcc.ufl.edu/smhs/help.shtml The Student Health Care Center at Shands is a satellite clinic of the main Student Health Care Center located on Fletcher Drive on campus. Student Health at Shands offers a variety of clinical services, including primary care, women's health care, immunizations, mental health care, and pharmacy services. The clinic is located on the second floor of the Dental Tower in the Health Science Center. For more information, contact the clinic at 392-0627 or check out the web site at: www.health.ufl.edu/shcc Crisis intervention is always available 24/7 from Alachua County Crisis Center: (352) 264-6789. PLEASE – Do not wait until you reach a crisis to come in and talk with us. We have helped many students through stressful situations impacting their academic performance. You are not alone so do not be afraid to ask for assistance. Updated: January 8, 2012 8 Course Calendar: Week 1 (January 9 - January 13) Instructor's Introduction to Course (Flash Video) Read Syllabus Carefully Introduction to Online Course Content Unit 1: Module 1 - Examining Distributions DUE 1/13/2012 11:55 PM: Syllabus Quiz Week 2 (January 16 - January 20) Unit 1: Module 2 - Examining Relationships Unit 1 - Summary DUE 1/20/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz Week 3 (January 23 - January 27) Unit 2: Module 3 - Sampling Unit 2: Module 4 - Designing Studies Unit 2 – Summary DUE 1/27/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Module 2 Week 4 (January 30 - February 3) DUE 1/30/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities 1-3 Unit 3: Module 5 - Introduction (Probability) Unit 3: Module 6 - Finding Probability of Events Unit 3: Module 7 - Conditional Probability and Independence DUE 2/3/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Modules 3 and 4 Week 5 (February 6 - February 10) DUE 2/6/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities 4-6 Unit 3: Module 8 - Random Variables DUE 2/10/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Modules 5-7 Week 6 (February 13 - February 17) DUE 2/13/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities 7-8 Unit 3: Module 9 - Sampling Distributions Unit 3 – Summary DUE 2/17/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Module 8 Week 7 (February 20 - February 24) DUE 2/20/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities 9-10 Unit 4: Module 10 - Introduction (Inference) Unit 4: Module 11 - Estimation DUE 2/24/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Module 9 Week 8 (February 27 - March 2) DUE 2/27/2012 11:55 PM: Project 1 - Modules 1-8 Review Unit 4: Module 12 - Hypothesis Testing DUE 3/2/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Modules 10 and 11 Updated: January 8, 2012 9 Week 9 (March 5 - March 9): SPRING BREAK! No Lectures or Assignments Week 10 (March 12 - March 16) DUE 3/12/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activity 11 Midterm (Modules 1 - 11) Opens March 14 9:00am, closes March 18 11:55pm NOTE: Program Technical Assistance only available 9am–midnight Eastern time Week 11 (March 19 - March 23) Unit 4: Module 12 - Hypothesis Testing Week 12 (March 26 - March 30) Unit 4: Module 13 - Case C->Q DUE 3/30/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Module 12 Week 13 (April 2 - April 6) DUE 4/2/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities are possible from Module 12 Unit 4: Module 14 - Case C->C DUE 4/6/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Module 13 Week 14 (April 9- April 13) DUE 4/9/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities are possible from Module 13 Unit 4: Module 15 - Case Q->Q DUE 4/13/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Module 14 Week 15 (April 16 - April 20) DUE 4/16/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities are possible from Module 14 Review DUE 4/20/2012 11:55 PM: Checkpoint Quiz - Module 15 Week 16 (April 23 - April 25) DUE 4/23/2012 11:55 PM: SPSS Activities are possible from Module 15 Review for Final Exam DUE 4/27/2012 11:55 PM: Project 2 - Modules 10-15 Final Exam (Modules 1 - 15) Opens April 28 9:00am, closes May 2 11:55pm NOTE: Program Technical Assistance only available 9am–midnight Eastern time Note: In the E-Learning system a cut-off time of 11:55pm means that at 11:55:01pm you are late. Computers are very literal and do not recognize seconds after a given time as “on time.” Please plan your work submissions accordingly and do not wait until this cut-off time. If you find any information on the course site that is contradictory to this syllabus, please bring it to Susan White’s attention as soon as possible, as this syllabus is the official course outline. Updated: January 8, 2012 10
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