1. No category

41st International research conference of iarigai
Advances in Printing and Media Technology
Print and media research for the
benefit of industry and society
Abstracts
7 to 10 September 2014
Swansea, Wales, UK
Hosted by Swansea University
Welcome / Croeso to Swansea
7 September 2014
Dear colleagues and friends,
The Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, Swansea University has the pleasure of welcoming you to the
41st International iarigai research conference. The conference “Advances in Printing and Media Technology” covers the traditional print media, graphics printing and packaging as well as emerging fields such
as functional printing. This year we are pleased to include sessions from the EU COST project “New
possibilities for print media and packaging - combining print with digital” as well as industrially focused
presentations.
The main goals of the conference are the exchange of knowledge and presentation of research results; this
will hopefully lead to ideas for further research and collaborations between new partners.
We would like to express our appreciation to the members of the iarigai board for their support and help
during the preparation of this conference and to the program and scientific committee for their input into
the conference program. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank our sponsors and project
partners for their support. Last but not least, we would like to say thank you to all of the attendees for
their participation and their valuable contribution. We hope that you enjoy your stay in Swansea and we
look forward to seeing you again.
Professor Tim Claypole, Dr Simon Hamblyn, Christine Hammett & Glyn R Davies
Conference Team
Science in suppor t of industr y
Based within Swansea University’s College of Engineering, the Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating (WCPC)
is one of the World’s leading centres for research and development of printing and coating processes. With expertise in screen, flexographic, lithographic, rotogravure, digital and pad printing, WCPC also has experience in
the modelling of the print process, using techniques such as finite element, finite difference and statistical and
neural networks. Our mission is to apply a fundamental understanding of printing and coating processes to
improve existing processes and develop new applications.
Research within WCPC is primarily split between three themes (Functional Printing, 3D Printing and Graphics
& Packaging), each of these has its own research areas but there are also significant overlapping areas between the
different themes. One of our major research areas is printing of bio/medical applications, which fits into both
functional printing and 3D printing.
The comprehensive laboratories are fully equipped for sample analysis and characterization of material properties relevant to the print process. To supplement the comprehensive laboratory facilities and extend the services
WCPC has installed a four station roll to roll flexographic press, a two station sheet fed lithographic press, pad,
ink jet and screen printing equipment, for use in fundamental research, industrial prototyping and materials
development. In addition the WCPC has access to the extensive facilities within Swansea University.
The multi-disciplinary staff includes post-doctoral and PhD researchers from both industrial and academic
backgrounds, together with support staff. The expertise in the fundamental science and its practical application
to improving process quality and productivity is used to provide assistance identified by individual companies,
problem solving or developing specific courses for the transfer of information. WCPC has experience of working on industrially sensitive projects that require confidentiality. It also has considerable experience in the technology translation from the research laboratories to the shop floor.
http://wcpcswansea.com/
iarigai - a hub for research and development The International Association of Research Organizations for the Information, Media and Graphic Arts Industries (iarigai) is a worldwide non-profit alliance of research institutes, academic and industrial R&D organizations, fostering networking and international cooperation in the scientific and technical research related fields. Within its scope, iarigai serves its members (as well as the wider research community) as a platform for scientificexchange, strategic networking, social interaction, publishing opportunities, etc.
With the legal seat in Darmstadt, Germany, iarigai is managed by the President and a six member Board. Current President is Dr. Anne Blayo from PAGORA, Grenoble, France. The Association has also a very active Program and publishing committee, chaired by Professor Nils Enlund. Currently, iarigai has 48 members in 24 countries. iarigai has a long tradition in networking and interaction of research institutes, academia and industrial research on goals of common interest. Regular annual International research conferences are presenting a cross-section of the scientific and technical research, not only among iarigai members, but of the entire international research community as well. Altogether 40 International Research Conferences have been organized so far, each time hosted and managed by another member. These events resulted in a series of books, now under the general title Advances in Printing and Media Technology, containing complete edited papers presented at the conferences and considered to be a valuable source of information for the researchers and experts worldwide. In addition, iarigai is hosting or sponsoring a number of national and local events and networking projects. Besides regular annual volumes of the Advances in Printing and Media Technology, iarigai opened another exclusive publishing channel with the peer-reviewed quarterly Journal of Print and Media and Technology Research. The journal offers an insight into the state of the art in these propulsive fields of research, thusmaking them widely available to the international community.
www.iarigai.org
Contents
Sunday 7 September
Workshops
3D-Printing.....................................................................................................................................................6 Functional Printing for the Build Environment...............................................................................................8
Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing Using PulseForge Systems...................................................................................10
Plenary Session 1
The science of rheology and its use in process modelling.................................................................................12
Migration of chemicals from food packaging and the printing inks used........................................................14 Printing electronics on paper is sure to revolutionize smart and connected objects ........................................15 Strategies for Interactive Packaging................................................................................................................16 Monday 8 September
Session 2A - Printed functionality 1
Performance optimization of fully printed primary (ZnMnO2) and secondary (NiMH) batteries..................18
Printed cathode of rechargeable lithium-ion battery........................................................................................18
New printing structure for lighting single-pixel electroluminescent elements based on non-transparent.......19
micro electrodes
Inkjet printing for solar cell mass production on the JETx platform...............................................................19
Session 2B - Color science
Next generation printing - Towards spectral proofing.....................................................................................20
Halftones images: influence of juxtaposition/superposition of square pattern using digital printing................20
techniques on color rendering
Dot gain analysis from probabilistic spectral modelling of colour halftone......................................................21
Session 3A - Printed functionality 2
A direct printed passive RF sensor for content aware drug bottles...................................................................22
Flexography as manufacturing method for carbon nanotube based thin film transistors..................................22
On the development of substrate coatings for microfluidic devices: target - enhanced resolution....................23
Studies on the 3D printing of nanocellulose structures....................................................................................23
Session 3B - Quality measurement and control
Volume measurement of inkjet droplets.........................................................................................................24
Multilevel halftoning applied to achromatic inks in multi-channel printing...................................................24
Colour characteristics of prints printed by oxidative and UV curing inks.......................................................25
Session 4A - Printed functionality 3
Effect of polyelectrolytes on conductivity for printed functionality.................................................................26
Inkjet-printed hydrophobic microfluidic channelling on porous substrates.....................................................26
Barrier printing of bags for food waste............................................................................................................27
Cold foil transfer technology for functional printing......................................................................................27
Contents
Session 4B - Paper and ink interaction
Dynamics of ink absorption of packaging paper.............................................................................................28 Setting behaviour of inkjet inks studied by high-speed-camera measurements and modelling.........................28
Modeling optically induced halftone mottle from variability of lateral light scattering of unprinted...............29 paper surface
Flexographic ink-coating interactions - Effects of kaolin clay/GCC blends in coating layers...........................29
Session 5A - Security printing
Security offset printing with twin colors by means of CMYF separation.........................................................30
Improvement of the reproduction accuracy of spot colours in security printing by modifying the..................30
ink formula
Appearance fingerprints of optically complex samples.................................................................................... 31
Characterization of a printed 2D code developing Visual Basic tools for task automation...............................31
Session 5B - Printing materials
Formulation of sustainable soy inks................................................................................................................32
Temperature coefficient of resistance of inkjet printed silver nanoparticles......................................................32 Study of the effect of the ink layer on selected properties of multilayer packaging films..................................33
Tuesday 9 September
.
Plenary Session 6 - Users and user experience
Is legibility of typefaces designed for screen use the same for all languages?.....................................................34
Visual perception and recollection of pictures in packaging design.................................................................34
Novel services for the publishing sector through co-creation with users..........................................................35
End user views on the environmental sustainability of print media.................................................................35
Session 7A - Printing science
The effect of substrate correction on printing conformity...............................................................................36
An empirical approach to predict the working-range of contrast-sensors in terms of inline spectral................36
measurement systems
Improvement of abrasion resistance in flexographic printing...........................................................................37
Lubrication theory of ink hydrodynamics in the flexographic printing nip.....................................................37
Session 7B - Interactive media (COST)
The development of media use habits - from childhood to adults...................................................................38
Investigating the effects of publishing approaches using print, electronic and augmented reality media..........38
on user experience
Narrative engagement and reading performance on digital and printed platform............................................39
AudioCanvas: Interactive audio photos..........................................................................................................39
Plenary session 8 and closing
Printed magnetic sensors................................................................................................................................40
Printed energy harvesting systems for ubiquitous electronics..........................................................................42
Printed Batteries - a Challenge for Electrochemists and Printers.....................................................................43
Sunday 7 September 2014
Workshop
3D Printing
Dr Daniel Thomas
WCPC, Swansea University
d.j.thomas@swansea.ac.uk
Three-dimensionally printing is a rapidly evolving process which is redefining traditional manufacturing
industries. This dynamic technology allows three-dimensional objects of virtually any size and shape to be
produced rapidly and for relatively low cost. 3D printed objects are made using additive processes in which
successive layers of material are laid down sequentially to form complex architectures. The most important
aspect of this technology is that it is proving a sustainable and viable means to underpin new manufacturing processes. Current 3D printing research focuses on making complex components from a combination
of innovative and functional materials. These materials are being deposited together to make new machines
and working devices which cannot be made using any other method. This workshop will discuss fused
deposition 3D printing, stereolithography, inkjet 3D printing and photo sensitive resin printing technologies. It will also provide an overview of the different 3D printing technologies currently being developed at
the Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, including; bio-plastic deposition, biosensor fabrication, optical
fibre systems, defence platforms, thermo-chromic materials, 3D printed circuit boards, 3D printed food on
demand and 3D-Bioprinting. With 3D printing technology we now live in a world in which anyone can
convert a design into a useful working object quickly and efficiently. Thus we are now moving into a true
design economy where the rate at which new products are introduced is increasing almost exponentially.
Bio
Dr. Daniel J. Thomas is a senior researcher at the Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, currently exploring the application of three-dimensional printing processes for producing novel integrated devices. Currently he is an Editor of the Journal of Optics and Laser Technology covering; light detection and ranging
(LIDAR), laser material interactions, optical fibres and new laser development themes and he is also a
deputy Editor of the Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention covering metal failure analysis and corrosion fatigue themes. He has previously worked in the research and development of industrial high power
lasers, in which this work has been applied to process new steel grades used in the manufacture of heavy
construction equipment. Daniel’s multidisciplinary research activities include the areas of; surgical lasers,
high precision optics, laser materials processing, additive materials manufacturing and three-dimensional
biocompatible material deposition. Being a science writer for the past five years he has written hundreds of
articles for numerous science and technology websites, magazines and science columns, on subjects diverse
as new manufacturing processes, 3D-Printing, engineering sustainability, laser technology and nanomaterials. Daniel has published twenty key journal papers focusing on the area of laser materials processing, 3D
printed microfluidic devices, nanowire immuno-sensor technology and more recently regenerative medicine.
Sunday 7 September 2014
3Dynamic|Systems Ltd is a Swansea University-based, research driven manufacturer of advanced 3D additive manufacturing
systems.
These machines deposit a new range of novel materials, which are capable of forming the backbone of future innovative industry
components. Developed at the world renowned Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, our technology demonstrates that intelligently
designed systems can be used to produce high performance structures from next generation functional materials.
3Dynamic Systems Ltd
Department for Research and Innovations
Swansea University
Swansea
Email: D.J.Thomas@swansea.ac.uk
The 3Dynamic Tissue Engineering Workstation, a regenerative medicine tool used to 3D-Bioprint tissue structures.
Workshops
Our systems are designed to be durable, easy to operate and reliable and all capable of opening up a whole new exciting domain of
additive materials manufacturing. With research currently ongoing, we are commercialising the additive manufacturing of 3D integrated
electronics, biosensors, construction materials, foods and complex multicellular tissues. Our exciting technology promises to yield a
vibrant manufacturing technological revolution.
Sunday 7 September 2014
Workshop
Functional printing for the build environment
Dr Eifion Jewell
Senior Technology Transfer Fellow, SPECIFIC, Swansea University
e.jewell@swansea.ac.uk
The next generation of buildings will not only need to provide shelter and insulation from the environment but also need to make a positive contribution to a building’s energy usage through producing and
storing energy. This can be achieved by adding a degree of functionality to the building surface through the
use of coatings which add energy conversion capabilities. For the industrial, retail and commercial sectors
the materials of choice are steel and glass as these offer significant off site manufacturing. The market for
glass and steel building surfaces is significant (many 100’s million of m2 pa) and thus a large volume mass
manufacturing process is needed in order to meet market volume and economic demands. Printing offers
such a volume manufacturing solution and this is beginning to be used at pilot scale to offer market ready
products. This workshop will examine novel product applications and present a number of printing / coating
manufacturing routes which are being used to develop products.
Bio
Dr Eifion Jewell has a degree and PhD in mechanical engineering at Swansea University. He was a founder
of the Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating (WCPC), Swansea University and is now a senior Technology
Transfer Fellow at SPECIFIC (Sustainable Product Engineering Centre for Innovative Functional Industrial
Coatings), Swansea University. SPECIFIC’s mission is to develop scalable manufacturing solutions for energy harvesting, storage and generation for the build environment. His role is to develop scale manufacturing routes for these technologies through the use of printing and coating technologies. An author of over
60 academic papers he has also been responsible for technology transfer from the science base to industry
through training, tool development, material optimization and production design.
Sunday 7 September 2014
If you want to control your Anilox rolls,
Gravure cylinders and/or Flexoplates . . .
5
=
cm3/m2
Variance
Capacity
5.2
5.3
=
5.2
4%
100%
4.7
4.2
4.4
=
4.4
11%
85%
Tim Collings
4.8
4.5
4.8
=
4.7
6%
90%
Jon Jordan
5.1
4.8
5.2
=
5.0
8%
97%
Phil Hall
5.1
5.0
5.2
=
5.1
4%
96%
Date
Examiner
1
Reference:
28/04/2012
Phil James
5.1
Historical:
10/07/2014
Phil James
15/10/2013
10/02/2013
26/06/2012
2
3
1 Blackworth Court
Blackworth Industrial Estate
Highworth, Wiltshire, SN6 7NS
United Kingdom
10
4
Tel: +44 (0) 1793-766-355
Fax:+44 (0) 1793-766-356
info@troika-systems.com
www.troika-systems.com
Workshops
Roll History Report on Volume, Wear, Variance and Consistency
Sunday 7 September 2014
Workshops
Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing Using PulseForge Systems
Dr Vahid Akhavan
Application and Development Engineer, Novacentrix
Vahid.Akhavan@NovaCentrix.com
Additive manufacturing techniques are now more affordable than ever but remain confined to custom and
low volume production. The big opportunity lies in the ability to produce inexpensive functional devices in
a continuous roll-to-roll format. To address this, we have developed a new, high-power, temporally modulated flashlamp system that is designed to enhance processing capabilities and promote efficiency. This system,
known as PulseForge, rapidly heats printed films to achieve new material properties and new functionalities.
1-3 It uses a process developed by the authors now commonly known as photonic curing and is inherently
tailored to thermally process large areas by providing power densities and control similar to lasers.
Roll-to-roll processing requires flexible substrates with low thermal thresholds – presenting a significant
challenge for conventional oven processing. Materials properties restrictions, however, are circumvented
with photonic curing. In this work, flexible substrates (e.g. paper, PET, or fabrics) are heated to several times
their decomposition temperature without physical damage. A computer model is designed to estimate
the temperature gradient in the device stack and the resulting model is directly correlated to experimental
results. This understanding is expanded to multilayered structures with complex responses to the photonic
curing process. The findings of this research are integrated into roll-to-roll additive RFID antenna production.4 Use of photonic curing for produ tion of other electronic devices, such as displays, photovoltaics,
sensors and flexible batteries, is also discussed.
1. T. Araki, et. al., “Cu Salt Ink Formulation for Printed Electronics using Photonic Sintering” Langmuir 2013, 29, 11192–
11197.
2. C.J. Stolle, et. al., “Multiexciton Solar Cells of CuInSe2 Nanocrystals” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 304–309.
3. H. Kang, et. al., “Direct Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of Inkjet-Printed Copper Oxide Layers within Six Milliseconds” ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 1682–1687.
4.
http://www.muhlbauer.com/39703/Solutions-Products/Products-Systems/RFID-Smart-Label/Antenna-Production/index.
aspx
Bio
Dr. Vahid Akhavan is an application and development engineer at Novacentrix, based in Austin, Texas. Vahid joined NovaCentrix after receiving his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas. He
has published numerous peer-reviewed publications and patent applications with the aim of advancing the
science of roll-to-roll manufacturing for functional electronic devices on inexpensive flexible substrates. His
current research involves the use of photonic curing to reduce the cost of production for batteries, displays,
photovoltaics and numerous other electronic devices.
11
info@novacentrix.com
www.novacentrix.com
Ph: 001 512 491 9500
Fx: 001 512 491 0002
Advancing the State of the Art
for Processing Tools and Materials
NovaCentrix supports many aspects of printed and flexible electronics, including R&D and manufacturing. Products include PulseForge® photonic curing tools, Metalon® and PChem electrically conducting
inks, SimPulse™ simulation software, and various nanomaterials including silver and aluminum. We also
offer contract print services for quantities from 1-off to production-scale. Work with our team from
product concept and simulation through prototyping and optimization all the way to production. Let us
help you succeed.
PulseForge® Photonic Curing Tools
Key Tool Features and Capabilities
Patented photonic curing enables processing of
high-temperature materials on low-temperature
substrates such as plastic and paper.
● Ability to process depositions > 30 microns
● User-selected pulse durations in 1 ms increments
PulseForge 1200: Low-cost tool with specific
advanced features for R&D use.
● Built-in pulse shaping: the ability to create
and save custom optimized pulse structures
Pulse Forge 1300: R&D tool with higher power
delivery, and includes SimPulse™ Thermal
Simulation.
● Water-cooling for longer component life
and higher delivered power
PulseForge 3200: Wide-range tool for R&D,
scale-up and full production at line speeds
> 100 meters/minute.
● Advanced touch interface
● Included bolometer for real-time pulse energy
measurement
PulseForge 3300: High-power tool for R&D,
scale-up, and full production.
Contact us to learn more about how our state-of-the-art technologies and world-class team can
help enable your advanced printed electronics products.
NOW YOU CAN
400 Parker Drive, Suite 1110 Austin, TX 78728
www.novacentrix.com
12
Workshops
● User-selected pulse intervals in 1 ms increments
Sunday 7 September 2014
Invited presentation
The science of rheology and its use in process modelling
Professor Ken Walters, Aberystwyth University & Professor Rhodri Williams, Swansea University
This lecture will introduce the relatively new science of Rheology and give some examples of its use in aspects
of Process Modelling. Particular attention will be paid to Contraction Flows and Splashing. It is shown that
‘high extensional-viscosities’ and ‘normal-stress effects’ are likely to be opposing influences in these and other
complex flows.
Bio
Ken Walters was educated at the University of Swansea, where he graduated with 1st class honours in Applied Mathematics in 1956. He was awarded the MSc degree in 1957 for research into Atmospheric Diffusion and the PhD degree in 1959 for research into Rheology. His Ph.D.supervisor was the late Professor J
G Oldroyd.
After a year researching and lecturing in the USA, Ken Walters returned to Wales at the University of Aberystwyth. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1965, Reader in 1970 and was made Professor in 1973.
His current title is “Distinguished Research Professor”. He was awarded the DSc degree of the University
of Wales in 1985 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1991. Between 1974-76, he was President
of the British Society of Rheology and received their Gold Medal in 1984. In 1995, Professor Walters was
elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering of the United States. He was awarded
an Honorary Doctorate by the Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France, in 1988, and by Strathclyde
University, Scotland, in 2011. In 2002, he received the Weissenberg Award of the European Society of Rheology.
In 2009, Professor Walters became one of the Founding Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales and in
2010, Professor Walters accepted an invitation to become a member of the Science Advisory Council for
Wales (SACW).
Professor Walters has written 6 books and 150 research papers. He was Executive Editor of the Journal of
Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics from its launch in 1976 until the publication of Vol. 100 in 2002. He
now has the title “Founding Editor” and remains a member of the Editorial Board. He is also a member of
the Editorial Boards of the International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering and the International Journal of Applied Rheology and Engineering Sciences.
From 1996-2000, Professor Walters was the (first) President of the European Society of Rheology and, from
2000 to 2004, he was Chairman of the International Committee on Rheology.
Bio
Professor Rhodri Williams is a professor in the College of Engineering at Swansea University and works in
the fields of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, rheology, haemorheology, nanotechnology and cavitation
with special reference to process/chemical engineering instrumentation and theoretical developments relevant to the liquid state. In 1997, he received the British Society of Rheology’s Annual Award followed by
a Royal Society Brian Mercer Award in 2007 for rheometrical work, conducted under an EPSRC Advanced
Fellowship. In 2012, he was awarded an Enterprise Fellowship by the Royal Academy of Engineering for his
development of new blood clot diagnostics and sensors. His work has also led to recognition though major
awards from the Royal Society (Brian Mercer Award), the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE)
Industry Award for Innovation and Excellence, the Annual Award of the British Society of Rheology and
the ICI/AkzoNobel Strategic Technology Award as well as over 130 published papers. He currently leads
an EPSRC Portfolio Partnership in Complex Fluids and Complex Flows and is the current President of the
British Society of Rheology.
13
Sunday 7 September 2014
Invited presentation
bringing
nanomaterials to life
We enable dreams,
ideas and products
Enabling
Haydale together.
Haydale Ltd, the operating arm of Haydale Graphene
Industries Plc is based in the UK and was established
in 2003. Housed in a purpose built facility designed
to handle and process nanomaterials with a suite of
prototyping and analytical equipment, we facilitate
the commercialisation of graphenes for customers
worldwide.
We enable the application of graphenes and other
nanomaterials in fields such as inks, sensors, energy
storage, photovoltaics, composites, paints and
coatings. Building close and collaborative
relationships with customers, suppliers, cutting edge
R&D commercial partners and academic institutions
is at our core.
The Haydale method is an enabling technology
where working with a raw material producer can add
value to the base product and tailor the outputs to
meet the target specification of the end user.
Haydale's unique split plasma functionalisation
process through its HDPlas® range of functionalised
Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) is designed to
enhance product performance when compared to
non-functionalised materials.
We aim to be the preferred solutions provider in the
provision and enabling of graphene-type carbons
and other nanostructures to meet customers
specifications to elevate their products.
Collaborative
Haydale's goal is to develop long-term and mutually
beneficial relationships; being the partner of choice
for customers and suppliers.
www.haydale.com
14
Sunday 7 September 2014
Keynote presentations
Migration of chemicals from food packaging and the printing inks used
Chris Whitehead
British Coatings Federation
This presentation will review the legal situation, some of the background of the issues - particularly the nonuse of chemicals of concern-, how the packaging chain can work together to minimise what risk there may
be, and therefore to provide a balanced view of the current position.
Bio
From 1970 to 1989 he worked at Coates Brothers (now part of Sun Chemical) in different roles, including
Liquid Inks Development Manager in the UK and Liquid Inks Product Manager in Durban, South Africa.
From September 1989 he worked in various roles at Manders, which eventually became part of Flint Inks,
ultimately retiring as Director of Regulatory Affairs and Sustainability for Packaging and Narrow WebGlobal
Division; as part of this he also had responsibility for contact with Tobacco Brand Owners. After taking early
retirement in 2010, he has set up a consultancy company – HCCW Consulting Ltd, which has included work for
European Printing Ink Association (EuPIA), Eagle/Continental Inks (South Africa) and the EU Commission.
Since January 2012, he has been a Consultant to the UK Trade Association - British Coatings Federation
(BCF) on Printing Ink Technology. This involves acting as secretary of the Technical Committee, as well as
representing UK Ink Industry in contacts with governmental operations and other related Trade Associations, as well as serving on the committee for the REACH regulations as and co-ordination of its implementation.
15
Sunday 7 September 2014
Printing electronics on paper is sure to revolutionize smart and connected objects
Gael Depres
Arjowiggins
Today, electronics are printed primarily on glass and on specialized plastic films by using printing techniques
very close to those used in the graphic printing industry. Paper is generally not used because of its porous
and rough surface.
Another advantage of PowerCoat® paper is its ability to withstand relatively high temperatures. Ink can
be sintered using an air tunnel at high temperatures or by using flash sintering techniques. The very high
temperatures reached in these processes allow the ink to be better sintered, resulting in better conductivity.
This contributes to a tremendous gain in conductivity for nano-particles of silver, used in the inkjet printing
process for instance.
We have printed circuitry on PowerCoat® using different printing techniques including screen printing,
flexo, inkjet, laser ablation and graphic printing, presented in this study. We will give examples of demonstrators that we have manufactured using multi-technology printing including graphics like RFID, capacitors, or sensors.
Bio
Gael Depres received his MSc. Degree in Pulp and Paper in 1996 from PAGORA (French School of Paper
and Printing) and his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from INPG (Institut National Polytechnique de
Grenoble). He joined the group Arjowiggins (leading producer of specialty papers in Europe) in 1999 as a
research Engineer and worked mainly on new product developments in the areas of specialty papers, fine
papers and innovation. He now holds the position of Exploratory Research and Partnership Manager in the
same group.
Gael Depres wrote several articles and participates in many paper-related conferences and holds more than
10 patents in the field of specialty papers, more notably some related to printing electronics on paper.
16
Keynote presentations
Arjowiggins Creative Papers has developed a specially optimized paper, branded PowerCoat®, using a unique
cellulosic formulation and coating process that provides an ultra-smooth, flexible, highly sustainable substrate for printed electronics. The smoothness of this paper is comparable to that of plastic substrates making it ideal for manufacturing very high-precision designs. Additionally, its ultra-smooth surface prevents
conductive particles from penetrating the surface.
Sunday 7 September 2014
Keynote presentations
Strategies for Interactive Packaging
Colleen Twomey
Cal Poly State University
ctwomey@calpoly.edu
Packaging professionals are looking for ways to connect with customers using interactive technologies for
various reasons. Greater appeal at the point of sale can be achieved using NFC (Near Field Communication), scannable codes, and other mobile apps to create awareness and engagement with brands.
In addition, mobile technology can provide the CPC (Consumer Product Company) with interesting consumer insights and shopping behaviors.
Interactive packaging may also be able to address a level of security (anti-counterfeiting) for high value
products.
Learning objectives: •
Learn about technologies for interaction including scannable codes, NFC, augmented
reality, and printed electronic labels
•
Gain insight into the costs and benefits associated with different technologies
•
Examine how integrating mobile and social media technologies with interactive packaging
helps to gain insight into your customers
•
Evaluate examples of interesting interactive packaging applications
Bio
Colleen Twomey is an Assistant Professor of Graphic Communication in the College of Liberal Arts at the
California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, California. Colleen teaches consumer packaging and workflow classes related to packaging and publications, and printed electronics.
She is the Graphics for Packaging concentration coordinator, in addition to advising the Phoenix Challenge
student packaging competition at Cal Poly.
Colleen had over 20 years of packaging industry experience specializing in print and plate technologies and
prepress prior to joining Cal Poly.
Colleen is a frequent speaker at industry associations such as FTA, TAPPI, and FPPA (Flexographic Prepress
Association). She has presented master classes in print at IDTechEx, and research at FlexTech Alliance.
17
A Centre of Excellence for Research and Education
for the Printing and Coating Industries
WCPC Annual Technical Conference
November 24th & 25th 2014
The conference will be opened by
Professor Jong Min Kim
The conference is an opportunity to view the latest WCPC research in printing technology,
to discuss the findings with researchers and to network with like-minded industrial
delegates. Each presentation will be a technical paper based on latest results and
analysis derived from controlled experiments and numerical models. All attendees will
receive printed copies of the abstracts for each of the papers presented. Delegates will
also have the opportunity to network at the conference dinner and should you wish the
chance to arrange future visits to the the WCPC laboratories.
Four colour flexographic press
WCPC is a world renowned research centre dedicated to advancing the
understanding and productivity of all aspects of printing and coating. WCPC
enhances the understanding of the printing and coating processes, exploits novel
manufacturing using printing and applies its scientific findings to the benefit of its
global industrial partners. With extensive experience in packaging and graphics
printing the WCPC has built on this knowledge and become a centre for functional
materials, plastic electronics and bio printing.
The conference will be held at the De Vere Village Hotel at the SA1 dockland
development, the venue has ample parking and Wi-Fi.
The fee is £350 + VAT for industrial delegates and £250 + VAT per delegate for
academic institutions. APN members will have one free delegate seat and the
academic rate for additional delegates
Through a Welsh Government A4B programme. Welsh companies wishing to
attend can apply for a reduced delegate fee. The delegate registration cost covers
conference attendance, lunches, refreshments and conference dinner.
If you would like to promote your service or product to delegates, table top
exhibitor space will be available in the refreshment and lunch area. Each exhibitor
will be allocated an area to take a table top & roll up display. As space is limited,
we would advise potential exhibitors to make a booking as early as possible. The
cost of exhibiting is £350 + VAT in addition to the delegate fee.
WCPC, College of Engineering, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
Tel: (+44) 01792 295091
http/wcpcswansea.com
e-mail: meprint@swan.ac.uk
18
Keynote presentations
Professor Jong Min Kim, former Senior Vice President and Vice President at Samsung Electronics Corporate R&D
Centre, is currently Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Department of Engineering Science at Oxford University.
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 2A: Printed functionality 1
09:00 - 10:40
Performance optimization of fully printed primary (ZnMnO2) and secondary (NiMH)
batteries
Michael Wendler, Tim Claypole, Erich Steiner and Martin Krebs
WCPC, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
675333@swansea.ac.uk
Printed batteries, based on nickel/metal hydride and traditional zinc/manganese dioxide chemistry, were
manufactured as single cells in stacked configuration by screen-printing. To identify the performance-limiting element of the printed rechargeable battery, a printed Ni/MH battery equipped with a Zn-probe was
assembled. The printed batteries were electrochemically analysed by means of electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy in two-electrode configuration and chronopotentiometry. It has been demonstrated that the
cathode is responsible for the limitation of the battery performance. The influences of the limitation of the
cathode inks were examined and newly water-based electrode inks were developed. The improvement of the
electrode inks decreased the overall impedance and raised the value for the open circuit voltage as well as the
operating voltage for the primary battery chemistry. In addition to the electrode optimizations, a printable
electrolyte/separator-paste, equal to a conventional electrolyte saturated polymer-fleece in its performance,
was developed and enables a fully printed battery system.
Keywords: printed battery, screen-printing, NiMH, ZnMnO2, primary battery, secondary battery
Printed cathode of rechargeable lithium-ion battery
Gorazd Golob, Polona Perko, Dejana Javoršek, Marta Klanjšek Gunde and Robert Dominko
University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
gorazd.golob@ntf.uni-lj.si
Secondary lithium batteries are efficient source of power supply in many mobile devices and electrical vehicles. They have different technical characteristics based on different materials and production methods used.
For the mass production and lab sample preparation of cathode the most common is doctor blade deposition method. Our goal was introduction and investi-gation of alternative screen-printing technique and
optimization of printed cathode layer adhesion to the basic conductive aluminium foil to achieve improved
electrical properties. Focus of the experimental part was on the preparation of an effective mixture of cathode
material with NMC composition (LiNi0,5Mn0,3Co0,2O2) used. Improved contacts between cathode particles and aluminium foil were achieved by increasing of surface free energy of the aluminium foil by using
sand paper and KOH treatment. The cathode was covered with electrolyte (1M LiPF6 in a solution of ethylene carbonate and diethylene carbonate) and a glass-fibre separator and a piece of lithium on the top. The
cathode, separator and anode - the metal lithium has then been inserted into a vacuum welding device and
sealed. Characteristics of the charging and discharging of the cathode material was measured in the potential
range between 2.5 and 4.3 V at constant current. The results of electrochemical measurements show us that
screen-printed cathode material on aluminium foil for rechargeable lithium batteries is comparable to the
same samples prepared using traditional methods. Charging and dis-charging characteristics and capacity
values of the screen-printed cathode material compared to material applied using doctor blade are different
and remain as a challenge for future research.
Keywords: printed electronics, screen-printing, cathode, Li-ion rechargeable battery, battery performance
19
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Wolfgang Faigle
New printing structure for lighting single-pixel electroluminescent elements based
on non-transparent micro electrodes
Ardeshir Hakimi-Tehrani, Jann Neumann, Martin Schmitt-Lewen, Thorsten Euler, Edgar Dörsam
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
hakimi@idd.tu-darmstadt.de
Keywords: electroluminescence (EL), functional printing, screen printing
Inkjet printing for solar cell mass production on the JETx platform
Joost Hermans, Erik Kamp, Wouter Brok, Pierre Papet, Boris Legradic and Benjamin Strahm
Roth & Rau B.V., Eindhoven, The Netherlands
wouter.brok@roth-rau.com
Inkjet printing is commonly regarded as a promising manufacturing technique for solar cell mass production due to its advantages of non-contact deposition, the ability of creating fine features (<50µm), effective
material utilization and high precision [1]. Even though various solar cell processes utilizing inkjet printing
have been developed [2-7] there are only a few inkjet printing systems being used for solar cell mass production [8]. The PiXDRO JETx from Roth & Rau B.V. offers a multi-functional inkjet printing platform
that can be configured for various substrates, print heads and inks. For solar cell manufacturing the JETx
is equipped with CrystalPoint print heads from Océ Technologies; the CrystalPoint print head is designed
for hotmelt or UV-curable inks and incorporates PAINt technology for self-diagnosing. By combining selfdiagnosing print heads with redundant nozzles and advanced printing strategies the amount of misprints
is nullified. In this paper the print reliability is investigated showing that this combination is successful in
improving the production yield.
Since the self-diagnosing technology in the CrystalPoint print head is based on a relative measurement it is
functional with any ink, offering other chemical suppliers a platform that can use their inks in mass-production. By using a hotmelt masking ink as a plating barrier 6” heterojunction solar cells with fully plated
Ni-Cu front grid are fabricated, demonstrating the functionality of the masking ink in defining a front-grid
pattern on the ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) Anti-Reflection Coating. A conversion efficiency of 21.6% after
stripping of the masking ink shows that the process of printing, plating and stripping is compatible with
the heterojunction solar cell process. Replacing the expensive screen-printing of silver with a cheap Ni-Cu
plating process offers a significant reduction in €/Wp. The Ni-Cu plated fingers had a tapered shape with
a line width of ±30µm at the ITO interface, but a width of ±50µm on the top. By optimizing the printing
strategy this difference in line width between the interface and top has been reduced, resulting in a further
decrease of shadowed area.
20
Session 2A: Printed functionality 1
The conventional structure of printed electroluminescent (EL) panels mostly contains a transparent conductive material on the light emitting top side. Regarding the relatively high costs for these materials and their
deposition, a research was done on the feasibility of a new structure for printed ELs by segmentation of large
EL areas to some smaller separated ones. By screen-printing of microelectrodes in different patterns and line
widths and gap sizes of 30 µm, 50 µm and 100 µm with conductive inks, and deposition of phosphor on the
upper layer, the light is appearing between the lines.
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 2B: Colour science
09:00 - 10:40
Next generation printing - Towards spectral proofing
Ludovic Gustafsson Coppel, Steven Le Moan, Paula Zitinski, Radovan Slavuj and Jon Hardeberg
Gjøvik University College, Gjøvik, Norway
ludovic.coppel@hig.no
Different printing systems can produce colours that are perceived as identical under one standard illuminant such as D50. The visual match will however fail in other illuminations if the spectral properties of the
inks differs. For soft proofing, this requires the proof to be visualised in the defined illuminant. Using more
proofing inks than the conventional CMYK such as RGB increases the colorimetric redundancy, that is the
number of different ink combinations that produce a visual match in D50. Using a spectral workflow, the
ink separa-tion can be optimised to get a visual match in different illuminations. We test here the feasibility
of multi-illuminant (spectral) hard proofing with a multi-channel inkjet printer. We compute the proof of
a set of 1269 Munsell patches with an inkjet printer model and compare the performance of a colorimetric
and spectral workflow in terms of multi-illuminant proof matches. We show that large colour differences
in different illuminants can occur when using a colorimetric workflow only optimising ink separation for
D50. Performing a spectral gamut mapping leads to significant improvements as no Munsell targets show a
ΔE2000 larger than 3 for all the illuminations tested. The use of additional red, green and blue inks further
increases the colorimetric accuracy in different illuminations. Spectral proofing with multi-channel inkjet
printers opens thus for producing proofs that can be evaluated different visual environments. This can be
particularly useful for packagings that make use of several spot colours and are viewed in very different visual
environments.
Keywords: multi-channel printing, multispectral, proofing
Halftones images: influence of juxtaposition/superposition of square pattern using
digital printing techniques on colour rendering
Morgant Maëlle, Jean-Francis Bloch and Lionel Chagas
LGP2, Grenoble, France
maelle.morgant@grenoble-inp.org
The industrial problem in printing is to set quickly the adjustment of the process for multichromy. Therefore
models have to be developed to control efficiently factors affecting halftone colors. The aim of this study is to
analyze the influence of juxtaposetion/super-position of dots of inks, the pattern printing size, and the percentage of coverage on the colorimetric printing patches, in order to improve colorimetric models efficiency.
For this purpose, squares are printed with electrophotographic technique. They are arranged in juxta-position (one coloured square beside the other) and in superposition (one colour one top of the other). Primary
colors are printed with different nominal percentages of coverage and different nominal sizes. They are
printed individually in monochromy, they are then super-posed or juxtaposed in the case of polychromy.
The models of Murray-Davies, Yule-Nielsen, and Clapper-Yule are considered. The effective percentages
of coverage of each colour (percentage of coverage calculated with models) are calculated by two methods
(Demichel equations and dot-on-dot screen). The performances of the proposed spectral models are compared in terms of colour differences. Models have to be selected according to the resolution of printer, the
size of pattern, and the percentage of coverage. Moreover, the juxtaposition or superposition of primary colours influences different-ly the colorimetric coordinates, and the model efficiency. In the case of polychromy,
the models efficiency is improved by the mixture Demichel - dot-on-dot method.
Keywords: halftone printed, ink superposition, model prediction, electrophotographic technique
21
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Patrick Gane
Dot gain analysis from probabilistic spectral modelling of colour halftone
Perceived ink dot broadening due to light scattering in paper (optical dot gain) is effectively modelled by the
empirical Yule-Nielsen model. Another approach is to use probabilistic models whose advantages are linearity and a higher theoretical physical explanation power. In this paper, we compare the performance of the
Yang probabilistic model to that of the Yule-Nielsen model in terms of colour prediction of single colorant
patches at different ink coverages and study the model parameter dependency on ink, halftone frequency
and sub-strate. The Yang model is tested for substrates with wide range of optical dot gain and different
halftone frequencies. The model takes explicitly into account the lateral light scattering in the substrate with
a probability for light entering an unprinted area to exit through an ink dot (P_(p-i)). The results show that
the model performs as well as the Yule-Nielsen model in predicting the colour of single halftone patches.
For multiple coverage prediction, P_(p-i) can be described as a linear function of the apparent coverage but
a non-zero offset at zero coverage must be used. Other effects than lateral light propagation are however
taken into account by the model parameter P_(p-i). Without further improvements to account for these yet
unknown effects, we conclude that the Yang model does not have more explanation power than the YuleNielsen model.
Keywords: colour prediction model, dot gain, Yule-Nielsen, probabilistic model
22
Session 2B: Colour science
Ludovic Gustafsson Coppel
Gjøvik University College, Gjøvik, Norway
ludovic.coppel@hig.no
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 3A: Printed functionality 2
11:05 - 12:45
A direct printed passive RF sensor for content aware drug bottles
Marco Mazza, Johannes Renner, Pierluigi Civera and Fritz Bircher
University of Applied Sciences, Fribourg, Switzerland
johannes.renner@hefr.ch
Lack of compliance with regard to medical prescriptions has become a major cause of treatment failure,
a problem particularly faced in the aging population. In order to aid patients in taking their medication
properly, various products for solid drugs like electronic pill organizers have recently appeared on the market
whereas there is a lack of effective solutions for liquid drugs. In this paper, a novel direct printed RF sensor
for drug bottles is presented as a low-cost solution, which can be used for monitoring liquid medication. The
fully-printed, single layer metal sensor has been realized on the top of a polyethylene bottle, acting as a resonant LC tank, which can be read remotely. Resonant frequency drifts proportionally to the liquid content,
since the distributed capacitance value is affected by the permittivity of the liquid.
The demonstrator presented in this article shows an impressive sensitivity up to 316 kHz/mL, resulting in a
cost-efficient and viable solution to detect content variation in the order of sub - milliliters.
Keywords: printed LC resonant tank, monitoring drug bottle, passive liquid sensor, syringe extrusion
Flexography as manufacturing method for carbon nanotube based thin film transistors
Neil Graddage and Davide Deganello
National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
d.deganello@swansea.ac.uk
Large volume implementation of printed electronics requires the development of mass-producible and reliable printed transistors. In this work, we present the initial development of field-effect devices printed by
flexography using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as semiconducting material. CNTs offer a number of advantages over commonly adopted organic semi-conduct-ing materials, namely high mobility and environmental
stability. However their device per-formance depends on the accurate deposition of the CNT network. Flexography, with its accurate control of thin film deposit, offers the capabilities to address this issue, furthermore as a leading roll-to-roll printing process for packaging, flexography is key to large volume integration.
Devices were produced using Multi Walled CNTs as the active layer. A top gate top contact design device
configuration was employed. Flexography was used for printing the source/drain electrodes and CNT layer.
Device characterization showed field effect be-haviour. Two layouts for the electrode, interdigitated and parallel, were tested showing si-milar ON/OFF ratios. Current device performance was limited by the high off
current characteristic of MWCNTs; improvements are expected through refinement of CNT semi-conductor layer and scale of the device.
This work has demonstrated the potential of flexography for manufacturing of TFT structures with CNTs
as the active layer.
Keywords: flexography, CNT, printed transistors, TFT
23
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Gunter Hübner
On the development of substrate coatings for microfluidic devices: target - enhanced
resolution
This study focuses on the development of highly wicking coated substrates for microfluidic devices with
enhanced resolution compared to current filter paper-based devices. Four highly absorbing pigments, fumed
silica (FM), modified calcium carbonate (MCC), natural diatomite (ND) and flux-calcined diatomite
(FCD), as well as three binders, styrene-acrylate (SA) latex, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC), were used to form coating structures with different wicking properties. Studies include
characterisation of the pigment particles and thin layer wicking (TLW) experiments, in which wicking
height of liquid in coatings is measured as a function of time. The results show that the choice of coating
pig-ment and binder as well as the binder amount has a significant effect on wicking cha-racteristics of a
coating. The introduction of diatomite pigments into blends with MCC improved the wicking capabilities
of the coating, especially in the case of ND. Latex was found to inhibit wicking of liquid the least, followed
by PVOH and CMC. Increased binder amounts reduce wicking due to reduced pore connectivity and
binder-filled pores. It was found that the wicking resistance of pigment alone is too high for rapid analysis
over long distances in thick coatings. On the other hand, these coating structures could be utilised as high
resolution analysis points incorporated into a wicking channel matrix created, say, on a filter paper or placed
at junctions of microfluidic channels derived from controlled hydro-phobic/oleophobic printing or designed
shrinkage fracture geometries.
Keywords: microfluidic devices, analytical printed test kits, absorbent coatings, liquid wicking, microdiagnostics, hydrophilic channels, printed functionality
Studies on the 3D printing of nanocellulose structures
Adam Rees, Lydia C. Powell, Gary Chinga-Carrasco, David T. Gethin, Timothy C. Claypole,
Davide Deganello, K. Syverud, Katja E. Hill and David W. Thomas
WCPC, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
d.t.gethin@swansea.ac.uk
Nanocellulose has a variety of advantages, which make the material most suitable for use in biomedical devices such as wound dressings. The material is strong, can be used for producing transparent films, can keep
a moist environment and form elastic gels with bio-responsive characteristics. In this study we explore the
application of nanocellulose as a bioink for use in a bioprinting process. Two different nanocelluloses were
used, prepared with TEMPO mediated oxidation and a combination of carboxymethylation and periodate
oxi-dation. The combination of carboxymethylation and periodate oxidation produced a homoge-neous
material with short nanofibrils. The small dimensions of the nanofibrils reduced the viscosity of the nanocellulose thus yielding a material with good rheological properties for use as a bioink. We also demonstrated
that both nanocelluloses inhibited bacterial growth, which is an interesting property of these novel materials.
Keywords: bioplotting, wound dressings, nanocellulose, characterization
24
Session 3A: Printed functionality 2
Eveliina Jutila, Risto Koivunen and Patrick A. C. Gane
Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
eveliina.jutila@aalto.fi
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 3B: Quality measurement and control
11:05 - 12:45
Volume measurement of inkjet droplets
Michael Schmid and Karl-Heinz Selbmann
Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
michael.schmid@bfh.ch
Obtaining good quality printouts using an inkjet print head depends on good jetting performance. Besides
droplet formation and velocity, droplet volume is a critical factor for characterizing this performance. The
purpose of this project is the development of an optical method for measuring the volume of single droplets
in flight, as well as complementary analysis of statistical data such as droplet volume distribution for the
Ricoh Gen5 print head with row spacing of 0.55mm. Waveform designs, unique for each ink and temperature combination, can be improved using this technique. For these reasons, an optical system, using three
cameras with varying focal points, was developed to obtain three-dimensional information about droplets
in flight.
Evaluation of resultant data showed that the chosen method is capable of measuring single droplet volumes
within a range of 15%, irrespective of position. Thus, the method is shown to be practicable, and can be integrated into existing drop watchers to allow for the analysis of droplet volume when designing waveforms.
Keywords: inkjet, drop watcher, volume measurement, waveform, optical system
Multilevel halftoning applied to achromatic inks in multi-channel printing
Paula Zitinski Elías, Sasan Gooran and Daniel Nyström
Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
paula.zitinski.elias@liu.se
Printing using more than four ink channels visually improves the reproduction. Nevertheless, if the ink layer
thickness at any given point exceeds a certain limit, ink bleeding and colour accuracy problems would occur. Halftoning algorithms that process channels dependently are one way of dealing with this shortcoming
of multi-channel printing. A multilevel halftoning algorithm that processes a channel so that it is printed
with multiple inks of same chromatic value was introduced in our research group. Here we implement this
multilevel algorithm using three achromatic inks - photo grey, grey, black - in a real paper-ink setup. The
chal-lenges lay in determining the thresholds for ink separation and in dot gain compensation. Dot gain
results in a darker reproduction and since it originates from the interaction between a specific ink and paper,
compensating the original image for multilevel halftone means expressing dot gain of three inks in terms of
the nominal coverage of a single ink. Results prove a successful multilevel halftone implementation workflow using multiple inks while avoiding dot-on-dot placement and accounting for dot gain. Results show
the multilevel halftoned image is visually improved in terms of graininess and detail enhancement when
compared to the bi-level halftoned image.
Keywords: multilevel halftoning, multi-channel printing, dot gain compensation, graininess
25
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Fons Put
Colour characteristics of prints printed by oxidative and UV curing inks
For prints of stamp type, the quality of printing is especially important, so that they represent proper aesthetic value. In addition to their aesthetic value, it is also important that the original colour or colour effect
of the printed image or graphics should be retained for the longest possible period of time. Postal stamps are
usually printed by using oxidative inks, but because of the special elements that may be present on stamps
issued for a special occasions, this type of stamps is printed by using UV technology. However it is important
that the two tech-nologies should result in the same print quality.
The purpose of the research work was to examine and assess the aesthetic and usability features of prints
printed on stamp papers having different surface properties by using oxidative and UV curing inks. Optical
densities and the tone value increase on of the cmyk prints were determined by densitometric measurements.
Based on results of spectrophoto-metric measurements, qualities of cmyk and rgb prints were characterized
by colour gamut and ΔEab* colour differences. Furthermore, quality changes that occur by the effect of accelerated aging of prints prepared in stamp papers were also examined. Our goal was to examine which of
the two inks systems is better in achieving colour uniformity for longer period after printing and whether
there are methods available that are suitable for improving surface uniformity of the ink layers forming the
stamp image and can be used in the industrial practice.
Keywords: printed stamp, oxidative ink, UV curing ink, accelerated aging
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26
Session 3B: Quality measurement and control
Rozália Szentgyörgyvölgyi, Erzsébet Novotny and Pál Görgényi-Tóth
Óbuda University, Óbuda, Hungary
szentgyorgyvolgyi.rozsa@rkk.uni-obuda.hu
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 4A: Printed functionality 3
14:00 - 15:40
Effect of polyelectrolytes on conductivity for printed functionality
Dimitar Valtakari, Roger Bollström, Martti Toivakka and Jarkko J. Saarinen
Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland
dimitar.valtakari@abo.fi
The present work describes the behavior of silver and conductive polymer tracks and films in the presence
of an anionic or a cationic polyelectrolyte that are typically used in papermaking. The relative humidity increase was studied with silver electrode tracks on hygroscopic polyelectrolyte films. The effect of silver track
uniformity, corrosion and conductivity were susceptible to the electrical current passing through humidity.
In this regard, the anionic electrolyte was more inert in comparison to the cationic one. PEDOT:PSS formed
nonuniform layers with lowered electrical performance when spin-coated on anionic polyelectrolyte coated
glass substrate in comparison to clean, noncoated glass substrate. On the cationic polyelectrolyte coated
substrates spin-coated PEDOT:PSS formed uniform and well con-ducting layers.
Keywords: paper electronics, printed electronics, polyelectrolyte, PEDOT:PSS, silver electrodes
Inkjet-printed hydrophobic microfluidic channelling on porous substrates
Risto Koivunen, Evelina Jutila and Patrick A. C. Gane
Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
risto.koivunen@aalto.fi
Paperfluidic devices are microfluidic devices patterned out of paper or paper-like material. The direction of
liquid flow on such devices is controlled by patterning hydrophobic barriers on a hydrophilic base substrate.
A variety of hydrophobic materials and functional printing methods can be used for patterning. Unlike conventional graphic printing, hydrophobising ink has to penetrate the whole depth of the substrate.
This study focused on the development of solvent-based hydrophobic inks for inkjet printed microfluidic
patterning. Hydrophobic inks were produced by dissolving alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and polystyrene in
p-xylene. Hydrophobic test patterns were inkjet-printed with these inks on two highly porous filter papers.
AKD ink was found to produce effective hydrophobic barriers but with poorly defined borders. Polystyrene
ink produced well defined borders, but could only penetrate the full depth of the substrate on one paper.
Adding polystyrene to AKD ink improved jettability.
Hydrophobic ink penetration into filter paper was found to take place as a film flow. Paper properties and
ink viscosity were considered to play a role in penetration depth. Differences in border definition might be
due to the coffee stain effect and interactions with the fibre surfaces.
Keywords: inkjet printing, functional printing, hydrophobic ink, polystyrene, alkyl ketene dimer, microfluidics, paperfluidics
27
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Timothy C. Claypole
Barrier printing of bags for food waste
Peter Rättö, Peter Ramberg, Göran Flodberg and Ann-Catrine Hagberg
Innventia AB, Stockholm, Sweden
peter.ratto@innventia.com
The grease resistance of paper bags for domestic food waste was improved by a printed barrier. Barrier layers
were printed in a full scale flexographic printing press using one, two or three printing nips. Two different
substrates were used. The barrier printed sack papers were then converted into sacks and oil and grease resistance of the sacks was tested in a controlled laboratory environment.
The barrier printed paper bags showed generally good resistance to water while tests of oil and grease resistance of sacks revealed that the printed barrier layer would not give a complete grease resistance. A barrier
layer would only postpone the oil and grease pene-tration. Grease penetration would generally start at the
folds. SEM cross sections of folds revealed that a thicker barrier and a better coverage of the barrier layer
would lead to a lower exposure of fibres inside the folds.
Keywords: barrier, flexo, folds, permeability, printing
Cold foil transfer technology for functional printing
Duy Linh Nguyen, Alexandra Lyashenko, Meliksah Ucuncu, Martin Schmitt-Lewen, Alexander Weber,
Simon Löprich and Edgar Dörsam
IDD, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
nguyen@idd.tu-darmstadt.de
The functional printing has shown a rapid development since some years. The optimized functional fluids
enable the production of the various functional layers and it is not only with the instruments and devices on
the laboratory level. The functional fluids, which may have the electrical properties, can be processed with
the industrial mass manufacturing processes printing processes [OEA13].
In flexographic printing, the printing plate is very elastic. Therefore, it is suitable for rigid substrates such as
glass and also for surfaces which are sensitive to mechanical stress [KIP01]. Gravure printing offers benefits
in the production of very thin functional layers down to the nanometer range. Screen printing provides
advantages for high laydown of ink material [RAU11]. The latter is useful, for example, in the production
of electroluminescent devices. With the development of chemical industry, the functional fluids are also
optimized to be printed with inkjet printing. Inkjet in graphic arts industry is mainly used for short-run and
personalized print production. Further specific advantages of inkjet arise due to its modularity and flexibility
allowing integration into various architectures ranging from desktop printers to print production systems
and even into existing printing presses as imprinting solutions [LUC05].
In addition to conventional printing methods, it has been tried to produce functional layers using the hot
stamping technology. The Paper “Hot Stamping Technology for Functional Printing” [LYA12] investigates
hot stamping process for the production of electrical com-ponents. It was confirmed that hot stamped
metallic layers exhibit reasonably good con-ductivity. Furthermore it is shown that the electrical conductivity of these metallic layers depends on the properties of the hot stamping foils.Based on these findings, an
investigation of the production of the electrical conductive layers using cold foil transfer technology was
conducted as well.
Keywords: cold foil transfer, hot stamping, sheet-to-sheet process, mass production, electric conductivity,
functional printing.
28
Session 4A: Printed functionality 3
The coverage of the substrate depended on the number of nips and the permeability of the substrate. The
more permeable substrate showed a high amount of coating penetration and consequently a poor coverage
of the barrier coating while conventional sack paper showed a lower penetration of the barrier coating and a
better coverage of the substrate.
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 4B: Paper and ink interaction
14:00 - 15:40
Dynamics of ink absorption of packaging paper
Li Yang, Jianghao Liu and Xin Li
Innventia AB, Stockholm, Sweden
li.yang@innventia.com
Liquid absorption dynamics of the packaging papers has been studied with Emtec PDA device, using waterbased flexographic ink and water as testing liquids. While the liquid is penetrating into the paper structure,
the measured ultrasonic transmittance values change with the absorption time and form two time regimes.
The transmittance increases with time in the first regime and decreases in the second. Being internally sized
of all of the papers, paper making parameters, e.g. refining and calendaring have strong impacts on the absorption behaviour of the papers, for instance the maximal transmittance and transition time from regime 1
to regime 2; while different fibre blends exhibit only marginal effects. Comparative studies with cloth made
of synthesised fibres suggested that it is modifications of wood fibres by the liquids that are responsible for
the two-regime structure. Responding to liquid absorpt-ion, wood fibres expand in length and width, regain their lumens and change in surface energy etc. These are probably the origins that cause the decreasing
transmittance in the second time regime.
Keywords: liquid absorption, ink-paper interaction, inkjet, package printing
Setting behaviour of inkjet inks studied by high-speed-camera measurements and
modelling
Daniel Weinzierl, Gert Keller and Dirk Fiedler
Papiertechnische Stiftung, Heidenau, Germany
daniel.weinzierl@ptspaper.de
In this article the dynamics of droplet absorption and penetration into papers are discussed. The experimental penetration data used in this study are derived from a measurement device consisting of a high-speedcamera, suitable microscope objectives and a piezoelectric droplet generator. This device allows studying the
penetration of small, single ink droplets with realistic volumes in the range of few picoliters. The working
principle of this unit is presented and it is shown that the resulting data can be used to investigate influences
of different paper and ink properties on ink penetration. Both dye and pigment based aqueous inkjet inks
as well as other fluids are included in this study.
Furthermore, a model based on the Bosanquet differential equation is proposed to calculate ink penetration
using structural parameters and properties of the materials used. The model also takes into account real and
practical conditions, only limited fluid volumes relevant to the respective printing process are considered.
Additionally, several coating layers and transitions between them can be analyzed. Model results are discussed
and a comparison of the model and experimental observations is given. The model based on the Bosanquet
equation is in good agreement with the measured penetration times which underlines the applicability of
both the model and the measurement technique.
Keywords: inkjet printing, fluid penetration, modelling
29
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Helene Juhola
Modeling optically induced halftone mottle from variability of lateral light scattering of
unprinted paper surface
Mottle in halftone prints reduces the perceived quality of printed images. One of the sources of mottle in
halftone print is the variation in apparent area of printed dots. Inhomogeneous lateral light scattering within
the paper surface in between the printed dots leads to optical dot gain variation which is perceived as halftone mottle. Absence of a reliable model that can predict the paper surface’s susceptibility to halftone mottle
before printing poses serious challenges in controlling factors in papermaking that contributes to lateral light
scattering variability and hence optically induced halftone mottle. In this work the variability in paper surface’s lateral light scattering is modeled from the variability in spatial distances between colorimetric coordinates obtained from high resolution microscopic image of a knife edge shadow projection on the unprinted
paper surface. We present a new model based upon multi-variate paired T2 statistic for characterizing the
variability in knife edge shadow response of the paper surface in order to estimate its lateral light scattering
variability. The proposed model has been found to effectively predict the visual perception of halftone mottle
that arises from inhomogeneous optical interactions between the printed dots and the paper surface.
Keywords: halftone mottle, optical dot gain, light scattering, multivariate paired T2
Flexographic ink-coating interactions - Effects of kaolin clay/GCC blends in coating
layers
Erik Bohlin, Caisa Johansson and Magnus Lestelius
Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
erik.bohlin@kau.se
The purpose of this study was to relate print quality aspects, such as print gloss and print density, to ink
penetration of water-based flexographic ink into coatings with differently engineered properties. Different
amounts of kaolin clay were added to a ground calcium carbonate (GCC) based top coating for pilot coating
of cartonboard. The ratio of kaolin/GCC were 0/100, 20/80 and 50/50. Full-tone prints on these coated
samples, using water based flexographic ink of two different viscosities, were produced. The ink viscosity was
varied by increasing the temperature of the ink from 23° C to 50° C. The three pilot coated samples were
printed at a printing force of 25, 50, 75 and 100 N.
Increased printing force increased the print density to a higher degree than did increased ink temperature for
coatings with a pure GCC pigment (of lower porosity). For coating layers containing both GCC and kaolin
clay (having higher porosity compared to the pure GCC coating), decreased viscosity increased the print
density more than increased printing force. Print density was also affected by ink penetration, suggesting
that the optical response is sensitive to the ink-substrate interaction layer. The result presented in this work
also suggests that the print gloss decreases with increased amount of penetrated ink due to a higher rate of
ink vehicle removal and thereby a higher ink surface roughness.
Keywords: print, ink penetration, ink viscosity, print gloss, coating structure
30
Session 4B: Paper and ink interaction
Abhijit Bhattacharya, Swati Bandhyopadhyay and Phil Green
ITC Limited, Sarapaka, India
abhijit.bhattacharya@itc.in
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 5A: Security printing
16:05 - 17:45
Security offset printing with twin colors by means of CMYF separation
Branka Morić Kolarić, Ivana Žiljak Stanimirović and Ivana Bak
Narodne novine d.d., Zagreb, Croatia
bmoric@nn.hr
A new method of security printing is introduced in this work, thus creating highly protected documents by
ink management in three spectrally separated ranges. A numerical experimental color setting has been developed, respecting the ink properties in three wave ranges: 200- 400 nm, 400-700 nm and 700-1000 nm.
Separation is carried out with process and spot inks, aiming at concealing the graphic in visible spectrum.
Such a graphic can be recognized instrumentally in the ultraviolet (F) and infrared (Z) spectra. Extending
the Infraredesign method, the ultraviolet spectrum is included through the properties of the dark brown
UV ink, thus giving fluorescent green in UV spectrum, while the absorption value is 38% for para-meter Z
in the NIR spectrum. A separate, third image is visible by the naked eye. By algo-rithmic mixing of F-ink,
having absorption properties in UV and IR ranges, a unique solution for the security printing of documents
and valuables is accomplished. CMYF method differs from the CMYKIR method, since the K ink does not
have the same properties, while their Z factor is completely different under the same printing conditions.
With this new method - CMYF separation - formulations and standards are set for determining the differences be-tween the original and the forgery.
Keywords: CMYF separation, offset security printing, UV, V and NIR range, barrier scanning
Improvement of the reproduction accuracy of spot colours in security printing by modifying the ink formula
Csaba Horváth, Erzsébet Novotny and Pál Görgényi-Tóth
Óbuda University, Óbuda, Hungary
horvath.csaba@rkk.uni-obuda.hu
There may occur serious difficulties with the mixing of spot colours for security production, and then the
accurate reproduction of the same colours in any subsequent round of repeated production. There are several underlying reasons: on the one hand, the print medium does not contain any optical brightener unlike
the ones that are taken into consideration in the formulas that are specified for the Pantone colour chart
designed for general use in the printing industry, whole on the other hand problems may be caused by those
colours applied in security printing that are hard to copy or scan. Towards the optimization of the costs of
manufacturing, it is necessary to be aware of these deviations, and use correction factors in the course of the
pre-mixing of colours. In our studies, we examined to what an extent we were to deviate from the formula
determined for any specific colour when the spot colours for securities were mixed. We chose colours that
could be blended from two process colours, and consequently we could observe the direction of changes
without ambiguities. After a number of iterative steps, it was determined to what extent formulas were to
be changed for the examined colours when the individual types of security papers were used, and it was also
established that even from the same manufacturer subsequent supplies of inks can considerably differ from
each other in terms of the process colours, and therefore this colour difference needs to be taken into account
when modifying the formula.
Keywords: printing of securities, printing inks, spot colours, colour mixing, Pantone chart, colour difference
31
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Gorazd Golob
Appearance fingerprints of optically complex samples
Marta Klanjšek Gunde and Nina Rogelj
National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
marta.k.gunde@ki.si
Three different geometries are good enough for metallic coating ASTM, 2001 whereas at least five are
required for coatings with interference effect Takagi, 2005. However, the most complex effect coatings require 1485 geometries Takagi, 2007. The goniospectrophotometers currently available on the market have
6 (BYC-Mac, BYK Gardner), 19 (MA98, X-Rite) and 98 geometries (GK311/M, Zeiss) Kirchner 2012.
The BRDF data are most frequently conversed into goniocolorimetric space. Several concepts were added
such as flake-based parameters, separation of spectral and geometrical contri-butions etc. (Perales 2011,
Kirchner 2012, Ferrero 2012). Special mathematical transformation of BRDF was suggested to transform
the data into a single goniospectrophotometric space curve (Nisper 2007, Nisper 2009). The calculation
method was named digital numerical analysis (DNA), giving xDNA curves. Detailed research showed that
xDNA graphs could be regarded as a sort of optical fingerprint of the sample, called appearance fingerprint
(Klanjšek Gunde, 2013). The BRDF of a simple diffraction grating were calculated using diffraction theory
for arbitrary illumination-viewing combi-nation, angular and spectral resolutions (Rogelj, 2013).
The objective of this work is to analyse the benefits of the appearance fingerprints for printing applications.
While the complexity of optical phenomena increases especially in security printing, the concept of appearance fingerprints could be of help.
Keywords: goniospectrophotometry, goniochromaticity, appearance
Characterization of a printed 2D code developing Visual Basic tools for task
automation
Nadège Reverdy-Bruas, Lionel Chagas, Jean-Pascal Poletti and Raphaël Passas
Grenoble Institute of Technology, Grenoble, France
nadege.reverdy@pagora.grenoble-inp.fr
The general context of this study is to establish recommendations for the development of digital models in
the framework of counterfeiting. To achieve this goal, printed 2D codes were investigated. Visual Basic tools
have been developed in order to automate tasks. Therefore, the present paper allows characterizing the printing process used (conventional and waterless offset); sensitive results were also obtained regarding the kind
of printed substrate (coated and uncoated paper). Histograms of area classes were plotted and they revealed
that the printing process induced the raise of a new class of small dots not present on the digital file. In addition, two types of counterfeiting methods were carried out and they pointed out that the histograms of the
counterfeit codes were different from the digital file, whatever the attempt of counterfeiting. Furthermore,
in these cases, small dots tend to agglomerate and form new area classes of bigger size. The method developed in this study thus allows the identification of the printing process as well as the distinction of true and
counterfeit 2D codes.
Keywords: 2D codes, security, automation, image analysis, counterfeiting
32
Session 5A: Security printing
Angular dependent effects cannot be evaluated by any simple measuring geometry Kirchner 2007. Instead,
the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which contains spectral radiance coefficients for
all possible illumination and viewing directions should be applied. Measuring spectra in thousands combinations is not very convenient method. Therefore the smallest number of measuring geometries are applied
and multitude of data are presented more illustratively.
Monday 8 September 2014
Session 5B: Printing materials
16:05 - 17:45
Formulation of sustainable soy inks
Alexandra Pekarovicova, Zahra Mashhadi Khodabakhsh and Paul D. Fleming III
Western Michigan University, Parkview, Kalamazoo, USA
a.pekarovicova@wmich.edu
The Ink industry is systematically going away from ink formulations causing release of volatile organic components that come from evaporating solvents. Water based ink formulations are definitely more environmentally friendly. Most of the resins found in water based inks are based on acrylic chemistry, synthetized on
the base of petroleum, which is not a sustainable raw material. Thus, there is an urgent need to come up with
renewable, green polymers for ink manufacture. In this work, soy protein was used to formulate water based
digital and rotogravure inks. Preliminary soy ink formulations were made, and based on results, a design
of experiments (DOE) was carried out to optimize inks formulation. The DOE was executed comparing
soy and acrylic based chemistry. The Z number, a combination measure of specific gravity, surface tension
and viscosity was employed to predict ink jettability. Several successful inkjet and gravure inks based on soy
polymer chemistry were formulated.
Keywords: soy polymer, acrylic, ink jet, ink formulation, jetting
Temperature coefficient of resistance of inkjet printed silver nanoparticles
Daniele Sette, Christophe Poulain and Anne Blayo
CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France
daniele.sette@cea.fr
This paper focuses on the experimental investigation of the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of
inkjet printed silver nanoparticles on a silicon thermal oxide substrate. The influence of the annealing temperature on the TCR is explored under air. The results show that the TCR can be greatly increased with the
annealing temperature. Additionally, they point out how to improve the sensitivity of inkjet printed silver
devices in sensing applications.
Keywords: inkjet printing, silver nanoparticles, TCR, annealing temperature
33
Monday 8 September 2014
Chair: Edgar Dörsam
Study of the effect of the ink layer on selected properties of multilayer packaging films
Application of multilayer films in packaging allow the reduction of the average weight of packaging and
selection of its optimal barrier properties. The review of literatures leads to the conclusion the significance
of subjects and its importance for the development of packaging. Number of available publications is still
limited and cover only a part of the subject. The studies in contrast to those presented in the international
literature include printing on multi-layer films. Because of more than 90% of the packages on the market are
printed this topic seems to be very important. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of ink and
the influence of the ink layer thickness on the mechanical properties of laminates. Studies were performed
for the double layer film (PET/glue/OPP) prepared by adhesive method with using a two-component, solvent-free adhesive. Bond strength of laminates and the thickness of each layer were measured. It was found
that the thickness of the adhesive layer and the fixed ink has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of laminates. The ink composition, the type of the pigment determines the binding strength of the
laminates. Regardless of the thickness of the ink layer the values of bond strength of printed laminate are
significantly reduced.
Keywords: laminates, double-layer films, multilayer printing, tensile strength
1pL or 10pL
DMP-2831
34
Session 5B: Printing materials
Joanna Izdebska and Zuzanna Żołek-Tryznowska
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
j.izdebska@wip.pw.edu.pl
Tuesday 9 September 2014
Plenary session 6: Users and user experience
09:00 - 10:40
Is legibility of typefaces designed for screen use the same for all languages?
Nace Pušnik, Dorotea Kovačević, Maja Brozović and Klementina Možina
University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
nace.pusnik@ntf.uni-lj.si
Large amount of information that we accept is predominantly transmitted through the screens. Communication through the screens is imminent thing, but we try to make it smoother and user-friendlier. The
clearance and visibility of typefaces at different viewing conditions is an important aspect when information
should impact on people. The use of appropriate typefaces is in consequence undoubtedly important while
the design of typefaces differs for print and screen use. There is little attention on which typefaces we choose
when we make screen in-formation presentation. Tests on the typefaces performance are for this reason
important. Two groups of participants (all together 50 people) took part in the study. Tests were performed
in three languages (Slovene, Croatian, English). Tested typefaces (Verdana, Tahoma, Georgia), which were
designed for screen use, took part in our testing. The aim of our study was to examine the influence of typefaces on the legibility among students.
Keywords: eye tracking, language, legibility, time, typeface and screen
Visual perception and recollection of pictures in packaging design
Ulrich Nikolaus and Sandra Bendlin
Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
nikolaus@fbm.htwk-leipzig.de
Continuing an ongoing study to analyze consumer reactions to packaging design, test results that explore
the visual perception and recollection of pictures in packaging design are presented. Particularly, the extent
and reliability of human recollection of pictorial elements on packages that were seen only for a short period
of time is discussed in detail. These results help to better understand the visual impact pictures in packaging design have on consumers. The results suggest that consumers discern a great deal of graphical detail in
pictures within a very short period of time, but that this recollection varies among users and is sometimes
in-accurate. Furthermore, it could be shown that viewers in general describe coherent (albeit sometimes
inaccurate) interpretations of visual stimuli instead of isolated details of visual design.
Keywords: packaging design, eye tracking, qualitative content analysis, visual perception, pictures
35
Tuesday 9 September 2014
Chair: Nils Enlund
Novel services for the publishing sector through co-creation with users
Due to the changing business environment publishers need new ways to attract their cus-tomers and commit them to loyal customer ship. Our study points out how co-creation with users, in this case readers, helps
to develop attractive services and strengthen loyalty to the service. We take a look at newspaper publishers’
actions towards developing new services through four case studies. The case studies present how publishers
may develop their services by involving the readers in different phases of the development process. Examples are pre-sented of how co-development can be utilized to enhance the user experience, get new ideas
and serve the readers better by close collaboration. In cases where the users participated in the development
process from the very beginning, when the new service was still in an idea phase, the prototypes of services
were found valuable and the readers found the time given to the development process worthwhile. Although
valuable information was received from the readers also in the case studies carried out in later phases of the
development process, it was much more challenging to take into account the ideas provided by the readers.
Keywords: co-creation, digital services, newspaper publisher
End user views on the environmental sustainability of print media
Anu Seisto, Maija Federley and Maiju Aikala
VTT, Espoo, Finland
anu.seisto@vtt.fi
Media business environment has gone through changes, which will in the long term affect and guide changes
in magazine business. One of the very topical issues relating to the changing media use habits is the environmental effects of both print and digital media. In this study, our interest was mainly in how a paper producer
and a media house may work together towards a common goal of sustainable print products and how the
consumers respond to the co-operation. The consumer views on the environmental sustainability were collected utilizing an on-line co-creation platform. The participants were invited to the on-line workspace to
share ideas, discuss and give feedback about the concepts of ethical partnership and different ways to communicate about it that were presented as narratives. The participants found the ethical partnership between
paper producer and media house a desirable concept. The prerequisites for credible ethical partnership
include: true impact, noble motivation and extensive definition of company responsibility. The participants
were most satisfied with the concept which re-quired active participation of readers/consumers and increased
their knowledge and under-standing on a well-defined case concerning sustainability. The result indicates
that in suc-cessful sustainable actions the readers would like to be identified as active partners instead of
treating them as passive audience. In addition, they appreciate the increase of knowledge in the area of the
action. Journalistic content is found as a trustworthy source of knowledge.
Keywords: sustainability, print media, magazine business, consumers
36
Plenary session 6: Users ans user experience
Aino Mensonen, Katri Grenman, Anu Seisto and Kaisa Vehmas
VTT, Espoo, Finland
aino.mensonen@vtt.fi
Tuesday 9 September 2014
Session 7A: Printing science
11:05 - 12:45
The effect of substrate correction on printing conformity
Robert Chung and Li Wu
RIT School of Media Sciences, Rochester, NY
rycppr@rit.edu
Printing has become more and more of a manufacturing process. As a manufacturing process, the goal is to
meet specifications. When printing on nonconforming papers, printing conformity is jeopardized. The use
of the substrate-corrected colorimetric aims (SCCA), as specified in ISO 13655, represents a solution. But
the value of SCCA is not fully understood and the solution not widely adopted in the printing industry.
A research question arises, i.e., to what extent SCCA affects printing conformity according to the CGATS
TR016 tolerances? To answer the question, this research uses a database of 60 jobs to study the effect of substrate correction on printing conformity where the white points of the dataset and the color of the printing
paper vary.
Keywords: printing standards, substrate correction, printing conformity
An empirical approach to predict the working-range of contrast-sensors in terms of inline spectral measurement systems
Daniel Bohn, Michael Dattner and Arne Böttger
Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
dbohn@uni-wuppertal.de
The demand for high quality prints is rising constantly in the print- and media industry. One possibility to
enhance, as well as document, color stability is to make use of inline spectral measurements systems. This
way it becomes possible to document permanently without stop-ping the printing press several (color) areas
of interest.
Therefore it is essential to be able to measure in color patches under the following circumstances:
•
•
•
•
•
Print control strips with color patches not larger then 5x5mm and
a 3-4 mm large illumination spot of the illumination of the spectral device
at a top speed of 1000 m/min (y-axis)
the web is moving (x-axis)
the web can be stretched
Because of these variables an image analytic system is not fast enough to deliver the current position and
time when and where the spectral measurement has to be carried out.
One solution is to make use of a “RGB-Contrast-Sensor”. These sensors are able to identify contrast-changes
at high frequencies. This type of sensor in combination with a known contrast-mark-pattern makes it possible not only to identify very precisely when a new rapport starts but also where the color-patch of interest
is located relative to this mark. Obviously a perfect contrast is given for a black mark on a white substrate
and vice versa. But in production this mark can be printed in any, undefined color.
Because of that, it is the aim of this paper to build up an (empirical) model that predicts if a contrast mark
(if spectrally known) can be used (and with what tolerances) in combination with a different contrast / color
as a basis.
37
Tuesday 9 September 2014
Chair: Csaba Horváth
Improvement of abrasion resistance in flexographic printing
Marta Gajadhur and Agnieszka Chrzanowska
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
m.gajadhur@wip.pw.edu.pl
The objective of the research is to analyse the abrasion resistance in flexographic printing with water-based
inks. The article is concerned with the analysis of the impact of different water-based varnishes on the abrasion resistance in flexographic printing with water-based inks. Only water based inks and varnishes were
used in the research.
Keywords: flexographic printing, abrasion resistance, rub-off tests, water-based inks, water-based varnishes,
colour coordinates, spectrophotometric measurements, ΔEab* colour difference
Lubrication theory of ink hydrodynamics in the flexographic printing nip
Hans Martin Sauer, Dominik Daume and Edgar Dörsam
IDD, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
sauer@idd.tu-darmstadt.de
On the base of hydrodynamical lubrication theory we develop a mathematical model for the ink transfer in
a flexographic printing process. Using the specific parameter ranges the model may also be applicable to the
offset process. Specifically we show how our model can be applied to viscous ink flows in the printing nip in
presence of elastic printing plates, and how this sets limits to the possible resolution of the printing image.
We also discuss the structure of the contact zone between printing plate and substrate and derive estimates
for the dynamic pressure profile in the ink during the transfer process. Finally we discuss the phenomenon
of ghost image formation in the printing process and show how the viscous fingering instability can be modeled for curved and elastic plates.
Keywords: flexography, lubrication theory, ink viscosity, nip
38
Session 7A: Printing science
Print rub-off tests were performed for one water-based ink and three different water-based varnishes used in
flexographic printing. Tests were performed in the Ink Rub Tester. The rub-off resistance was evaluated by
spectrophotometric and visual observations. The ΔEab* parameter was used in evaluation.
Tuesday 9 September 2014
Session 7B: Interactive media (COST)
11:05 - 12:45
The development of media use habits - from childhood to adults
Timo Kuula, Olli Kuusisto and Anu Seisto
VTT, Espoo, Finland
olli.kuusisto@vtt.fi
In 2004 a study was carried out with young university students in the greater Helsinki metropolitan area
of their media use habits. Eight years later, a new study was conducted with the same group. The methods
for data collection were media diaries and semi-structured theme interviews. Based on the results, media
use habits adopted at young age evolve and become stronger quite logically when growing up. Readiness
to pay for content at young age seems to increase the willingness to pay for services in later phases of life
as well. Work is time-consuming, thus time for leisure media use has decreased. Relationship and hobbies
are affecting the media use as well. Mobile and easy-to-use services, such as Spotify, fit well in the life of the
target group. Individuals want to maintain their habits and express their personality in the changing media
environment. Refusing to use Facebook or favouring print media may be counter reactions, which are part
of people’s media use strategies. Under-standing the motives for media usage is vital for generating interesting content that the consumers are ready to pay for.
Keywords: media consumption, media use, user groups, media environment
Investigating the effects of publishing approaches using print, electronic and augmented
reality media on user experience
Lufei Yu and Elena Fedorovskaya
RIT, Rochester, USA
elena.fedorovskaya@rit.edu
To evaluate the potential role of modern augmented reality (AR) technology in publishing and its usefulness for interactive print, we conducted a study where we investigated the influence of different methods of
presenting content on the users’ story reading experience. The stories were produced in print and electronic
media, with and without augmented reality component, using a multi-media setup consisting of a computer
with the monitor display, a smartphone, and a printed material. A 2x2 within-subjects experimental design
was implemented (2 levels of medium: print and electronic; and 2 levels of augmentation with video clips:
yes or no), wherein 32 participants aged 18-29 years old were asked to read short stories produced with
different publishing methods and evaluate their preferences for the presentation and the content, as well
as interestingness, comprehension and overall experience with the stories on a 7 point scale using a questionnaire. AR and the medium-AR interaction were found to be sig-nificant in determining the preference
for the publishing method. The paper-AR combination had the highest score among all the methods and
was rated statistically different from the paper only version, which, in turn, had the lowest score. Only the
medium-AR interaction was significant for the overall experience judgments, with the trend, similar to the
publishing preference data. Overall experience was linked to the users’ ratings for the publishing me-thods,
interestingness and enjoyment of the stories, and the ease of understanding the story line. The results indicate that AR enhances user experience, particularly with the print media, making it on par or even higher
valued than commonly used electronic media. In contrast, the traditional print version without augmentation was least preferred.
Keywords: publishing, augmented reality, print, digital media, storytelling, preferences, user experience
39
Chair: David Frolich
Narrative engagement and reading performance on digital and printed platform
Olli Nurmi, Janne Laine and Timo Kuula
VTT, Espoo, Finland
olli.nurmi@vtt.fi
Reading is a process very much determined by what the reader’s brain and emotions and beliefs bring to the
reading: the knowledge/information (or misinformation, absence of infor-mation), strategies for processing
text, moods, fears and joys.
The purpose of this study is to compare the narrative engagement when reading an eBook on tablet device or
printed book. Two reading performance measures, reading speed and compre-hension, are also compared.
Keywords: eBooks and printed books, narrative engagement, reading speed, comprehension
AudioCanvas: Interactive audio photos
Simon Robinson, Jennifer Pearson and Matt Jones
FIT Lab, Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
s.n.w.robinson@swansea.ac.uk
We present a novel interaction technique that helps to make printed information more accessible to those
with low or no textual literacy skills. AudioCanvas allows cameraphone users to interact directly with their
own photos of media items to receive audio feedback or narration on demand.
Keywords: QR codes; camera phones; audio
40
Session 7B: Interactive media (COST)
It is generally claimed that the printed book offers more relaxed reading experience than reading on screen or
displays allowing more immersed reading experience and deeper engage-ment with the text. There are only
few up to date studies how the reading platform contributes to the reading engagement.
Tuesday 9 September 2014
Plenary session 8 and closing
14:00 - 15:30
Invited presentation: Winning paper from Chemnitz Printing Future Days 2013
Printable magnetic sensors
Danii Karnaushenko, Max Stöber, Dmitriy Karnaushenko, Denys Makarov, Oliver G. Schmidt.
IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany and TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
d.karnaushenko@ifw-dresden.de
Printable electronics has emerged as a key research field to meet the requirements of modern electronics.
The rise of this field is mainly indebted to huge efforts in materials science to fabricate cost-efficient versatile
electronic building blocks such as transistors, diodes and resistors. However, the fabrication of printable electronic sensors and contactless switches operating in combination with magnetic fields remains challenging,
mainly due to the lack of appropriate sensing compounds at ambient conditions. The printable magnetic
sensor would act as a contactless switch in a complex printed electronic circuit. For this purpose, magnetic
sensors with high sensitivity operating at room temperature have to be developed as inks, pastes or paints.
Metallic multilayers of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic materials, i.e., Co/Cu exhibit a giant
magnetoresistance effect (GMR). The use of these multilayer stacks revolutionised the field of magnetic
sensors due to easy fabrication, high performance and remarkable sensitivity. Recently, the deposition of
GMR stacks on bendable and elastic substrates has opened the field of flexible/stretchable magnetoelectronics. Here, we demonstrate the first printable magnetic sensor that relies on the GMR effect. The developed
multicomponent magnetic ink containing GMR flakes and nonconductive binder can be easily applied
on various substrates, such as paper, polymer and ceramic. The fabricated sensor exhibits a room-temperature GMR of up to 8%, which is sufficiently high to develop a complete printed electronic circuit that is
able to respond to an external magnetic field, opening new application fields in the modern electronics.
Keywords: magnetic, sensor, printable, resistance
41
Chair: Anu Seisto
www.photron.com
High-Speed Imaging Cameras for Research and
Development in the field of Fluid Dynamics
In addition to capture of high quality images Photron cameras can also be integrated
with 3rd party software and hardware and used with measurement techniques such as
Spray Analysis, Particle/ Drop Size Analysis, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Micro
Particle Image Velocimetry (µPIV)
Applications:
•
•
•
Multiphase flow
Inkjet Technology
Rheology
•
•
Cavitation
Medical Device Development
•
•
•
Micro Fluidics
PIV
Spray analysis
FASTCAM SA-Z images of Inkjet: 25 picoliter drop size, 10 m/s, 630K fps (sampled sequence shown)
New Products for 2014
FASTCAM SA-Z
1024 x 1000 pixels @ 21,000fps
Max. frame rate: 2.1 Million frames per second (fps)
Minimum exposure: 159ns
FASTCAM Mini UX-100
1280 x 1000 pixels @ 5,000fps
Max. frame rate: 800K fps
Minimum exposure: 1µs*
*dependantuponframerateselected
For more information about new and existing products or to discuss your own
requirements in more detail, please contact Photron or visit
www.photron.com
Tim Nicholls, Sales Manager
Photron (Europe) Ltd.
Tel: +44 (0) 1494 481011
Email: tnicholls@photron.com
The Barn, Bottom Road
West Wycombe,
Bucks HP14 4BS, UK
42
Plenary session 8 and closing
With more than 30 years experience designing and manufacturing high speed
imaging systems for research and industry, Photron has become known for
the performance, reliability and ease of use of it’s products, backed up by
excellent support in Europe and overseas.
Tuesday 9 September 2014
Plenary session 8 and closing
14:00 - 15:30
COST keynote presentation
Printed energy harvesting systems for ubiquitous electronics
Donald Lupo, Miao Li, Suvi Lehtimäki, Sampo Tuukkanen
Tampere University of Technology
donald.lupo@tut.fi
There is a lot of talk about putting electronic sensors “everywhere”, enabled both by miniaturization of
classic Si electronics and advances in printed electronics. However, sensors everywhere require power everywhere, and the idea of billions of small objects fitted with batteries is a waste disposal nightmare. An alternative is the harvesting of ambient energy, e.g. from light, RF radiation and movement, but some kind of
interim storage is needed, and miniature printable , fully non-toxic supercapacitors appear to be a promising
alternative. This talk will cover the following topics related to making a viable printed energy harvesting and
storage system:
• Printed organic Schottky diodes
• Printed RF rectifier and harvester circuits based on organic diodes and the need to account for the
special properties of organic diodes
• Integration of RF harvester and supercaps to run a power-efficient CMOS chip
Bio
Donald Lupo studied chemistry at Davidson College in North Carolina, USA and gained his Ph.D. in
physical chemistry at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN , USA under the supervision of Prof. George
Ewing. Subsequently he worked as a post-doctoral fellow in the Laboratory for Physical Chemistry at the
ETH in Zürich, Switzerland on IR laser photochemistry in the group of Prof. Martin Quack. He reinvented
himself as a materials scientist after taking up a position in central research at Hoechst AG in Frankfurt am
Main, Germany in 1986, where he worked in nonlinear optics based on Langmuir-Blodgett films, polymer
OLEDs and solid state dye sensitised solar cells (DSSC) based on amorphous organic semiconductors. At
Sony International (Europe) GmbH he built up the Materials Science Laboratory in Fellbach, Germany
and continued his work on polymer OLEDs and organic solar cells. At NTera Ltd. in Dublin, Ireland he
was head of display R&D for paper-like displays based on electrochromic nanomaterials. He then spent 8
years as a technology consultant working on pass printed electronics, roll to roll printable displays and dye
solar cells with companies such as UPM Kymmene, Merck and G24 Innovations. In 2010 he accepted a call
to a professorship in electronic materials in the Department of Electronics at Tampere University of Technology and joined the faculty in August 2010. There he is responsible for activities in organic and printable
electronics, with interests in printed diodes, transistors and solar cells and in the effect of printing processes
on materials, interfaces and devices.
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Tuesday 9 September 2014
Chair: Anu Seisto
COST keynote presentation
Printed Batteries - a Challenge for Electrochemists and Printers
Martin Krebs, Michael Wendler, Gunter Hübner
Varta Microbattery GmbH
This presentation will show the principles of printed batteries. The typical electrochemical system will be
shown and characterized according their printability. Typical constructions will be shown as well as first
results. Especially the focus will be on already finished and running projects (especially funded projects by
EU and BMBF).
Bio
1.) Current responsibilities
•
Manager of Innovative Projects (funded projects)
•
Supervisor of the Patent Department
•
Representative of VARTA in the IEC / TC 35 (Standardization of primary batteries)
2.) Educational background
•
Diploma in physics (University of Clausthal, Germany)
•
PhD in Electrochemistry (University of Clausthal, Germany)
3.) Professional career
•
Supervisor of the Department “Basic Electrochemistry Development” until 2001
•
Representative of VARTA in the IEC / TC 35 since 1995
•
Supervisor of the Patent Department since 2002 up to now
•
Manager of funded projects since 2003 up to now
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Plenary session 8 and closing
In the course of the development of printed electronic soften the printing of batteries is discussed. There are
some players on the market you provide printed batteries of Zinc/Carbon type. Other systems like Nickel/
Metal hydride and Lithium/ion are under development. All these systems have their advantages and challenges, when they are used in printed batteries, compared with state-of-the-art batteries.
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