DAVID BROOKS WHAT THE EBOLA CRISIS REVEALS ABOUT CULTURE MISSION TO MARS BUT FIRST, EIGHT MONTHS IN HAWAII MALARIA FIGHT THE MAN WHO’S SUCCEEDING PAGE 13 PAGE 8 PAGE 7 | OPINION | HEALTH+SCIENCE | WORLD NEWS .... WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2014 U.S. shifts terror cases to courtroom with success Officials hint at change for Hong Kong, but not now WASHINGTON HONG KONG Attorney general leaves a legacy of reversing secret trials of Bush era In rare debate, students press the city’s chief on resistance to democracy BY MATT APUZZO BY MICHAEL FORSYTHE AND ALAN WONG After commandos and F.B.I. agents snatched the man suspected of being the ringleader in the 2012 attack on the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya, some Republican lawmakers urged the Obama administration to take him to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, for interrogation and a military trial, sounding what has become a common refrain over the past several years: that a civilian trial for a terrorist is, among other things, too dangerous. But on Monday, the defendant, Ahmed Abu Khattala, was ushered into a federal courthouse, and he pleaded not guilty to new charges that make him eligible for the death penalty. And for all the talk of security concerns, he appeared — as he had before — in open court, not behind the bulletproof glass reserved for particularly dangerous defendants. The hearing itself was routine, which is what made it so remarkable. Five years ago, the debate over whether terrorists should be prosecuted in criminal courts was so contentious that it made its chief advocate, Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr., a political liability. Republicans argued that F.B.I. interrogation was not suited to wartime intelligence gathering. By extension, civilian courtrooms were no place for ter- KEVIN SUTHERLAND/EUROPEAN PRESSPHOTO AGENCY Prison for Pistorius Flanked by security officers, Oscar Pistorius left a courthouse in Pretoria, South Africa, on Tuesday after being sentenced to five years in prison for killing his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp. Pistorius, a double-amputee athlete, said that he had shot and killed Ms. Steenkamp by mistake. PAGE 4 Under City of Light, darkness beckons PARIS Over 170 miles of tunnels built centuries ago lure adventurers and artists BY AURELIEN BREEDEN GARY CAMERON/REUTERS Eric H. Holder Jr. came to office promising to use the judicial system to fight terror. rorists, who did not deserve the same rights as common criminals. But as Mr. Holder prepares to leave office, his success in reversing the Bush administration’s emphasis on trying terrorism suspects in secret prisons or at offshore military tribunals may be one of his most significant achievements. While Mr. Holder did not end the argument — each new arrest brings fresh statements of disapproval from critics — the Justice Department can now point to a string of courtroom victories that his liberal supporters, as well as many law enforcement officials, believe has reshaped the government’s approach to prosecuting terrorism. ‘‘History will remember these years as the time when we resolved one of the most contentious debates in the post-9/ 11 era: about whether our legal system was equipped to handle national securiTERROR, PAGE 6 On a recent evening, a 31-year-old street artist led a small group through a dark tunnel off a disused train track in the south of Paris. After crouching, crawling and sometimes wading through water, using headlamps to light their way, they finally arrived in a chamber with vaulted ceilings about 10 feet high. The space was once used by a brewery to store bottles. It is now part of a sprawling network of abandoned galleries below this city, where a secretive community of street artists, history buffs and other Parisians regularly prowl. They are sometimes called cataphiles: lovers of the catacombs, as the subterranean network is commonly known. Some seek peace and quiet from the bustling city, others an unusual canvas for their art, still others a place to party with friends at a lower cost and in a more jovial atmosphere than in the clubs and bars above. Many cherish the secrecy and, to some extent, exclusivity of their endeavors. ‘‘My creations have a lot more value here, because they are intended for a limited audience that deserves to see them,’’ said the artist who led the group and declined to give his name, but went by Nobad. ‘‘They went through the trouble of coming here.’’ Nobad stencils European paintings with a twist, like Gustave Courbet’s PARIS, PAGE 4 DMITRY KOSTYUKOV FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES Those who explore below Paris are sometimes called cataphiles: lovers of the catacombs. A voice against sanctions is lost for Total MOSCOW BY ANDREW E. KRAMER, STANLEY REED AND DAVID JOLLY FRED DUFOUR/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE As chief of Total, Christophe de Margerie had emphasized its commitment to Russia. The head of the big French oil company Total had gone to Moscow to criticize Western sanctions against Russia. It was his last public speech. Christophe de Margerie, one of the most powerful and colorful figures in the energy industry, was killed a few hours later when his business jet collided with a snowplow late Monday night on a foggy runway at Vnukovo International Airport in Moscow. The accident — in which officials contend that the snowplow driver, who survived, was drunk and the control-tower staff erred — was still under investigation. Mr. de Margerie, 63, had just finished addressing a business alliance group at INSIDE TO DAY ’S PA P E R ONLINE AT INY T.COM Oscar de la Renta dies at 82 Power shifts in a swing state The doyen of American fashion, whose career began in the 1950s of Franco’s Spain, was the last survivor of a generation of bold, all-seeing tastemakers. WORLD NEWS, 6 A way of life is eroding as small towns in Iowa hemorrhage younger residents, a potent but unpredictable factor in a closely fought race for the United States Senate. nytimes.com/politics E.U. seeks to retake climate helm Controlling high-frequency trades But leaders meeting to agree on climate protection targets will need to finesse deep divisions on how to generate and distribute energy. BUSINESS, 16 Despite increased scrutiny, the authorities find the practice difficult to regulate because of the complexity of the strategies used. nytimes.com/dealbook Replace Ferguson? It’s not easy Good Barolo for those who wait Since Alex Ferguson retired, his two successors as manager, David Moyes and then Louis van Gaal, have not fared well at Manchester United, Rob Hughes writes. SPORTS, 15 Fighting Ebola, and the mud Liberia’s impassable roads are preventing effective diagnosis and treatment as the Ebola crisis spreads, Karin Huster writes. OPINION, 12 NEWSSTAND PRICESINFORMATION, CALL: FOR SUBSCRIPTION Cameroon CFA 2.500 Ecuador US$ 3.35 Hungary HUF 800 00800 Canada 44C$ 4.5048Egypt78 27 EGP 15.00 Israel NIS 13.00/Eilat NIS 11.00 Andorra ¤ 3.50 Antilles ¤ 3.50 Argentina US$ 5.00 Austria ¤ 3.00 Bahrain BD 1.20 Belgium ¤3.00 Bermuda US$ 3.50 Bolivia US$ 2.75 Bosnia & Herzegovina KM 5.00 Bulgaria ¤ 2.55 Lithuania LTL 15 Luxembourg ¤ 3.00 Macedonia Den 150.00 Malta ¤ 3.00 Montenegro ¤ 2.00 Morocco MAD 25 Mexico N$ 26.00 Moscow Roubles 110 Nigeria NGN 390 Northern Ireland £ 1.50 Caymanat Is CI$ 2.00 Estonia ¤ 3.20 Italy ¤ 2.80 or e-mail us inytsubs@nytimes.com Chile Ps$ 1,550 Colombia Cps 1,875 Costa Rica US$ 2.50 Croatia KN 20.00 Cyprus ¤ 2.90 Czech Rep CZK 110 Denmark DKr 26 Finland ¤ 3.00 France ¤ 3.00 Gabon CFA 2.500 Great Britain £ 1.80 Greece ¤2.50 Germany ¤ 3.00 Gibraltar £ 1.35 Ivory Coast CFA 2.500 Jordan. JD 1.50 Kazakhstan USD 3.50 Kenya K. SH. 200 Kosovo ¤ 2.50 Latvia ¤ 3.25 Lebanon LP 4,000 ’:HIKKLD=WUXUU\:?b@k@c@m@a" JACQUES BRINON/ASSOCIATED PRESS The architect Frank Gehry is the subject of a major retrospective here, coinciding with the opening of his latest work, the Louis Vuitton Foundation, above. CULTURE, 9 HIS PARIS MOMENT 4 big banks fined in cartel cases Bulgaria warned on banking laws The European Commission fined four major lenders $120 million for what it deemed cartel behavior. BUSINESS, 16 A European agency urged Bulgarian officials to give depositors access to their accounts at a seized lender. BUSINESS, 17 NEWSSTAND PRICES CURRENCIES Norway NkrFrance 28 Senegal 2.500 ¤ CFA 3.00 Oman OMR 1.250 Serbia Din 250 Peru US$ 3.50 Slovakia ¤ 3.30 Andorra ¤ 3.50 Poland ZI 12.20 Slovenia ¤ 2.50 Antilles ¤ Spain 3.50 Portugal ¤ 3.00 ¤ 3.00 Qatar QR 10.00 Sweden Skr 28 CFA 2.500 Republic of Cameroon Ireland ¤3.00 Switzerland SFr 4.30 Reunion ¤ 3.50 Syria US$ 3.00 Gabon CFA 2.500 Romania Lei 11.50 The Netherlands ¤ 3.00 Saudi ArabiaIvory SR 13.00Coast Tunisia Din 4.300 CFA 2.500 Turkey TL 6 Ukraine US$ 5.00 United ArabMAD Emirates25 AED 12.00 Morocco Venezuela US$ 2.75 Senegal CFA 2.500 United States $ 3.00 Other US$ 2.00 Tunisia Din(Europe) 4.300 U.S. Military US$ 1.75 Reunion ¤ 3.50 IN THIS ISSUE No. 40,935 Business 16 Crossword 15 Culture 9 Opinion 12 Science 8 Sports 14 t t s t Euro Pound Yen S. Franc NEW YORK, TUESDAY 12:30PM €1= £1= $1= $1= PREVIOUS $1.2720 $1.2800 $1.6130 $1.6160 ¥106.680 ¥106.940 SF0.9480 SF0.9420 Full currenc y rates Pa ge 20 the country house of the Russian prime minister, Dmitri A. Medvedev. ‘‘We are committed to Russia,’’ Mr. de Margerie told the group. ‘‘We want to continue to invest in your country and we are still ready to bring the best of what we have,’’ he continued, according to a transcript. ‘‘We are against sanctions,’’ Mr. de Margerie said. ‘‘You have heard it. And TOTAL, PAGE 18 After weeks of unprecedented protests that have shaken this financial hub of 7.2 million, residents thought they had seen it all. Then on Tuesday night something even more extraordinary happened, on live television: a polite debate between students wearing black ‘‘Freedom Now’’ T-shirts and top Hong Kong leaders over the future of democracy. Five student leaders, hair disheveled, faces cherubic, took on the officials — who were old enough to be their parents — in the frank discourse. They spoke Cantonese, the prevailing local Chinese dialect, with simultaneous translations into English and sign language. It was a remarkably civil and scholarly discussion, all the more so given the generational divide. Each cited articles of Hong Kong’s Constitution, chapter and verse, to back their points. Even more remarkable was that it was happening in Hong Kong, the former British colony only a few miles from mainland China, where such a freewheeling public political discussion has not been heard in at least a quarter-century. At issue was how Hong Kong would choose its top leader, the chief executive, in elections set for 2017. For the first time, all five million eligible voters may cast ballots. But the National People’s Congress in Beijing, which is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party and has final say on how Hong Kong changes its Constitution, put restrictions on how people can get a spot on the ballot that pro-democracy advocates say effectively excludes people who offend Beijing. That sent people to the streets on Sept. 28, and they have been there ever since, erecting colorful tent cities on some of Hong Kong’s busiest avenues. Yet on Tuesday night, both the government and the students who have been the driving force behind the protests said they wanted to move forward. Carrie Lam, 57, the second-highest official in Hong Kong, told the students that the government was willing to submit a new report to Beijing acknowledging the surge of discontent that followed the legislature’s decision on Aug. 31 on the election guidelines. In what appeared to be a further softening, she also said the rules could change in subsequent elections. The students stuck with their demands to push for immediate changes to Hong Kong’s election law. They want the 2017 elections open to a wide range of candidates. But Mrs. Lam’s offer did spark some interest. ‘‘What is the next step?’’ Alex Chow, 24, secretary general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students, asked after hearing Mrs. Lam’s offer. ‘‘Do you have a time frame? Do you have a road map to see in which direction our constitutional development is going?’’ HONG KONG, PAGE 3 Made entirely from the nebbiolo grape, this wine demands long aging. But these days, restaurants often wait only five to seven years. nytimes.com/dining An opera singer strikes out Joyce DiDonato, one of the world’s most celebrated mezzo-sopranos, grew up a Kansas City Royals fan, but she was not picked to sing the national anthem at the World Series. nytimes.com/baseball STOCK INDEXES TUESDAY s The Dow 12:30pm 16,563.19 s FTSE 100 close 6,372.33 t Nikkei 225 close 14,804.28 OIL chaumet.com NEW YORK, TUESDAY 12:30PM s Light sweet crude $83.18 Hortensia Collection +1.00% +1.68% –2.03% +$0.84