1. hobbies and interests
2. magic and illusion

stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
101 She determines independently ( of anybody )
* bestemme ngt.
* uafhængigt ( af ng. )
på egen hånd
* indgivelse / -levering
/ ind- / fremsendelse af
- `pen -
the final date for submission of proposals.
The deadline for submission is so soon that no one
will have the opportunity to make submissions to this bill.
Complaints must be submitted before the end of the day,
* sidste dato / frist ( for )
* & sidste frist for …
* komme med indlæg i forbindelse med > * lovforslag
* klage
and late submisson will be rejected / not be considered /
* -lse / -ing
receive no consideration.
* =
For the sake of appearance / for appearances’ sake,
* indgive
/ -levere / -sende
* ikke komme i betragtning
* afvist
* for et syns skyld
the enchantress makes the council have / take a vote.
* holde ( en ) afstemning
10 She signals to the councillors to be contented.
* signalere til ng. om at - * rådsmedlem
* tilfreds
lykkelig
* =
* lydig
kên`tentid
Having signalled the voters to be content and obedient,
kên`tent
she signals that they must vote for / in favour of the bill.
They all wait for the signal to vote for / i favour of her
so everybody waits for her to make a signal.
* =
* stemmeberettiget ( person )
vælger
* signalere at * stemme for ngt.
* signalet til at
* vente på ngt.
* … for ng.
* … på ( at ) ng.
* lave et signal
gøre tegn
* utilfredshed
Nobody signals their discontent(ment) by refusing to vote, * signalere
- `tent
tilkendegive
or by voting against her.
* stemme imod ng.
When she gives the signal for approval,
* give signal til ngt.
everybody signifies their approval and content(ment)
* tilkendegive
at a prearranged sign or signal.
* ved
* tilfredshed
* forudaftalt
20 As everybody signifies their agreement with a contented * tilkendegive ngt.
nod, and nobody signifies a contrary intention,
* nik
the vote has a predictable result.
* forudsigeligt
Her proposal is met with / wins unanimous approval.
* tegn
* samtykke
tilslutning
* med
* signal
* tilfreds
lykkelig
*=
* mødes med / vinde > * enstemmig * godkendelse
ju~`nanimês
At the announcement of the unanimous vote,
the enchantress has a smug expression on her face.
* kundgørelse
* =
* valg (-resultat )
* selvtilfreds / -god
/ -behagelig
By means of the voters obedience to the enchantress,
the bill is passed unanimously / gets all the votes.
* lydighed overfor
* vedtaget
* enstemmigt
* stemme
After the passing of the bill by common / general consent, * vedtagelse
* bred enighed
all the council members signify that they agree by nodding.
* tilkendegive / vise at - * være enig
30 They nod to signify they are agreed on signing the bill
* nikke for at >
into law : by common / general assent a great law.
tilkendegive at * til at blive ngt.
Signifying her approval with a smile, the enchantress
presents the statute to the council for signature.
The council are signatories to the statute as well as
the enchantress is a signatory of this piece of legislation.
As they sign the statute into statute law, she has
a look of self-satisfaction as she grins smugly and smirks.
-`-
* være enige >
om at-
* ved at nikke
* underskrive ngt. >
* ~ efter alles mening
* tilkendegive ngt. med ngt.
* presentere /
fremlægge ngt. for ng.
* underskriver af
* udfærdiget
lovkompleks
* =
* til underskrift
* lovgivning
/ -sforberedelse
* til vedtagen lovgivning
* underskrive ngt.
* selvtilfredshed * smøret
* smiske, grine / smile >
selvtilfreds / fjoget / smørret
102 Having a self-satisfied smirk on her face,
* selvtilfreds
the enchantress signs the statute into law.
* underskrive ngt. >
Her signature is valid even if it’s totally illegible.
* underskrift
The signing of the statute is a signal victory.
* underskrivelse
Although she doesn’t care to hide a smug expression,
nobody sees through the deceiver and her smugness.
After the passage of the bill, the council at once
sign over property to her without further / more ado.
Having a smug smile on her smug face,
* fjoget / smørret { grin / smil
* til lov
* gyldig
* ulæselig
* bemærkelsesværdig
* sejr
eklatant
* bekymre sig om at - * selvtilfreds * ansigtsudtryk
* gennemskue
* hed
* vedtagelse
* … ngt. til
* uden videre postyr / ståhej
* i sit … ansigt
* selvtilfreds- / -god
10 she is smug about her signal achievement.
/ -behagelig
* … med hensyn til
The cheat is a signal success.
* =
Money incarnates the enthantress’ greed.
* konkretisere
The problems don’t appear until after a couple of weeks.
* opstå
You can credibly describe the town as a madhouse.
vise sig
* troværdigt
Unhappiness appears below / beneath the surface.
* ulykkelighed
When the helpless townspeople were bewitched
* hjælpeløs
* bemærkelsesværdig
eklatant
være det håndgribelige udtryk for
by her portentous enchantment, they couldn’t help it.
* før efter
* beskrive ngt. som
* vise sig
* imponerende
* galehus
* under overfladen
* forhekse
/ -trylle
* gøre noget
Eventually everybody has a sense of helplessness.
ærefrygtindgydende
* fornemmelse af
* fortryllelse
trolddom, hekseri
* hjælpeløshed
They all have a horrible feeling of helplessness.
* forfærdelig, frygtelig
* følelse af …
på~`tentês
20 It’s natural to feel helpless against such abuse.
skrækkelig
* føle sig hjælpeløs overfor
The townfolks seem helpless victims of her magic.
* hjælpeløst offer for
None of them could help it; it couldn’t be helped.
* ingen
* misbrug
The worst part is being helpless to change anything.
* gøre for /
noget ved det
* hjælpeløs overfor at kunne
Abandon hope all ye that enter here.
* her lades alt håb ude
It seems a hopeless situation.
* håbløs
There is no help for it (eE); it’s past help.
* der er ikke noget at gøre ved det
They shall have to face the result of their subservience.
servilitet
* tiltrækning
and the allure of her charm, many townsmen have been
* =
30 lured into (playing) a subservient role.
* lokke ind i
Unable to resist her alluring charm and promises,
* =
* underordning / -danighed
- `sê~ -
Unable to resist the enchantress’ sexual allure
* der er ikke noget
at gøre ved det
* underordnet / -danig
ydmyg, servil
* tillokkende
dragende
the whole town has been subservient to the enchantress.
* byen ( sg.)
* << overfor
Unable to resist the lure of her enchanting company,
* tillokkelse
* fortryllende
betagende
everybody has considered their own needs subservient.
People didn’t take their own need into consideration
dragende magt
* underordnet
komme i anden række
* tage ngt. med i sine overvejelser
as they considered them subservient to those of
* << i forhold til ngt.
the enchantress.
*
103 Then one day, a stranger checks in / registers at a hotel. * tjekke ind
indskrive sig
An event of happy portent.
* ( godt ) varsel
His appearance spells the end of the cheat.
* opdukken
All guests must go to reception (U) and sign in on arrival,
and sign out at the reception desk on departure.
The guests fill in eE/eA fill out a form containing
* varsle
ankomst
* receptionen
modtagelsen
* udskrive sig
* indskrive sig
* receptionsskranke
* udfylde
* formular
questions on their full name, ( Christian / first name,
* spørgsmål gående på
family name / last name / surname, and middle name ),
* efternavn
sex, place of residence, and date and place of birth.
* fødseldato / -dag
10 When a guest has completed the form,
* udfylde ngt. ( helt )
the receptionist /A&: (desk) clerk signs () in the guest
* receptionist
by `registering his arrival in the hotel `register
portier
* registrere / optegne ngt.
He signs the guests out on their departure.
* udskrive ng.
He signs out the guests in the hotel register.
* =
* fulde navn
* mellemnavn
* fødested
* inskrive ng.
* register
optegnelse
The stranger has to lend the receptionist his ballpoint pen. * låne ng. ngt.
‘ The pencils disappear all the time - they vanish as soon
* blyant
as I buy them,‘ the latter complains, borrowing the ballpoint. * klage
The stranger’s name is spelt / spelled wrong.
beklage sig
* stave
The receptionist has spelt / spelled his name wrongly.
* =
20 He has misspelt / misspelled it.
’ How do you then spell your surname -
* fornavn
* kuglepen
* forsvinde
blive væk
* låne
* =
* kuglepen
* forkert ( adv. efter verb. )
* =
* =
Could you spell that name out again -
* =
Could you spell out your surname again,’ he asks.
* =
* efternavn
It is not spelled with a double ’s’, and it’s spelt with a ’K’.
* … med
K-l-a-u-s-e-n spells klausen.
* siger
The stranger signs his name in the hotel register.
* underskrive sig med sit navn
When a guest has signed the register, the receptionist
* indskrive sig i
usually signs that the porter picks up the luggage (eE) – but * give tegn til at
* & protokol
* hotelkarl
* bagage
the bellboy ( page(boy) (E) / (A) bellhop) has disappeared.
* piccolo
* forsvinde
30 Hesitantly, the stranger turns to the receptionist asking,
* tøvende
* henvende sig til ng.
’ Could you give / lend (me) a ( helping ) hand ? ’
* give / række ( ng. ) en hjælpende hånd
The receptionist doesn’t appear to be very helpful, though. * hjælpsom
tjenstvillig
’ I can’t help it if the baggage (eA) is heavy, ’ he answers, * det er ikke éns skyld /
unwilling to offer (the stranger) a ( helping ) hand.
When the stranger politely repeats the question,
* bagage
én kan ikke gøre for at
* uvillig
* tilbyde ( ng. ) en ( hjælpende ) hånd
* høfligt
the receptionist, called Bill unhelpfully replies,
* uhjælpsom
’ God helps them that help themselves.’
* Gud hjælper dem, der hjælper sig selv
* gentage
utjenstvillig
104 Having asked for help and assistance,
and just received an unhelpful response and answer,
* bede om hjælp
* assistance
bistand
* modtage * uhjælpsom * response, reaktion * svar
få igen
utjenstvillig
svar, -melding
the stranger remarks ironically ’ You’re a great help.’
’ Really, ’ Bill responds in the same tone (of voice).
* være en stor hjælp
* ironisk
* svare
* tonefald
The stranger then lifts his luggage ready to climb the stairs.* løfte
At the first step, however, the stranger stumbles and falls.
* bestige
hanke op i
gå op ad
* trin ( skridt / trappetrin )
The stranger screams for help.
* råbe på hjælp
He lies helpless on the floor with a helpless look,
* ligge hjælpeløs
* hjælpeløs bevægelse
10 Even if the stranger apparently has sprained his ankle,
* tilsyneladende
Bill, the receptionist, merely looks on helplessly.
* blot se hjælpeløst til
until the stranger makes the sign of the cross.
Bill suddenly feels urged to sign and be helpful.
Giving / lending the stranger a helping hand,
Bill he assists / helps the mysterious stranger to his feet.
Noticing (that) the stranger’s coat is awkward handling,
* snuble
* hjælpeløst blik
making a helpless gesture.
I can’t help you / your being so clumsy, ‘ Bill hesitates,
* trappe
* forstrække
forstuve
* gøre for
* klodset
* ankel
* tøve
* gøre korsets tegn
* tilskynde * gøre korsets tegn
* være hjælpsom /
slå kors for sig
behjælpelig, tjenstvillig
* række / give ng. en hjælpende hånd
* bistå / hjælpe ng. >
* mystisk
* på fode
* bemærke at - * frakke * akavet /
* håndtere
ubekvem at * tage frakken / sin frakke af
` å~kwêd
to handle, and that he has difficulty (in) taking off his coat,
* =
the receptionist asks, ’ Do you need any help with that ? ’
* have brug for hjælp med
20 ’ Can I be of any help ? - can I be of any help to you ? ’
* kunne være ( ng. ) til nogen hjælp
’ Let me help you off with your coat, ’ he offers,
* hjælpe ng. af med
/ hjælpe ( ng. ) med noget
and sighs ’ Helpfulness is in short supply nowdays, isn’t it ?’ * sukke
’ You’re quite right,’ the stranger assents,
* tilbyde
* en mangelvare
* … helt ret
tottering along, almost forgetting a bad ankle sprain,
* vakle
as Bill helps him upstairs / up the stairs.
* hjælpe ng.
’ Thank you for all your help, ’ the stranger concludes.
* takke ng. for al deres hjælp
If the receptionist really is helpful, that’s a good sign.
* være et godt tegn
If he’s just pretending to be helpful, that’s a very bad sign.
* være et rigtigt dårligt tegn
’ I hope I’m not interrupting you, and I hope you don’t
* jeg håber ikke ( at ) jeg
* ikke sandt
* samtykke
bifalde
* forstrækning
/ -stuvning
* op ad trapperne
ovenpå
30 mind me asking, but what’s the matter with this town ? ’
* bryde ind
*>
forstyrre
* jeg håber ikke, du / de har noget imod, at jeg spørger
the stranger enquires / eA: inquires later on in reception.
* forhøre sig
* i receptionen
Having enquired the receptionist’s name and enquired into * … om
the matter, the stranger enquires where to find a bible.
Although an atheist himself, the stranger believes that
the sight of the bible would help matters.
If the receptionist is cooperative /E& co-operative,
* … angående ngt.
* forhøre sig om hvxx
* bibel
*
* gavne / fremme sagen
* samarbejdsvillig
kêu`åpêrêtiv
it’s a sure sign that the enchantress’ influence is tottering.
* være et sikkert tegn på at * vakle
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
105 Without hesitation, Bill, the receptionist, admits that
* uden tøven
a blonde has pulled the wool over most townspeople’s eyes
* føre ng. bag lyset ( trække uldstof over ngs. øjne )
by means of enchantment, and taken them in
* ved hjælp af
* ~ tage ng ved næsen
with the help of her devoted followers.
* ved hjælp af
Owing to their devotion, their help and assistance,
she took / gained control of the town.
* ved hjælp af
* tage / få kontrol over ngt.
Bill has obviously turned into a credible witness.
* tydeligvis
* troværdig
It’s just not credible that he should distort / twist the truth. * troligt
The stranger finds the story bizarre, not to say
* fordreje
forvanske
* bizar
sælsom
10 unbelievable; it is hardly believable.
* utrolig
* næppe til at tro på
-`-
Bill helpfully suggests (that) they try the library.
* hjælpsomt
* foreslå at
* bibliotek
`laibrêri / E& `libri
’ Let me help you on with your coat –
let me help you into your coat, ’ he offers.
They reach the library with the help of a wheel chair as
* hjælpe ng. ngt. på
* hjælpe ng. i
* tilbyde
* ved hjælp af ngt.
* rullestol
the stranger could walk only with the assistance of crutches. * ved hjælp af ngt.
* krykke
The helpful information is (of) much help.
* nyttig
* til stor hjælp
The helpful advice and suggestion are a big help.
* =
* en stor hjælp
Not until Bill, however, repeats the sign of the cross,
* gentage
the librarian asks, ’ Can I help you? ’
* bibliotekar
20 When he asks for a bible, the librarian answers helpfully,
* hjælpsomt
* kunne hjælpe ng.
tjenstvilligt
’ I’m afraid they have all been burnt –
sorry I can’t be more helpful !
Bill, however, can’t help thinking (that)
* brænde ngt.
* behjælpelig
* kunne lade være med
/ undgå
the librarian knows more than that.
If the librarian is cooperative it’s a sure sign that
the stranger is about to break the spell.
*
* være et sikkert tegn på at* bryde trolddom
ophæve fortryllelse
When Bill reiterates the sign of the cross,
the librarian suddenly remembers some bibles.
* gentage flere gange
* huske / komme i tanke om ngt.
It strikes her that a number of bibles were once discarded. * det slår én
30 It occurs to her that a number of discarded bibles
were set apart in the stacks (pl.)
The librarian is much help when she comes to think of
a box of bibles.
* kassere
skille sig af med
( komme i tanke om )
* det gå op for én
( komme i tanke om)
* sætte til side
* bogmagasin
* til stor hjælp
* komme i tanke om
*
She is of much help when she thinks of the bibles.
* til stor hjælp
‘ Come and help me lift the box, ‘ she entreats.
* komme og hjælpe ng. med at -
As Bill helps (to) carry the box, and helps them ( in )
* hjælpe (til) med at -
distributing the bibles, they make a concerted effort to
* uddele ngt.
dis`tribju~ting / `dis-
distribute the bibles.
*
106 That very evening, like a sign from heaven,
* selvsamme
an old electric sign showing a cross suddenly starts to
* lysreklame
give out light.
* lyse
It’s a sign that God helps in breaking the spell.
* det er tegn på
* komme i tanke om ngt.
* bede
bønfalde
* hjælpe ng. med at -
* gøre en fælles indsats /
kraftanstrengelse for at -
* som et tegn ( fra )
* himmelen
* hjælpe til
‘ Believe you me, she’s a deceiver ! ’ the stranger shouts.
* tro mig
‘ Believe me ! ‘ the `resolute stranger reiterates, ‘
* =
Don’t believe a word of what she says.’
‘ God help us if this doesn’t work - heaven help us
* beslutsom * gentage ( mundtligt ) flere gamge
* tro ikke tro på et ( eneste ) ord af ngt.
* himmelen …
* gud være os nådig
if this doesn’t work. ‘ they pray.
* bede
10 Resolute in his belief that there is still a glimmer / a ray
* fast i >
of hope, the stranger says, ‘ I’ll do what I can,
* =
but don’t get your hopes up as the situation
* sætte forventningerne i vejret
is fraught with difficulty, problems, and danger. ’
* ladet med
* troen på at -
* … et glimt / svagt håb
( yderst farefuld )
There are, however, sure signs that a fraud
* der er tegn og varsler på
his belief in himself shake the townspeople’s belief in
* bedrager / svindler, der
foregiver at kunne noget
* demagog * frygtindgydende
* på tilbagetog
folkeforfører ildevarslende, uheldsvanger
* vantro
tvivl
* tro på ( sig selv )
* ryste
* =
the enchantress and their belief in her promises.
* =
and `demagogue of portentous power is on the retreat.
The strangers firm disbelief of superstition together with
He intends to disclose the credibility gap between what
-`klêuz
20 the demagogic fraud promised, and what she’s done.
* afsløre
* troværdighedskløft
åbenbare
* folkeforførende
-`gå -
There is a lot credible in what the stranger says.
* en masse troværdigt
It’s beginning to work but none of it would have been
*
possible without the stranger’s help.
While the townspeople were acting in the belief that
* uden ngs. hjælp
* handle i den tro at -
the horrible enchantress were doing good, they were actually * forfærdelig, frygtelig
* være ( svæve ) >
skrækkelig
* i den vildfarelse at -
* have sådan i sinde
under the delusion that she ever intended so.
There was, in fact, nothing `creditable in what she did.
* intet >
The case has all appearances of (a) fraud.
* have alt hvad der ligner
The stranger reiterates that even if you believe in some-
* gentage at
30 thing or somebody you’ve got to believe in yourself.
* anerkendelsesværdigt /
hæderligt i ngt.
* bedrageri
fupnummer
* skulle tro på sig selv
All the townsfolks who see that the stranger acts creditably * anerkendelsesværdigt
hæderligt
give the stranger the thumb-up sign and the V-sign.
* tommelfingeren-op-tegn
It’s a very creditable result for the stranger
* ærefuld
He is helped around in the town by restored townsfolk,
* hjælpe afsted
* v-tegn ( victory- )
anerkendelsesværdigt
and assisted about by the restored townspeople.
As these townsfolk go to bat for (A) the stranger, they all
* restituere
komme sig
* =
* ~ give sig til at hjælpe / støtte ng.
pass on a reiteration (sg.) of the stranger’s statements to
* viderebringe / -give ngt.
the rest of the town-dwellers.
*
107 As the stranger seizes the initiative with both hands,
* gribe initiativet …
and does his best to undermine enchantress’ credibility
* underminere
and `demagogy, she little by little loses credibility.
* demagogi
Gradually the townspeople lose faith in the enchantress.
folkeforførelse
* miste tiltroen til
There are signs of her declining and waning credibility.
* synlige tegn på ngt.
* gentagelse
* troværdighed
* miste …
* aftage
dale, falde
There are obvious signs that her credibility is in decline,
and that her popularity is on the wane.
* … på at -
* i aftagende
for nedadgående
* aftage
dale, falde
The stranger makes the townspeople realize that
their faith in the self-possessed enchantress,
* få ng. til at indse
* tro på
* velafbalanceret
rolig og fattet
* fejlagtig tro
- po`zest
10 and their faith in her promises ares a mistaken belief.
* =
mi`stakên
The stranger is now the hope of the town.
* ngs. håb
At a close encounter with the stranger, the enchantress
* tæt / farligt møde
uses all her charm to dazzle him with her enticing beauty.
* forblænde
* fristende
tillokkende
* upåvirket
Even so / Despice that, he remains unaffected.
* på trods af det
In spite of the fact that she used to be able to
* … af ( det faktum ) at -
entice everybody by her charm, he refuses to be enticed.
Despite the fact that she is enticingly beautiful, he is
determined not to be persuaded and / to change his mind.
In spite of her enticement he is adamant.
20 Despite her enticements, he remains adamant.
* friste / lokke ng.
* på trods af ( det faktum ) at * fast besluttet på at -
* fristende
* lade sig overtale og / til at -
* lokken
fristen
* på trods af ngt.
* usædvanlig …
Having seized the iniative from her, he speaks in
* tage iniativet fra ng.
* myndig
* stenhård
urokkelig
* forblive …
* lokkeri
fristelse
He is peculiarly adamant on this point.
a masterful tone of voice without unnecessary hesitation.
* lade sig …
* nægte at -
* på det punkt
* unødvendig
* tøven
- `ne -
Adamant in his resolution, not to yield to her enticement,
* urokkelig i > * beslutsomhed * bøje sig / give efter /
`adêmênt
he is adamant that he will not yield to any enticing offer.
The enchantress fails to appear calm in spite of herself.
* virke
She loses her self-possession despite herself.
* miste selvbeherskelsen
He notices (a certain) hesitancy / hesitance in her voice.
* tøven i stemmen
Adamantly opposed to her, and knowing that alternative
* urokkelig i sin modstand mod
30 therapy has gained credence, he pretends ( that ) he is
vige for ngt.
* lokkeri
fristelse
* imod sin vilje
* være fast besluttet på
* rolig
* =
* terapi
an exorcist: an expert at / in / on ( practicing ) exorcism (U)
* vinde troværdighed * foregive ( at - )
helbredelse
* djævleuddriver * ekspert i ( at ) ngt. * … -uddrivelse
who has the most cunning exorcisms to his credit.
* dygtig
He take steps to exorcize the evil spirit; exorcize it from
her body and exorcize it from the town by all means.
It’s apparently a cunning piece of rapid exorcism.
* tilsyneladende
So he `resolutely spells () `out his intentions.
shakes the imposter’s belief in herself.
urokkelig
* ryste >
Abandoning all pretence, she looks and sounds fraught.
* opgive
Her enthusiasm for the whole idea wanes rapidly.
* aftage
As the voices of dissent grows louder and louder,
dale, falde
* røst of ngt.
she is up against more than she can match - obviously !
* durkdreven, snedig
* hurtig
udspekuleret
* nedlade sig til at * stave / forklare det
skære det ud i pap
* … ngt. …
understrege
* resolut, beslutsomt
fast besluttet
* stenhård
* … ngt fra ngt.
* med alle midler
* pointere
108 Facing such adamant resolution and opposition
* der tjener til ens ære
* uddrive ngt.
* =
‘ You know what I mean,’ he hints, but not deigning to wait * antyde
for an answer, he emphasizes,‘ Do I have to spell it `out ? ’
*=
snu, snedig
* tage skridt til at -
* beslutsomhed
* & selvtillid
* foregivning
* anspændt
* hastigt
* uenighed
* vokse
* oppe mod mere end * måle sig med
* helt klart
( finde sin overmand )
There is a spell of coughing followed by a fraught silence. * kort stund med
* hosten
She finds herself in a situation fraught with difficulty.
* ladet med
Hesitantly, she realizes she has come `off second `best.
* tøvende
10 It is apparent from her face that she’s really upset.
/ tydeligt
* anspændt
anstrengt
* finde / fundet sin overmand
* ( det fremgår ) tydeligt af ngt. at
* ude af sig selv
rystet
ûp`set
It’s obvious from the way she acts that she’s concerned.
* <<
The imposter is obviously upset and concerned,
* tydeligvis
apparently concerned (that) she might act pre`cipitately.
pri`sipitidli
* tilsyneladende
Obviously, she makes an effort to recover herself.
som det ser ud
* tydeligvis
The sudden appearance of a police car in the street
* opdukken
* bekymret for at
* forhastet
overilet
* genvinde
fatningen
* anstrenge sig ( for at )
tilsynekomst
makes her draws in her horns and dash `off / make `off.
* trække følehornene til sig * styrte væk
Having smelled a rat the imposter takes to her heels.
* lugte lunten
When her pursuers appear in the distance, she makes
* forfølger * komme til syne
a dash for it and disappears behind a corner in / like a flash. * stikke af
* tage benene på nakken
dukke op
* forsvinde
20 Having watched her pursuers disappearing from view,
* betragte ( + -ing )
she must face the fact that it’s time for flight.
* tid til ngt.
Having watched her pursuers vanish from sight,
she faces the fact that it’s time to flee ( from the town ).
It was about / high `time she fled.
* i det fjerne
* betragte ( + inf. )
* forsvinde
* tid til at
* flygte ( fra ngt. )
* på høje tid
* =
* et dårligt tegn
At the first sign of trouble, she has obviously prepared
* ved første tegn på
her flight without unneccessary hesitation.
30 The police finds a farewell letter from ’ The Blonde ’ -
* baghus
* forberede ngt.
* flugt
* uden … tøven
* afskedsbred
It’s definately not a suicide letter even if it’s signed `off so. * selvmordsThe police must face the fact that the enchantress
* gemmested
* ingen …/ hjemme
All doors and drawers are open; that’s a bad sign.
*>
* på et øjeblik ( lysglimt )
i et nu, lynhurtigt
* komme ud af syne
forsvinde
* flugt
Looking for sign of life all over, the police find her hide-out, * tegn på liv / nogen hjemme
but there is no sign of life in the `mews house.
* stikke af
* sluttelig underskrive ngt.
* indse / se i øjnene
erkende at
has disappeared from them like (greased) `lightning,
* forsvinde fra
and vanished from the town (as) quick as a `flash.
* forsvinde fra
Having disappeared at / with lightning speed,
* ( så ) hurtigt som lynet ( smurt )
med lynets fart / hast, lynhurtigt
* = ( lysglimt )
* forsvinde
* =
she has vanishes into thin air / the blue.
* forsvinde
* ud i den blå luft
together with all her wrongfully acquiered fortune.
* uretmæssigt erhvervet
109 Having fled from the town pre`cipitously / with a rush,
* flygte
* formue
* over hals og hoved
- `sipitêsli
the enchantress is soon ( over the hills and ) far away.
* langt borte
over alle bjerge
Police investigate the enchantress’ disappearance.
The deception is eventually disclosed and revealed.
It has become apparent that she’s a deceiver;
it has become obvious that she’s a deceitful imposter.
As the most wanted person she’s wanted by the police
* undersøge
efterforske
* bedrag
/ -eri
* blive tydeligt at
* forsvinden
* afsløre
* =
* =
* ~ eftersøgt
* … af
on a charge of deceit.
* sigtet for ngt.
* bedrag
/ -eri
* bedrager
It’s soon apparent to the townsfolk that she’s a cheat (eE); * … åbenbart /
tydeligt for ng.
10 it's obvious to everybody that she’s a cheater (eA),
* =
and the whole thing has been a cheat and a fraud.
* bedrageri
She used low cunning to get away with her fraud.
She was a cunning liar; she was a fraud and liar.
As cunning as a fox, the enchantress had deceptively
and fraudulently presented an inviting credo.
* =
* bedragerisk
It is hoped that the money obtained by fraud can be found * man håber
and she can be caught and get / receive her ( just ) deserts.
There are, though, neither signs of her anywhere
* bedrageri
fupnummer
* bedrag / -eri
snyderi
* bruge gemen snedighed
/ udspekulerethed
* snu, durkdreven
udspekuleret
* snu som en ræv
* bedragerisk
* bedrager
* tiltalende
* trosgrundlag
* opnå ngt. ved >
* bedrag
* få sin ( retfærdige / velfortjente ) straf
* tegn på
spor af
nor signs of the money obtained by her fraudulent activities.
* bedragerisk
20 As there are no sign of the fraudster’s (E) `whereabouts, * =
hopes for the missing money are fading.
* bedrager
svindler
* opholdssted
* håb for ngt. svinder
It’s a situation fraught with problems, and the townsfolk
* ladet med
sprængfyldt med
have yet only scratched the surface of the problem.
When the full extent of the enchantress’ fraudulence (U)
* kun se problemets overflade
( * kradse i … )
* fulde udstrækning
* svigagtighed
bedrageri
* … ng. at
dawns on the townspeople, it dawns on them that they have * gå op for
been thoroughly cheated and defrauded of all their money.
* grundigt
* bedrage ng. for ngt.
- `frådid
It spells a time fraught with difficulties and frustration.
* varsle
Many defrauded townspeople had gone overdrawn, and
* bedragen
* ladet /
sprængfyldt med
* få overtræk
-`-
some accounts are overdrawn by several hundred pounds.
* være overtrukket med mgt.
30 It’s hard to keep your cool and stay out of debt when
* holde sig fri af
* gæld
det
you are blinded ( to reality ) by fraudulent enchantment.
Having run up / amassed debts of hundreds of pounds,
many townspeople have for the first time got / run into debt.
* blinde /
( * overfor ngt. ) * bedragerisk
( for-) blænde ng.
svigagtig
* oparbejdet >
* gæld på ngt.
* hundrede af ngt.
* komme i gæld
Heavily / deeply in debt, having debts of several hundred, * i dyb gæld
all towns people are saddled with debt.
* have gæld på ngt.
* bebyrdet af ngt.
Being hundred of pounds in debt they have a debt burden. * x i gæld
Having fallen / sunk into debt, they need to pay (`off) /
repay / clear / settle their outstanding debt(s) to feel happy.
* hundrede
* gældsbyrde
* synke ned i >
* =
* gæld
* ( tilbage- ) betale >
* udeståede
ikke betalt
* gæld
gældspost
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
110 Hoping to find a way out of the crisis situation,
* håbe at
the townsfolk hope (that) the situation will soon improve.
* =
As they believe there is no hope, a few pessimists
in particlar find their situation hard to accept.
Having a pessimistic view of life, and pessimistic about
the future, they find it hard to accept their situation.
* … vej ud af
* der ikke er noget håb
sortseer
* især
* pessimistisk
* krisessituation
* pessimist
* finde ( situationen ) svær at -
* livssyn
* finde det svært at -
Among them, there’s deep pessimism (U) over the future. * dyb pessimisme mht.
* … med hensyn til ngt.
In a mood of pessimism about the future,
* =
they feel that their lives are ( in ) a hopeless mess.
* håbløst
10 They feel certain that there is no hope of recovery;
* ikke være noget håb om
no hope that the enchantress will ever be caught,
* … håb om at
no hope of recovering the missing property,
* =
no hope for the deceived townspeople, and no hope for
* … håb for ng.
(*i)
* rod
/ -eri
* bedring, helbredelse
generhvervelse
* forsvundet
savnet
* bedragen
* generhverve
få tilbage
* … ngt.
the future in the wake of their expensive and costly mistakes. * kølvandet * dyr * & fig. omkostnings- * fejltagelse
krævende
So the pessimists virtually hold `out no hope.
* ikke have noget håb
They almost do not hold out any hope as they fear ( that )
* … noget som helst …
the situation is very near beyond hope.
Whining about a situation beyond hope of improvement,
* hinsides håb
* … om ngt.
* jamre / klage over ngt.
the pessimits fear it’s beyond hope of getting better.
* … om at -
20 They virtually hold out no hope of recovering.
* stille ngt. i udsigt * intet håb ( om at ) * forbedre /
Not holding out any hope of recovering the lost money
from the enchantress and from the cheat, the pessimists
* … fra ng. / ngt.
do not hold out much hope of recovering from the deceit.
* … meget …
They hold out little hope of recovering their optimism,
and of recovering from the depression.
So the pessimists don’t hold out much hope of recovery
* komme sig af / over
* kun stille lidt …
* generhverve
få igen
* >
* ikke have meget håb om
* … noget …
and hold out little hope of recovery from the cheat.
* kun have lidt håb om
30 they pessimistically hold out little hope for the future
As ‘ hope putteth not to shame ‘ there is cautious
optimism about the future among most townspeople.
The realists and moderate optimists look foreward
with optimism (that) the situation is not past hope.
Taking a more optimistic view (of the future),
the optimists believe there is still a faint hope.
There’s a faint hope of recovering from financial ruin.
* optimisme
* komme sig over
as they hold out no hope of recovery of the missing money
As the pessimists don’t hold out much hope for the town,
komme sig
* generhverve
få igen
* … noget som helst …
* generhvervelse
kommen sig
* generhvervelse af
* komme sig over
* ikke have meget håb for
* på pessimistisk vis
* kun have lidt håb for
* håbet beskæmmer ingen
* forsigtig
* optimisme mht.
* realist
* moderat
* optimist
* se fremad
* med optimisme om at * anlægge et ( mere )
* hinsides håb
* opimistisk syn ( på ngt. )
* spinkelt / svagt håb
* … om at -
* komme sig fra
* økonomisk ruin
111 There is a glimmer / a ray of hope of recovery,
* antydning / glimt af … * uden håb
as the optimists themselves are a glimmer / a ray of hope.
* påmindelse om … ( flakkende skær / stråle )
As there are always grounds for cautious optimism,
they optimistically say that he town is not without hope.
* grunde til >
* forsigtig
* optimisme
* optimistisk
* uden håb
In an optimistic mood the optimists always find things that * i optimistisk
give cause / reason for optimism.
* humør
* give grund til >
* optimisme
Living in hope, they live in hopes of a better future.
* leve i håb
In a mood of optimism for the future,
* i et optimistisk humør med hensyn til ngt.
* leve i håb om ngt.
they are in hopes that things will improve.
* være i forhåbninger / forventninger om
10 Optimistic about the future, they live in the hope that
* optimistisk mht.
there's light at the end of the `tunnel.
* lys for enden af tunnellen
Cautiously optimistic that improvement will take place,
* forsigtig
they have confident hopes that things will become better.
* have >
In the hope that things will get better, most townsfolk
put their trust in the future without being over-optimistic.
* leve i det håb at -
* optimistisk mht. at
* fortrøstningsfuld
* i det håb at
* sætte sin lid til ngt.
* overoptimistisk
While there is life there is hope.
* hvor der er liv er der håb
Hope springs eternal in the human breast.
* håbet er lysegrønt
Seeing the light at the end of the tunnel the stranger
* lyset …
is a beacon / symbol of hope for the townspeople.
‘ Let’s hope we can stand / stick together,’ he says,
* håb om at -
( * udspringe * evigt * bryst )
opstå
* ledestjerne ( * bavn, fyr, sømærke / symbol på … )
* lad os håbe at
‘ but be careful to get / build your hopes up – if you
* optrappe ngs. forhåbningerne
20 raise your hopes too much, you may be disappointed.
* … for meget
skrue ngs. forventninger i vejret
* skuffe
The town is in the stranger’s debt.
* stå i gæld til ng.
The townspeople owe a debt of gratitude ( to him )
* stå i taknemmelighedsgæld ( til )
and all of them acknowledge their debt to him.
* anerkende, erkende
* taknemmelighedsgæld
vedkende sig
Some of the deceived townsfolk claim that the enchantress * bedragen
cheated death by her prompt disappearance.
* snyde døden
( med nød og næppe undslippe døden )
Although the townspeople, believe many of their assets to * anse ngt. for at
tro / være overbevist om at ngt.
have disappeared, they don’t organize a witch hunt.
* heksejagt
As they believe their accounts to have been drained,
* <<
they believe their bank accounts drained and empty.
* anse ngt. for + adj.
30 All their money has disappeared, believed transferred.
* antaget for
* prompte
omgående
* værdier
* dræne
tømme
* tom
* overføre
- `fê~d
’ Will we get any money back ? ’ they wail and whine.
* jamre
Although they certainly hope so they believe not.
klage
* håbe det
In fact they do not have a hope; not a hope in hell.
* ikke have et håb
* jamre
klynke
* tro det ikke / næppe
* … det fjerneste håb
As they don’t have a hope (in hell) of getting their money * … om at
back, there is no obvious solution to the problem.
112 Things are as fraught as ever in the town.
* ingen indlysende løsning på …
* anspændt / anstrengt
belastet
The town is in dire straits, and may go bankrupt.
* alvorlig knibe
In dire need of help, the town dwellers hope not as they
( stræde i havet )
* have alvorlig behov for
have already mortgaged all their tangible assets / property.
* belåne ngt.
* handgribelig
* gå bankerot
/ fallit
* ikke håbe det
* værdier / ejendele
`må~gid§d
As long poverty is a dire threat, they hope to God (that)
they may just have to live in dire poverty for some time.
The deceiver’s foreign accounts are believed to
have swelled / swollen by credit transfer.
* alvorlig trussel
* alvorlig fattigdom
* antages at
* vokse / svulme
- `fêr
Her `transference of money is believed to
* overførsel
A: -`fe-
10 have swelled / swollen her foreign accounts.
* håbe ved gud
* få ngt. til at vokse / svulme
* kredit overførsel
Has she settled in a safe place,
whitewashed her reputation, and laundered the money
cheated out of the credulous townsfolks ?
* slå sig ned
bosætte sig
* omdømme
ry
* godtroende
* sikker
* hvidvaske
* hvidvaske
* narre ngt. fra
/ ud af
They believe so and admit she has batted a thousand (A). * tro det er sådan
It will appear that this is a major problem.
* have succes
klare sig rigtigt godt
* det skal vise sig at
It appears likely (that) the enchantress will never be caught. * forekomme / synes sandsynligt
It seems unlikely (that) she will ever be caught
and the naive townspeople have their money back.
nai`i~v
* … usandsynligt at
* naivitet, godtroenhed
troskyldighed
The townspeople don’t believe their naivety;
20 they can’t believe their credulity.
Their credulity bring discredit on the town.
- `kre -
The townspeople don’t hesitate to draw conclusions,
and don’t hesitate over what to be done.
They ought to be more sceptic and hesitant;
* have svært ved at tro
* =
* godtroenhed
* bringe ng. i vanry
kaste skam over
* tøve med at
* drage konklusioner
* … overfor
* tøvende
more hesitant about believing in strangers,
* … med at
and more hesitant to believe in glittering promises.
* =
Devoted followers of a religious creed, to their discredit,
* gyldne løfter
* begejstret, hengiven
speak out against atrocities.
opofrende
* udtale sig / tale åbent
tage bladet fra munden
* … imod
30 To the townspeople’s credit, no one cares to
* til ngs. ære
keep up appearances to save appearances
* bevare skinnet
for the sake of appearances.
holde facaden
* for et syns skyld
often hesitate to speak out; they often hesitate to
They wonder when happiness will appear again.
* -hed
* vanære
skam, skændsel
* ugerning, overgreb
grusomhed
* redde skinnet
* opstå
vise sig
Still, there is a lot `creditable in what the stranger has done. * ærefuld
It may be stating the obvious, but he has acted creditably. * ( komme med ) en banal sandhed
Making no pretence to having preternatural faculties
* ( ikke ) gøre fordring på at -
the stranger admits his exorcism was just make-believe
* indbildning, leg
but the enchantress fortunately promptly believed in it.
* straks
113 The enchantress has `preyed on all of the town.
* udbytte ng.
* overnaturlig
* …-t
* evne
noget man leger
Would people credit it? (E)
* tro ( på ) ( norm. ? og neg. )
Would people really credit what had happened.
* =
Would they credit that they have been easily cheated;
* =
credit how they have been cheated of their money.
* =
and credit how easily they have been cheated out of it.
* =
* narre ngt. fra ng.
franarre ng. ngt.
Some of them won’t credit it, but they’d better credit it.
* tro på
It’s an obvious comment and an obvious statement
* indlysende og overflødig
but what the townsfolk have done is beyond belief.
* mere end utroligt
10 Conditions are incredible; conditions in the town are
* betingelserne
unbelievable.
* =
* … i ngt.
* utrolig ( forfærdelig )
The dwellers have gone through an incredible amount
*
of deceits, and an unbelievable amount of humiliations.
* bedrag
Her frauds beggar description.
* overgår enhver beskrivelse ( gøre til tigger / fattig )
It beggars belief how things could have gone this bad.
* & det er fuldstændig utroligt
Unbelievably it actually worked.
* utroligt
Some townspeople believe she was the evil incarnarte.
* den skindbarlige ondskab
- `ka~ -
Those who believe in Satan believe she was
* Satan
a devil incarnate or even the Devil incarnate.
* en legemliggjort djævel i
20 Only psychopats believe in cheating people.
* psykopat
As the townspeople didn’t believe cheating of such
* tiltro ng. ngt
enthusiastic i`dealist, they believed in the enchantress.
* entusiastisk
* den skinbarlige Djævel
* gå ind for
forvente ngt. af
* idealist
begejstret
* idealistisk
* entusiast
in’#ju~zi`àstic
The idea`listic enthusiast, however, seems to
have vanished, her companion in crime left helpless behind. * være forsvundet
Seized by the police, the accomplice has to submits to
* have tiltro til
* være forsvundet
* hjælpeløs forladt
* på- / gribe
* lade sig underkaste
questioning and submit himself a body search by the police. * kropsvisitering
* bistå … med
If he would assist police with their inquiries / eE enquiries
* undersøgelse
efterforskning
In`kwaiêriz
it would really help matters.
* fremme / gavne sagen
Yet, behaving unpredictably and weirdly, he can’t help
* utilregneligt
* underligt
* hjælpe >
- `dik -
30 them with their enquiries; he appears to be under a spell. * synes at være
Suffering from dizzy spells, the accomplice is examined
* underkastet trolddom
forhekset / -tryllet
* svimle perioder
svimmelhedsanfald
by a doctor who cannot account for this case, though.
* ( berette ), redegøre for
& stå uforstående overfor
As the police are unable to understand this unpredictable * & stå uforstående overfor
weirdo, they send for a psychiatrist promptly.
* sende bud efter
* utilregnelig
* psykiater
sai`kaiêtrist
The psychiatrist, however, gives the patient no hope;
he holds `out no hope of recovery.
* ikke give >
* patient
* straks
uden tøven
* noget håb
* stille ngt. i udsigt
‘ You can’t expect me to just wave a (magic) `wand,
* håb om
* svinge ( med )
* ( trylle-) stav
and find a cure for this case,’ he says regretably / regretfully. *
114 As the psychiatrist is at a complete loss about what
* være ( helt ) fortabt / uforstående overfor
to do, the police decide to call () `in / call the stranger.
* tilkalde / ringe til ng.
The shrewd stranger promptly recognizes the symptoms
* dreven, kløgtig
* straks
( * tab )
* symptom
skarpsindig
as symptoms of loss of identity having to do with hypnosis. * … på
The tell-tale signs of crisis are to do with identity crisis.
* & personlighed- * ( have ) at gøre med
overensstemmelse
* afslørende tegn på
* identitets-
There is now hope of a cure.
* håb om
The stranger’s treatment gives hope to the authorities
* behandling
involved, and offers hope to the accomplice.
The stranger talks to the accomplice, first in a enticing
10 tone then in a commanding tone to wake up.
* kur
* give håb til
* =
* lokkende
* kommanderende
The signal for waking (him) `up is to be a pat on the back, * signal tegn
* klap på ryggen
and a pat on the shoulder followed by a loud clap (sg.).
So, having clapped his hands, the stranger claps / pats
* … skulderen
* højt
* klap / klappen
* klappe med hænderne
the accomplice on the shoulder and then on the back
* på skulderen
as a signal ( for him ) to wake up.
* signal klap
* klappe ( ng. ) >
* … ryggen
tegn
As the accomplice comes (a)`round / comes to him`self
* komme til sig selv
the bystanders clap ( the stranger / performance )( in relief ). * omkringstående
They greet the stranger with clapping.
* hilse ng. med ngt.
They give the stanger a clap (E).
* … en klappen
20 Waking up from hypnosis (U) the accomplice does not
* klappe ( af ng. ) ( i / af ngt. )
klappen
* hypnose
recall (the moment) (that) he was hypnotized by a hypnotist. * genkalde sig /
He remembers he was hypnotized by a girl
who signalized her beauty by blond hair.
Acting to (a) sinister purpose, he admits he used to
consider blonds dumb and easy game for him.
Falsly believing blonds to be easily seduced, he was
easy prey himself and fell victim to his own foolishness.
As he had been easy prey for the enchantress,
* hypnotisere
* hypnotisør
huske ngt. / at
* suggerere
stirre sig blind på
* kraftig signalere
særlig fremhæve/ udtrykke
* handle udfra >
* skummel
* hensigt
* let bytte for ngt.
*
* let bytte
* blive offer for
* være et let bytte for ng.
he had soon fallen prey to her and to her sinister design.
* komme i kløerne på ng. /
30 Being prey to the enchantress and to her charm, he had
blive offer for ngt.
* være …
been hypnotized into a passive tool at / in her hands //
* hypnotisere ng. til > * passivt redskab i ngs. hænder
at / in the hands of the cunning enchantress.
* i hænderne på ng.
Harbouring sinister designs, she was up to no good.
* nære / * skumle planer * være ude på ngt. ikke godt
gå med
~ have ondt i sinde
* tage frygtelig hævn
Harbouring sinister designs to take signal revenge, she * << om at
harboured sinister designs of cheating the whole town.
* =
High and low failed signally and were signally defeated. * høj og lav
Is blond hair a signal of danger ?
* skummel plan
* & dumpe
med at brag
* eftertrykkeligt besejret
* faresignal
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
115 It appears (that) the stranger is a psychologist
* vise sig ( at )
and a practised hypnotist.
* hypnotisør
He has had a spell as a magician before becoming
a fully trained and fully qualified psycologist.
* psykolog
* ( kort ) tid
* magiker, troldmand
tryllekunstner
* =
/ periode som
* færdiguddannet
His first public appearance was at the age of twenty.
* offentlig
Magicians like conjurors only use conjuring tricks.
* tryllekunstner
* tryllekunster
A magician does his hypnotic tricks like magic
* hypnotisk
* som ved …
or as if by magic, often using his wand.
A performer’s ideal and great example are often
10 given advance programme credit for their inspiration.
Having to appear before the Justice of the Peace
in a magistrate’s court, the accused will appear in court
* optræden
* =
* i en alder af
* tryllestav
* forbillede * =
* forhånds
* program
* hæder, ære
omtale
* komme for dommeren
* i underretten * den anklagede * komme for retten
charged with theft and conspiracy to defraud.
- `frå~d
He will appear on charges of complicity in a fraud of
thousands of pounds / several thousand pounds.
His mother has been asked to appear as (a) witness for
* anklaget /
* tyveri
* sammensværgelse >
tiltalt for ngt.
med svig for øje
* stå tiltalt for meddelagtighed
* bedrageri på
svindel til
*
* møde som vidne for ng.
the defence when he comes up before the magistrate(s)
* komme for >
as an accessory / a party to fraud
* medskyldig i ngt.
So `help me - So help me God,’ she murmurs,
20 having sworn to God to tell the truth.
A friend of the stranger is the lawyer appearing for the
defendant; he appears on behalf of the accomplice.
* underretsdommer
( pl. ) underretten
* Åh, hjælp mig
* … Gud
* mumle
*
* advokat
* optræde som
sagfører
* person, der forsvares
Counsel for the prosecution submits that some evidence * anklagemyndigheden
* fremføre
is admissible while the counsel for the defence submits that * tilstedeligt
it is inadmissible.
The judge listens to the submissions of both parties.
* indlæg
Would you believe, the enchantress didn’t even
* vil du tro
have a man - would you believe it.
Nevertheless, the accomplice had a happy spell;
30 it was a magic time being under a spell.
He felt happy until the spell was broken,
and he woke up from the spell.
Having pinned all his hope on this chance,
* forsvaret
tilladeligt
* u-
* … det
* have sex med
* kort periode
* være ramt af (en) fortryllelse
* fortryllelse
* bryde
hæve
* vågne op af …
* sætte sit håb til
lade sit håb afhænge af
he has been hoping against `hope.
* klamre sig til håbet
He set (all) his hopes on the enchantress
* sætte sit håb til
Having pinned (all) his hopes on getting this chance, he
* … at
has pinned his faith on her, and pinned all his hopes on her. * sætte sin lid til
116 All his hopes (were) centred (up)on her.
* <<
* … dreje sig om
This chance was his one hope, and she was his only hope. * være ens eneste …
He had hoped against hope that the chance would
lead to or result in successful outcome.
* klamre sig til det håb at
* føre til
* resultere /
ende i
Hopelessly in love (with her), he had been full of hope for * håbløst forelsket
the future, and all her lies had kept false hope (U) alive.
The lies had just kept a forlorn / a vain hope alive
* resultat
* fuld af håb for
* holde liv i falske forhåbninger
* = ( forloren / falsk )
( * i live / levende )
* = ( tom / forgæves )
~ udsigtsløs
The day of her sudden disappearance, she had invited
*
her unsuspecting companion to watch the sun setting /
* intetanende
10 the sunset when the sun disappears on the horizon.
* solnedgang
The weather forecaster had predicted good weather.
* vejrprofet
A spells of sunny weather was forecast(<ed).
meteorolog
* kort periode
Trusting in the weather forecast he had been hoping for
* vejrudsigt
* solen gå ned
* forsvinde
* i horisonten
* forudsige
* solrigt
* forudsige
* håbe på
a sunny day and a clear sky at the setting of the sun /
* solrig
at sunset on that Sunday.
* =
As the weather is little predictable or unpredictable,
there was rain first with sunny spells later, then showers
and sunny interwals and then a bright spell in the evening..
Hopefully, she would be there in good time,
* klar
* på den søndag
* lidet forudsigeligt
* u-
* periode
* byge
ophold
* inteval
ophold
* forhåbentlig
* skyfri periode
/ periode med klar himmel
* i god tid
20 but by 11 o’clok, long after sunset / the setting of the sun * ved …-tiden
she hadn’t still appeared.
* ved solnedgangstid
* solnedgang
* dukke op
All he could do was wait and hope.
* vente og håbe
He waited for (quite) a while in hope of her appearance.
* vente
He waited a long while in the hope of a late appearance.
* i lang tid
* i nogen tid
( temmelig land )
* i håb om
* i håbet om
He waited (for) a couple of hours in the fond hope that she * i det forfængelige håb at
was just delayed owing to unforeseeable circumstances.
He hung `on for a (long) time in the vain hope that
* forsinke
( * kærlig, øm )
* på grund af
* uforudselige
omstændigheder
* en tid
( i lang tid )
* forsinkelse
* vente
holde ud
she was just late owing to an unforeseen delay.
His eyes glazed as he sat there staring in front of him.
30 His eyes glazed over, he sat staring into space.
Reluctant to abandon hope, he had desperately
* uforudset
* blive glasagtige
* utilbøjelig ( til )
kept his mind busy a little / short while wondering why
the moon is sometimes waxing and sometimes waning.
* måne
* skyet
when he eventually gave up hope.
* opgive håbet
* et kort stykke tid
* tiltage
* aftage
* i overensstemmelse med
* våd / regn- periode
* miste håbet
117 Even if hopes for the missing enchantress were fading,
* håb for ng. svinder
he clung (`on) to a last hope that he would hear from her.
* klynge sig til
What a hope ! Disappeared / vanished without a trace
* opgive …
* klar demonstration af
of the weather, it was a cloudy night with wet spells
Having lost hope, he turned home quite late.
* stirre hen for sig
/ ud i det blå
* =
kvie sig ( ved at )
* holde ngt. beskæftiget
As a clear demonstration of the unpredictability
* =
* håb om at
* hvilket ( forgæves ) håb
* høre fra
* være sporløst forsvundet
she seems to have disappeared / … off the face of the earth. * forsvinde fra jordens overflade
Will he hear anything from her ? Some hope !
* =
False hope (U) in fact: a fond, forlorn and vain hope.
* falske forhåbninger
The chances were small but he was still hopeful.
* fuld af håb
He felt hopeful; he felt hopeful that he would
* føle sig fortrøstningsfuld
hear from her, but he didn’t hear anything from her;
* høre fra ng.
10 he neither heard a word nor had a word from her.
* … et ord / en lyd fra
Hopelessly in love, he felt lonely and hopeless.
* håbløst
Although her disappearance disappointed his hopes, they * skuffe
didn’t really vanish until he was dehypnotized by the stranger.* forsvinde
The story of the fraud and the fraudulent blond is
*
* =
* naivt
* falsk
* frugtesløs
* … med hensyn til at
* ikke høre ngt. fra ng.
* =
* ensom
* uden håb
* forhåbning
* afhypnotisere
front-page news and appears in all the national news media. * forside nyhed
* komme frem i
* medier
While the media show the accomplice little or some charity, * mild- / velvillig- / overbærenbarmhjertig- / næstekærlighed
they show no charity towards the enchantress.
She had had the foresight to prepare her disappearance.
* … overfor
* forudseenhed til at
and be (over the hills and) far away leaving no trace.
* over alle bjerge
20 What a sly old devil ! She had covered her tracks.
* … snu / lusket …
All the townspeople, however, who are tared with
* uden at efterlade sig nogen spor
* skjule / slette sine spor
* tjære
the same brush ( as the accomplice ) have a more
* børste ( have en rem af huden )
charitable view of his actions.
* mild, etc.
pensel
They have to think about him a lot more charitably.
* =
As some media are rather sensation-seeking,
* …-lysten
* syn på ngt.
( -søgende )
the media often stand(s) accused of sensation-seeking.
* medierne
medieverdenen
( The medium of ) television (TV) is the modern medium of * medie
communication.
* stå anklaget for ngt. * sensationslyst
( - søgning )
* fjernsyn
* middel
* kommunikation
meddelelse
The accused’s appearance in court is front-page news;
30 it appears on the front page of the newspapers.
In order to punished the accused, a court of law imposes
a harsh, severe, lenient, or light punishment on him.
* den anklagede
* optræden i
* være på
* forside
* straffe
* hård
* forsidenyhed
* avis
* ~ idømme ( ng. )
* streng
* mild
* =
* straf
`li~niênt
Passing sentence, imposing a sentence on him,
the Court may sentence him to prison / jail.
* afsige dom / straf
* idømme ng. en straf
* dømme ng. til ngt.
Will he receive a stiff, heavy, severe and long sentence ? * få
‘ We hope not, ‘ his fellow townsfolk reply.
* hård / streng = = * lang
* dom / straf
modtage
( afsagt af en domstol )
* håbe det ikke
Will he be given a light, lenient, or short sentence ?
* få /
‘ I hope so,’ his mother continues,’ I certainly hope so.’
* mild
* =
modtage >
* håbe det
118 When the Court has reached a judicial decision,
* nå til en juridisk / retslig afgørelse
the presiding judge pronounces the decree,
* retspresident
* kort …
* … bestemt
* domsafgørelse
pri`zaiding
and the sentence in `consequense.
* som følge deraf
den deraf følgende
The accomplice is convicted on charges of fraud.
* dømt på anklage(-r ) om
Convicted of fraud, the fraudster (E) is, however,
* domfælde
* bedrager
finde skyldig i
given a lenient sentence as he is considered a helpless
*
victim of fraudulent hypnosis.
* bedragerisk
( Sitting in prison is no joke. )
* sidde i fængsel
After the passing of the sentence, the convict
* domsafsigelse
* den dømte
10 breathes / heaves a sigh of relief but somehow
* ånde lettet op
* på en måde
he feels a fraud accepting people’s sympathy.
drage et lettelsens suk
* føle sig som bedrager
* medfølelse
Will the convicted accomplice lose his self-respect ?
* dømte
* selvrespekt
‘ I should hope not,’ the stranger answers.
* det vil jeg da ikke håbe
‘ Will he get () `back / regain his self respect ? ‘
* få ngt. tilbage / genvinde ngt.
Expressing the hope that he will, the stanger goes on,
* udtrykke det håb at
‘ So I should hope – I should hope so.’
* det vil jeg da håbe
The accomplice tells him about his hopes of reconciliation: * håb om
his hopes for a reconciliation with the deceived townsfolk.
The accomplice can’t help thinking about the past.
* forsoning
* forhåbninger til
* lade være med
undgå
20 He can’t help wondering; he can’t help but wonder.
The stranger is the accomplice’s last hope;
he’s the last hope for him.
* =
* være ngs. sidste håb
* … for
* … på …
Being a beacon of hope the stranger is a symbol of hope. * sømærke, fyr ( lysende håb )
There is just one small ray of hope.
forbillede
* stråle ( glimt af håb )
An apparently crazy idea is a glimmer of hope.
* glimt …
Ignoring all warnings and just hoping for the `best,
* ignorere
lysskær
the accomplice begins writing in the hope of regaining
overhøre / -se
* i håbet om at
self-respect.
*
It doesn’t really help matters lacking self-respect.
30 The stranger volunteers his services as an assistant.
* gavne sagen
* tilbyde sig ( sine tjenester ) som ngt.
Without pretension, he volunteers for assistance.
* selvforherligelse
He volunteers to assists the accomplice in writing a book.
* hjælpe ng. til
The stranger offers to help him with the writing
* hjælpe ng. med
so he assists him with the writing.
* håbe på det bedste
* tilbyde sig til ngt.
* bistå
Even if he has no pretensions to fame / be (<ing ) famous, * prætentioner / overdrevne forestillinger om at the accomplicestarts writing with the help of the stranger
* med ngs. hjælp
and keeps on with the assistance of him.
* … bistand
119 The stranger is a tremendous help to the accomplice.
* enorm
His advice is a big help - a great help to the accomplice.
kolossal
* stor hjælp
Writing a book gives hope to the accomplice.
* give ng. håb
‘ I’ll never manage it, ‘ he says hopelessly to begin with.
* opgivende
* =
* … for
* til at begynde med
i begyndelsen
* største håb
Offering hope to him, writing becomes his greatest hope. * give ng. håb
A book has become his greatest hope for happiness.
* … om ngt.
Although it doesn’t pretend to be a great work of literature,
* foregive / give sig ud for at -
it’s his only hope; his only hope of rendering the true story.
It helps being able to write about it - it helps a lot.
10 It helps a lot to relive everything.
* eneste håb
* … om at -
* gengive ngt.
* det hjælper / gavner at
* … meget at
* genopleve
He couldn’t help the way he felt about her.
* ikke kunne gøre noget ved ngt.
Her charm had a predictable effect on him.
* forudsigeligt
It helps his concentration if he listens to music.
* det hjælper på ngt.
Once in a while a pill can help.
* hjælpe
It helps (to) reduce the pain and helps him (to) relax.
* hjælpe med /
Eight hours of deep sleep helps enormously.
bidrage til at
* ( dyb ) søvn
* koncentration
gavne
* hjælpe ng. til at
* hjælpe
* enormt
gavne
A lot of townspeople have been incredibly stupid, too,
and the awakening has been incredibly painful.
At first most of them won’t admit more than they can help.
* utrolig
* opvågen
* =
* være nødt til
end strengt nødvendigt
20 Realizing they have been unbelievably stupid,
* =
the rude awakening is unbelievably painful.
* brat opvågen
They realize the glory of her promises stretched credulity
not only to the limit, but beyond the limit.
* strække
* troværdighed
* over …
* til grænsen
Straining the credulity she really exploited their credulity. * =
The credulous townsfolk has been far too easy to deceive. * lettroende
The deceived dwellers stare at their surroundings
with unbelieving eyes.
The townspeople can’t believe their ears neither can they
* bedrage
* bedragen
* omgivelser
* … vantro …
* tro sine egne ører
believe their eyes when they realize what deceptive
* … øjne
30 and deceitful person they have been exposed to, as well
* bedragerisk
as the deception and deceitfulness they have succumbed to * bedrag / -eri
when she deceitfully presented her creed to the townsfolk.
* på bedragerisk vis * presentere / fore- * holdnings- /
/ fremlægge ngt.
The whole town ended up in a web of deceit, as the en>
chantress prevailed (up)on them to believe in her promises.
Her deceit caused delusion(s) and illusion(s).
When you have been cheated like that, it can easily
shake / shatter your belief in yourself.
trosgrundlag
* spind af bedrag
* overtale ng. til at * bedrag * ( selv-) bedrag
* illusion, selvbedrag
vildfarelse, vrangforestilling falsk forestilling
* narre ng.
* ryste troen på ( en selv )
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
120 Some townspeople consider disclaiming responsibility
* fralægge sig ansvaret
but then reason / common sense prevails.
* sund fornuft
* sejre
They see the error of their ways.
* indse sine fejltrin
’ Believing is seeing’ ; you believe it when you see it.
* man vil se det, før man tror det
Believe me - believe you me ! the townspeople have
* tro mig
been taught a lesson and hopefully learnt their lesson.
* =
* lære ng. lektien
* lære lektien
Many people feel as if they had signed away their life.
* fraskrive sig
First of all, she dashed / shattered their hopes.
* slynge ( og knuse ) ( knuse ngs. håb / forhåbning )
They stare unbelievingly at the sad remains (pl.) of their
* vantro
fare, styrte
10 belongings and gaze at the sad remnants (pl.) of their
* ejendele
property, unbelieving.
* vantro
As the enchantress is over the hills and far away,
justice will probably never prevail.
The stranger is credited with the success.
* sørgelige rester
* stirre tomt
* efterladenskab
*
* ske fyldest
* være tilkendt æren for ( norm. pass.)
All the credit must go to the stranger.
* æren må tilfalde
All the success is credited to the stranger.
* være tilkendt ng.
The stranger gets all the credit.
* få … anerkendelse
His deed gets all the credit it deserves.
* dåd
The town wants to do the stranger an honour.
gerning
* vise ng. ære
* =
20 So it does him the signal and rare honour of making him * … den … at
honorary citizen.
* beskedenhed
The stranger can take the credit for the success
* tage æren for
To the stranger’s credit, he never holds the townspeople
up to redicule; he never redicules them.
* bemærkelsesværdig
* æresborger
Modesty does the stranger credit and great honour.
with a clear conscience.
* fortjene
* tjene ng. til … ære
* =
* med god samvittighed
* det tjener ngs. til ære at
* holde ng. >
* for nar
* latterliggøre
People wonder about his political and religious creed.
* trosgrundlag
’ Don’t hesitate to contact me if you have any queries -
* tøve med at
don’t be hesitant about contacting me if you have anything
* =
30 to query,’ the stranger insists.
* stille … ved
* forespørgsel
spørgsmål
* insistere
holde fast på
betvivle
’ How do we know in whom and what to have confidence ? ’ *
a sceptic queries, as he’s being given credit for having
* ( fore-) spørge
at least tried to oppose the imposter.
*
To the credit side the cheat has taught people a lesson.
* på plussiden
Their inner strength will enable them to prevail over
* vinde over / overvinde ngt.
life's obstacles.
The prevailing / current attitude and mood is optimistic.
121 Obviously, it takes energy and cunning to survive
* give ng. æren for at -
* genvordigheder
* fremherskende
* stemning
* selvsagt * det kræver
* snedighed
* klare sig
der er brug udspekulerethed igennem
the consequences of the deceit and the results of the cheat. * konsekvens
* bedrag
* resultat
* bedrag
følge
følge
Solidarity is obviously important.
* indlysende
They are obviously going to need a lot of co-operation.
* helt klart
Cooperation obviously helps progress.
* hjælpe
* samarbejde
Every little helps.
* =
* fremadskridt
fremme
at komme videre
* hjælpsomhed * hjælpe med ( til ) at
* fortryllelse
tjenstvillighed
periode
* lidt har også ret
It seems an incredible and unbelievable amount of work
* utrolig
* =
10 restoring the welfare of the town; it seems an incredibly
* velfærd
* =
and unbelievably large amount.
* =
Helpfulness helps (to) break the unhappy spell.
’ Incredably, she’d ruined the town in a fortnight’s time -
* på 14 dage / to uger
unbelievably, it had been ruined during the past fortnight,’
* utroligt
people have said as the scales fell from their eyes.
* der faldt som skæl fra ng’s øjne
Immediately afterwards, the gloomy situation shows
* lige efter
no sign of improvement; on the contrary, there are
* vise inget tegn på
signs that the situation is worsening.
* tegn på at
The town needs an initiative for the economic process;
* iniativ
plan
it needs an initiative to set it on its feet again.
* … til at
* to uger
14 dage
* dyster
* tværtimod
* blive værre
20 The stranger uses his initiative.
Seizing the initiative in the decision-making process,
he takes the initiative in restoring the economy.
Acting on his own initiative, he initiates activities
that will assist the economic process and restore hope.
Soon there are signs that the situation is improving;
the situation shows signs that things are looking up.
* bruge sin foretagsomhed
* tage iniativet i ngt.
* tage iniativ til at
* genoprette
* handle på eget iniativ
* igangsætte
* fremme
* genoprette
hjælpe på
* tegn på at
* blive bedre
* =
* =
Some economic forecasters predict improvement.
* … profet / spåmand
The mental and economic restoration is showing
* genopretning
definite signs of life.
/ -etablering
* afgørende
30 Some economic reports forecast improvement.
* rapport
The latest economic figures are a glimmer / ray of hope.
* vise
* tegn på at være kommet i gang
* forudse / spå ngt.
* tal
* glimt / antydning af
The forecast is a hopeful sign that gives hope to the town. * lovende tegn
* give håb til
The fact that the figures show some signs of improvement * forbedring
offers hope to the town and holds out hope for the future.
* give håb til
* … for
As the stranger never loses the initiative in the struggle,
* tabe / miste
* & handlekraft
people's hopes revive, and the town begins to hope again.
* forhåbninger
* få nyt live
* begynde at håbe
Little by little the figures show every sign of improvement. * lidt efter lidt
After a while the situation shows all signs of success.
122 The improvement that is hoped for eventually comes.
Eventually a reliable economic forecast gives the town
a true sense of hopefulness.
* vise alle tegn på
efterhånden
* vise alle tegn på
* håbe på
* troværdig
* sand følelse af >
* forudsigelse
prognose
* forventningsfuldhed
The hoped-for improvement finally appears.
* som man håber / -ede på
It is predicted that the improvement will continue.
* det forudses at -
The improvement is predicted to (pass.) continue.
* ngt. forudses at -
Their new policy has brought the hoped-for improvement.
* politik
As they have every reason to hope for recovery,
* have al mulig grund til at håbe på
the townspeople have a reasonable hope of recovering.
* fornuftig, rimelig
10 Having every hope that the economy will improve,
* have det bedste håb om
they have every hope of recovery.
* =
* man håbede på
* bedring
opsving
* komme sig
( have et begrundet håb om at )
Conceiving a hope, even the hard-core pessimists
begin to hope.
Even the pessimists are hopeful about the outcome,
* fatte, forstå ( fatte håb )
* hårde kerne af
forestille sig
* begynde at …
* forhåbningsfuld /
fuld af håb med hensyn til
and hopeful about the future.
* =
They, too, have a feeling of hopefulness.
* … en følelse af forhåbningsfuldhed
The future seems quite hopeful.
* lovende
Everybody is now hopeful of (E) returning to normal (U).
* <<
Faith, Hope and Charity again have significance for
* tro, håb og ( næste-) kærlighed
/ optimisme
* til det normale
* betydning for
20 the townspeople’s behaviour.
Charity begins at `home.
*
* velgørenhed / næstekærlighed
the stranger helps (the town) in organizing charitable work
fej for egen dør, før du fejer for andres
* velgørende arbejde
velgørenhedsarbejde
* hjælpe ( ng. ) /
være ( ng. ) behjælpelig med at
* =
and in establishing charity organizations.
* etablere
such as charitable institutions, foundations and trusts.
oprette
* velgørende
There’s a great need for charity and charitable work.
Assisting (the town) in organizing charity,
* =
* velgørende
* organisation
velgørenheds* institution
* stiftelse
* fond
His good and charitable deeds speek for themselves.
*
Having helped (the town) (to) establish charities,
* hjælpe (ng. ) med at
the stranger needs people to assist and help.
* assistere
30 Volunteers assist and help the charities.
* … ng.
Assisting (the charities) in their charitable work,
volunteers assist (them) with the organization of the work.
Helping (them) with their charity arrangements,
they make arrangements for charity events.
* hjælpe
* hjælpe ( ng. ) med ngt.
* =
* =
* velgørenhedsarrangement
* gøre / lave forberedelser til
* =
Charitable groups organize and arrange charity concerts, * velgørende * organisere * arrangere * velgørenheds-
raise money for charity / charities / charitable purposes.
* …selskab
/ fest
* rejse ( penge ) til >
123 The tireless and untiring volunteers work with
* utrættelig
unflagging energy, indefatigable in their tireless
* =
charity parties, charity performances etc. in order to
koncert
* … forestilling
* velgørende formål
* =
* =
and untiring efforts to do a good and charitable deed a day. * =
With the aim of helping victims of the fraud.
volunteers collect money for charities.
Collecting money for charitable purposes,
they hope to get a lot of money for charity.
When people donate / give money to charity / charities /
* velgørenhedsgerning
*
* samle penge ind for …
* velgørende formål
* få … til …
* donere / skænke / give ngt. til
charitable purposes, they expect as much as possible of it
*
to go to charity / charities / charitable purposes.
* gå til
10 The charity shops (E) have charitable status (E).
* genbrugsbutik
It is hoped that over £ 2000 will be raised.
* man håber
Together with charitable donations and charitable gifts
* velgørende
the result exceeds (their) expectations.
* =
* overgå ( ngs. ) forventninger
Exceeding £ 3000 it exceeds their wildest hopes.
* kommeop på mere end
The aim of charity is to help people in dire need,
* mål
* … vildeste forhåbninger
* hjælpe ng. til
* hjælpe sig selv
so the charities donate money to families in distress
* donere / skænke ngt. til ng.
and offer financial assistance to people on low income.
* tilbyde * ( økonomisk ) bistand til * med … indkomst
yde
Organizing self-help, one charity aims to
help people (to) help themselves.
* selvhjælp * velgørenhedsorganisation * sigte mod
* ~ yde hjælp til selvhjælp
20 The organization arranges courses to assist adults to
`adûlts / ê`return to the labour market.
* hjælpe ng. til at -
* voksen
* arbejdsmarked
The charity helps them so that they can help themselves.
* hjælpe ng. til at -
Self-help groups help people help themselves
* selvhjælps-
in solving their problems, finding a job etc.
* hjælpe ng. til at hjælpe sig selv
* hjælpe ng. med at -
* løse >
God helps them that help themselves.
* hjælp dig selv, så hjælper Gud dig
The groups offer practical assistance;
* tilbyde bistand
practical assistance with all kinds of problems.
* problem
* bistand med ngt.
* … med at
The groups provide advice and assistance in finding a job
Much organization must be made by prior arrangement (U). * forudgående
30 Yet, many families have to temporarily live on charity.
* midlertidig
* & aftale
* leve af velgørenhed
`temp(ê)rêrili
Although their pride won’t allow them to accept charity
* acceptere / godtage / modtage …
* midlertidig
many families have to provisionally live off charity.
Availing themselve of any opportunity to get work,
* benytte sig af / udnytte
these people, living in reduced `circumstances,
* under trange kår
ask for work, not charity.
* godgørenhed
Most people do good deeds out of charity.
124 It helps being able to talk about a problem.
* det hjælper / gavner / nytter
* =
This should help (to) reduce the problems,
* hjælpe med at
It would be helpful for people to see the damages
for themselves.
Obviously, the enchantress had been helping herself to
* mulighed for /
lejllighed til at -
* af næstekærlighed
It helps talking about it; it helps matters talking about it
and help reduce the pain.
* leve af …
* formindske
* =
* nyttigt for
* se / opleve ngt. >
* med egne øjne
* bemægtige /
tilrane sig
a lot of money.
People who are up to no good ought to be given /
10 have a taste / dose of their own `medicine.
Most of the townspeople manage to exorcize the unhappy
memories from their minds.
*
* have ondt i sinde
* ~ stege i dit eget fedt
* bortmane
*
A charity offers free meals.
*
Everybody can have a generous helping.
* stor portion
If you get a small helping, a charity worker
* lille …
helps you to a second helping.
* servere ngt. for ng.
’ Can I help you to some salat ? ’ he may ask and add,
* =
’ If you want something to drink, just help yourself. ’
* tage selv
Social gathering may be the best `medicin.
* socialt samvær
20 Although social gathering often does good,
* gøre godt
medicine may be unavoidable to do a patient good.
* gøre ng. godt
hjælpe
hjælpe
* velgørenhedsarbejder
As medicine may be the only effective method or remedy * & det eneste der hjælper
so a patient must remember to take his medicin.
Some people are / feel all the better for a medicine
while some people are / feel none the better for it.
* tage sin …
* få det bedre af
* ikke …
A treatment may be of (little / not much) use or (of) no use * til ringe / ikke megen hjælp
( to a patient ); sometimes it’s all in vain.
* til ingen nytte
* & ikke hjælpe noget
It makes no difference – It is all to / of no avail.
* ikke gøre nogen forskel
Going for a stroll the stranger realizes the roads are all
* gå en slentre-
* til ingen nytte
/ spadseretur
30 well signposted (E); no one will be hopelesly lost.
Enjoying a slow relaxed solitary walk, he strolls along
* afmærke med skilte
* enlig
enjoying the shop signs, pub signs and inn signs
* forretningsskilt
made by skilled sign painters and sign writers.
* skiltemaler
Like a few other strollers he drops into the pub
to have a beer at the sign of the Red Lion.
* håbløst faret vild
* slentre
spadsere
* kroskilt
* dumpe ind på
* på … kroen
* løve
The image of the lion signifies power and strength.
* betyde
On a map, he reads the list of (conventional) signs
* signaturforklaring ( hævdvunden )
være tegn på
and the list of signs and abbreviations
* tegn og forkortelser
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
125 A book of the humiliating deceit appears the year after. * ydmygende
* blive offentliggjort
* året efter
It’s a cautionary tale about lack of healthy scepticism.
/ udsendt
* advarene
Much of the material hasn’t appeared on print before.
* … trykt / offentliggjort
The accomplice’s name appears at the front of the book,
* ses et sted på
* forsiden
være synlig
* sjældent billede
* være på
and a rare picture of the enchantress appears on the front.
In his conclusion, the author sounds a cautionary note;
never neglect a word or note of caution.
Showing considerable talent, the gifted accomplice
has signposted for the reader the points of the story.
10 A talented writer knows the importance of signposting.
The chapter headings are humorous signposts to
the `content of the chapters.
As the story never follows a highly predictable pattern
* advarende
vejledende
* ord * notits ( til )
* advarsels
vejledning
* begavet
meget talentfuld
* gøre ng . tydeligt opmærksom på ngt.
* læser
markere ngt. for ng.
* talentfuld
* vigtigheden
* tydeliggørelse
markering
* kapitel * overskrift * humoristisk
* fingerpeg
vink, markør
* indhold
udtrykke
* negligere /
tilsidesætte ngt.
* betragtelig
* højst forudsigelig
* helt og aldeles …
the book is predicted to be an exciting (best-) seller.
* forudsagt
Self-irony in usage is the accomplice’s signature.
spået
* i sprogbrug
The accomplice’s computer has a spell check.
* stavekontrol
So the spellchecker `spell checks the text,
* =
underlining the misspellings.
* stavefejl
20 The accomplice is a bad speller, hopeless at spelling.
* staver
In school in a list of difficult spellings, he always made
* sund skepsis
* lade lyde
and the ending is not at all entirely predictable
As he is a hopeless (eE) speller, his spelling is terrible.
* fortælling om
* håbløs
* stavemåde
* sællert
( bestseller )
* kendemærke
* stavekontrollere
* håbløs til
* stavning
* forfærdelig
* >
a lot of spelling mistakes; he was hopelessly confused.
* lave … stavefejl
So he never learned how to spell.
* lære at stave
Some schools are hopeless (E).
* hådløst elendige
The difference between English and American spelling
* stavning
may cause you trouble.
* håbløst
* forvirre
* volde en besvær
In school, each class was worth a number of credits.
* præstationspoint
The computer has a spreadsheet.
* regneark
30 When he does a sum in addition, and add a and b,
* udregne en sum ved sammenlægning
he uses a plus sign or plus mark.
regne et plusstykke
* plus, -tegn
You have to be familiar with the mathematical signs.
* matematisk tegn
When he does a subtraction, and subtracts a from b,
* subtrahere
* sammenlægge
fratrække
he uses a minus sign, a subtraction sign,
* minustegn
or subtraction mark.
* =
When he does a sum in multiplication,
and a is multiplied by b, he uses a multiplication sign.
Numbers may have opposite signs, and change signs.
* =
* gangestykke
* gange med
* modsatte
* fortegn
126 A programme / (A) program on radio or TV may have
* i…
a signature tune.
* kendingsmelodi
When a broadcasts is signed off, an announcer may end * udsendelse ( i radio / TV ) * speaker
by saying goodbye, or he may end it by a piece of music.
* farvel
* ( af-) slutte ngt.
Playing music, some musicians play it without the music. * spille …
Playing a tune or melody, a musician who reads music
is familiar with notes, key and time signatures.
A writer or composer may write under pseudonym;
* musiker
* melodi
* være fortrolig med
* skifte fortegn
* ( af-) slutte
* stykke musik
* uden noder
* læse noder
* nøgle-
* komponist
* taktfortegn
* =
[ su~dênim ]
write above or write under the signature of another name.
* skrive under
10 Once in a while the accomplice watches TV / television.
* se TV / fjernsyn
* signatur
underskrift
There are many programs (A/E) <mes to see / watch on TV.* se / & følge
He watches football on (the) television / the telly (E),
or listens to a transmission on the radio.
The radio transmitter sends (out) high or low frequent
radio signals which are detected by the radio receiver.
The television transmitter transmits a TV signal which is
* i / på TV
* se ngt. i fjernsynet / fjerneren
* lytte til ngt.
* transmission
* sender
* signal
* i radioen
* (ud-) sende
* opfange
* … modtager
* transmittere
udsende
picked () `up by the TV receiver / television set / telly.
* opfange
Today a satellite receives the signals which are then
modtage
* modtage
* modtager
emitted back to the antennae (/ <nas) or areals (E).
* ( ud- ) sende ngt.
20 A Premier Legue (E) club have signed a new goalie
* skrive kontrakt med ng.
( goalkeeper ) on a three years contract.
* =
A young player will make his first appearance for the
first team also called the first eleven next Saturday.
* spiller
* første hold
* fjernsyns- /
tv-apparat
* antenne
* målmand
* kontrakt
* optræden
* lørdag
He recently signed with a premier legue club.
* skrive / indgå kontrakt med
He signed for the club this winter.
* =
The club has completed the signing of new players
* kontraktskrivning
at the present time.
* på nuværende tidspunkt
for nærværende
The referee’s whistle signals a foul.
* signalere
He signals a penalty kick when he whistles.
give tegn til
* =
Apparently it was a penalty, but the replay shows it’s
* =
30 obviously a free kick.
Sometimes when the leading team is hard pressed,
their supporters can’t wait for the whistle to signal the end.
* uregelmenterethed
* straffe (-spark )
* fløjte
* genvisning
* frispark
* presse
* signalere
være tegn til
Having made a successful début in / on (E/A) the team,
the player signs his autograph for a group of fans.
* have … debut
* skrive
Some fans get a signed photo of the new signing (E).
* signeret
The player making his debut, signs himself ‘ Jimmy ’.
* debuterende
* på holdet
* autograf
* svoren tilhænger
* kontraktunderskriver
* underskrive sig
127 People involved in the incredible and unbelievable affair * utrolig
regularly appear in programmes on TV and on the radio.
* =
* dukke op, vise sig
*i…
* i / på TV
* i radioen
( ses / høres )
They are happy that the prevailing economic conditions
in the town are restored.
Some programmes have subtitles for deaf viewers
or viewers who are hearing-impaired / hard of hearing.
Hearing disability and deafness are prevalent
among older people / in older age groups.
The prevalence of hearing disability especially
*
*
* døve
* hørehæmmet ( præd. )
* hørenedsættelse
* udbredelse
* skabe >
generates a demand for subtitled programmes.
* … et behov for ngt.
or dubbed into English.
The deaf and the hearing-impaired who understand
sign language have the benefit of the use of signing on TV.
The signers communicate important information to
the deaf and the hard of hearing.
* tekstet
* undertekste ngt.
* eftersynkronisere ngt. til ngt.
* de døve
* tegnsprog
* de hørehæmmede
* fordel
* brugen af
* tegnsprog
* tegnsprogsudøvere
* de hørehæmmede
They sign an increasing number of programmes.
* voksende
Parent learn to sign to communicate with a deaf child.
* bruge tegnsprog
20 A film based on the story appears later on.
* udbredt
* blandt ng. / i ngt.
10 among older people / in older age groups creates /
Films in a foreign language are either subtitled
* døvhed
* forsyne med tegnsprog
* kommunikere med
* komme
A famous actress signed to act in the movie.
* skrive kontrakt om at -
She appears as the enchantress in the film.
* optræde
She has appeared in over ten movies.
* være med i
She spent a brief spell on the stage.
* periode
( ses / høres )
* ved teatret
The film is directed by a young director assisted by
* assisteret /
bistået af
the accomplice.
*
There’s an air of festivity in the theatre at the premiere.
* stemning af ngt.
The stranger’s name appear in the credit of the film.
* dukke op
The credits are shown before or after a film.
* ophavsomtale
* festlighed
vise sig
navneopremsning
30 Some films have a pretty obvious ending.
* indlysende
forudsigelig
A couple of music companies hope to sign the composer
of the film music.
* skrive / indgå kontrakt med
*
The musician and composer of the film music signs with
a quality company.
* <<
* kvalitetsseriøst
A NOBLE FAMILY IS LOOKING TO MOVE ( E& HOUSE ) * adelig
* være i gang med at -
128 Going on an outing, looking (a)`round the area,
* tage på udflugt
a lord and his lady are looking for a new home.
* adelsmand
Looking (a)round, they look (a)round for a manor.
( They look a`bout (eE) the area / for a new home. )
‘ Look, there it is ! ‘ the husband suddenly says,
* se sig om >
* flytte
* se sig omkring ( i et område )
* -frue
* lede efter ngt.
* se sig omkring efter ngt.
* gods
til alle sider
* =
* se, kig
brug øjnene
’ That looks like the way in – it looks to me
like the entrance to the manor – if you look carefully
you can just see the manor ( house ) from here.’
Surrounded by a bleak landscape,
the mansion has a gloomy and `sinister look.
10 As they meet with the proprietor of the manor,
* se ud til / som
* vejen ind
* se ud for /
/ synes at være ngt.
forekomme ng. >
* som /
* indgang til ngt.
* gods
at være ngt.
/ -bygning
* kigge
* se ngt.
* godsbygning
* omgive ngt. * dyster, trist * landskab
* palæ
trøstesløs
fornem bolig
* dyster, ildevarslende
* udseende
uhyggelig, uheldssvangrer
* ejer af ( virksomhed / ejendom )
/ -kranse
* skummel
prê`praiêtê
the wife takes a ( quick ) look at the owner.
Having just casts / thrown / had a ( brief ) look at him,
she feels there is something gloomy about him,
and something sinister about his manner(s).
Looking gloomy, the lord of the manor,
has a stern and gloomy look on his face / in his eyes,
and a look of bitterness on his face / in his eyes.
The visiting lady doesn’t like the proprietor’s manner.
He has a stiff manner and akward manners
20 He looks as if / as though he hates / hated company.
* kaste et ( hurtigt ) blik på ng.
* ejer
* =
* trist
* der er noget
* dysters / trist /
håbløst over ng.
* skummel / iIdevarslende /
* væremåde, væsen
uheldssvangert over ngt.
( pl: manerer, opførsel )
* godsejer
* se ( skummel ) ud
herremand
* have et > * streng * skummel
* udtryk i ansigtet
barsk
/ øjnene
* udtryk / mine >
* bitterhed
* i ansigtet
/ øjnene
* væremåde
* stiv
* væremåde, væsen
væsen
uvenlig
* kejtet
* manerer
opførsel
* se ud som om
* hade ngt.
* selskab
Looking like he hates / hated { having / to have company, * =
his ackward and stiff manner(s) and his black cloak
give him a look of the devil.
* hviske
* kejtet
* have selskablighed ( i hjemmet )
* stiv
* væremåde
tvungen
uvenlig
manerer
* få ng. til at se ud som ngt.
* djævel
* frakke
He’s a Dracula `lookalike - a handsome man
* dobbeltgænger
* nydelig
køn
in his own gloomy, sinister sort of way.
* på sin egen > * trist * ildevarslende * slags * måde
facon
Having drawn her husnband aside to get out of earshot of * komme ud af ng’s hørevidde
the owner, the wife whispers, ’ I don’t like the look of it –
* hviske
I neither like the ( gloomy / sinister ) look of the proprietor
* ngs.
nor the ( gloomy / sinister ) look of the mansion.’
* ngts. …
* udseende
blik
* fremtoning
30 The husband looks for an excuse to get away.
* lede efter
* undskyldning for at -
* & der er noget ved det ng. ikke kan lide
( dyster, trist / skummel, )
håbløs
ildevarslende
A door in a bleakly lit corridor looks ( like ) a way out.
* trist * oplyst * korridor * se ud til at være
As the door looks to him ( like ) the way out,
* & forekomme ng. at være
he says good-bye to the devilish-looking proprietor.
‘ Look, I’m sorry but people won’t lend me money
on my looks, ‘ the husband says bleakly, looking innocent.
* sige farvel til
* djævelsk
* på éns glatte ansigt * trist
* se uskyldig ud
( med en uskyldig mine )
129 ‘ It looks as if / as though we can’t afford the place -
* se ud til / som om ng&t. + sætn.
( eA: It looks like we can’t afford it ) the husband says,
* =
’ It looks to me as if / as though we can’t afford to buy it. ’
* forekomme én
* have råd til ngt.
* & passe på
with a look as if to say they were sorry to be in a hurry –
* med et udtryk som om at -
as if they were – and as though to express that they can’t
* som om -
afford the house – as though they couldn’t.
* =
As they will not even look at the owner’s proposals,
* -udseende
* ( ud- ) låne
( udseende )
’ Look at the time ! We’re going to be late,’ he goes on
* vej ud
udgang
* have travlt
* som om at -
* se på / tage ngt. i betragtning
he gives / shoots them a black look / an angry glance.
* sende ng. et vredt blik
10 His sinister manner shows his disapproval.
* skummel
they look ( back ) at him in / with surprise // in amazement.
* se på ng.
* forslag
* måde at være på
* vise
opførsel, optræden
Looking `daggers at them, he really looks
* se på ng. med knive i øjnene
* udstråle /
give indtryk af ngt.
his dissatisfaction ( at / with them and the whole situation ). * utilfredshed ( over ng&t. )
‘dis’satis`fak$n
( & se utilfreds ud )
While the proprietor `looks (up)on them with anger,
* betragte ng. med ( vrede skabt af dem )
Looking them in the faces, he gives / shoots them
* give / sende ng.
a long hard severe angry piercing and penetrating dirty look * gennemborende
( stare / gaze / glare).
While he stares / gazes wildly and fiercely at them
they glares at him with / in contempt.
i / med forbløffelse // i …
* langt blik
* gennemtrængende
* =
* blik
* … vredt …
* stirre på ng
* glo vredt på ng.
* vise sin …
… lyse ud af ansigtet
the proprietor yet more looks ( like ) a devil.
* se ud som ( med efterfølgende navneord )
ligne
He looks as if he was / were (a bomb) ( about to explode). * se ud som om ngt.
* eksplodere
( med efterfølgende sætn. & evt. kon. )
He looks as though his temper was / were explosive.
* =
* temperament
* sprængfarlig
20 As he looks his despair and looks angry,
* se … ud
* med / af foragt
He looks to them as if / as though he is going to explode.
* =
As he looks ( to them ) like (eA) he is going to explode,
* =
the wife does not so much as look at him any more
* ikke så meget som
The husband makes no attempt avoid the owner’s stare /
gaze / glare.
On their way out, they look but see nothing.
* stirrende blik
* & stirren
* vredt stirrende blik
* kigge men ikke lægge mærke til noget
30 Having left the sinister atmosphere behind them,
* lægge ngt. bag sig
they begin to look like themselves again.
* ligne sig selv igen
‘ The devil looks after his own, ‘ the father says,
‘ It looked (like) a fine day, now it looks ( to me ) like rain.’
* dyster
* atmosfære
stemning
* fanden hytter sine
* så ud til at skulle blive ngt. * fin dag * se ud til regn
’ It looks as if / as though ( / like ) it’s going to rain.
* se ud til at -
It seems like rain by the look of it ’
* se ud til ngt.
It seems as if / as though ( / like ) it’s going to rain.
* … at -
The family drives an estate car (E/A) a station wagon.
* stationcar
* som det ser ud
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
130 The next morning the wife says,‘ Look whether
* se om -
the postman E/A mailman has come yet. ‘
* se / kigge efter om -
‘ I’ll look and see, ‘ he answers.
* se efter
As they open and read their post E/A mail,
they realize that one of the letters is about a house for sale.
They call the seller who says, ‘ Come and have a look. ‘
* postbud
* åbne >
* læse
* post
*
* sælger
* kom og kig
The `outlook for the next day is fine as the weather report * udsigt
* vejrudsigt
says, ‘ In further outlook, little general change for a few days.’ * videre udsigt
So in order to take / get / have a look ( at the manor ),
10 they set out to look (a)`round / about the manor.
* tage få have et kig ( på ngt. )
* se sig omkring i ( en bygning ) / på ( et sted )
The lady of the house looks like a lady.
* husets frue
The lady of the manor looks to them like a lady.
* godsejerfrue
* forekomme én at være
She looks a real lady - she looks to them a real lady.
* se ud som
* forekomme én at være
The elderly lady looks happy, and seems mild-mannered. * ældre
* se ud som
* en rigtig dame
* se ( lykkelig ) ud
* mild i sin opførsel
/ af væsen
* på en udsøgt kvindelig måde
Having manner, she behaves in a lady-like manner.
* have stil
The lady has manners – she has noble manners.
* ( ordentlige ) manerer
Taking a look at the good-`looking lady, they notice
ordentlig optræden, -førsel
* kaste et blik på ngt.
* fin, fornem
* =
adelig
* ~køn
* bemærke >
( that she has ) a look of pleasure on her noble face
* ( at ng. har ) * udtryk af ngt. * i sit nydelige ansigt
( and has ) a mild but proud and firm look in her eyes.
* ( har )
* stolt
They enjoy being in her company / in company with her. * nyde at 20 Most people who are nearly 70 look it.
* fast
* være i ngs. selskab / i … med ng.
* se ud til det
She doesn’t look it, though; she doesn’t look her age.
* =
She looks like an elderly woman but doesn’t look 70.
* se ud som
To look at her, you’d never think she was nearly 70.
* & af udseende
She looks good; she looks well and fit.
* se godt ud
Although she is beginning to lose her looks in later life,
* miste sit gode udseende
she is proud of her looks, and looks her thanks.
* udtryk ( i øjnene )
* udseende
* se ud som / ligne én i den alder
* ældre
* =
* … sund og rask ud
* i form
* på det seneste i livet
* se taknemmelig ud
Suddenly the lady of the manor looks pensive,
having a thoughtful look / expresss in her eyes.
* se tænksom ud ( pga. ngt. trist / bekymrende )
* tænksomt blik / udtryk i øjnene
Having a pensive look / expression on her face, she says, * … udtryl i ansigtet
30 ’ When I look `back – look back to my youth –
* se tilbage
I can look back on a youth of dramatic social change.’
* se tilbage på ngt.
131 ‘ When I was young and looked for a job,
* lede / søge efter ngt.
I was a real looker - a good looker, ‘ the lady tells them.
* godt udseende person
* … til ngt.
* =
* fortælle ng.
’ Looking to find a job, I looked `out for any job.
* ~ prøve at -
Having looked around for a job, I was finally engaged as
* lede rundt omkring efter ngt. * ansætte ng. som ngt.
a nanny.
A lord and a lady engaged me to look `after their children,
until they were old enough to look `after themselves.
Bratty kids and spoiled / spoilt brats are a nuisance
* være på udkig / lede efter ngt.
* barnepige
* ansætte ng. til at-
* holde øje med /
passe ng.
* passe på / tage vare på sig selv
* uvorn
* forkælet
so I was told not to spoil / overindulge those kids of theirs.
* forkæle ng.
10 The lady was in good looks, and beautiful to look at
* have et godt udseende
but all the same the lord had noticed that I had looks, too.
* & se godt ud
* møgunge
uvorn person
To look at me you’d think I was Italian.
* af udseende
The lady of the manor died, however.
* godsejerfrue
Even if he was able to look `after his own interests,
* passe på / tage vare på ngt.
* plage
* se på
* italiener
*
dø
and able to look`out for himself, the lord needed a wife
* tage vare på ( sig selv )
to look `out for him.
* … ng.
Quite often a look passed between us.
* udveksle et blik
When he noticed a look of love in my eyes,
* forelsket udtryk
a look of surprise appeared on his good-looking face.
* udtryk af ngt.
* i éns øjne
* i éns ansigt
20 Looks can be deceptive, though.
Before he proposed I didn’t dare look for such a result.’
* blik / udseende kan
* foreslå
* håbe på, forvente
regne med
* ballade
besvær
‘ Are you looking for trouble ? ‘ my mother asked me
fri
* ude på
when she wanted to know what I looked for in life.
* & søge
‘ Look before you leap – you should look for stability, ‘
* se dig for før du springer ud i noget * søge efter ngt.
she went on, ‘ If you marry him you are looking for trouble -
* kunne forvente ngt
I have warned you so look `out for troublemakers. ‘
* passe på
I had, however, no misgiving(s) / qualms about
( accepting ) his proposal so the lord had my acceptance
være på vagt overfor ngt.
* have skrupler over ngt.
* godtagelse
* ballademager
urostifter
ja til ngt.
so anxiously looked for as he told me.
* håbe på ngt.
Looking `forward to getting / being married ( to the lord ) * se frem / glæde sig til at 30 I looked forward to my wedding / marriage.
* … til ngt.
* bryllup
Marrying a lord I could hardly have looked higher.
* sigte ( højere )
Nevertheless, I had to look a`head.
* se / tænke fremad
I had to look ahead to a new life and trouble,
* være forberedt på
* & ægteskab
være forudseende
regne med
as there was a sinister side to my first years of marriage.
* skummel
* side af ngt.
and look `after number one.
ildevarslende, uheldssvanger
* ~ se efter sin egen fordel
mele sin egen kage
* =
132 My marriage with the lord made the marriageable
* ægteskab med ng.
I was accused of looking out for number one
* giftefærdig
moden
noble ladies look such fools; each of them looked a fool.
Looking `down on common people and manual work,
these ladies, not surprisingly, used to feel superior ( to me ).
`Looking (up)on me as (a) subordinate and (an) inferior,
they looked `down on me for being just a nanny.
Whenever they had condescended to talk to me
they never wasted a opportunity to condescend to me.
As they looked (up)on me with contempt
10 they used to look at me with a condescending look.
* se dum ud
* =
være til grin
* se ned på ng.
* … ngt.
* føle sig overlegen ( overfor ng. )
* anse /
* undergiven
betragte ng. som ngt.
* se ned på ng. for at -
* mindreværdig
( … person )
* nedlade sig til at * være nedladende overfor ng.
* betragte ng. med >
* med >
* foragt
* nedladende
* blik
-`-
It was not unusual for the aristocracy to look (up)on
* ikke usædvanlight for ng. at -
* aristokratiet
græsk: de bedste
* nedladenhed
- `stå -
the commoners with undisguised condescension.
* med >
* utilsløret
- `gaizd
There was, however, nothing unusual in my manner.
as I neither looked `up to them nor felt inferior ( to them ).
* & intet usædvanligt / særligt at bemærke på én
* se up til
I never had a feeling / sense of moral inferiority.
* føle sig mindreværdig
( * overfor /
/ underlegen
i forhold til ng. )
* følelse af >
* morask
* mindreværd
So there were evil looks from these ladies as they had
* blik
expected to be looked (up)on / regarded as superior(s)
* se på / betragte som ngt.
Now they looked at me with ill-concealed envy.
* se på ng. med
If looks could kill ( , I would be dead now ).
* hvis blikke kunne dræbe ( ville ng. være døde nu )
20 My marriage with the lord made them look `silly.
When we happened to look the other way,
they condescendingly looked us up and `down.
* slet skjult
* misundelse
* gøre ng. til grin
* se den anden vej
* nedladende
* kigge / se op og ned af ng.
overbeglo
ng.
They `looked after us as we walked down the street
* se efter ng.
følge ng. med øjnene
but used to look the other way when we passed by.
‘Don’t look now, but they are staring and glaring at us,’
I would point out, pointing out their ill-advised manners.
These rough-mannered and ill-mannered ladies
* se den anden vej
& lade som om, man ikke ser noget
* stirre
* glo vredt på ngt.
* kigge
* gøre opmærksom på
* ubetænksom
* manerer
* dårligt … / uopdragen
uforskammet, ukultiveret
had bad manners as they could behave in such (a) fashion.
* have dårlige manerer
* på sådan vis
( på sådan en måde )
It’s bad manners to stare at people; it doesn’t look good.
30 It looks bad staring at people - manners, please !
* dårlig opførsel
* =
Probably jealous and envious, these rude ladies,
* jaloux
misundelig
sick with jealousy and envy, always behaved in this manner * syg af >
as if / as though they knew of no other ways.
* ikke se godt ud
/ være god tone
* opfør jer ordentligt
* misundelig
* uforskammet
uhøflig
* jalousi
* misunelse
* maner
misundelse
måde
* måde
Where were their manners ? – They had no manners.
Why didn’t they have good manners ?
* & hvordan er det,
ng. opfører sig *
* have gode manerer
What manner of people were they ?
* hvilken slags
They ought to learn / be taught some manners
* lære / få lært gode manerer
* ikke have nogen manerer
/ pli
opføre sig ordentligt
( at opføre sig ordentligt )
133 I `looked (up)on these lady’s behaviour with contempt.
I `looked (up)on their behaviour as a sign of inferiority.
* se på / betragte ngt. med
* … ngt som
infiêri`å~riti
Although most `aristocrats were arrogant in `outlook,
A: ê`ristokrats
the lord’s general outlook was compassionate.
Although he had a pitying outlook on life,
* aristokrat
* arrogant
( de bedste )
* almindelig indstilling
* medlidende
the lord simply looked `on and did nothing
* blot
while these ladies looked `down on me.
* se ned på
Still feeling / having a touch of a deep-rooted sense of
social inferiority, I asked my husband how he could look `on
10 while they looked down their `noses at me and my work
‘ You don’t need to have a feeling / sense of inferiority,’
he explained with a confident look in his eyes.’
Having explained that, in the long run, it would leave me
* foragt
* mindreværd
underlegenhed
* i éns livssyn
/ indstilling
* medlidende
* livssyn
indstilling til livet
* se på
* føle / have * snert af ngt. * rodfæstet * følelse af ngt.
* mindreværd
* se `på
( = mindreværdsfølelse )
* se ned på /
rynke på næsen af ng. / ngt.
* have en følelse af mindreværd
( mindreværdsfølelse )
* forklare
* … tillidsfuldt udtryk …
* … at -
in a better position without his intervention, he went on
* stille i en gunstigere position
’ You just keep that mild but proud and firm look in your eyes
* udtryk i øjnene
when you ask them, ‘ What’s the matter with you ? –
* hvad er der galt
aren’t you forgetting your manners ? –
* manerer
why don’t you look to your affairs and stay out of mine ?
* passe éns egne sager og blande sig udenom andres
‘ Then, if you leave it to look `after itself, the ladies shall
* indgriben
* lade det passe sig selv
/ gå sin skæve gang
20 soon come to `heel all by themselves,’ he concluded.
* ~ falde til patten ( hæl )
From then on I made sure (that) I got a good look at them, * sikre sig
as I looked for results.
* få set godt på
( sikker )
* kigge / se efter / forvente ngt.
Having seen through the envious ladies and their manners, * gennemskue ng.
I usually looked straight / right `through them.
* se lige igennem ng.
I never faced a similar challenge ( with> ) in my memory. * lignende * udfordring * så langt ngs. hukommelse >
When one of them once looked at me with condescension, * kigge på
I looked the danger in the face.
rækker ( såvidt ng. husker )
* nedladenhed
* se faren i øjnene
* se ng. i ansigtet
* fange ng’s blik
I just looked her `down by looking her straight in the eye(s). * kue med et blik
* se ng. lige i øjnene
Looking her in the face, having caught her eye,
30 ‘ You’re not looking your`self today, ‘ I said and went on,
* se veltilpas / rask ud
’ If you can’t look `out for yourself, that’s `your own `lookout,’ * sørge for
and added,’ If your husband doesn’t look out for you,
* det er éns eget ansvar
/ egen sag
* =
* =
that is his lookout so no matter how you look at it, you should * se på
betragte
look nearer home instead of looking elsewhere. ‘
Actually, she wasn’t much to look at but although
* gribe i egen barm
* lede efter ng. / ngt. andet
* faktisk
* være særlig køn
she was a woman with little pretence to beauty,
* fordring på ngt.
I was above making fun of her pretensions.
* holde sig for god til at -
134 After some time, one look in the eye(s) of these ladies,
* et blik i >
and they looked away.
* se bort / væk
* prætentioner
falske forestillinger
* øjet / øjnene på ng.
fjerne blikket
Even so, I was able to make them look small.
* få ng. til at blive den lille
When a person looked away from me,
* … fra
I just ignored their presence, and left them out of account.
* se bort fra
* =
’ Today I can look back on many years of happy marriage,’ * se tilbage på
she says before she suddenly concludes,’ Oh, I’m sorry ! –
*
I talk so much that you couldn’t get / have a look-`in.’ (E)
* komme til ( orde etc. )
‘ It’s time to look (a)`round the house so have a look,’
10 the lady says invitingly.
The first time they take a look (a)round,
* inviterende
* tage sig et kig omkring
and have a look at the house from the inside, they only
* få et kik på ngt.
have time to take / have / get a brief look at a few rooms.
* take / få et kort kik på ngt.
Having looked at the mansion from inside and outside
they look `about the gardens having a quick look.
‘ Look where you go – the lady warrns,‘
* kikke på ngt.
* kikke sig omkring i ngt.
* se sig omkring
there may be boggy / marshy / swampy ground.’
* sumpet
They see a dog going loose but it doesn’t look like biting. * gå løs
20 The noble and stately mansion was good to look at
* fornem
but the gardens were not much to look at.
* ikke se ud af meget
and the assembly of machinery was bad to look at.
they must look ( well ) (a)`round / about (them).
* se ud til at -
* bide
* ~ se ( godt ) ud
* af udseende
* maskinpark
ê`sembli
Before they decide whether to buy the manor,
* få et hurtigt kik
* se / pas på hvxx
look (well) (a)`round / about (you) ! –
To look at the garden it was bleak,
* ~ ta’ nu og kig
* kigge / se sig om, -kring
* dyster, trist
trøstesløs
* slem …
(samling af maskineri )
*
* se sig om til alle sider & se sig for, passe på
tage alt i betragtning se hvordan landet ligger
As they only had a brief / fleeting / quick glimpse of
* få kort / flygtigt / hurtigt glimt af ngt.
many things, they return he next day to take / have / get
* få >
a close(r) look at the house and a fresh look of the garden.
* kik tæt ( -ere ) på ngt.
Looking carefully / closely ( at everything ),
they look () `over the mansion once again.
* se / kikke ( grundigt / tæt på ) ( ngt.)
* kigge / se overalt i
se nøjere / del for del på
They look into every room.
* kigge / se ind i
When they look in a room, they look about / around it.
* kigge / se ( inde ) i
Looking up and down all the time
* se op / ned
They `look up at the ceiling and down at the floor,
* kigge / se op på
and step closer to get a good look at some installations
* få et godt kik på ngt.
they come `across.
* støde tilfældigt på ngt.
* … sig omkring i
* … ned …
møde ngt. tilfældigt
They say hello to everybody they come across.
* … ng.
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
135 The lady of the manor needs help with some documents
*
so they look `in the next day.
* kigge ind
komme på besøg
One afternoon they look in on the lady just for a chat.
* kigge ind /
After some consideration they look in one evening
komme på besøg hos
* efter ( nogen ) overvejelse
to tell the lady ( about ) their provisional decision.
The implications of a move / (E&) removal must be
looked at so the family `look to their lawyer for help.
They look to him to `look () through the calculations.
The lord looks papers `out (E) for the lawyer.
10 He looks out the documents the lawyer wants to `look at.
Having looked out the papers for a careful examination
* følge
* sætte sin lid til /
undersøge ngt.
stole på ng. for ngt.
* … til at * se ngt. løseligt igennem * beregning
løbe ngt. igennem
* finde ngt. frem til ng.
* papirer
dokumenter
* finde ngt. frem
* kigge på
undersøge
* … til ngt.
and look at the question from all sides.
* undersøge
They must look out for miscalculations
* flytning
* & studere /
* undersøge nærmere
and take a close look at the contracts.
* kikke ind
* foreløbig
the lord, together with the lawyer, look `into the problem,
They take a good look at the figures,
* til en sludder
* tage et grundigt kig på
*
undersøge nøje
=
* passe på at undgå
* fejlberegning
mis'kalju`lei$ên -
and arith`metic(<al) errors in `calculating the economic
* regnefejl
prospects.
*
So they take care not to miscalculate;
* fejlberegne
- `kal -
/ -bedømme
20 not to miscalculate what changes the future might bring,
* … hvad etc.
not to miscalculate the risks involved in the project
* … ngt.
not to miscalculate the effect of the interest burden,
* =
* rentebyrde
and miscalculate the figures of the future finances.
* =
* finanser
They must look out for judicial pitfalls,
and avoid economic pitfalls.
All manner of things have to be looked `after
not to miscalculate how the business must be run.
* passe på overfor
* undgå >
* alle slags / mulige
* risiko
* faldgrube
* =
* holde øje med
passe, tage vare på
* fejlberegne
/ -bedømme
The `forward-looking lawyer looks after the lord’s affairs;
* fremadskuende
he is responsible for and takes care of his interests,
* ansvarlig for
30 his finances, and rights in all manner of ways.
* på alle mulige måder
An `estate agent E/A a `real estate agent or `Realtor
* ejendomsmægler
* =
* passe
tage vare på
buys and sells buildings and land (A = realty ) for others.
Much land is converted into housing estates
or to industrial estates.
Some people make a pile after / in this manner.
* ( ejendomme )
* omdanne til
* beboelseskompleks
boligområde
* industri* skabe en formue ( bunke )
Making their pile in this way, they get rich in this fashion. * blive rig
* =
136 The lord is always ready to take advice (U),
* få / indhente / lytte til
and he always takes a lawyer’s advice.
* =
* på den måde
* =
råd, -givning / vejledning
The lawyer gives legal advice.
* give / yde >
The lawyer often gives the lord some advice.
* … ng. …
He often gives the lord a piece of / a word of advice.
* et råd
As he never miscalculates the lord’s intentions,
* fejlbedømmer
he always gives him a piece of good advice.
As the lawyer always gives the lord good advice,
* ( juridisk ) vejledning / rådgivning
* … godt …
* give ng. god rådgivning
vejledning
the lord usually takes / follows the lawyer’s advice.
* følge ngs. råd
10 The lawyer gives advice on economic questions,
* give råd / vejledning om * økonomisk, pengemæssig
and gives advice to people with financial problems.
* … til
rådgive / vejlede om
Giving the lord advice about economical purchases,
he gives the lord ( good ) advice about buying the estate.
As an advisory capacity and a financial adviser / <sor
to the lord on business, he is employed in an advisory role.
* give ng. råd /
vejledning om ngt.
* … om at -
( for større sammenhænge )
* = ( … mindre …)
* økonomisk fornuftig * anskaffelse
indkøb, køb
* ejendom ( land + bygninger )
* rådgivende
* rådgiver
vejledende
vejleder
* for ng. * om ngt. * ansættte ng. i > * rådgivende rolle
At one time the lord advised with his father.
* i sin tid
The father used to advise his son ( on economy ).
* råde / rådgive ng. ( om ngt. )
* rådføre sig med
‘ Let me give you a piece of good advice, ‘ the father said, * lad mig give dig et godt råd
‘ Relying upon one’s own capacity is inadvisable.’
* stole på
20 You would be well (-) advised to consider.
sætte sin lid til
* du / man gør klogt i at -
You would be ill-advised not to consider a matter.
* … u- …
‘ A word of advice - relying on your own ability
* et ( godt ) råd
is an inadvisable disposition.
‘ So take my advice - it would be inadvisable not to
consult a lawyer.’
‘ So to consult a lawyer would be an advisable disposition.’
The lord is an advisable son.
* lyt til ngs. råd
* <
*
* u-
* råde
* =
* tilrådelig
* modtagelig for råd
30 His brother, however, is quite inadvisable
* u-
so the father advised (the lord) not to act like his brother.
* råde ( ng.) til at
‘ I shall act as you advise,’ the lord advisably answered.
* =
* utilrådelig
‘ Consulting a lawyer would be advisable,’ he advised him. * tilrådeligt
‘ It would be advisable to consult a lawyer,’ he advised,
* evner
formåen
* overveje
tænke sig om
* følge ngs. råd
* modtageligt for råd
The lord is well advised not to act as his brother.
* være godt rådført ved ( ikke ) at -
Others has been ill advised to act like his brother.
* være ilde … ved at -
His brother was known as the most inadvisable member
* uimodtagelig for råd
of the family in recent memory if not the least advisable
* i nyelig erindring
family member in ( living ) memory.
* så længe nogen kan huske
i mands minde
137 The lord is known for his advisability.
* modtagelighed for råd
He always asks ( other people ) for advice.
* bede ng. om råd
As the lord always asks his father’s advice
* bede om ngs. råd
the lord acts advisably / never acts inadvisably.
* efterrådeligt
His father advised that legal advice ( E& should ) be taken. * tilråde at His father advised / counselled him to seek legal advice.
* råde ng. til at -
As his father advised seeking legal advice,
* råde til at -
the lord advisably seeked a lawyer’s advice.
* u-…
* modtage rådgivning / vejledning
* søge …
* =
* efterrådeligt
So on his father’s advice the lord advisedly hired a lawyer * efter ngs. råd
* søge ng’s råd
* tilrådet
10 to advise (him) about business, and advise (him) about
* rådgive ( ng. ) om ngt.
dealing with his business connections.
* gøre forretninger med ng.
Advising on all kinds of economic matters,
* … ng. …
As his father advised that a lawyer’s counsel always be
* tilråde at -
The lawyer advises the lord when to come,
how to get there and what document to bring.
* rådføre sig med ng.
* informere ng. om hvxx
*
The lawyer advises ( the lord ) whether to take action.
* rådgive ( ng. ) om hvorvidt
He advises ( the lord ) what to do and advices where,
* … ( ng. ) om hvxx
20 when, and how to do it.
* … om at -
* rådgive om ngt.
he lawyer advises the lord on important financial questions.
heard, the lord advises with the lawyer regularly.
* hyre ng.
*
The lawyer advises extreme caution.
* tilråde ngt.
He always advises against premature decisions
* fraråde
`premêt$ê E/A pri~mê`t$ur
so he advises the lord against any precipitate decision.
* råde ng. fra
* forsigtighed
( advarsel )
* forhastet
overilet
* =
pri`sipitit
As he strongly advises against taking rash decisions,
* <<
* <<
he advises the lord against taking any hasty / snap decision. * <<<
Eventually all manner(sg.) of papers are lying on the table. * alle slags / mulige
The lord and the lady look `over the papers and accounts.
* kigge / se hen over
Together they look the papers and accounts `over
* kigge / se på en efter en
gennemgå, undersøge
before they decide to buy the manor.
*
30 To eke () `out / supplement his income, the lawyer once
* for, -øge / supplere ngt.
* indtægt
worked for a magazine’s agony column E/A advice column ). * læserbrevkasse for personlige spørgsmål
Working as an agony aunt / uncle E/A advice columnist
as a sideline was an extra source of income.
* redaktør for …
* bierhverv
* =
ekstrajob
As a prudent adviser, he often looks () `up a subject
* betænksom
in order to eke () `out his knowledge and use it advisedly.
forsigtig
* udvide ngt.
As part of an advisory body, he offered advisory service.
* rådgivende
Counselling the readers, he gave good counsel (U).
* rådgive ng.
138 The lord endeavours to act advisedly,
* bestræbe sig på
and avoid any badly advised / ill-advised decisions.
* uovervejet / uklogt
* slå ngt op
* velovervejet
* organ
* =
* yde ( god ) rådgivning
give ( gode ) råd
* velovervejet, klogt
betænksomt
ubetænksom
Listening to his lawyer’s well (-) advised counsel(s,
* velovervejet, klog
betænksom
he is confident of making well (-) advised arrangements.
It is strongly advised that a proprietor (E& should) have
* =
* det er stærkt / højst tilrådeligt at -
adequate insurance cover, so the lawyer advises that
* forsikringsdækning
* råde ng. til at
the lord ( should ) take out proper insurance.
* skaffe sig / tegne >
* forsikring
As the lawyer advises (him) which kind of insurance
* rådgive ( ng. ) / informere ng. om hvxx -
to take out, he advises that the lord ( should ) take out
* forsikring >
10 insurance against accidents, too.
* mod ngt.
The lawyer advises the `forward-looking lord of times
when the `outlook for business is good.
He advises him of any changes in the manner of which /
in which fashion forward-looking business should be done.
* informere / underrette ng.
* udsigterne for ngt.
* underrette ng. om
* på hvilken måde
* =
* fremtidsorienteret
In a manner of speaking, human beings are gregarious.
* (sagt) på en vis måde
After the manner of our kind / human beings
så at sige
* som vi har for skik
* selskabelig
( hum. om mennesker )
or in the manner of many of our kind, human beings are
* som mange af os
sociable and seek each other’s company.
* søge hinandens selskab
After the fashion of many animals, people sometimes
* fremadskuende
moderne
* på … maner / vis
på samme måde som
20 live in the manner of rooks in a rookery.
* “ rotterede ”
* råge
In this manner, some people live in a crowded tenement.
* på denne måde * overfyldt
The aristocracy, however, by no manner of means,
* overklassen * på ingen tænkelig måde, aldeles ikke
( de bedste )
fancy / fancies (E) that kind of company / living like that.
The aristocracy maintain, in no uncertain manner,
* udlejningsejendom
under ingen omstændigheder
* kunne tænke sig at gøre ngt.
* på en måde, der ikke er til at tage fejl af ( * usikker )
med al ønskelig tydelighed
that they are not at all to the manner born.
* skabt til den slags
So the family moves to their new home.
* flytte til ngt.
In the hall, there’s a lot of art and craftwork (U).
* kunst
There are fine pieces / works of art – all fine artwork(s).
* kunstværk
There’s a `looking glass of fine craftsmanship as well as
* spejl
30 other artistic examples of handicraft(s) and handiwork
* kunstnerisk
made / done / executed by skilled craftsmen / <women.
* lave /
* håndværk
* =
* håndværksmæssig udførelse
* håndværksarbejde
* =
A craftsperson may be a member of a guild or union.
* dygtig, erfaren * mandlig * kvindelig …
udføre ngt. udlært
håndværker
* håndværker
* lav
The craft (pl.) of carvers and carpenters base their craft
* stand
and work of art on manipulative skills such as
* billedskærer
* snedker
lav
* kunstudførelse
* håndterings- /
* håndværk
* færdig- /
-produktion
wood-craft when they manipulate their tools and machinery.
betjeningsmæssig
dygtighed
* håndtere
betjene
* kunstnerisk
* evne / færdighed med træ
skovmandsskab
At a school for arts and crafts, artistic students learn to
develope their craftmanship, handiwork and artistry.
* kunstarter
* håndværksfag
( kunsthåndværkerskole )
* håndværkskunnen * = * kunstnerisk dygtighed
139 There’s a picture in the manner of / after the fashion of * billede
Constable in his early manner.
Art is long, life is short - if it’s not art for art’s sake.
* i ngs. stil
* i ngs. stil
* ~ livet er kort, kunsten lang * kunst for kunstens >
Artistic people have an artistic talent and artistic abilities. * kunstnerisk
People who have a gift and a talent for art may become
artists and have an artistic career within the `fine arts.
Arty (-`farty ) E/A artsy (-`fartsy ) people try too hard
to show ( that ) they are interested in art.
The family doesn’t intend to give the place a new look.
egen skyld
* … evne
* … talent
* anlæg / begavelse for >
* talent for >
* kunst
* kunstner
* kunstnerisk
* de skønne kunster
( tegning, maling, skulptur, musik, teater, ballet )
* kunstsnobbende
* vise at * udseende
stil
10 By the way, in fashion, the French look is back this year. * for øvrigt
* indenfor mode
The hall looks (to the) east.
* have udsyn / udsigt til
The windows `look out over the courtyard,
* … over
* stil
mode
* øst
vende mod
look (up)on the fountain, look on ( to ) the driveway,
* … ud til
and look towards a wood in the distance.
* … mod
So when they look to the east in the morning,
and look towards the wood, they see the sun rising
behind the wrenched-looking old trees.
If you `look out of the windows, and gaze at the view from
the westward(s)-looking `banquet room / banqueting hall,
* gård
* … mod
* indkørsel
* kigge / se mod
* … ( hen- )
* se solen stå / stige op ( akk. m. inf )
imod
( sanseuds. genstandsled m. navneform )
* forvredent
* udseende
* kigge / se ud af
* … på
* vestvendt
* gildessal
[ kwit ]
20 you see a lake full of craft (pl.) of many kinds.
* sø
* småfartøjer
The family has a craft itself.
* båd
The living room `looks out on the gardens
* vende / have udsigt ud mod ngt.
landscaped in an artistic way.
The windows look across the kitchen garden,
and look on to the neighbouring village.
Viewed from a distant `outlook, the village looks like
a midget village with its tiny roofs and chimneys.
If you `look through a telescope, ( a pair of ) binoculars,
* ~ anlægge ngt. ( i naturen )
* have udsigt lige gennem
* … over på ngt.
* se gennem
or field glasses, you can look through peoples’ windows.
* =
30 The mansion has a `lookout tower with a steeple on top.
* udkigstårn
Looking `up they see the top-most part of the steeple,
the spire, rising in the air.
From a `lookout in the steeple, there’s a wonderful view /
outlook.
There’s a wide-ranging outlook over most of the estate:
* nabo-
* betragte ngt. fra >
* lilleput
* kigge op
* køkkenhave
* landsby
* fjern
* udkigspunkt
( betragtet på afstand )
* tag
* skorsten
* teleskop
kikkert
* ( dobbelt ) kikkert
* =
* tilspidset tårn (-top)
evt. m. spir
* øverst
* spir
* udkigssted
* udsigt
* =
* vidtrækkende
* … over
an amazing view / lookout over woodland and grazing,
* forbavsende
* =
bog(s), marsh(es) and swamp(s).
forbløffende
* mose
* marsk
* sump
* have udsigt / ydsyn over ngt.
* vidtstrakt
* græsningsareal
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
140 Overlooking the extensive / wide-ranging landscape,
- `luk -
the steeple looks down on all the mansion grounds (pl.).
* … ned på ngt.
* parkanlæg
The children play at being `lookouts.
* lege at man er ngt.
They play lookoutmen placed / put on the lookout
* =
in a crow’s nest at the top of a ship’s mast.
* udkigsmand
spejder
* sætte ng. på udkig
* udkigstønde
* skibsmast
They are on the lookout for pirates and privateers.
* være på udkig efter ng.
Keeping a good lookout, they look to see if there are
* holde godt udkig
pirate ships or privateers in the offing.
They keep a sharp lookout for the buccaneers (hist.).
20 All they catch sight of is, however, a rookery.
A rook is a common bird which, like other
gregarious animals, `congregate to breed in a rookery.
* pirat
sørøver
* se efter om -
* sørøverskib
* kaperskib
* i farvandet
* … efter
* sørøver
* få øje på
* rågekoloni
* råge
* almindelig
* floklevende
* samles
* yngle
The children look (a)`round / about the new garden.
* kigge / se sig om, -kring i
Here they play at looking for a lost explorer
* lede efter
so they look (a)`round / about for him all around.
* lede efter
‘ Look alive ! Look sharp ! Look sharp about it ! ‘
* kaper
* vildfaren
* råge koloni
overbefoket bolig
* opdagelsesrejsende
* fart på
lad det gå lidt rask
they keep shouting, looking out for him.
‘ Look upon where you’re going ‘ they caution and warn.
30 ‘ Look where you’re going ! ‘ they caution each other.
They keep watch, and warn (each other) of dangers.
* kigge / spejde efter
* kigge / se
* advare
tilråde
passe på
* se sig for
* … ng.
* holde udkig
være på vagt
Warning (each other) about enemies and lurking dangers, * … om
they warn (each other) against scouts and surprise attacks. * … mod
* advare ( ng. ) om ngt.
* lurende
* spejder
They warn (each other) that an attack may be in the offing.
* advare ( ng. ) om at -
As the savages look like attacking, the children caution
* vilde indfødte
( each other ) that they may have sent out lookouts.
Cautioning each other about all kind of dangers
* advare ng. om
* ligge / vente i baghold
30 They caution (each other) against being ambushed.
* advare ( ng. ) mod at
‘ Look out !’ they warn each other, ‘ Watch out.’
* pas på
Cautioning each other to be on the watch,
* formane ng. om ngt.
So exercising great caution, they proceed to search /
proceed with their search with extreme caution.
* advare >
* spejder
lying / waiting in ambush.
a clever girl counsels / urges caution.
* overraskelsesangreb
* ( ng. ) om at -
* … mod
In order not to fall into an ambush,
* fare
* se ud til at ville -
they caution (each other) against enemies
they caution each other to avoid being killed in an ambush.
* =
* =
* falde i baghold
* advare /
tilråde ng.
* pas på
* dræbe ng. i et bagholdsangreb
* falde i baghold
* tilråde >
* anspore /
tilskynde til >
* udvise ( stor ) forsigtighed
* … med ngt.
* forsigtighed
* fortsætte med at * med yderste …
141 There’s a lot to watch / see on TV.
Looking forward to watch / see football US,
the children look what time the match is.
* kigge / se i
* se på
* fodbold
* =
* kigge / se efter
* (sports-) kamp
‘ It’s better to play instead of just looking `on,’ it’s often said. * kigge på
Before he’s allowed to watch TV,
the oldest son first has to do his homework.
* se …
* lave (sit ) hjemmearbejde
/ ( sine ) lektier
They get homework almost every day.
* få … for
He has written () `up the notes for homework.
* skrive ngt. op
He looks () `over the lesson in his book.
* kigge / se igennem
10 Having finished his written French homework,
he looks it `over carefully not to overlook any mistakes.
As he failed his last test on French, he must brush () up /
* dumpe i >
knows his lesson(s) and looks to ways of improving.
When the son can’t find a book, he looks everywhere :
* <<
* lektion
gennemgå / undersøge
* grundigt
del for del
* overse
brush up on his French, and take / do / sit a test on it again. * =
In order to pass the test, he attends to his school (work),
* note angående /
besked om ngt.
* fejl
* prøve i ngt.
* genopfriske ngt.
* gå op til >
* prøve i ngt.
* bestå prøven
* passe sin skole
( … sit skolearbejde )
* kunne sine * ~ rette sin
* måder at >
lektier opmærksom mod ngt. forbedre sig på
* kigge / lede
* … efter
he looks for it everywhere.
Having had a good look for the book, he eventually finds it. * lede en del efter
He looks `into a textbook and `looks in it for facts,
20 looks () `out facts in an almanac,
* fagbog
* kigge / se i
* tekstbog
* finde i
* almanak
* slå op
* ordbog
`al - / `ål -
and looks () `up words in a dictionary.
He looks `out for spelling mistakes, before he asks
his mother, ‘ Will you please look at this lesson ?‘
Children that don’t have a too strict `upbringing gladly
* passe på ngt.
* se på / undersøge ngt.
* få / have >
look to their parents for help and look to them to help them. * ~ stole på /
The upbringing of children is an art,
but as just parents they know the art of upbringing.
* stave fejl
* lektion i bog
* streng >
* for at få hjælp
* opdragelse
* til at hjælpe ng.
regne med ng.
* opdragelse
* retfærdig
The parents look to it that their children behave ( well ) ,
* se efter at
As the children shall inherit their parent’s possessions,
* arve ngt.
* kunsten at -
* opføre sig
sørge for, passe på
and tell them to beware of ill-advised remarks.
* vare sig / vogte sig for ngt.
* ubetænksom
( kun inf. og imp. ) !
If they don’t look to their manners and behave themselves * passe på ngt.
* manerer * opføre sig ordentligt
opførsel
a dressing-down is in the offing.
* skældud
* i farvandet
- `daun
30 One day, hopefully in a remote future,
* i en fjern fremtid
langt ude i fremtiden
when the children shall inherit ( from their parents ), they
* arve ( fra ng. )
in`herit
will inherit ( the estate / the property ) ( from their parents ). * … ( ngt. ) ( fra ng. ) * ejendom ( grund + bygninger )
all their estate / property, they are brought `up to
* besiddelser
look `after the estate / property now and in the future.
* tage sig af ngt.
* ejendele
* opdrage ng. til at * ejendom
The children’s outlook seems good
* fremtidsudsigt ( -er )
142 When the elder brother sometimes looks `into a book,
* ældre
he may be just skimming ( through ) the book.
* ( gennem- ) skimme ngt.
* kigge i ngt.
læse ngt. her og der
If he flicks through the pages of a book with pictures,
his baby brother may asks if he may look `on with him.
So turning the pages / (E&) turning `over the pages
* bladre hurtigt gennem siderne
* kigge på sammen med ng.
* vende siderne /
blade / bladre
they leaf through the book .
* bladre igennem ( en bog )
As they dip into the book, they study together the pictures
* dykke ( dyppe ) ned /
kigge tilfældigt i
before they turn (over) the page.
When there’s a strange noise they look `up:
10 they look up from the book.
The youthful grandparents often go to the country
to look () `up their family.
* vende bladet / siden
* besynderlig, mærkelig, underlig
* lyd
* se op
fremmed, ukendt
* … fra
* ungdommelig
* bedsteforælder
* besøge
The parents look `out for the grandparents at five
* spejde efter
vente på
and look out for them at the station.
* =
‘ Look who’s here,’ the parents tell the children.
* se / læg mærke til hvxx
‘ It’s a gift for you. Just look ! ‘ the grandmother prompts
* se bare
* tilskynde
bare se
( the grandchildren ).
*
’ Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth, ‘ the parents
* man skal ikke skue given hest i munden
admonish (their children).
* formane
20 The parents look `on as the children play the new game.
* kigge på
As `onlookers, the parents merely look on.
miêli
Lookers-`on are lookers who just looks on.
* tilskuer
* bare
blot
betragter
* =
When they play cards, the children may have a `look-in (E). * chance for at være med
It’s a rook who tries to rook a rookie.
* svindler
If they play for real, the children won’t get a look-in.
* <<
After a few days the grandparents look to a quiet time.
* se hen til ngt.
Even if hey look forward to a quiet time
* se frem til
tlook forward to seeing the family again.
* snyde / bedrage /
narre ng.
* … at -
They are looking forward to seeing them again.
* =
The doctor sometimes looks `in on the family.
* > … hos
30 When he looks `in in the afternoon,
* komme på besøg
the father asks, ‘ Will you please `look at my ankle ? ’
* undersøge
After this `look-in, having had a `look-in at the ankle,
the doctor wants to look the ankle `over the next day.
* nybegynder
novice
* hastigt besøg
* undersøge nærmere
So he looks over the ankle.
* =
They all look out for their health.
* passe på
* hastigt blik
143 Taking charge of the manor after the old lady,
* påtage sig /
the new lord and lady have the overall responsibility.
( over- ) tage >
* overordnet
Having charge of the the day-to-day running,
a couple of stewards manage the manor.
Managing the familie’s estate / property,
* ansvar / styring af ngt.
* ansvar
* have ledelsesansvaret for /
* have ledelsesansvaret for /
- of obtaining food and directing the servants -
stå for ledelsen af at –
* skaffe ngt.
while the other steward is in charge of the farming.
* = ( godsforvalter )
10 He has a practical outlook : a practical outlook on life.
Unemployed farm workers and farm hands,
look to the estate agent (E) for employment.
* drift
* = ( hushovmester )
one steward has charge of the household
The stewards look lively with the daily working.
* daglig
stå for ledelsen af ngt.
* forvalter
* husstand
* instruere ng.
* have travlt med ngt.
* arbejde
drift
* … livssyn
* praktisk indstilling
* landarbejder
* gårdskarl
* henholde sig til
* forvalter
Unfortunately, there’s suddenly a gloomy `outlook.
* dystre udsigter
Quite unexpectedly business starts to look `down.
* vise / pege/ gå nedad
Looked at from that point of view some of their qualms /
* betragte ngt. fra en synsvinkel
forværres
misgiving(s) prove(s) to be just.
Their qualms / misgiving(s) about their move prove(s),
in dramatic fashion, painfully appropriate.
ê`prêupri êt
The outlook is black and none too good for trade,
20 The outlook for business is bleak.
* berettiget
* tvivl / betænkelighed (-er ) overfor ngt.
* på dramatisk vis
* smerteligt
* passende
på sin plads
* udsigterne er mørke * ikke for god for ngt. * handel
* udsigterne
* trist
håbløs
There is a bad lookout for business.
* mørke udsigter for ngt.
They have to look twice at every penny.
* vende hver femøre
As business figures look bad and there’s a bleak prospect, * se mørke ud
the future looks `black / bleak for the family.
Things are really looking bad ( for them )
as conditions look towards financial ruin and bankruptcy.
* trist / håblød
* udsigt
* ( fremtiden ) ser sort / trist ud for ng.
* det ser slemt ( for ng. )
* pege mod >
* økonomisk ruin
So they desperately look to ways of improving business.
* rette opmærksomheden mod
They looked for an improvement in business,
* håbe på
and look to the day when business begins to look `up.
* se frem / hen til
30 Fortunately, the business outlook brightens
* fremtidsudsigter
so things look up.
* =
‘ Look up old man ! Prices are looking up.’
* op med humøret
The outlook is good as there’s a good outlook for trade.
* udsigterne
Business is looking good and things are looking `good.
* udsigterne er gode
For years the family don’t look `back.
* ikke have tilbagegang
( Since then, the family never looked behind them. )
* tvivl
betænkelighed
* siden dengang
* gode
* bankerot
fallit
* forbedre ngt.
* gå opad
blive bedre
* blive lysere
klare op
* opadgående
* gode … for ngt
* se godt ud
* =
144 At a time in history, people gradually learned to practise * i historien
* dyrke >
agriculture instead of making a living as hunter-gatherers.
* landbrug * skaffe til livets ophold /
`agrikult$ê
ernære sig som ngt.
* i ngs. jagt efter ( føde )
moving from place to place in their hunt for food.
Agriculture, farming, husbandry, or tillage is the art of
cultivating land and crops
* jæger-samler
* landbrug
* kultivere / dyrke >
* land
Having breeding stock of cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry etc., * avlsbesætning
* afgrøde
* kvæg
* fjerkræ
breeding plants and animals to raise crops and livestock,
* fremavle ( dyr / planter ) * opdrætte …
people could now live a settled way of life on a farm.
* fastboende
Able to accumulate a store of food, a sedentary farmer
* dyrehold
* ophobe / samle ngt.
* forråd
lager
now had the possibility of supporting a group of people larger * underholde
brødføde
10 than his own family to live and work for him on the farm.
Besides his family and his freemen, a farmer might have
thralls or slaves working on the farm.
The farmers settled together in villages and `compounds
* leve / bo >
* arbejde på >
* bondegård
* fri mand
* træl
* slave
* slå sig ned
* hegn- / muromkranset bebyggelse
in order to cooperate in farming and in defending themselves. * samarbejde i ( at gøre ) ngt.
Men capable of bearing arms might travel around
* våbenfør ( * i stand til
the country to be enlisted as housecarls, members of
* hverve ng. som ngt.
the household troops or bodyguard (coll).
* livgarde / -vagt
Enlisted to protect his superiour, a bodyguard must be
prepared to make the supreme sacrifice.
* bære
* våben )
* rejse
* hirdmand
* =
* livvagt ( person )
* yde det højeste
* bringe det højeste offer ( ~ være parat til at dø )
20 Making supreme efforts, the most successful households * gøre sig de yderste anstrengelser
who could afford the most men capable of bearing arms
* våbenfør
may succeed in battling for supremacy in the region.
* få succes /
Having succeeded in the battle for supremacy,
the supreme achievement was the establishing of
total supremacy over the neigbouring farmers.
According to their economic and social power,
nå sit mål med at * … med ngt.
* kæmpe
( for ngt. )
* ypperste
* bedrift, resultat
mest fremragende fuld- / gennemførelse
* overherredømme over
af ngt.
* storbonde
fortify their residences to consolidate their supremacy.
* befæste
30 incompetence or debt(s), ended up as serfs or slaves.
in`kåmpitens
The supreme lords were to form the upper class (<es)
called the aristocracy, the nobility, or peerage.
- `stå -
An `aristocrat, a lord, a noble, a nobleman, or a peer
A: ê`rist-
is a member of an aristocratic and noble family.
A government or state ruled by the privileged aristocracy
is called an aristocracy.
* etablere
oprette
* afhængig * økonomisk * samfunds- * magt, styrke
the most successful large farmers or landowners would
The most unsuccessful farmers, impoverished by ill luck,
* overlegenhed
/ -herredømme
* kamp for ngt.
mæssig
* grundfæste
* forarme
indflydelse
* jordbesidder
* overherredømme
* uheld
* inkompetance
* livegen
uduelighed
* øverste herre
* aristokratiet, adelsstanden
aristo: bedst + krati: styre
* aristokrat
* =
adelsmand
* aristokratisk
adelig
* privilegeret
* adelsstanden
* =
* =
* aristokrati
adelsvælde
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
145 A chief or chieftain is the leader of a clan or tribe.
* klan
* stamme
* høvding
chef
Some chiefs or lords may join forces and choose one
in their midst / one among them to be their supreme ruler.
Being chosen, or by their own supreme effort(s)
* stormand
* slå sig sammen
* =
* øverste
* regent
hersker
* den yderste anstrengelse
( de … …r )
a chief or other successful pretender ( to the throne )
* ( tron- ) prætendent
may become a king or queen of an independent country.
*
To fulfil their supreme achievement, a king or queen
must claim sovereignty over all their territory.
* & storslået
* bedrift, resultat
fuld-, gennemførelse
* territorium
* hævde suverænitet /
`såvrênti
overhøjhed over ngt.
To proclaimed the full sovereignty of the country,
10 a sovereign ruler or government must possess
* proklamere
* fuld …
* øverste
* hersker
* besidde >
`såvrin
and exercise sovereignty over the entire territory.
A suzerain is a sovereign or a state who or which
`su~zêrein
* udøve >
* suverænitet / overhøjhed over ngt.
* overhøjhed
* enehersker
`såvrin
* overhøjhed
exercises suzerainty: exercise political control over
* udøve
a dependent state.
* afhængig
Autocracy (U) is a system of government in which
å~`tåkrêsi
* … kontrol over ngt.
* autokrati
enevoldsstyre
one person reigns supreme.
* regere
An autocracy is a country in which one person,
the sovereign, has sovereign power and authority.
As a `monarc and sovereign, the king or queen
* øverst
* <<
* højestrådende
* monark
* øverste hersker
/ regent
enehersker
* regere / herske over ngt.
20 reigns over the country and its inhabitants.
A country ruled by a king or queen is called a kingdom,
a realm, or a monarchy.
* kongerige
* kongerige
* monarki
relm
Monarchy is a system of government by a monarch,
* monarki
a king or queen, who may be appointed by the aristocracy.
* udpege
In a hereditary monarchy, the king or queen has become
* arveligt
hê`reditri / -têri
a hereditary ruler so that their successor ( to the throne )
* arvemæssig
is one of their family in order of succession ( to the throne ).
* i henhold til > * ( arve- / tron- ) ( række- ) følge ( … )
In a monarchy the power of the monarch may be
restricted by certain rights and privileges of the aristocracy.
* efterfølger ( til ngt. )
* monarki
* begrænse
* privilegium
`privêlid§iz
30 In an absolute monarchy, the absolute ruler
* enevældsmonarki
is an absolute monarch, an autocratic king or queen
* enevoldsmonark
* enevældig hersker
* enevældig
‘å~tê`kratik
exercising absolute rule.
* enevældig
An `autocrat may be a `despot, dictator, or a tyrant.
* enevoldshersker
* despot
* diktator
* tyran
taiêrênt
A despotic, dictatorial, and tyrannical ruler uses his
ti`ranikêl
despotic, dictatorial, and tyrannical power in a cruel way.
Dictatorial rule, the rule of a dictator, is dictatorship.
* despotisk
* diktatorisk
* tyrannisk
voldsherskende
* =
* grusom
* diktatorisk
* diktatur
* tyrannisk
* tyranni
* despotisk
* despoti
- `tå -
Tyrannical rule, the rule of a tyrant, is tyranny.
`tirêni
146 Despotic rule, the cruel rule of a despot, is despotism.
de`spåtik
In the reign and during the reign of a reigning despot,
* i>
* under >
* regeringstid
* regerende
his exercising a reign of `terror made everybody
* terror- / rædsels regime
live in fear all the time during his reign of terror.
* … periode
An enlightened despot tries to use his great power
in a good way; hence enlightened despotism.
Trying to be a just ruler, an enlightened despot
may cultivate an air of a father or mother figure
They go out of their way to cultivate the people,
* oplyst …
* heraf
* oplyst enevælde
derfor
* retfærdig
* hersker
* dyrke
* fremtoning af ngt.
* anstrengelse sig for at -
and cultivate their relations with the charmed circle
* pleje sine >
10 and the chattering classes (E).
* de toneangivende kredse
A republic is a country that is governed by a president
*
* … figur
* pleje sit forhold til ng.
* forhold til >
* førende kreds
* republik
ri`pûblik
or prime minister and politicians elected by the people.
A form of government may collapse due to internal
* politiker
* vælge ng. ( ved afstemning )
* intern
indre
or external pressure and be followed by `anarchy: political
* ydre >
and social disorder due to absence of government control.
* fravær
* pres
* anarki
-`å~dê
Besides a state of society without government and law,
* tilstand
anarchy means a theory that regards the absence of all
* anarki
direct or coersive government as a political ideal and that
* tvungen
* som ngt.
proposes the voluntary and cooperative association of
* foreslå
* frivillig
20 individuals and groups as the principal mode of
* individ
organized society.
*
* anse / betragte ngt. >
* ideal
ai`di~êl
* sammenslutning
forening
* overordnet
* måde
vigtigst
form
enkeltperson
Anarchism is an ideology including a doctrine urging
* anarkisme * doktrin, lære- * insistere på
`anêkizm
trossætning
tilråde
* regeringsbestemt
* begrænsning
tvang
* betingelse for ngt.
the abolition of government or governmental restraint
* afskaffelse
as the indispensable condition for the full social
* ufravigelig
and political liberty.
* betingelse for ngt
Hence, an anarchist is a person who advocates
* anarkist
`anêkist
anarchism either a believer in voluntary association or
* frivillig
a person who seeks to overturn by violence all constituted
* søge at - * omstyrte /
* ( med ) vold
vælte ngt.
forms and institutions of government.
* institution
30 So people with anarchic beliefs advocate an anarchic
* anarkistisk
* officielt >
oprettet
( anstalt, stiftelse )
a`nå~kik
lifestyle and an anarchic society.
* =
Theocracy is the government of a country by religious
#i`åkrêsi
leaders or a country under theocratic rule.
* teokrati
gudsstyre
* underlagt / med
* teokratisk
* styre
- `kra -
The religious leaders are believed to be guided by
the Supreme Being.
* føre / vejlede ng.
* det højeste væsen
Gud
147 The Middle Ages are the time in European history
* middelalderen
europæisk
juêrê`pi~ên
between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance
* klassisk
( from the late 5th century A.D. to about 1350 ): sometimes
* Anno Domini
* antik
* renæssance
efter Kristus
restricted to the later part of this period ( after 1100 )
* periode
and sometimes extended to 1450 or 1500 with the fall of
* fald af ngt. >
Constantinopel to the Turks (1453), the European discovery * Konstantinopel
of America (1492), and the successful challenge to
* Amerika
the papacy of the national reform movements.
* pavevælde
( Protestantism created the Reformation )
* protestantisme
* til ng.
* tyrker
* national
* opdagelse
* reform
omformning
* reformationen
10
THE THREE ORDERS / THE THREE ESTATES.
Medi(a)eval society was a carefully graded hierarchy
medi`i~vêl
* orden
* stand
stand
* middelalder- ( lig )
`haira~ki
based on the division of orders according to one’s function:
* funktion
the first estate - those who pray,
* de ( der )
the second estate - those who fight,
*
and the third estate - those who work.
*
* graduere
for- / opdele
* hieraki
virke
The image of a tripartite society divided by function has
trai`pa~tait
become a hallmark of medieval European history.
An understanding of this tripartite division of European
* billede
20 society is important both for our understanding of
*
medieval history, but also for the subsequent history of
* efterfølgende
the Continent, especially in the 18th century.
It was during that century that the ancient regime faced
* tredelt / -parts
/ -sidig
forestilling
* kendemærke / -tegn
særkende
* forståelse af ngt.
*
* ældgammel
* styre (-form )
`ein$ênt rei`§i~m
its gravest challenge during the heady days of the French
Revolution.
One of the first things the revolutionaries abolished was
* alvorlig
feudalism ( August 4, 1789 ) and with it, the remnants of
* feudalisme
`fju~dêlizêm
lenssystem
* & stilling
position
* ofte
a society based on status and prestige.
Indeed, prestige and status oftentimes (eA) became more
30 important than wealth or land.
In the Middle Ages, according to social and economic
* tilhovedstigende
berusende
vægtig
* revolution
omvæltning
* revolutionær ( person )
* afskaffe
* resterne af ngt.
* & anseelse
* rigdom på ngt.
*
power, the aristocracy formed a social, economic, and military
*
hierarchical system of mutual obligations between
* hierakisk
pyramideformet
inferior vassals and their superiors, their lords and overlords. * undergiven
vasl
lensmand
* gensidig * forpligtelse mellem ng.
haiê`ra~kikl
148 This so called feudal system is a social and economic
* feudal
system based on tenure, the holding of lands in fee or fief,
* besiddelsesret
and on the resulting relations between feudal overlord
* feudal
* vasal
* overherre
* lenspagt
* =
* overherre
* … vasal
and feudal vassal holding a fee, fief or feud.
So a fee, feud or fief is a feudal estate; a tenure of land
`subject to feudal obligations.
Both kings and great lords distributed life grants of lands
and offices in return for a pledge of homage - a promise of
`håmid§
loyalty and service.
10 A feudal overlord was called a suzerain.
* len
lensmand
* … landområde
* besiddelse
* underlagt
* … forpligtelse
/ -givet
* tildeling
bevilling
* løfte, ed
tilsagn
* lenshyldning
hyldest, tribut
*
* overherre
A feudal vassal was a feudal tenant granted the use of
land in return for which he rendered homage, fealty,
* … besidder
* give / yde >
* lenshyldning
hyldest, tribut
`fi~êti
and usually military service to his lord or other superior.
The holder of a fee had security of tenure; security of
*
* indehaver af ngt.
the holding of real property of his superior in return for
* fast ejendom
the services to be rendered.
*
The practice developed into the grant of hereditary fees,
feuds or fiefs.
* troskab
lenslydighed
* tryghed i besiddelsesretten
/ ansættelsen
*
*
The resulting fragmentation of authority was reflected
* fragmentation
* afspejle
20 in the rapid growth of feudal armies,
opsplitning
* hurtig
often engaged in private wars, and the development of
* holde ng. beskæftiget i >
the castle as an administrative and military centre.
* borg
* vækst
êd`ministrêtiv
Local royal officers and great landholders increased their
* royal
power and forced the king to grant them rights of private
* jordbesidder
kongelig
* bevillige / tildele ng. ngt.
justice and immunity from royal interference.
* retspleje
in`kri~s
The feudal system first appeared in definite form in the
Frankish lands in the 9th and 10th century.
A long dispute between scholars as to whether its
* krig
* administrativ
forvaltningsmæssig
* øge ngt.
* immunitet overfor /
fritagelse fra ngt.
* frankisk
* uenighed
* lærd
institutional basis was Roman or Germanic remains
30 somewhat inconclusive; it can safely be said that
* i nogen grad
* uafklaret
feudalism emerged from the condition of society arising
* opstå fra ngt.
* tilstand i ngt.
from the disintegration of Roman institutions and the further
* fra ngt.
disruption caused by Germanic inroads and settlements.
* nedbrydning
Eastern Europe.
* indblanding
* endelig
strid
* instiftelsesmæssig
Feudalism spread from France to Spain, Italy, and later
* rettigheder til ngt
* romersk
* fjentlige strejftog
/ indfald
* germansk
* med sikkerhed
* opstå >
* opløsning
sammenbrud
* bosættelse
* Spanien
* Østeuropa
`juêrêp
149 In England the Frankish form was imposed by William I
* påtvinge
( William the Conqueror ) after 1066, although most of
* erobrer
the elements of feudalism were already present.
* element
indføre
enkeltdele
It was extended eastward into Slavic lands to the marches * østpå
* til stede
* slavisk
* grænseland
which were continually battered by new invasions.
Feudalism was adopted partially in Scandinavian
countries.
* banke /
hamre løs på
* antage / indføre ngt.
* delvis
* invasion
indtrængen
* skandinavisk
*
The important features ( of feudalism ) were similar
* element, del, funktion
karaktertræk, egenskab
throughout, but there existed definite national differences.
* helt igennem
10 Feudalism continued in all parts of Europe until the end of * ende / slutning af ngt.
the 14th century.
*
The concentration of power in the hands of a few
was always a great disruptive force in the feudal system.
The rise of powerful monarchs in France, Spain,
and England broke () `down the local organization.
Another disruptive force was the increase in
* koncentration / samling af ngt
* opløsende, nedbrydende
* kraft
ødelæggende
* opkomst af ngt.
* magtfuld
* nedbryde
* stigning i ngt.
`inkri~se
communication, which broke down the isolated manor,
* isoleret
assisted the rise of towns and boroughs, and faciliated
* hjælpe med til ngt. * opståen * købstad
the emergence of the burgess class.
20 This process was greatly accelerated in the 14th century
and did much to destroy the feudal classifications of
the society.
* lette /
formidle ngt.
* fremkomst /
* borger ( i en by med købstadsopdukken af ngt.
rettigheder )
* accelerere / fremskynde /
sætte i gang / fart i ngt.
* ødelæggge ngt.
* klassifikation
klasseopdeling
*
The system broke down gradually.
* bryde sammen
It was not completely destroyed in France until the French
*
Revolution in 1789, and it persisted in Germany until 1848
* vare ved
and in Russia until 1917.
* Rusland
Many `relics of feudalism still obtain, and its influence
remains on the institutions of Western Europe.
Of course, the rise of feudalism in areas formerly
30 dominated by Roman institutions meant a breakdown
* levn
* vare ved
fortsætte med at eksistere
* vedblive at være
* på ngt.
* Tyskland
* indflydelse >
* Vesteuropa
* opståen
* dominere
* betyde ngt.
beherske
of central government.
*
In regions untouched by Roman customs, the feudal
* region
område
system was, however, a further step towards organization
*
and centralization.
* centralisering
The system used and altered institutions then in existence. * forandre
ændre
* uberørt
uforstyrret
* eksistens
( som findes )
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
150 Important in an economic sense was the Roman villa
with the peculiar rental, the precarium, a temporary grant
`temp(ê)rêri
of land that the grantor could revoke at any time.
Increasingly, a poor landholder transferred his land to
a prorector and received it back as a precarium,
* i økonomisk forstand
* villa
landsted
* lejeaftale * midlertidig besiddelse
* midlertidig
foreløbig
* overdrager
* tilbagekalde ngt.
* i tiltagende grad
* stedfortrædende leder
thus giving rise to the manorial system.
A manor was a landed estate or territorial unit, originally
* betyde fremkomst af ngt.
* herregårds( lens-) gods* landejendom * territorial
* enhed
* herregård
( lens-) gods
of the nature of a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord’s
* herredømme
demesne and of lands within which he had the right to
* jordtilliggende
domæne
di`mein
ejerjord
10 exercise certain privileges, exact certain fees, etc.
* udøve >
Today a manor, manor house or mansion is the main
house of any estate, plantation, etc.
* privilegie
* uddrive > * afgift / betaling
*
* plantage
It was also possible for the manorial system to develop
from the Germanic village, as in England.
The development of feudal estates, fiefs, fees or feuds
*
*
* len
was also influenced by the Roman institution of patrocinium
* påvirke
and the German institution of mundium, by which
* ? lille verden ???
the powerful people surrounded themselves with men who
*
rendered them service, especially military service,
* yde ng. ngt.
20 in exchange for protection.
* i bytte for ngt.
More and more, this service-and-protection contract
* patronats- /
skytsherreforhold
* beskyttelse
*
came to involve the granting of a beneficium, the use of
* gunstbevisning
land, which tended to become hereditary.
* tendere mod
velgerning
have tilbøjelighed til
In law, primogeniture is the rule of inheritance whereby
land descends to the oldest son.
* førstefødselsret
* regel
* hvorved
/ -med
* tilfalde
Under the feudal system primogeniture generally
* generelt
almindeligvis
governed the inheritance of land held in military tenure.
The effect of this rule was to keep the father’s land for
* styre / regulere ngt.
*
the support of the son who rendered the military service.
* forsørgelse af ng.
30 When feudalism declined and the payment of a tax was
* gå på hæld
substituted for military service, the need for primogeniture
* ngt. er sat i stedet for ngt.
disappeared.
*
In England, consequently, there was enacted the Statute
of Wills (1540) which permitted the oldest son to be entirely
pê`mitid
* følgelig
* vilje
* skat
* vedtage /
Ikraftsætte ngt.
* tillade ng. at -
cut off from inheriting, and in the 17 century military tenure
testamente
* afskære ng. fra at -
was abolished.
* afskaffe ngt.
th
Primogeniture is, nevertheless, still customary in England.
* besidde land
* vedtægt
* helt
aldeles
* sædvanlig
skik og brug
THOSE WHO FIGHT
151 As the second Estate, the nobility influenced all aspects * influere på /
of medieval culture, politics, economics, and religion.
It is perhaps for this reason alone that European society
th
from about the 12 century on may be termed aristocratic.
In fact, the aristocracy continued to hold within its grasp
påvirke ngt.
* kultur
*
* betegne
* holde grebet om ngt.
* aspekt
side
* økonomiske forhold
political and social power right down to the eve of
* aften-, dagen før en helligdag
the Great War of 1914 - 1918.
*
umiddlbart før ngt.
Although the nobility varied from place to place, and
*
from time to time, a few general conclusions can be made.
*
10 The medieval nobility had special legal status.
*
A man who was a member of the nobility was free in his
possessions.
*
* ejendele
His only limitation concerned his military obligation to
his lord.
* begrænsning
* angå
bekymre
*
As a member of the nobility, he had certain rights and
*
responsibilities:
* ansvarsopgaver
he could raise troops and command them in the field,
* ~ indkalde * tropper * kommandere ng.
hold his own court of justice, and coin his own money.
* have sin egen domstol
forpligtelser
He was the lord of all those people who settled on his land.
20 The medieval nobility was an Estate of warriors.
* i felten
på slagnarken
* udmønte >
* penge
*
* krigerstand
In ancient history, as in Athens and Rome, the knight was * oldtidsa noble of the second class who in military service had to
*
furnish his own mount and equipment.
* skaffe ngt.
* Athen
* Rom
* knægt
ridder
* ( ride-) hest
* udstyr
In roman society, the knights ( Latin equites ) ranked below * rangere / befinde sig i rangorden under ng.
the senatorial class and above the ordinary citizens.
* senator-
* over ng.
* borger
In medieval history, the knight was an armed and mounted * bereden
warrior belonging to the nobility.
The incessant private warfare that characterized
medieval times brought about a permanent military class,
30 and by the 10
well stablished.
th
* kriger
* uophørlig
* krigsførelse
* karakterisere
kendetegne
* frembringe ngt.
century the institution of knighthood was * ridderskab
/ -væsen
*
As a mounted soldier, the knight was essentially a military
* i bund og grund
i sit inderste væsen
officer serving under a feudal superior.
With the growth of feudalism the term tended to denote
*
* betegne
the holder of not only a position in the ranks (pl.) of nobility
* indehaver
but also in the ranks of landholders.
*
152 The knight generally held his lands by military tenure.
*
Thus knight service was a military service, usually 40 days
* stilling i / indenfor ngt.
*
a year, normally expected by an overlord in exchange for
* i bytte / modydelse for ngt.
each fief held by a knight.
*
So the knights incur all the costs of their services.
* rangklasse
/ -orden
* indestå for ngt.
All military service was measured in terms of knight service, * ud-, måle ngt.
* omkostningerne ved ngt.
* periode
and a vassal might owe any number of knight services.
*
Although all nobles of military age were necessarily knights, *
knighthood had to be earned through some exploits involving
* bedrift
10 the use of arms.
*
dåd
When the sovereign knighted a man, he conferred
a knighthood on him.
* slå / udnævne til ridder
* overdrage
tildele
* ridderskab
In the late Middle Ages the son of a noble would serve
*
first as a page, then as a squire, before being made a knight. * page
The sovereigns dubbed the knights.
* udnævne
When a sovereign dubbed or created a squire a knight,
* … ng. til ngt.
he stroke him lightly with a sword in the ceremony of
* berøre
conferring knighthood.
* tildele >
Knighthood was conferred by the overlord with
20 the accolade: a blow, usually with the flat of the sword,
* væbner
* gøre til ridder
* =
* let
* sværd
* ridderskab
*
* anerkendelse, hyldest
* slag
hædersbevisning, ridderslag
on the neck or shoulder .
*
When a noble had received knighthood,
* modtage …
this was to be accomplished with a horse and a sword,
* fuldbyrde
the two visible signs of an aristocrat’s nobility.
* synlig
He was also encouraged to display the virtues of chivalry, * udvise ngt.
* dyd
* riddervæsen / -stand
ridderlighed
* opførsel
* præsteskabet
a code of `conduct created by the clergy
* kode ( for ) >
to curb the brutality of this order of knights.
* dæmme op for / tøjle ngt. * brutlitet
Chivalry consists of the ideal qualifications of a knight
* kvalifikation
including courtesy ( excellence of manners and social con>
* høflighed
30 duct ), generosity, valour, and dexterity in using arms.
* gavmildhed
rundhåndethed
In the later period of feudalism, the ceremony was
* tapperhed
mod
( ngt. komme før ngt. )
153 A knight fighting under another’s banner was called
* banner
a knight bachelor or bachelor-at-arms.
* “ ungkarleridder “
A knight fighting under his own banner was called
a knight banneret.
*
* bannerherre
Knights were ordinarily accompanied in battle by personal * ledsage
ê`kûmpênid
attendants ( squires and pages ) and by vassals and servants. *
After an apprenticeship as page and squire and raised to
* fortræffelighed
fortrinlighed
* behændighed /
dygtighed i at ngt.
*
preceded by the religious ceremony of a vigil before an altar. * være sat efter ngt.
`vid§il
* ridderorden
* ophøjet til ngt.
* natteaktivitet / -vågen * alter
-vagt / -gudstjeneste
honourable military rank, a knight is bound to
* ærefuld
`chivalric / chi`- // `chivalrous conduct.
hæderværdig
* ridderlig
10 After c. 1100 military tenure was generally subject to
*
* rang
* være bundet af /
forpligtet til ngt.
* & galant
the law of primogeniture, which resulted in a class of landless * jordløs
knights.
*
At the time of the Crusades those landless knights formed
* korstog
the great military orders of knighthood, which were religious
*
as well as military bodies.
*
A knight might be a man upon whom certain nonhereditary * ~ til ( hvem )
* ikke arvelig
dignity corresponding to that of a knight of noble birth,
* værdighed
is conferred by a sovereign because of personal merits
* være overdraget
or for services rendered to the country.
*
20 Secular orders, patterned loosely on the religious ones,
* sekulær
but not limited to landless knights, also grew up, principally
* adelig af >
* fødsel
* bedrift
* give mønster efter
* løseligt
verdslig
* begrænset til ng. * vokse op / frem * hovedsagligt
`prinsipli
as honorary establishments by the king or great nobles.
So both a man of noble birth and a member of the
nonnobility might be knighted by a sovereign.
When a young member of the nobility finally came into
* ærebetinget
* installering
( & stand af hædrede personer )
*
* ikke adelsstand
* komme i >
possession of his property, he acquired authority over land
* besiddelse af ngt.
and people.
*
His social function was to protect the weak and the poor.
* svage
The nobility, however, rarely lived up to this standard.
*
30 The reason for this may be that the nobility wanted
*
immediate gratification.
* tilfredsstillelse
* opnå autoritet over ngt.
fornøjelse, glæde
The problem was, there were many times when the nobility
*
were not involved in warfare either with foreign enemies
* være indblandet i ngt. * krig med ng. * udenlandsk
or rival lords.
*
154 In other words, in times of peace, the nobility needed
* med andre ord
an outlet for their ambitions and warlike aggression.
* afløb for > * ambition * krigsmæssig * & angrebslyst
ærgerriged krigerisk
This came with their participation in the medieval
*
tournament; a contest or martial sport in which two opposing * turnering
* krigs-
parties of mounted and armoured combatants fought for
* pansret
a prestigious prize, with blunt / blunted weapons
* prestigefyldt
and in accordance with certain rules.
/ -givende, anset
* i overensstemmelse med
* kampdeltager
* kæmpe for ngt.
* ( gjort ) sløv
/ stump
* våben
The best-known example was the joust.
* lancedyst
When the knights jousted, the mounted combatants
* lancedyste
10 charged each other with lances.
* angribe /
The tournaments were a way of gaining prestige
so knights and other members of noble families were able
*
to enhance their prestige through winning a tournament.
* forbedre / -høje
Besides the personal prestige of winning a tournament
* & anseelse
* … gennem
/ -skønne / -stærke / -øge
* … ved at
there was considerable social prestige attached to winning
* … forbundet med
a tournament.
*
Especially the monarchs held prestige tournaments;
* lance
gå løs på ng.
* opnå ngt.
* prestige ( kun attr.)
festivals at which the combatants participated in the most
* fest / -ival
prestigious turnaments.
* prestigefyldt
20 An aristocrat’s identification with the nobility came from
* identification / lighed med ng.
his ability as a warrior and also with his complete jurisdiction
* retsmyndighed over ng. / ngt.
over his property and subordinate.
*
Such jurisdiction allowed him to gratify his desires for
lavish living.
* tilfredsstille
* begær
ønske
* levevis
* overdådig
ødsel, flot
Since the status and prestige of the medieval noble
*
depended on his household, it seems obvious that he would
* afhænge af ngt.
make every attempt to increase the number of retainers,
* gøre ( ethvert ) forsøg på at -
or vassals, he could maintain.
* opretholde / forsørge ng.
His prestigious clothes grew more elegant, his castle
30 larger, his food and table more ornate.
* medlem af >
en stormands følge
* prestigefyldt
* blive ngt.
* overdådigt /
rigt udsmykket
Having to look after his own land, the noble had to
*
appoint wise stewards who could watch his estate,
* godsforvalter
enhance his castle, collect direct and indirect taxes
* forbedre ngt. * inddrive * direkte
di`rekt / dai`-
* holde øje med / passe ngt.
* in-
* skat
indi`rekt
as well as rent, while he himself made every effort to obtain
* leje
more status by fighting and serving the court of his lord.
* tjene >
And since a great lord’s estates were usually scattered
over wide area, he was constantly on the move.
* siden, fordi, idet
* over ngt.
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
155 Although the Church condemned fighting and killing,
* fordømme
it was not able to stop the violence so characteristic of
*
the medieval nobility.
*
As a result the nobility of Europe was a constant thorn
in the side / flesh for nearly all European monarchs.
From the 13th century on, the medieval kings began to
* torn ( torn i øjet på )
* <
*
draw upon the middle classes in order to create
* trække på
a bureaucracy that would eventually lay the foundation for
* bureaukrati
benytte sig af
* opnå / skaffe sig ngt.
* hof
* spredt >
* være på farten
kontor- og embedsmandsvælde
royal absolutism of the 16th and 17th centuries.
* royal
the European nobility a chance to dedicate themselves to
kongelig
* til sidst / slut
endelig
* hellige sig til
their lords by conducting missions to rid the Holy Land of
* udføre /
10 Lastly, it was the Holy Crusades that managed to give
kên`dûkting
the` infidels.
European monarchs were more than happy to see their
nobility go off and fight.
On the one hand, the crusades served as a safety valve,
lede ngt.
* vantro
hedning
* enevælde
* mission, hverv
ærinde
* befri ngt. for ng.
*
*
* sikkerhed -
and on the other ( hand ), preserved the prestigious status of
*
the monarchies themselves.
*
* ventil
*
20
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
THOSE WHO WORK
156 A serf is a person in a condition of servitude, required
* slaveri
* påbudt
to render services to his lord, commonly attached to the lord’s * almindeligvis
land and transferred with it from one owner to another.
*
Serfdom was known in the Hellenistic civilization.
* livegenskab
In the Roman Empire economic maladjustment led to
* Romerriget ( imperium )
the appearence of a servile class, the coloni.
In the Middle Ages, serfdom developed in France, Italy,
* slave*
* hellenistisk
* civilisation
* mistilpasning
* lede til
* koloni
10 and Spain, later spread to Germany, and in the 15th
*
century was carried to Slavic countries.
*
By the 11th and 12th century, the vast majority of
* langt overvejende flertal
( * enorm * majoritet )
European men and women were peasants who were working * småbonde
landarbejder
on the land of their lords.
We know very little about these people for the simple fact
*
*
that the nobility and clergy did not keep written records
* ( ned-) skreven
about them.
* om ngt.
When the peasantry of Europa was mentioned, it was
* småbonde og landarbejderklasse
usually in relation to the obligations they owed their superiors.* skylde ng. >
20 In the centuries that followed the collapse of the Roman
*
Empire the development followed a line separating slave
*
and serf.
*
Of course, both slaves and serfs lacked freedom and were
subject to the will of the lord.
Throughout the long history of medieval serfdom, the serf
was required to perform labour services for his lord.
* beretning >
* nævne
* forpligtelse
*
*
*
*
Although the number of days devoted to working the lord’s * helliget til ngt.
land varied from place to place, it was usually three days
*
a week, except at harvest ( time ), when the lord would
* høst
30 expect even more.
*
* bearbejde ngt.
Furthermore, the serf was tied to the land and his condition * stand, samfundsstilling
was hereditary.
( Taught servility, a serf is supposed to be servile,
*
* -hed
and exhibit a servile conduct. )
-itet
* udvise
157 Serfdom developed seperately in England where the
*
serfs were more commonly referred to as villeins ( villains ). * referere til
Serfdom in England, so called villeinage ( villa(i)nage )
became widespread by the end of the 10th century.
A villein was a member of a class of partially free persons
omtale som
* livegenskab
hoveri
*
*
who were serfs with respect to their lord but had the rights
* med hensyn / i henseende til
and privileges of freemen in respect of others.
* =
hvad angår
Most medieval European peasants lived on vast estates
*
* tjenstvillig
følgagtig, servil
* =
* livegen
hovbonde
called manors ( from latin, meaning dwelling or residence ).
*
10 The medieval manor varied in size from as little as
* størrelse
100 acres ( 1 acre = 0.4 ha ) to more than 1000.
* acre
A manor could include a village, a few villages, or none
at all.
The land of the manor was divided into two parts:
* ingen
*
*
the demesne was the lord’s land worked by the peasants,
*
and the other part was held by the peasants as tenants
*
in common.
* i fællesskab
Their plot was usually much larger based on the condition * jordstykke, grund * baseret på > * den betingelse >
parcel, havelod
that they cultivate the lord’s demense before their own.
* at -
20 The land itself was divided into long strips and it was
*
entirely possible that one serf would have to work in
*
a number of strips spread out across the manor.
*
Furthermore, the medieval estate required cooperation
*
among all serfs since horses and ploughs E/A plows
* plov
were few.
*
Medieval manors also had tracts of forest as well as open
meadows for the grazing of cattle and sheep.
* strækning
* skov
egn, område
* eng
græsmark
It was from the forest and meadows that the serf could
* græsse
* får
*
practice gleaning - the gathering of firewood or thatch,
* sanke
30 fishing and hunting - in order to subsidize
* fiske
the rather meagre E/A meager diet of his family.
* sparsom og sølle
It ought to be clear that life on the medieval manor was
* tækkemateriale
/ -halm
* understøtte /
give tilskud til ngt.
* føde
*
simple and uncomplicated.
* ukompliceret
158 The serfs life was basicly the life of the manor on which
* grundlæggende
he or she was born.
*
Most serfs never travelled beyond the estate of their lord.
* rejse
Although such an arrangement may strike us as far too
* forekomme ng. som ngt.
local, the family of the serf did maintain a strong sense of
* opretholde ngt.
family and community, and was also certain of support from
* fællesskab
members of the village community in times of trouble.
* lokal-, samfund
There was a sense of continuity and simplicity embraced * kontinuitet
by medieval society, something today modern people
* kvæg
* nutidig
* ballade, besvær
bekymring, problem (-er )
* enkelhed
* omslutte
10 would have a hard time understanding.
Of course, life on the medieval manor was perhaps dull
* svært ved
* kedelig
trist
and uninspiring.
* uinspirerende
- `spaiêring
If we consider that nearly every day of the medieval
*
peasant’s existence was dedicated to farming arable land,
* dyrke
there must have been little time left over for things of an
*
intellectual or cultural nature.
*
Of all the characteristics of medieval peasant society,
*
none was perhaps more important than the Christian religion
*
as practiced by ordinary men and women.
* almindelig
20 Unlike the practice of religion today, medieval men
*
and woman saw Christian belief and practice permeate all
* gennemtrænge
aspects of everyday life.
* hverdagslivet
In other words, Christianity was a matrix of ideas and
* grundmodel
støbeform
modes of behaviour not easy to dislodge from the mind set
* frigøre
of medieval men and women.
*
The village Church was the center of the medieval com>
munity.
* tankesæt
*
*
The priest held a / the daily service.
Nearly all of the important events in the short life of
* holde gudstjeneste
*
30 medieval men and women took place within
* finde sted
the confines of the Church or churchyard.
* afgrænsninger
A person was usually christened within hours of birth.
rammer
* døbe
A priest baptized people at a baptismal service
* =
bap`taizd /A& `bap -
* dåbsgudtjeneste
bap`tizmêl
and a baptismal ceremony, usually at a baptismal font.
At the christening or baptism people are christened /
* dåbsceremoni
* … ng. ngt.
159 There were also feasts that accompanied `baptism(s),
* fest, -måltid
weddings and funerals, and were held in the churchyard.
højtid
* bryllup
At (the) service, the village priest also read messages
from secular and Church authorities.
Popular medieval religion was shot through with rituals
and symbolism.
For instance, before slicing bread a woman would tap
The entire calendar was created with reference to
* døbe >
* ledsage
* dåb
* begravelse
* ved gudstjenesten
*
* fuld af
* ritual
* symbolisme
* for eksempel
( tilfælde )
the sign of the cross on it with her knife.
* døbe font
* dåb
baptized a Christian and usually a Christian name.
* skiveskære
* banke / slå ( let ) på
berøre
*
* hele
fulde
10 the many Holy Days.
* kirkegård
*
* kalender
Everyone participated in the village processions.
* procession
But what did Christianity mean to the medieval peasant ?
*
For the most part, they accepted what their family,
*
optog
and custom, and the village priest had told them.
Although the mass was in Latin, the priest delivered
sermons, usually on the Gospel, in the vernacular.
*
* messe
* prædiken
Paintings and stained-glass windows on the walls
* glasmaleri
of the church offered the meaning of biblical stories.
* bibelsk …
* folkesprog
/ -mosaik
bibelhistorie
Peasants had a strong sense of the existence of God,
*
20 believing that God was directly involved in human affairs
*
and could reward the virtuous people.
*
They believed that God punished men and women
*
for their sins with disease, plagues, poor harvest, and war.
* sygdom
The outlook for sufferers from plague was bleak.
* plage
epidemi
* udsigt for > * ng. der lider af ngt. * pest * dyster
The devil seemed to be everywhere, forcing people to
*
* begå ( onde gerninger ) / gøre sig ( … tanker )
commit evil deeds and thoughts.
Men and women confessed their sins to the priest
* bekende / indrømme / tilstå >
and received the sacrament of Eucharist on Holy Days.
* modtage
* synd
* til ng.
* sakramente * nadver * hellig dag
In general, the life of men and women who lived off the land *
was short and hard.
*
30 New experiences were often a baptism of / by fire,
* ilddåb
and people usually had their baptism of fire at an early age.
* =
But life in the village community did entail cooperation
* medføre
nødvendiggøre
and the values of a simple life.
*
Although these people did not have the luxuries which
*
the 21st century has bequeathed some people today,
* lade gå i arv til
they did have a life that was regular and shot through with
*
singularity of purpose.
* enkelthed
testamentere
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
160 By the 12th century in England, it was indeed common
* almindeligt for ng./ ngt. at
for some serfs to be made free.
*
With the rise of towns, the increased productivity of
* øget
the land, long-distance trade, and the development of
*
a money economy, more and more serfs managed to
*
find themselves in a condition of freedom.
*
Of course, what this really ment was that the peasants
*
could now rent his land from the lord for a certain period
* leje
of time.
*
10 Equally important, with the passage of time many serfs no *
* produktivitet
longer owed their lords a labour obligation, but rather various
*
direct and indirect taxes on almost all tasks on the medieval
* arbejdsopgave
manor.
*
hverv
Because many landlords had lost their serfs, the lords
*
relaxed ancient obligations and duties.
* lempe >
In Western Europe the breakdown of the manorial system
* forpligtelse
*
allowed peasants to obtain more freedom in the 14th and 15th *
century.
*
Serfdom disappeared in England before the end of
20 the Middle Ages.
*
*
While the majority of peasants were serfs during the
*
Middle Ages, free peasants continued to exists and in some
*
regions whole villages did not come under the rule of a lord.
*
The freeholders owned a freehold, an estate in land
* selvejer
* selvejendom
odelsbonde
inhereted or held for life.
*
Freehold is a form of tenure by which an estate is held
* selveje
in fee simple ( an estate of inheritance, absolute and without
* selveje
limitation to any particular class of heirs ) or fee tail ( limited
* begrænsning for ng.
* besiddelse
fri ejendom
to a particular class of heirs ) or for life.
*
30 In England the gentry was the class of freeholders under
* lavadlen
the nobility.
*
A yeoman was one of the yeomanry: one of the class
* selvejerbonde
of lesser freeholders below the gentry, who cultivated
* mindre
his own land.
*
* arving
* fideikommis
stamgods
* selvejerstand
THOSE WHO PRAY
161 At the top of medieval society was the first Estate,
*
the clergy, those who pray.
*
The church also had great influence in shaping feudalism.
* forme ngt.
Although the organization of the church was not feudal
*
in character, its hierachy somewhat parallelled the feudal
* være parallel med
hierachy.
*
The church owned much land, held by monasteries,
* munkekloster
`månêstriz
by church dignitaries, and by the churches themselves.
Most of this land, given by nobles as a bequest or gift,
* dignitar,
fornem … / rangsperson
* arv
testamentarisk gave
10 carried feudal obligations.
* indbefatte >
* forpligtelse
Thus clerical land, like lay land, assumed a feudal aspect, * gejstlig jordbesiddelse
and the clergy became participants in the temporal feudal
* timelig
system.
*
* lægmands …
verdslig
Many bishops were much like lay seigniors.
* biskop
This feudal connection between church and state
* forbindelse
* læg
* herre
/ -mand
sammenhæng
gave rise to the `controversy over lay investiture.
* kontrovers / strid
E& kên`tråvêsi
uenighed om ngt.
It was the village priest who had to oversee the spiritual life * føre tilsyn med
of his flock on the medieval manor.
* lægmands
* investitur
embedsindsættelse
* åndelig liv
* flok
menighed
His duties were to administer the necessary sacraments
* administrere
forvalte
20 with regularity and consistency.
* regelmæssighed
He was also important to absolve men and woman
of / from their sins for the act of confession.
* konsistens, sammenhæng
overensstemmelse
* frikende ng. / give ng. syndsforladelse >
* for ngt.
He was also, as we have already seen, the usual source
of secular and ecclesiastical pronouncements.
* tilståelse, indrømmelse
tros-, bekendelse, skrifte, -mål
*
* gejstlig
* erklæring, udtagelse
domsafsigelse
i’kli~zi`astikêl
His role, then, in the medieval village was extraordinary.
* usædvanlig
ik`strå~dênêri ]
Of course, not all village priests were as dedicated to
the holiness of their flock as he should be.
særegen
*
* hellighed
However, it was the village priest with whom medieval men
* flok
menighed
*
and women identified the Church, its teachings and authority. * identificere
gen-, kende
30 Although monasticism was firmly entrenched in
* kloster- /
mê`nastisizêm
munkevæsen
medieval society by the time of Charlemagne ( Charles
*
the Great, A.D. 742-814, king of the Franks 768-814,
*
as Charles l, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 800-814 )
*
th
* grund- / rodfæste, forankre
( & indgroet )
th
by the 11 and 12 century, monks had become more visible * munk
members of town and village alike.
* både, ens, på samme måde
i samme grad
162 The monasteries were dedicated to prayer
* bøn
and supplying the evil Europe with the ideal of a Christian
* forsyne ng. med ngt.
civilization.
*
Monasteries also produced an educated elite that were
utilized in service to lords and kings.
* elite
* anvende, benytte
udnytte
The monks also kept alive classical culture and introduced * introducere
fremføre
the techniques of efficient and `profitable land
* teknik, frem- * effektiv, ydedygtig * profitabel, lønsom
management.
* ledelse, håndtering
gangsmåde virkningdfuld, dygtig
th
gavnlig, nyttig
behandling
th
By the 11 and 12 century, the original mission of
the monastic movement had been altered to accommodate
ê`kåmêdeit
10 the children of the nobility with an honourable
*
* klostermunke
* med ngt.
* forsyne ng. >
and aristocratic life.
*
Such a life also held out the possibility for / of
an ecclesiastical career.
* frembyde muligheden for / af ngt.
* gejstlig
th
By the 13 century the older Benedictine monasteries had * benedektiner
to complete with new orders such as the Dominicans
* dominikaner
and Franciscans.
* fransiskaner
As a result, more monks had to be recruited from
* rekruttere
ri`kru~tid
hverve, skaffe
the middle classes who inhabited the areas near an abbey.
th
As medieval Europe prospered during the 12 century
* bebo
* abbedi
kloster, -kirke
* have fremgang
blomstre
20 and after, there was a marked `increase in the number of
* markant, udpræget
cities and large towns.
*
tydelig
In these sorts of places one could see (at) first hand
the representatives of the Church.
* på første hånd
*
What the townspeople began to observe was clergy who
* observere
lægge mærke til
seemed more willing to live the life of European prince or
* prins
noble than someone whose sole duty was the spiritual
* åndelig
guidance of the people.
* vejledning
fyrste
The Church, it was commenly believed, seemed to be
*
inhabited by people who were interested only in
*
30 aggrandizement of their wealt, power and prestige.
* forøgelse, forherligelse
udvidelse
The stage seemed to be set for the rise in heresy of the
* kætteri
[ herêsi ]
th
12 century and after.
*
163 Most medieval men and women regarded their
*
Christianity with seriousness and genuine faith.
* seriøsitet
alvor
If monks, and bishops, and other members of the clergy,
*
were engaged in acts of holiness, then why did it seem that
*
they were living a life of luxury and opulence ?
* rigdom
overdådighed / -flod
These were questions that would become of utmost
* yderste
importance in the following centuries leading up to
*
the Protestant Reformation which had for its object to
* formål
reform the Roman Catholic Church and which led to
* reformere /
hensigt
`ka#lik
10 the establishment of the Protestant churches.
*
omforme ngt.
* protestantisk
* Romersk katolske Kirke
*
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD VIEW
For most part, it can be said that great thinkers had led
two lives.
* verdensanskuelse
* tænker
* liv
Their first life occurs while they are busy at work in their
earthly garden.
*
* jordisk
But there is also a second life which begins the moment
* begynde
their life ceases and continues as along as their ideas,
* ophøre
20 concepts and conceptions remain powerful.
* begreb
* & ide, udtænkning
forestilling, opfattelse
In the history of the western intellectual tradition - a tradition *
reaching back to the pre-Socratic philosophers of Ionia –
* det Ioniske rige i præhistorisk Grækenland
there have always been great thinkers who have attempted to * forsøge
explain the nature and scope of human knowledge.
Towards the end of the 18th century, a German idealist
* omfanget af / rammerne for ngt
* idealist
philosopher published a number of important treaties -
*
treaties which he called critiques.
* kritik
The Critique of Practical Reason, The Critique of Pure
* ren
Reason and The Critique of Judgement were the work of
*
30 Emmanuel Kant ( 1724 - 1804 ).
*
The great question which plagued Kant, as well as all
* plage ng.
philosophers, is this: what is knowledge ?
*
This is an epistemological question and is often joined
* erkendelsesmæssig
by other questions: what is reality ? what is illusion ?
* realitet
what can we know ? what does it mean to know something ?
*
virkelighed
164 In the INTRODUCTION to the first edition of his Critique * introduktion
indledning
of Pure Reason ( 1781 ) Kant began with the following words:
* tryk
udgave
*
There can be no doubt that all our knowledge begins with
* begynde med ngt.
experience.
*
This, of course, is the credo of the empiricist.
* erfaringsfilosof
John Locke ( 1632 - 1704 ) was an empiricist.
*
So too were Galileo (1564-1642), and Isac Newton
* Galilei
(1642-1727).
*
In fact, most scientists are empericists by nature.
th
* videnskabsmand
10 It was Locke who, in the late 17 century, argued that
* hævde at
the human mind was a tabula rasa, a blank slate upon
* …
which experience records itself as knowledge.
* tom
blank
* indprente sig som ngt.
* skifer, -plade
tavle
ri`kå~dz
( registrere / optegne )
One of the first empericists was `Aristotle (348-322 BC).
* ( Before Christ ) før Kristus
In fact, it’s safe to say that it was Aristotle who made
*
the empirical point of view a reality.
* empirisk
erfaringsmæssif
Aristotle was the teacher of Alexander the Great.
* Alexander den Store
Aristotle had also been the pupil of Plato ( c. 427- 347 BC)
* Platon
who was, in turn, the student of Socrates (c. 469-399 BC).
* = circa [ sê~kê ]
* Sokrates
`såkrêtes
Plato, simply stated, believed that universal ideas of things,
20 like truth, beauty and justice, have an objective
*
* objektiv
êb`d§ektiv
a priori existence of their own.
saglig
* = ( ikke erfaringsbestemt )
ei prai`å~rai
What this means is that these things existed whether man
perceived / apprehended them or not.
*
* opfatte, erkende
forstå, indse
They had an independent reality which Plato believed men
could become to grasp as knowledge.
These ideas exist a priori, that is, they exists prior to
experience and, hence, transcend experience.
*
* begribe / fatte ngt.
* =
* transcendere / overskride /
tran`send
For plato, our senses are deceptive, and what we experi>
bevæge sig / være hinsides ngt.
*
ence in our daily lives is not reality, but the shadow of reality.
*
30 This is one of the messages of Plato’s Republic, specially
*
” The Allegory Of The Cave ”.
* allegori
lignelse
Plato’s doctrine of the Forms ( Ideas or Universals ) con>
cerns itself with innate ideas – ideas which exist before men
* & almenbegreb
* medfødt
i`neit
have experience of them.
This philosophical school has come to be known as
rationalism.
naturgiven
*
* filosofisk
* rationalisme
fornuftsfilosofi / -erkendelse
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
165 So, between 384 and 330 BC in Athens, the two major
*
western philosophical traditions of thought were born.
*
For 2000 years, philosophers had to choose whether they
*
followed Plato and his rationalism, or Aristotle and his
*
empiricism.
* empirisme
erfaringsfilosofi / -erkendelse
Indeed, Plato comes off as the first philosopher
and Aristotle as his first critic.
Now, getting back to Kant who wrote, ’ Though all our
*
* kritiker
*
knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all *
10 arises out of experience.’
* opstå
What Kant did with this one simple statement was to supply *
a `synthesis of 2000 years of philosophical discussion on
- #e -
* syntese, forening
sammenfatning
* pågribe
fatte, begribe
the nature and scope of human knowledge.
*
This single act secured for this solitary Lutheran philoso>
pher a central place in the western intellectual tradition.
This much said, however, a synthetic act was created
* sikre
* enlig levende
tilbagetrukken
*
* forenende
sammenfattende
much ealier using different philosophical tools but with
*
an end result whose ramifications were less profound.
* forgrening
It was the ’ Dumb Ox ’ of Roccasecca, as Saint Thomas
20 Aquinas (1225 – 1274) was called, who, by the end of
th
the 13
century, had also supplied a necessary intellectual
synthesis.
* dyb
/ -tgående
* okse
*
*
*
th
By the end of the 13 century, Christianity had become
the world view of medieval Europe.
*
*
But Christianity – especially a Christianity as interpreted
* fortolke / forklare / tyde / udlægge ngt.
in`tê~prêtid
by its institutional form, the Church – was always confronted
* konfrontere ng. med /
by challenges.
*
stille ng. overfor ngt.
One such challenge was Human Reason – a capacity to
think which had been discovered by the Greeks, accepted
*
* opdage ngt.
* græker
di`skûvêd
30 by the Romans, but which had been labelled pagan by
* mærke / rubricere / stemple ngt. som ngt. * hedning
centuries of intellectual arrogance on the part of
* & hovmod
the Church Fathers.
* kirkefader
overlegenhed
166
The Church Fathers – Origen (185 – 254), St Jerome
*
(c.342 – 420), and St Augustine (354 – 430) – sought to
*
explain the Holy Writ through Revelation and Faith alone.
* den hellige skrift
( dokument m. retslig kendelse )
But, some Church Fathers soon realized that they needed
the classical authors to aid them in their writing.
*
* hjælpe
bistå
So, men like Plato or Cicero (106 – 43 BC) were thorns in
*
the side of Christian thinkers like Jerome and Augustine.
*
Aquinas recognized this and sought reconciliation.
*
But instead of uniting two philosophical traditions as Kant
* forene
10 was to do in the 1780s, Aquinas joined the two methods.
*
Reason was no longer conceived as the nemesis of Faith.
* nemesis
Neither was Philosophy the enemy of Theology.
*
* åbenbaring
Instead, Aquinas joined the two by claiming that both were
paths to a single truth: ’ God exists.’
*
*
Hopefully, this should ring a few bells for this is very similar * få en klokke til at ringe
to what Abelard had done a century earlier.
Before we turn to the synthesis of Aquinas, it is necessary
*
*
to examine the historical context from which this synthesis
* kontekst
appeared.
*
sammenhæng
th
20 By the end of the 12 century there were signs of a wide> *
spread awakening and progress felt across Europe.
* følt
fornemme
For instance, the lords of the manor were learning to make
*
better use of their serfs.
*
They did this by emancipating them and so from this point
* frigøre
on the serfs were now called peasants.
*
Peasants were no longer tied to the land by labour
*
obligations owed to the lord.
*
Now, they paid rent instead.
*
Meanwhile, suburbs began to appear around older cities
* forstad
30 and hundreds of new villages sprang into being.
* pludselig opstå ( sprang )
Overall, European society was becoming more diversified
* overalt
and life was beginning to hold more comforts (pl.).
And in terms of intellectual history, this period has come
to be characterized as the 12
th
* indeholde >
* variere, blive / gøre //
afvekslende / forskelligartet
* bekvemmeligheder
*
Century Renaissance.
*
167 All across northern Europe and England, peasants were *
freed from labour obligations and were now offered land –
* frigøre / befri ng. fra >
for rent – under very attractive terms.
*
Peasants expanded into new territories.
*
They levelled forest(s) and drained bog(s), marsh (-es),
* planere
and swamp(s) wherever they vent.
jævne, … med jorden
* sump (-e )
The peasants also had better tools at their disposal.
* til disposition
The plough was now in general use, wind mills were now
*
/ rådighed
more common and the land seemed to be yielding more.
*
10 Despite numerous setbacks, the peasantry of northern
*
Europe slowly recognized that a three field system of crop
* …vangs (-skifte )
rotation would yield more than the older two field system.
* rotation
The bottom line is this – peasants were better fed, less
* bundlinie, slutresultat
* forpligtelse
* mose (-r) * & vådeng (-e )
sump (-e ) marsk (-enge )
sagens kerne
afraid of famine and could now raise more children because
* bange for ngt.
* hungersnød
mangel
the land could support a larger, or at least growing, population. *
And the peasants did raise more children for one of
the signs of increased economic prosperity was at the same
*
*
-`-
time an `increase in the population.
*
In areas where peasants normally congregated, villages
*
20 became towns and towns became cities.
*
( In the US a village is used for a small town in a foreign
* landsby
country that seems more old-fashioned than a town in the US. ) *
A process of urbanization was underway – a process
rd
* byudvikling
which the Romans had to abandon in the 3 century under
*
the pressure of barbarian invasion.
* barbarisk
Rome was a specifically urban civilization.
* specifik
The Romans liked their cities and the conveniences
speciel, særlig
* bekvemmelighed
the city offered.
*
th
*
But by the 4 century at the latest, this began to change as
Germanic tribes moved south of the `Danube (River), deeper
* Donau
and deeper into the heart of the Roman Empire.
*
th
30 With the final collapse of the Empire in the 5 century
*
Germanic tribes were everywhere.
*
Not only did they bring their language, religions and
* undervejs
i gang
* bymæssig
*
customs, they also brought with them a `preference for
* præference
the open country and a general distaste for anything citified.
* afsmag for / modvilje mod /
forkærlighed
dis`teist
th
th
168 So, between the 5 and 11 century the urban
*
civilization of the former Roman Empire declined.
* forfalde
The process of urbanization would not begin anew until
th
the 11 century at the earliest.
One of the reasons why this is so is that the threat of
barbarian migration began to subside.
* bypræget
ulyst til / lede / ubehag ved ngt
*
*
*
* ~ folkevandring
* aftage
( bevægelse, flytning )
And the reason this took place was that slowly but surely,
*
the chieftains of the barbarian tribes were converted to
*
Christianity.
*
10 And once a chieftain was converted, so too were his
*
people converted as an act of homage and loyalty.
*
The economic factors of renewed urbanization affected
all orders of European society.
* fornyet
*
* påvirke
However, it was the European peasantry who
*
reaped the fewest benefits / fruits / profits / rewards of
* høste … fordele af ngt.
this progress.
*
Just the same, landlords were now making fewer demands * komme med / stille ( færre ) krav >
on the peasantry.
* til ng.
Peasants could rent land to which they could direct all their *
20 energy.
*
They could also pass this land on to their sons.
*
In other words, a degree of liberty had begun to infiltrate
* infiltrere
trænge ind i
the world of the European peasants.
*
While the peasants slaved their guts out in the countryside, * slide sig en pukkel til ( * slave
pukle
there were artisans (o-f) who inhabited towns and cities.
* indvolde )
tarme
* håndværker
As craftsmen and shopkeepers, builders and tradesmen, * håndværker * butiks- * bygningsmester * handlende
ejer
they had the potential to spread the fruit(s) of their labour
/ -håndværker
* sprede udbyttet af ngt.
* potentiale
muligheder
over a wider market, a market stretching from the North Sea * strække sig
to North Africa and from Constantinople to Lisbon.
* Lissabon
30 In the towns of Italy – especially port towns like Genoa,
* Genova
Pisa and Venice – a passion for money-making resulted
in what would eventually become genuinly capitalist society.
It was in Italy that the commercial practices and attitudes
so characteristic of later ages first emerged.
Italian merchants learned how to change money, they
* Nordsøen
* = * Venedig * lidenskab * tjene penge * resultere
* kapitalist
* kommerciel
* handelsmæssig
*
* købmand
perfected double-entry bookkeeping, and they formed
* perfektionere
trading associations in order to protect their mercantile
* handle
* bogholderi
* handels-
handels-
interests.
th
169 So, by the 13 century, there existed a bourgeois
* borgerlig
mentality characterized by the spirit of entrepreneurial
* mentalitet, indstilling
& spids-/ småborgerlig
tankegang
`risk-taking, the pursuit of gain and with all that, the demand * risikoløbning
efterstræbelse
for greater political freedom.
However, although we can locate a growing bourgeois
* driftig, foretagsom
iværksættende
* forfølgelse
* vinding
*
* lokalisere
stedfæste
mentality, there is at this time no evidence of a nascent
* begyndende ( blivende født )
bourgeois culture – that again would come with time.
*
opdukkende, spirende
The ruling orders were also changing fast.
*
The nobility were the men who reaped the most benefits
*
10 from emancipation of the serfs and the subsequent
* efterfølgende
increase in agricultural productivity.
* landbrugs- ( mæssig )
With improved productivity, the nobility could now collect
*
higher rents and obtain greater profits from the sale of
* salg af ngt.
surplus agricultural goods.
* overskuds-
`sê~plês
overskydende
And while the nobility clearly made more money, they were
always quick to find new and quicker ways to spend it.
So, they began to improve their castles – castles became
larger and more elaborate.
*
*
*
* udførlig, fuldendt
i`labêrêt
kunstfærdig
They sought out better armour and weapons.
* rustning
20 The artisans of the growing towns and cities, now joined
*
together in cooperatives known as guilds, were only too
* kooperativ
andelsforening
happy to supply the nobility with whatever it was they needed. * hvadsomhelst
So while the nobility built bigger and more impenetrable
*
castles, and obtained the best in armour and weaponry,
* våben
they also began to dress in finer clothes which the merchants
*
of the cities, now also members of their own guilds, brought to *
them.
*
Many members of the nobility across Europe sought a
*
refinement of life.
* raffinement
30 The economic changes which are already briefly
*
described brought with them cultural and intellectual
* beskrive
progress, especially when compared with / to the centuries
* sammenligne ngt. med ngt.
which had come before.
*
forfinelse
Early epochs compare with later ones in many ways.
* ligne
If an epoch can compare with another epoch
* … med
tåle sammenligning
it compares favourably with this epoch.
If an epoch doesn’t / can’t compare (with another epoch)
* … fordelagtigt
* ikke …
it compares unfavourably (with it) (in some way).
* =
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
170 The Crusades, for the most part, were over.
*
What was the medieval knight to do now that his main
*
business of the day – killing the infidels and their children –
*
had come to an end?
*
Hunting and tournaments, at least for some nobles, began
to give way to a lively interest in culture and education.
*
*
The feudal court, once merely a gathering place for knights * samlingssted
to fill their bellies while engaged in a Holy Quest, now
* mave
became centers of intense literary activity.
vom
* intens, heftig, voldsom
inderlig, lidenskablig
* søgen, stræben
ridderfærd
* litterær
boglig
10 But, with all this said, it would be incorrect to say that the *
medieval knight was a more cultured individual.
The medieval knight was still a fighting machine, he was
still a fierce and oftentimes gluttonous warrior.
In the 12
th
th
and 13 centuries, something like a revival of
*
*
* barsk
* genoplivelse
/ -opblomstring
* ofte
* grådig
forslugen
* kriger
the arts and letters was taking place across England
*
and the Continent.
*
This revival – or Renaissance – was more pronounced in
Western Europe than in Eastern Europe.
*
One of the major characteristics of this Renaissance was
20 the rediscovery of numerous Latin classics.
For the philosophers, theologians and poets of the 12
*
*
* talrige
th
* teolog
th
and 13 centuries, there was much wisdom to be obtained in * visdom
the pages of Virgil’s (70 – 19 BC) Aeneid, or Ovid’s
*
(43 BC – AD 17) Metamorphosis or the letters and political
* metamorfose
speeches of the greatest Roman orators, Cicero, or
* taler
the Stoicism of Seneca (5BC – AD 65).
* stoicisme
* poet
* opnå / få ngt.
formforandring, forvandling
Besides the idea implicit in these classical authors,
*
the major contribution of the rediscovery of these texts was
* bidrag
a style of writing.
*
30 That style was classical Latin.
*
th
12 century scholars were now reading texts written in Latin *
over 1200 years ago.
*
It goes without saying that the Latin language had under> * det siger sig selv
gone profound transformation over the years.
*
171 The scholars discovered ancient texts written in a more
* opdage / finde ngt.
or less recognizable form, but which were more expressive
* genkendelig
and more lyrical.
* lyrisk, stemnings-
th
th
/ følelsesbetonet
As a result ,12 and 13 century poets began to express
*
their own thoughts and feelings in a language that came to
*
them naturally, and these poets were now writing for an in>
* naturligt
creasingly larger audience.
*
While most poetry remained religious in nature, there were * poesi, digtning
digtekunst
writers who were beginning to emote over more secular
* give ( overdrevent ) udtryk for følelser
10 themes.
*
It was the Wandering Scholars or Goliards who used
* om vandrende / -strejfe
the vernacular instead of classical or even medieval
*
or Carolingian Latin.
*
The Goliards wrote free and joyous poetry – they have
* glad, munter
glædelig
a near immediate appeal to the modern reader because they * appel
* tekst
stand outside the image of medieval piety and religious
* pietet
devotion.
*
fromhed
Goliardic Verse – ment to be sung rather than simply read – * vers
praises the pleasures of this world as well as despair over
*
20 the uncertainties of life.
* uvished
The Goliards were also deeply critical of the ’ system’ –
*
especially the privileged orders of the knights, bishops
*
and professors.
* professor
The wandering scholars were dissatisfied with their own
* sunget
* utilfreds med ngt.
dis`satisfaid / di`-
age and so they revelled in a rather boisterous, drunken life * svire, holde gilde
– they were Europe’s first bohemians.
leve i sus og dus
* boheme
* støjende
højrøstet
The growth of vernacular literature happened most readily * litteratur, bogverden
det skrevne udslag af kulturen
in those places where the authority of the Church seemed to
*
be weakest.
*
30 But there were other reasons why we can observe this
*
shift from medieval Latin to the vernacular.
* skift
172 In the south of France, professional scribes were finding * syd, -lig
it more and more difficult to write official documents in Latin.
The words of the spoken language, came much easier to
them.
After all, it was the spoken language which had grown
* fuld, fordrukken
beruset, drikfældig
* bered-, villigt
bekvemt, let
* skriver
* officiel
* talt
*
* vokse
udvikle sig
and so literature, whether an official document or poem.
By 1200 most officials document had to reflected this
change and were now composed in the vernacular.
* officiel
*
* komponere
sammensætte / -fatte
Other examples of vernacular texts abound: the Chanson
10 de Roland is perhaps the best French example.
* findes i overflod
*
From Germany we have the Kaiserchronic.
*
And of course, Geoffrey Chaucer’s (c.1332 – c. 1400)
*
Canterbury Tales, Giovanni Boccaccio’s (1313 – 1375)
*
Decameron, William Langland’s (c.1332 – 1400)
*
Piers Plowman, Jean Froissart’s (c.1333 – 1405) Chronicle
*
* digt
and Dante’s (1265 – 1321) Divine Comedy.
While these developments took place across Europe
* Den Guddommelige Komedie
*
and England, a new institution appeared at which much of this *
new learning could be found.
th
*
20 By the 13 century, universities had been established
*
at Oxford, Paris, Berlin, Padua, and Bologna.
*
We have the so-called Dark Ages to thank for
* såkaldt
the university.
* mørke middelalder
* takke
*
University students could obtain a BA (Baccalaureus
*
Artium / Bachelor of Arts), MA (Magister Artium /
*
Master of Arts), or PhD (Philosophiae Doctor /
*
Doctor of Philosophy) degree in one of four higher faculties: *
Theology (DD: Doctor of Divinity), Philosophy (PhD),
*
di`viniti
Medicine (MD: Medicinae Doctor / Doctor of Medicine),
30 or Law (JD: Jurum Doctor / Doctor of Law).
Some schools specialized in law such as the University
of Bologna – a university run and controlled by the students.
Other universities, like Paris, specialized in theology and
philosophy.
*
*
* specialisere
*
*
*
Padua specialized in medicine.
*
Many universities abounded with / in students
* vrimle med ng&t.
and teachers from different parts of Europe.
THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE COMMONAGE [ -id§ ]
*
* almuen, borgerskabet, den jævne befolkning
173 During the monarchic or monarchical periods
* monarkisk, enehersker
the king, queen, emperor etc. reigned over the aristocracy
konge- / kejser* kejser
as well over the commonal(i)ty as an absolute ruler,
* almuen etc.
* periode
tidsrum
* regere over ng.
sometimes both in name and in fact, sometimes more
* som * enevældig * hersker
( ~ regere evevældigt )
* både af navn og af gavn
* mere >
in name than in fact and sometimes in name only / alone.
* af … end af …
The power of the Pope can be compared to that of
a monarch.
By invoking a divine right to the throne and arrogating
( to himself ) the position as / positioning himself as
* kun af navn
* sidestille
*
* påkalde sig > * guddommelig * ret til ngt. * tilrane ngt.
* ( sig ) * stilling som ngt. * anbringe sig selv som ngt.
10 the head of the church, a monarch may gain absolute rule. * eneherredømme
As an absolute ruler of an absolute monarchy,
perhaps maintaining divinity, the absolute monarch
has power beyond / without compare.
* enehersker
* hævde /
* guddommelighed
påstå ngt.
* uden sidestykke
A commoner is a common person as distinguished from * almindeligt menneske
one with rank, status etc., in E anyone of the nonnobility.
* enevældigt monarki
* rang
* enevoldskonge
* skelne ngt. fra ngt.
* ikkeadelen
As noblemen and peers, the nobles rank in noble rank.
* ligemand
* rangordnes
The dukes rank above the other members of the peerage
adelsmand
* hertug
* rangere over
which are `marquises / E marquesses, counts or earls (E),
[ -kwisiz
* markis
* rangorden
* adel, -sstand
* greve
* jarl
[=]
viscounts and barons.
* vicegreve
* =
`vaikaunt
20 The ranks of the English hereditary aristocracy or nobility
* rangklasse / -orden
are ranked in order of dignity in the following ranks: dukedom, * rangordne
marquisate, countship or earldom, viscount(c)y,
`ma~kwizit
and barony or baronage.
The territories ruled by the noble ranks are
duchy or dukedom, marquisate, county or countship,
* markisrang
/ -værdighed
* baroni-
* hertugrang
/ -værdighed
* jarl* vicegreve-
* greverang
*
* hertugdømme
* markisdømme
* jarldømme
* vicegrevskab
* grevskab
dut$i
earldom, viscountcy or viscounty, and barony.
The noblewomen – the wives of noblemen or women
holding the same rank are: duchess>es, marquise>es or
`dut§ês
-`ki~z
marchioness>es, countess>es of either a count or
* baroni
* adelskvinde
* rang
* hertuginde
* =
* markisinde
* grevinde
ma~$ê`nes
an earl, viscountess, and baroness>es.
The entire British peerage is called the baronage.
* vicegrevinde
* baronesse
* højadlen
30 A baronet (E) is a member of a British hereditary order of
* =
honour ranking below the barons, made up of commoners
* rangere under
and raking at the top of the gentry.
* rangere i toppen af ngt.
In England the gentry is the class under the nobility,
*
nonnobles entitled to a coat of arms, esp. those owing large * berettige til
tracts of land.
*
174 Noble of birth, the noblility formerly believed that
* adelig
they were highly gifted with nobility.
* højt
Their raison d’etre was based on the dogma that
noblesse oblige (subj).
nêu’bles
* våben, -skjold
* begavet
(gudsbenået)
* eksistensberettigelse
* synes som tanke
mene, tro
* ædel-, adelophøjethed
* adel forpligter
ê`bli~§
The aristocracy looked on itself as a vanguard.
`Aristocrats ranked themselves among the best,
A ê`ris..
endowed with talent out of the common,
in`daud
having common sense, and aristocratic manners
* adelsvælde
-klasse
* aristokrat
adelig person
* begavet /
født med
* sund fornuft
* betragte sig som
* fortrop
se sig selv som
* regne sig blant
êristê`kratik E/A ê`ris -
as part of their natural endowments.
* begavelse
10 Being in the front rank of the society, the aristocrats
* i forreste geled / række
believed they were to the manner born.
* som skabt til det
* ud over det sædvanlige
usædvanlig
* overklassefornemme
talent
The upper `class(<es) and the lower `class(<es) always
lived separately, side by side, in the realm of reality.
Our imagination creates the realm of fancy
or the realm of fantasy.
Moving into the realm of imagination it’s easy to
* de højere kredse
* rige, område
verden
* forestillingsevne
fantasi
* =
* bevæge sig ind i
* lavere klasser
* realitet
virkelighed
* fantasiens verden
* fantasiens verden
transfer a person from one class to another.
* overføre …
- `fer
In reality, though, it was hardly likely; there was very little * i virkeligheden
* næppe sandsynligt
likelihood of a commoner getting into the very upper class.
* sandsynlighed for
20 Any person transferred to the opposite class would
* overføre
very likely seem confused – it seems so.
* sandsynligvis * synes, se ud til * det ser såden ud
* egentlige
* modsat
virke, forekomme
He or she would very probably be confused– so it seems. * temmelig sandsynligt
It seems most likely (that) both parties would be helpless.
* forekomme at være -
A transferrence of a person from the very upper class
* overflytning
to the very lower class or visa versa would most probably
* højst sandsynlilgt
make both parties feel helpless as the two classes
*
only to some extend shared a common language.
* dele ngt. fælles
* =
* højst sandsynligt
have ngt. tilfælles
In many ways it’s difficult to make a comparison with life
*
in the opposite end of the social ladder.
* social >
30 Comparing `notes people from the extreme ends of
* udveksle meninger
the social ladder would hardly understand each other.
*
* ( rang- ) stige
In terms of stadard of living there’s no camparison.
* ingen sammenligning
Upper-class people have their difficulties, but they are
* have sine besværligheder
nothing compared to those of the very lower classes.
It’s more than likely that a person born into the lower
class would pass away as a lower-class person.
In all likelihood a noble would pass on as such.
* for intet at regne mod
* det er mere end sandsynligt at
* forlade denne jord
* underklasse
* efter al sandsynlighed
*=
* som sådan
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
175 One possible and likely cause for marriage is love, and * mulig
one possible and probable reason for marriage is reason.
Today the most likely cause for marriage is love –
the most probable reason is love.
As you probably know, in the Middle Ages, among nobles,
* sandsynlig
* sandsynlig
* ( fornufts> ) grund til /
begrundelse for ngt.
* grund /
årsag til ngt
* fornuft
* mest …
* =
* sandsynligvis
the likeliest cause of a marriage was social ambition
* sandsynligste
when two families shared a common interest in a marriage.
* dele en fælles interesse
have interessefæsllesskab
A very convenient way to fulfil that in those times was
* bekvemmelig
( E: quite / very / most ) likely marriage of convenience.
* sandsynligvis
10 It was probably the most reasonable way of achieving
* =
social status in those days.
* på den tid
* måde at
* på den tid
dengang
* fornuftsægteskab
* fornuftig
* måde at
dengang
So marriages of convenience were more common among * mere almindelig blandt
the nobles in the old days while the most common reason
* mest …
for marriage today is love.
*
Convenience was then a commoner reason than love
while today the commonest reason is love.
A common cause for or cause of marriage is pregnancy.
* almindeligere
* almindeligst
* grund til ( fremtidigt )
* = ( når det er sket )
Having compared `notes with an attractive commoner
* udveksle meninger med
it was (quite, very, highly, most) likely that a noble
* sandsynligt at
20 fall in love with a commoner so a love affair was (…) likely. * sandsynlig
A love affair would probably be OK.
* sandsynligvis
As it seemed (quite etc.) probable that a noblewoman
* synes at være -
fell in love with a commoner, a love affair was (…) probable.
* sandsynlig
A love affair was a probability – it was within probabilities * sandsynlighed
as many nobles took pleasure in having love affairs; some
* finde behag i ngt.
took uncommon pleasure in a love affair with a commoner.
* usædvanlig
So it was not uncommon for a noble to have a love affair
with a commoner.
It was fairly common for a noble to have a love affair,
* sandsynligt at -
* indenfor sandsynlighedernes grænse
* usædvanligt for ng. at
*
* temmelig almindelig for ng. at
30 just like love affairs are quite common in all times
* temmelig almindelig til alle tider
among all classes.
* blandt
!!! Do not say !!! It’s common that … !!!
* !!!!
Not uncommonly, there were love affairs.
* ikke usædvanligt
In fact, it was common practice for many nobles to
* almindelig skik / praksis
have love affairs.
176 The (…) likely consequence, effect, outcome, result etc. * … sandsynlig
of an intermarriage, however, was animosity.
* indbyrdes giftermål
blandet ægteskab
* animositet
fjentlighed
The (…) probable consequence, effect, outcome, result etc. *
of such intermarriages was animosity towards the married
* … mod
couples.
*
A mixed marriage is a marriage between two people of
different religions or races.
* blandet ægteskab
*
The nobles were not forbidden to intermarry with /
* indgifte sig med
forbidden from intermarrying with the commoners.
*
10 As likely as not an intermarriage would, however,
* så sikkert som noget
cause personal animosities between members of
* fjendskab
the noble families.
*
uvenskab, had
As intermarriage (U) between nobles and commoners
* indgiftning
was likely to cause hostility, intermarriages
* sandsynligvis ville * fjentlighed
were likely to be uncommon.
* ville sandsynligvis være
Intermarriages were unusual and rare.
* usædvanlig
If a nobleman married a commoner, it would
*
( E: quite / very / most ) likely (adv.) cause animosity.
* sandsynligvis
* ualmindelig
* sjælden
It would in all likelihood mean animosity.
* efter al sandsynlighed
20 If a noblewoman married a commoner, it would
*
( quite / very / most ) probably cause trouble –
* sandsynligvis
in all probability it would mean trouble.
* efter al sandsynlighed
By comparison, it’s more likely that a nobleman
* ved sammenligning
would marry a commoner even if a lot of trouble would
*
still be strong probability.
* overvejende sandsynlighed.
Would a nobleman refuse to marry a commoner ?
*
(Yes) Probably.
* sandsynligvis
Would he miss her ? Probably.
* =
* mere sandsynligt at
In the unlikely event of an intermarriage, there seemed to * i det usandsynlige tilfælde at
30 be almost no probability of success – there seemed to be * ingen …
a low probability of success and high probability of failure. * en lav …
The project seemed to have a high / strong probability of
failure as it had a low probability of ( being ) a success.
* høj …
* have …
* … sandsynlighed for at
There was a high / strong probability that an intermarriage * sandsynlighed for at
would soon crack under the pressure.
* krakkelere, revne
gå i stykker
There was every probability that such a marriage would
* al mulig sandsynlighed for at
break down so the probability of (being) a success is low.
* sandsynligheden for ( at - ) ngt.
177 As to intermarriages, failure seemed quite probable
* hvad angår
or, rather, highly and most probable.
* temmelig
So as regards intermarrying, success seemed
* højst
* & mest
snarere
* hvad angår
less or least probable or, in other words, not very probable. * mindre …
Narratives about intermarriages, however, often have
* temmelig sandsynlig
* mindst …
* ikke særligt …
* beretning
historie
an improbably happy end.
* usandsynlig
utroværdig
It seems highly improbable that it happened so.
* =
A narrative with a happy end seems ( to be / like )
* synes
an improbable story with improbable characters,
* usandsynlig
10 and improbable plots.
utroværdig
* =
It all sounds improbable ( pred. adj.).
* lyde …
As a married couple had to face the probability of having
* sandsynlighed for at
a lot of trouble they had to face the improbality of a happy
* det usandsynlige i at
marriage.
*
Some people claim, improbably, that they have a happy
* =
* det usandsynlige i at
utroværdigt
marriage.
Stories of intermarriages with an unhappy end seem
*
*
more like probable accounts with probable characters
* sandsynlig
and probable plots.
troværdig
* =
* =
20 It all sounds more probable.
It seemed improbable that the then situation would
change.
Now, asking a wise noble if he would marry a commoner
* =
* usandsynligt at
*
*
he would answer: ‘ Not likely ! – not bloody likely ! ’ .
* ~ udelukket
To tell the opposite ? A likely story !
* det ku’ lige passe
Only a noble in an improbable state of mind would
* usædvanlig
intermarry with a commoner
* daværende
* ganske …
*
The balance of probality suggests that nobles intermarry. * & moden overvejelse
On the balance of probability, a wise noble would
30 marry a noble.
A woman of the commonalty had to decide whether if,
* gifte sig indbyrdes
* efter at have overvejet mulighederne
*
*
on the balance of probalities, a nobleman’s promises
* efter grundig overvejelse
were likely and probable.
* sandsynlig
( på sandsynlighedernes vægt )
* sandsynlig
Mistakes could and, in all probality, would occur.
* after al sandsynlighed
Mistakes were a common occurrence
* almindelig
and intermarriages were an uncommon occurrence.
* u-
178 It was (…) unlikely that a noble married a commoner
* usandsynligt at
so intermarriages were (…) unlikely.
* usandsynlig
A noble family might accept an intermarriage,
but it was hardly likely.
*
* næppe sandsynligt
An acceptance was possible but not likely.
* mulig men ikke …
It was possible but not probable although love affairs
* =
seemed a probability rather than (just) a possibility.
As an intermarriage seemed unlikely to succeed
* hænde, opstå, ske
forekomme
* hændelse
forekomst
* sandsynlighed
* snarere end
* uden sandsynlighed for at -
there was very little likelihood of a nobleman marrying
* der er meget lille sandsynlighed for ngt.
10 a commoner and lower likelihood of a noblewoman
* mindre …
marrying a commoner.
*
The likelihood was that nobles intermarried.
* det sandsynlige er at -
The probability was that a noble married a noble.
* =
It was more than likely that a noble would marry a noble.
* det er mere end sandsynligt at -
There was the greatest / the highest likelihood of
* der er den største sandsynlighed for ngt.
that happening.
Very likely a nobleman would abstain from marrying
*
* temmelig sandsynligt
20 a commoner and most likely a noblewoman would
* højst …
refrain from doing so.
* afholde sig fra at -
A nobleman was, however, more likely to marry
* mulighed
* være mere tilbøjelig til at -
* afholde sig fra at -
a commoner than a noblewoman was.
There was high likelihood of a nobleman marrying
*
* høj / stor sandsynlighed for ngt.
a noblewoman but greater likelihood of a noblewoman
* større …
marrying a nobleman.
*
A noblewoman was less likely to marry a commoner.
* være mindre tilbøjelig til at -
A member of the royal family, a royal, was least likely to
* den kongelige familie * en kongelig * mindst tilbøjelig
til at -
contract a marriage with a commoner.
* indgå ægteskab med ng.
30 There was the least likelihood and the lowest likelihood * mindste sandsynlighed
of that happening.
There was the least probability of that occurring,
and the lowest probability of that taking place.
As the royals belong to the upper `crust, they are
upper-`crust people.
179 When a nobleman had had to break off a love affair,
*
* mindste sandsynlighed
* forekomme
hænde, ske
* =
* de kongelige
* det øverste sociale lag
* overklasse
*
a rejected commoner was seldom offered a likely explanation. * & troværdig
So, at worst, she was offered no likely explanation at all
or, at best, she was offered an unlikely explanation.
As she was seldom offered a probable explanation,
* i værste fald
* i bedste fald
*
she was offered an improbable explanation or,
*
when worst comes to worst, no probably explanation.
* i værste fald
You’d think he’d have the (common) courtesy to
* … anstændighed
10 know what had happed.
*
In decent, commonplace people’s eyes many noblemen
* almindeligvis
* anstændig
pæn
were nothing more than common lechers whose lecherous, * gemen
indecent behaviour showed a total lack of common decency. * uanstændig
This was a commonly held opinion.
* ingen …
* almindelig høflighed
apologize; it would only be common decency to let her
Many noblemen were commenly known as womanizers.
* usandsynlig
utroværdig
* ganske almindelig
* lider- / horebuk
* liderlig
* almindelig anstændighed
* almindelig ( udbredt holdning )
The nobles seemed to endow each other with the qualities * udstyre ng. / ngt. med
they found it convenient to possess as they endowed
* =
each other with responsibilities.
*
It is a matter of common knowledge that
* det er almindelig viden / en kendt sag
alle og enhver ved
20 what might seem easy to a commoner in his realm
* =
might seem difficult to an aristocrat, and vice versa.
* =
* domæne
verden
* & omvendt
It’s common knowledge that the nobly born aristocracy
* <<<
* adeligt
as front-rank people of front-rank importance, nevertheless, * højt rangerende
considered themselves to rank well above / over
* betydelig
* rangere højt over
*
the commoners in talent and intelligence.
Yet, most nobles probably and most likely envied
* sandsynligvis
a well-endowed man or woman of the commonalty.
* =
* veludstyret ( med barm / penis )
Today we seem to hear the nobility’s self-glorification.
* synes at
It seems to us that the upper class glorified themselves
* synes som om /
* selvforherligelse
* forherlige
forekomme én at
* i en sådan grad at
30 to such an extent that they were blinded by
self-exaltation and self-praise.
* forblændet af
* selvforherligelse
* selvros
egzå~l`tai$ên
By common consent it isn’t seemly to praise oneself.
* der er almindelig enighed om
The Holy Bible is, by common consent, a likely place to
* oplagt
look for dogmas; probably the likeliest place.
* sømmeligt
passende
* rose
prise
* mest …
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
180 Reading the Bible, the aristocrats seemed to hear
* synes ( som sansning )
the Supreme Being’s voice as a divine intervention.
* det højeste væsen
have det indtryk at
a vocation for intervention; an ability to intervene
Gud
* det synes som om /
se ud til at
* kald til at
( in any problem ) and look after the welfare of the nation.
* (i)
It seemed (that) they themselves were blessed with
The social order seemed divine.
* samfundsordenen
The social order seemed to be divine.
* … at -
The social order seemed to them to be divine.
* … ng. at -
As to the manner born, the aristocracy
* som skabt til det
10 looked upon themselves as noble-minded people
that nobly looked to the government of the community.
They looked on themselves with confidence,
convinced that they should look after the public welfare.
In their self-righteousness the aristocrats believed
they were better mannered than the commonage.
They were in the mistaken belief that the more
artistic your manners are, the better.
So the aristocracy expected the commonalty
* guddommelig
* indgriben
* velsignet med
* gribe ind
* velfærd
* synes
orekomme
* anse / betragte sig som
* ædel
* sindet
synes selv at være
* ædelt
* passe på
* styre
være påpasselig med
regering
* se på / betragte ng. med
( have * tillid / tiltro til )
* overbevist
selv synes
* selvgodhed
* have bedre manerer
/ opførsel
* være i den vildfarelse
* passe på
tage sig af
* velfærd
* almuen
de borgerlige / ikke adelige
* forfinet
* almuen etc
to look to them to be governed,
* se hen til
20 and to look to them for government.
henholde sig til
* =
Aristocrats had brought manipulation to a fine art.
* gøre ngt. til en kunst
By the art of lying, the crafty aristocrats
* kunsten at
* lede, styre
regere
* -lse
-ing
* manipulation
* udspekuleret, durkdreven
had carried craftiness to a fine art.
The aristocracy had made a fine art of manipulating
rænkefuld, træsk
* -hed
* gøre ngt. til …
* dyrke ngt. som en kunst * manipulere ( med )
håndtere efter forgodtbefindende
a craftless commonplace person.
Manipulation of the lower classes is a method commonly
used by the upper-class to keep their high-rank position.
Blessed (adj.) are the poor.
* ukunstlet
* ganske almindelig
ikke udspekuleret
* almindelig
*
* velsignet
[ blessid ]
salig
By / in comparison with today’s society, the class barriers * i sammmenligning med
30 in the class society then were rigidly fixed.
* fastlåst
Social mobilty today is common in comparison (to then).
* social mobilitet
An aristocrat may be full of craft and crafty as a fox.
* udspekuleret etc. ( -hed )
Since the beginning of time, the artful noblility have
* siden tidernes
* i forhold til
* snu som en ræv
* underfundig, udspekuleret, listig
morgen
snu, snedig, durkdreven, træsk
used all their art to manipulate the artless commonalty.
* bruge sin * manipulere
* kunstløs, ukunstlet
snilde til
uskyldig, ikke udspekuleret
As some nobles manipulated the farmers into bankruptcy, * manipulere ng. til
the manipulative nobles got land from the farmers by craft.
* manipulerende
181 By means of manipulation and all their arts,
* & tvivlsom håndtering
the nobles manipulated the common people into
* manipulere ng. til
* kunster
kneb
* de almindelige mennesker
believing that the nobility had the common man’s welfare
* tro
* have menigmands velfærd
at heart at the same time as they claimed it was simply
* på hjerte
common politeness for a commoner to serve an aristocrat.
* almindelig høflighed
The manipulators, artists in words, manipulated the rules * manipulator
* få ngt. ved list
* -kunstner
* manipulere
håndtere
of social order with great art.
* kunstfærdighed
snilde
The aristocracy artfully manipulated the common law (E,U), * udspekuleret etc.
the common-law courts, the common-law rules and rights * … domstol
10 as well as the statute law (U) made by Parliament (U,E).
Common law has been developed from customs
* … regel
* rettighed
* vedtægtslovgivning
* sædvaneret
and decisions made by judges: case law is based on
* sagsbaseret lov
decisions in ealier cases.
*
Some people may live in a common-law marriage with
* sædvaneret
* papirløst ægteskab som enerkendes af
sædvaneretten
either a common-law wife or a common-law husband.
* papirløs hustru
* … ægtemand
The couple may have common ownership of their property. * fælles
The aristocracy kept (on) being very upper class.
* overklasset
The upperclassmen and upperclasswomen usually
* overklassemand
looked to it that the lower-class people,
* se til, sørge for
20 underclassmen and underclasswoman,
passe på
* underklassemand
kept their position at the bottom of the divine social order.
*
The aristocracy made the common people believe that
* & foregøgle
* … kvinde
* underklasse
* … kvinde
they took decisions for the common good,
* til fælles bedste
that their enterprise was to the common advantage,
* foretagsomhed
and that all classes worked together for the common good.
virkelyst
* … bedste
The nobility laid down the law; they lay down that
* udtale sig autoritativt
all classes worked together for a common purpose,
docere
* med et fælles formål for øje
and towards a common goal.
* mod et fælles mål
People of the commonalty were often forced to
* fastlægge
*
30 make common cause with the aristocracy, and,
* gøre fælles sag med
in times of war, make common cause against the enemy.
* … mod
Otherwise, commoners were seduced into
* til fælles fordel
* i andre henseender
finding common cause with the nobles
* gøre fælles sag med
and into finding common cause against an enemy.
* … mod
182 As people act as it seems best to them,
* synes
people of all classes acted as it seemed best.
* almindelige mennesker
* forført til
/ forekomme ng.
As things far off seem to be difficult to understand,
* =
* synes /
forekomme at være
the life style of one class seems difficult to understand to
* … for ng.
to the opposite class.
*
There seems to have been much misunderstanding:
* der synes
it seems true that some aristocrats were endowed with talent, * det synes
/ forekommer
it seems a fact that some aristocrats had common sense,
* =
it seems that some aristocrats were in the vanguard,
* det synes som om
* sund fornuft
* i fortroppen
/ ser ud til
10 it seems some of them were in the vanguard of the society,* =
and it would seem that they were to the manner born.
* kunne …
The aristocracy seemed too privileged.
* synes ( udefra ) / se ud til
The aristocrats seemed to be too privileged.
*
They seemed to the commoners to be too privileged.
* forekomme ng. at være
The aristocrats seemed arrogant
* =
as they did whatever seemed an advantage to them.
When the aristocrats did what seemed best,
they solely did what seemed best to them.
The aristocracy seemed a very privileged class.
/ forekomme ( at være ) + adj.
=
* … ( en fordel ) for ng.
* =
* ene og alene
* =
20 The aristocrats seemed to believe in divine endowments * =
so they seemed to know what they were doing.
It seemed that the aristocrats were a burden to
* begavelse
talent
* =
* synes som om
se ud til
the working people.
* =
*
* byrde for
Broadly, it seemed to the commoners that
the aristocracy was a burden on the community.
* i det store og hele
* forekomme ng. at
* byrde for
Historians search different sources for comparison.
* kilde
Comparison with today is interesting.
* sammenligning med
* til sammenligning
It’s interesting to draw / make a comparison (with today). * drage …
Comparisons between life then and today are interesting. * … mellem ngt. og ngt.
30 Comparisons of then and today –
* … af ngt. og ngt.
a comparison of life then to life today
* =
and a comparison of people then with people today –
* … af ngt .med ngt.
show surprising similarities and differencies.
*
By comparison (with previous ages) /
* ved sammenligning ( med ngt. )
in comparison (to / with previous ages), scientific discoveries * i …
of the previous ages bear / stand no comparison with those * ikke tåle sammenligning med ngt.
of the Industrial Revolution.
*
Other things stand / bear comparison.
* tåle …
183 The aristocracy seemed like parasites,
* synes /
`parêsaits
* parasit
snylter
and their effect on the society seemed like that of
forekomme at være som
* =
a parasitic disease.
* parasitisk
* sygdom
* synes / se ud /
* ensidigt
It seemed as if the aristocracy unilaterally
benefitted from the existence of a lower `class.
It seemed as though the lower classes had to rely on
the upper classes without having anything in return.
forekomme som om
* have gavn af
* underklasse
* =
* stole på
sætte sin lid til
* til gengæld
It seemed like a profitable idea.
* synes / se ud til /
It seemed to some commoners like quite the contrary.
* forekomme ng. at være
forekomme at være
10 On the whole,the aristocrats seemed to disregard
* det stik modsatte
* i det store og hele
* se bort fra >
disri`ga~d
their part of the reciprocal obligation(s).
* gensidig
* forpligtelse(s)
ri`siprêkêl
Although they are under a legal obligation, and have
* være underlagt >
a moral and social obligation to(wards) the lower classes,
* moralsk
they seemed, in general, to disregard their obligation(s).
* synes at -
Taking it by and large, they seemed to disregard
their obligations to look after the lower classes.
Very largely they seemed to neglect to
fulfil / honour / meet their obligation(s).
Broadly speaking the aristocracy seemed to
20 abuse their position in society.
Generally speaking the aristocrats seemed to abuse
their power.
Roughly speaking they seemed to disregard
all sense of brotherliness and humanity.
* lovmæssig
* samfundsmæssig
* have >
* forpligtelse overfor
* almindeligvis
* i det store og hele
*=
* synes /
se ud til at
* se bort fra …
* se bort fra
* forpligtelse til at
* i det store og hele
* =
* opfylde / honorere >
* i det store og hele
* undlade
* forpligtelse(r)
* =
* misbruge
* i det store og hele
* misbruge
*
* i det store og hele
* medmenneskelighed ( -følelse )
* ( med-) …
An aristocrat was brought up to ignore the worries
* opdrage til
* bekymring
of the lower classes and to make excuses on the plea that
* undskylde sig med den begrundelse at -
the social order was a divine institution: a work of God.
* Guds værk
An aristocrat used to excuse himself by saying,
* undskylde / forklare sig
‘ I can’t seem to understand people from the lower classes ;
* synes / se ud til at ( undskyldende )
30 I seem to have no idea of being under any obligation to
* =
care, trouble, or worry about the lower classes.’
* interessere /
* være forpligtet til at
* bekymre sig for ng.
people exclusively worked for their own welfare
bekymre sig for ng.
* synes, se ud til
virke som om
* udelukkende
in total disregard of their Christian obligations.
* ignoreren / ligegyldighed /
Most people today seem to think that the upper-class
dis`riga~d
When aristocrats behaved in a mannered style,
showing a flagrant disregard for common people,
* =
* synes, tænke
mene, tro
* velfærd
mangel på hensyntagen overfor ngt.
* maniéret
påtaget, affekteret
* åbenbar
påfaldende
* vise
* ligegyldighed / mangel på
hensyntagen
overfor
it seemed a mannerism of theirs.
* mani
indgroet vane
184 Little by little, the nobility turned into downright snobs
* rene
who artfully refined and cultivated seemly manners in order
* raffinere
to distance themselves from the commonalty.
* distancere sig fra
* snob
* sømmelig
lægge afstand til
What seemed seemly for a commoner was often
regarded as unseemly for a noble.
* sømmelig for
* usømmelig …
The aristocracy couldn’t seem to get out of that snobbish * kunne synes ude af stand til
seemliness.
They seemed unable to get out of their snobbery.
* =
Many snobs despise the commonplace.
* foragte
10 They disdain ordinary life and scorn ordinary people.
* foragte
A new fashion often soon become a commonplace.
afvise
* almindelig (-hed)
New fashions, things and words not in common usage
* almindelig
often soon become commonplace (adj.), though.
they often become commonplaces.
Exchanging hackneyed witticisms and commonplaces
* =
* det almindelige / banale
/ hverdagsagtige
* håne
* brug
* almindelig
* almindelighed
* fortærsket
the snobs cultivated common or `garden conversation or,
* ganske almindelig
in America, `garden-variety conversations.
* =
Many aristocrats refused to take a walk on the common
* snobbet
/ se ud til ikke at kunne
* sømmelighed
* åndfuldhed
* almindelighed
banalitet, floskel
* fælled
åbent fællesareal i en by
or on common land (E).
* fællesareal
20 The common garden frog and common chickweed are * almindelig …
commonly seen in open land.
Red sqirrels are uncommon in England; they were once
a common sight but are now becoming rare.
The aristocrats preferred to take a hackney carriage (E)
* … fuglegræs
* almindeligt
* ualmindelig
* almindelig
* hestedroshe
* sjælden
pulled by a horse.
*
Later on a hackney cab was a taxicab, a taxi, or cab.
* droshe
When you come to a taxi rank and see the cab-rank,
hyrevogn
* -holdeplads
you are supposed to take the first cab in the rank.
The ruling class always looked out commodities
* herskende
* første klasse
and their snobbish families.
* snobbet
* snobberi
in`bå~n
It seems as if their snobbery is an inbred character.
* række
* række
30 of the first rate or first rank for themselves
Their snobbishness seems like an inborn character.
* taxi
* udse ngt. til
* handelsvare
forbrugsgode
* ligne / fremstå /
virke som ngt.
* det synes
* medfødt
* & indavlet
/ ser ud som ( om )
* =
* direkte fornærmelse
downright swindle,and downright lies
* ren og skær svindel
* lodret løgn
were then the rule rather than the exception.
* reglen snarere end undtagelsen
It sems as though downright insolence,
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
185 It would seem like a downright scandal or even like
a common nuisance if anyone today in a democratic society
allowed himself the arrogance of the nobility in the past.
* det kunne se ud som
* direkte ( skandale )
/ ville forekomme at være * almindelig plage
straffelovskrænkelse
* tillade sig ngt.
It seems that many aristocrats were downright rude.
* det synes / virker / se ud
It would seem that the aristocracy was built on
forekommer som om
* < = ( modererende )
downright `cynicism and hypocrisy.
* ren og skær
* grov
uforskammet
* kyniske
* hykleri
hi`påkrisi
skinhellighed
In the face of commoners, their manners often proved
* overfor
10 the `impudence of the way they looked down upon
* manerer, tone
* vise sig i virkeligheden
opførsel, -træden
* uforskammet
* fri
* kynisk
sjælsrå
* tilsyneladende
* fromhed
* dække over
gudsfrygtighed
* uforskammethed
* måde
* se ned på
the commonalty and its ways ( and manners ).
* sæder og skikke
( to be ) `impudently free and cynical.
Their seeming piety often failed to cover up
The cynical and hypocritical aristocrats always
had the impudence to call an commoner a retarded fool.
* kynisk
* hyklerisk
* have den uforskammethed at
* retarderet
‘ What rascality – what rascally impudence ! ‘
være uforskammet nok til at
* krænke
fornærme / -arge
* række næse af
* kyniker
sjælsrå person
* krænket
fornærmet / -arget
* skurkestreg
* skurkagtig
‘ What an `impudent rascal ! ‘
* uforskammet
If the offended commoner, however, in return
thumbed his nose at an aristocrat, this cynic and hypocrite
may cry out, offendedly and hypocritically,
‘ None of your impudence ! ‘
* vise sin foragt for ( * hæve
the commoner might be `prosecuted for unseemliness :
* retsforfølge
for giving him the snooks.
* =
common (E) men and women with common manners :
* hykler
* -isk
* fornærmelse
* skurk
* stop din uforskammethed
20 If a commoner cocked a snook at an aristocrat,
The aristocracy looked (on)on common people as
* til gengæld
* fiskeart )
* usømmlighed
* betragte / anse som ng.
* gemen, vulgær
tarvelig
* =
* manerer
people who look common, who wear common clothes,
* =
talk unseemly and speak with a common lower-class
* usømmelig
`accent and usage.
* accent
The aristorcracy mostly had a conservative outlook.
tonefald
* …
Acting wasn’t a seemly occupation for a noble girl.
* sømmelig
* =
* =
* ( sprog-) brug
* konservativ
30 The manners of the nobility, formed by
* manerer
their narrow outlook on life, retarded the progress
* snæversynethed
of a society and kept if from moving with the times.
* følge med tiden
* livssyn, -anskuelse
indstilling
* beskæftigelse
profession
* hæmme /
forsinke / forhale ngt.
være tidssvarende / i takt med tiden
Not keeping up with progress leads to growth retardation
in society.
* holde trit med ngt.
* hæmning
forsinkelse, forhalelse
*
Many aristocrats made excuses.
* komme med undskyldninger
‘ I seem unable to get out of my bad habits -
* synes ( undskyldende ) ude af stand til
I can’t seem to get out of the bad habits,’ one of them said.
* ikke synes at kunne
186 Apart from a few points in common, the opposite
* berøringspunkt
classes didn’t seem to have much in common.
* synes /
Yet, the aristocracy seems to have disregarded
the common character of human beings.
In common with a commoner and a common man,
a nobleman is subject to the course of nature.
A nobleman, however, only seemed friendly
when he wanted a commoner to do him a favour.
‘ One good `turn deserves an`other,’ he would say.
* have ngt. til fælles
se ud til at * <=
* se bort fra
* fællespræg
* til fælles med /
ligesom ng.
* underkastet
* borgerlig person
ikke adelig
* give det udseende af
* gøre ng. en tjeneste
* den ene tjeneste er den anden værd
10 Aristocrats, though, considered manual labour as
* manuelt
a degrading occupation; degrading to people of rank.
* nedværdigende ( for ng. )
So in spite of his seeming friendliness, he would
* almindeligt
menneske
* naturens gang
* arbejde
* stand
* tilsyneladende
find it beneath him to make the effort to lend a commoner
* under sin værdighed
a helping hand with manual work.
* en hjælpende hånd med ngt. * manuelt
* give ng. >
* udfære …
As he would find it beneath his dignity to do manual work, * under sin værdighed at he wouldn’t lend ( them ) a ( helping ) hand.
To look at the aristocrats, they seemed to
be obsessing about / over social status.
Seemingly obsessed by / with status, the aristocrats
20 seems to take ( great ) pains / go to great pains
not to look like an ordinary man.
Taking ( great ) pains with their looks,
* arbejde
* give ( ng. ) en ( hjælpende ) hånd
* & af udseende
* synes / se ud til at ved sin fremtræden
* være konstant besat / optaget af ngt.
* tilsyneladende
* besat af ngt.
* synes /
* gøre sig ( store ) anstrengelser for at se ud til at * se ud som ngt.
* almindeligt menneske
* gøre sig umage /
( store ) anstrengelse med ngt.
and taking ( great ) pains over their manners,
* =
they seemed to behave as if / as though they
* synes / se ud til at -
had no interests in common with ordinary people.
* have ngt. til fælles
* som om
* almindelige mennesker
Social status may become an obsession with everybody
* blive en besættelse hos ng.
in the society from top to bottom.
*
Obsessively making an effort to gain status,
* som besat
some people’s dream of status borders (up)on obsession.
* grænse til >
30 Obsessive about ( gaining ) status,
* besat af ( at gøre ) ngt.
they have an obsessive concern for status.
* tvangsmæssig
* besættelse
Some snobs dream of status to the point of obsession.
* på grænsen af besættelse
Their ( dangerous / unhealthy ) obsession with notables
* besættelse af ng. / ngt.
and status easily leads to cheating and fraud.
Ignoble people, having ignoble manners,
*
* lav
ig`nêubêl
and unseemly behaviour are found everywhere,
gemen
* sømmelig
from top to bottom of the society.
*
* usømmelig
* & uværdig
vanærende
* opførsel
187 Education at a university seemed the most likely way to * mest oplagt
/ passende
move up the social ladder – it seemed like the most
* bevæge sig op ad den sociale rangstige
suitable way of moving up the social ladder.
* <<
Students of all classes could go to university.
* gå / komme på universitet (-et)
Some uncommonly gifted students of the commonage
* usædvanlig
managed to study at a university.
* ved et …
So a commoner could be / study (sth.) at university (E).
*
Associating with each other was an uncommon
* omgås
experience for both nobles and commoners.
*
10 Basic features are common to humans of all classes
* fælles for
and common to all human reactions.
* =
* usædvanlig
Both a noble and a commoner catch a (common) cold.
* få en forkølelse
The common denominator of all classes is the basic
* fællesnævner
di`nåmineitê
human needs.
The lowest common denominator is something that is
*
* laveste …
simple enough to be interesting to or to be understood by
*
the largest number of people; some kind of entertainment
*
appeals to the lowest common denominator.
Some schools have a syllabus that seems aimed at
* appellere til
* =
* læseplan, pensum
eksamenskrav
20 the lowest common denominator; the sort of people who * =
are least intelligent or accept something that is of low quality.
Although a noble and a commoner have the basic needs
*
* have ngt. >
in common, the nobility, in many other respects,
* til fælles med
has nothing in common with the commonage.
* =
Their dwellings and culture had some features in common * =
but the nobility’s mode of life, mode of behavior and dress
* livsstil
* måde at opføre sig på
* tøjstil
had not much in common with that of the commonalty.
Many commodities and habits were commonplace only
* have ngt. til fælles med
* almindelig
in upper-class homes.
*
30 Coming together at the university students who believed
*
they had nothing in common often realized, however,
* have ngt. til fælles
they had much in common.
* =
So students with very little in common might become
* =
graduates with a lot in common.
* =
188 The students learned to use their common sense (U)
* bruge … sund fornuft
and take a common-sense approach to a problem.
* tilnærmelse
/ -gang
A common room is for informal use by all.
* fællesrum
The commons (A) is a room where students can eat.
* spisesal
A person who keeps having the common `touch will
* folkelighed
likely be chosen as candidate for a post in common consent. * i bred enighed
He will be one of the most likely candidates for the post
* oplagt
and probably make it to the top without loosing the common * miste …
`touch.
*
10 Some traditions became common currency among all
* gængs
students.
In grammer they learned about common nouns
and common gender.
Although some proper nouns ( or proper names )
are common English names, the students were warned of
*
* fællesnavn
* fælleskøn
* egennavn
* almindelig
gængs
commom spelling mistakes.
* =
In mathematics they studied calculus of probability
* sandsynlighedskalkule / -(be-)regning
by means of which a probability or ratio of chance,
* sandsynlighed
statistical probability or improbability can be figured out.
* statistisk …
20 A common denominator is a number that can be divided
* fællesnævner
by all the numbers belowe the line in a set of fractions.
*
Arithmetical errors and miscalculations such as
* usandsynlighed
*
adding, subtracting, multiplicating and dividing mistakes
*
are ( not un-) common occurrences.
* ( u-) almindelig
/ sædvanlig
The probability of winning most lotteries is really very low.
*
You’re probably right.
*
* hændelse
forekomst
There may be as little as a 0.00001 % probability.
*
In the form of a private endowment,
* i form af
* fond
legat
* skænke
- `dau -
a modern nobleman, out of the common, may endow land
* ikke helt almindelig
30 and money to universities, local institutions, welfare work, * velfærdsarbejde
and child welfare.
* børnehjælpsarbejde
189 Until recently, the nobles, as likely as not, nevertheless, * indtil for nylig
seemed to be the most likely candidates for a post.
* højst sandsynligt
* mest oplagt
They seemed like the probables for the post.
* vinderkandidat
An educated noble was more likely to get a position
* vil med større sandsynlighed
while an educated commoner was less likely to get it.
An uneducated commoner was least likely to
get a step up the social ladder.
* … mindre …
* … mindst …
* komme et skridt op ad den sociale rangstige
Other times other manners.
* andre tider andre skikke
There was of course some common ground between
* fælles interesseområde mellem
10 the nobility and the commonalty.
So despite their disagreements the various classes have
been able to find some common ground.
The upper classes, in common with the lower classes
have experienced many changes over the years.
Although the upper `crust still exist in some ways,
*
*
* fælles interesseområde
* på lige vis med ng.
* i årenes løb
* overklassen
( * skorpe )
many old-time manners are likely to disappear
* gammeldags
* vil sandsynligvis
in the course of times.
* i tidens løb
It’s likely to happen.
* det er sandsynligt at det sker
It’s the most likely outcome and the most likely cause
* sandsynlig
det vil sandsynligvis ske
is the evolution of democracy and the consumer society.
* forbrugersamfund
20 In modern societies economics are common ground.
* nationaløkonomi
Students of the lower classes have become
a `commonplace.
Today the Lower House, the House of Commons has
the `legislative power in the Parliament of the UK
*
* almindelighed
* underhuset
* lovgivende
- d§i -
while the Upper House – the House of Lords –
* overhuset
has controlling power.
*
* fælles interesseområde
The three or four estates of the realm today are
* stand
* konge-, rige
the Lords `Spiritual, the Lords Temporal,
* gejstligt overhusmedlem
the Commons, and nowadays the press.
( åndelig, sjælelig )
* underhusmedlemmerne
* tidsmæssig
timelig ,verdslig
* pressen
30
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
190 Some candidates with aristocratic looks,
* udseende
rank among the finest candidates for exaltation.
* rangere iblandt
As they rank for being put into noble rank,
they are due for ennoblement.
They fall into rank, and rank in line.
* rangere til
* stå for tur
* adle
When they are exalted they are raised to peerage,
* adle / ophøje /
and rank with other noblemen, now their peers.
* adling
* stille sig på række
The King or Queen ennobles the candidates.
ig`zå~ltid
* forfremmelse
ophøjelse
* indsætte i adelsrang
forfremme ng.
* … på linie med
*
* =
* ophøje til adelsstand
* ligemand
To most of them its a moment of extreme joy and exaltation.* eksaltation, løftet stemning
begejstring, opstemthed
10 Moving in very axalted circles they are some of the people * ophøjet
fornem
raised to such exalted rank or position.
Some people exalt emotion and intuition above reasoning
* =
* lovprise /
as they exalt their idols, and exalt certain feelings,
ophøje ngt.
* =
conduct (U), and lines of action.
* handlemåde
When people praise and raise somebody or something
to a higher rank or positon, the exaltation of idols, feelings,
* resonnering
* idol, afgud
gude- / afgudsbillede
*
* lovprisning
ophøjelse
conduct and lines of action as well as the exaltation of emotion * =
and intuition above reasoning is often beyond common sense, *
and to a rank or position that they do not deserve.
*
20 The upper class may have noble rank, official rank,
* embedsrang
or military rank.
* militær rang
The world of class and fashion often pulls rank.
* de rige og smukke
When the upper class pulls its rank,
* =
it easily pulls rank on the lower classes,
* … overfor
and pulls its rank on the under class.
* =
Some persons of rank - persons of high rank - are
* af rang
standspersoner
military officers, police officers, officers in the government
*
or in an organisation.
*
* udnytte sin rang
* =
*
30
MILITARY RANKS
191 In the military hierarchy the commisioned officers
* officer
rank at the top whilst the non-commissioned officers
* rangere
rank in the middle and the privates rank at the bottom.
* … i midten
(-s befalingsmand )
A general is an officer of / with very high rank,
the Field Marshal ranks above the general.
* … højeste rang
* have …
* feltmarskal
So the general ranks next below the Field Marshal.
* rangere
In U.S. Army, the general of the army ranks above
* hærgeneral
10 a general, a lieutenant general, a major general
* underofficer
(-s befalingsmand )
* … i bunden
* af høj rang
an officer in the highest, or second or third highest rank.
Holding the highest rank in the British Army
* medens
hvorimod
* menig
* general
* lige nedenunder
*=
* over
* generalløjtnant
* generalmajor
A: lu~`tenênt
and a brigadier general.
As the commander in chief of a fleet, the admiral is
the highest ranking officer.
* brigadegeneral
* øverstkommanderende
* højeste rang
In the British Navy the highest ranking officer is called
*
* flådeadmiral
In the U.S. navy the Fleet Admiral is the ranking officer.
* flådeadmiral
He is highest ranked naval officer.
* højest placerede
The Fleet Admiral ranks immediately above an admiral
* rangere
20 who ranks above a vice-admiral and a rear `admiral.
The grades below are captain, commander,
lieutenant commander, lieutenant senior grade etc.
In the U.S. Air Force the general of the air force
ranks above the general and the lieutenant general.
The Fleet Admiral ranks alongside the general of
the air force and both ranks with the general of the army.
The other commissioned officers in the army are
* admiral
* højst rangerende
An admiral is an officer of the highest rank in the navy.
Admiral of the fleet.
* flåde
* øverstbefalende
* lige over
* vice* grad
* under* kaptajn
* kommandørløjtnant
* kommandør
* seniorløjtnant
* general for flyvevåbnet
* =
* generalløjtnant
* rangere på linie med
* =
* officers befalingsmand
the colonels, who rank below the generals,
* oberst
but rank above the lieutenant colonels, the majors,
* rangere over
* rangere under
* oberstløjtnant
* major
E: lef`tenênt
30 the captains, and the lieutenants.
The first lieutenant outranks the second lieutenant.
* kaptajn
* premiere …
* løjtnant
* rangere over
* sekund…
- `ranks
Being the non-commissioned officers
a sergeant ranks above a corporal.
* underofficer ( -sbefalingsmand )
* sergent
Other ranks are the corporals and the common soldiers, * af anden rang
the latter also called private soldiers or privates.
* rangere lavest
192 At war people close ranks.
* stå sammen
and all ranks are prepared for war.
* menig ( soldat )
* officerer og menige
* de menige
They command the rank and file.
* de menige
When an officer ranks the privates,
* stille på række
* forberedt på ngt.
* ordne i række
A rookie company is ranked according to hight.
* nybegynder
The rookies keep ranks, and exert themselves not to
* =
break ranks on the march.
* manig soldat
* slutte op omkring ng.
The officers are in command of the ranks.
he arrange / forms them into ranks and files.
* korporal
* korporaler
* sidstnævnte ( af to )
The privates rank lowest.
People close their ranks about their leaders,
* rangere over
* geled
* kompani
* holde sig på række
/ geled
* komme ud af …
* ordne
* anstrenge sig for at * på march
10 The exercises and tasks are ranked in order of difficulty. * øvelse
It’s not as easy to rank recruits in order of ability.
* rangordne ng./ ngt. …
* højde
* rangordne
* rekrut
* alt efter
ri`kru~ts
When an officer has put the privates in ranks,
he sometimes forms a marching order.
At the marching-off, the officer shouts the
marching orders.
After the marching order, ‘ Quick march ! ‘
the company marches off.
A squad is a small number of soldiers, commonly 10 men,
* =
* march orden
* afmarch
* marchordre
* =
* fremad march
* marchere afsted
* patrulje
trop
a headquaters – a corporal and a sergeant – and the privates. * hovedkvarteret
officersstaben
20 Two or more squads form a platoon which is commanded * deling
by a lieutenant.
The platoon is part of a company, a group of about 120
soldiers which is commanded by a captain.
Two or more companies and a headquarters
form a battalion.
The headquarters is the place from which a military
*
* kompani
* kaptajn
*
* batallion
* hovedkvarter
officersstab
operation is controlled as well as the headquarters are
* operation
the people working there.
*
*
* kontrollere
* =
30
193 The recruits learn how to walk and march in step,
* marchere
and keep step.
* holde takt
The corporal shouts or beats the time
so the marching privates don’t get out of step.
* i takt
* slå takten
* komme ud af takt
If one soldier breaks step, other soldiers fall out of step.
* bryde takten
When they are on the march, the soldiers
* på march
* falde ud af …
carry their marching equipment, marching kit,
* march oppakning
or marching order.
* =
When they are on a days march, they march at ease.
10 Sometimes the march pace is forced.
If a company advances by forced march,
it may gain a march on another company.
On parade the marching column
* dagsmarch
* gå rørmarch
* marchhastighed
* forcere
presse op
* ilmarch
* rykke frem i
* komme en dagsmarch foran
* i parade
* marchkolonne
marches into position forming a front rank,
* marchere i stilling
* forreste geled
a centre rank, and a rear rank.
/ på plads
* mellemste …
`kålêm
The formation marches past a guest of honour
watching the review from a reviewing stand.
ri`vju~
After the march-past, the commanding officer
* bageste …
* formation
* marchere /
defilere forbi
* mønstringstribune
* mønstring
tropperevy
* forbidefilering
marches the company into the square.
* opmarchere
20 Sometimes a drum major marks the time
* tambur major
so no one will get out of time.
* komme ud af takt
* plads
* takt
A military band plays in time with the drum major.
* orkester
* i takt med
The band keep time in marchtime
* holde takten
* marchtakt
so the ranks and files march in step with the music
* marchere
in marching step.
* marchtakt
If some soldiers march out of time it offends the eye.
* støde øjet
A march must be a tune in eg. 4 / 4, four-four time
* march
or 2 / 4 time, playable in a rhythm people can march to.
* spillelig
Sometimes they play a dead march.
* melodi
* takt
* rytme
* sørgemarch
30 A musician reads the time signature eg. three-four time * musiker
* taktangivelse
* trefjerdedelstakt
before he plays the notes in the bars or measures
* node
between the bars or barlines in the stave / eA staff
* taktstreg
consisting of five lines.
* ( node-) linie
A tune may be played at pleasure
* takt
* nodelinjesystem
* melodi
with a number of beats in the bars
* rytmeslag
ie. regularly repeated strokes in a certain rhythm.
* slag
Noisy music offends many people.
* =
* efter forgodtbefindende
* takt
* rytme
* støjende
* genere
194 People of all ranks and classes may join the army,
* folk fra alle samfundslag
and serve in the ranks.
* gøre militærtjeneste
alle og enhver
In some countries the government provides
*
the armed `forces with soldiers by conscription.
* de væbnede styrker
These countries have `conscript armed forces
* ~ værnepligtig
predominated by conscript soldiers.
* værnepligtig
A conscript or recruit is a person who has been made to
join the armed forces.
* værnepligtig
* rekrut
*
People who are conscripted / draughted / (eA) drafted
kên`skriptid
* værnepligt
udskrivning
* udskrive ng. >
`draftid
10 into the army, navy or air force, are conscripted ect.
* til ngt.
to fight for their country.
* til at -
In the US a draft board takes care of the draft as it
select the draftees for military service.
* udskrivningskommission
* værnepligtig
Most people know of people of their own ranks
who go into the army.
* fra egne rækker
* gå i militærtjeneste
Many privates come from the ranks of the unemployed.
* de …-s rækker
* de arbejdsløse
* menig ( soldat )
* rangere
* fiasko
/ høre til blandt
* rangere til
* forfremmelse
stå foran
* forfremme til ngt. * rang af ngt.
- `plåid
If a common soldier doesn’t rank among the failures,
the ranker may rank for promotion.
* menig
When the army exalts him, he is promoted to the rank of
20 corporal.
* forfremme ng.
* forfremme til rang af
If he doesn’t rank with the failures, a ranker may
rise from the ranks, and rise to high rank.
* rangere
/ høre til sammen med
* stige i rang / graderne
* befalingsmand fra
de meniges rækker
* nå høj rang / værdighed
A soldier must toe the ( military ) line / A& mark.
* holde sig indenfor de autoriative rammer
He will be punished if he commits an offence E/A offense.
* begå en forbrydelse
ê`fens
A private may break `ranks ( with an officer ).
* bryde ud af fællesskabet ( sætte sig op imod ng. )
The punishment may be lenient if it’s a first offence
* mild
and he is a first offender.
An officer must be in step with the general staff
* førstegangsforbryder
* i trit med ng.
and in step with its strategy.
* … ngt.
30 Out of step with the general staff and its strategy,
* ude af trit med ng. & ngt.
having committed a minor offence,
* begå en mindre forbrydelse
an officer may be reduced to the ranks.
* degradere til menig
* førstegangsforbrydelse
If he has committed a serious or criminal offence
he may be punished and dismissed in disgrace.
If a soldier commits a capital offence like desertion
or treason he may be punished by death.
* … alvorlig / kriminel …
* unåde
* … kapital …
* desertion
* høj- / landsforræderi
* få dødsstraf
`tri~zên
Prosecution for a first minor offence rarely leads to
imprisonment.
* anklage for
* fængsling
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
195 At a military academy students are training for service
* officersskole
as officers in the armed forces: the army, navy or air force.
* væbnede styrker
This academy ranks among the best in the country.
* regnes blandt
Cadets graduated from the academy are ranked among
* officersaspirant
kê`dets
the best educated officers.
The academy is ranked number one by the cadets,
for its fine traditions.
It seems that the cadets and officers from this academy
* luftvåben
* regnes blant ng.
( være rangeret )
/ -elev
*
*
*
* det synes som om at -
rank well over / above others in tact .
* rangere ( et godt stykke ) over ng.
10 An officer has a responsibility not to offend against
* have en pligt til at -
good taste and decency.
The other academies which are ranked second
* takt
god opførsel
* forbryde sig mod ngt.
*
* rangere på andenpladsen
/ som nummer to
or ranks third or ranks lower are less popular.
* … trediepladsen
/ … tre
Besides their military vocational training,
* erhvervsfaglig uddannelse
some cadets get an education in academic subjects :
* officerselev
arts and science.
* ånds- /
* uddannelse
* akademisk
teoretisk
* emne
kulturvidenskaber
Besides being instructed by officers the cadets are
* & undervise
educated by ordinary teachers who received their
* skolelærer
teacher training concurrently with times at
* lærer undervisning
20 a teacher-training college, now called
* lærerseminarium
a college of education (A: teachers’ college).
* =
Some teachers receive their education and training
at a university or college.
You may study art history, art of medicine,
* modtage
* i takt med tiden
* få …
* universitet
* højere læreanstalt
* kunsthistorie
* lægekunst
the social science(-s) ( psychology, politics )
* samfundsvidenskab
the natural sciences ( botany, zoology ),
* naturvidenskab
the physical sciences ( physics, chemistry ),
* naturlære
and the applied sciences ( eg. engineering ).
* polyteknisk videnskab ( ingeniørkunst )
Having been educated at and graduated from a university * være / blive uddannet
30 or college a graduate may work as a university or college * færdiguddannet person
teacher or as a teacher trainer.
Having been educated and having maybe worked
* seminarielærer
* være uddannet
* taget eksamen
elsewhere, a teacher may instruct in theoretical subjects
* undervise i
or language at an academy or college.
* akademi
højere læreanstalt
196 The cadets learn about all kinds of weapons of offence,
* offensive / angrebs- våben
used during an attack, and all kinds of weapons of defence
* defensive / forsvars-
di`fens
used during defence (U) of military or civil targets.
In order to di`scriminate / distinguish friend from enemy
di`skrimineit
* forsvar
* mål
* skelne ng. fra ng.
di`stingwi$
and discrininate / distinguish between friend and enemy,
* kunne skelne mellem ng. og ng.
they learn to discriminate / distinguish various features,
* skelne ngt.
which differentiate / discriminate friend from enemy.
* ngt. adskiller ng. fra ng.
The cadets are prepared to fight in a de`fensive war
* forsvarskrig
as well as in an of`fensive ( or aggressive ) war.
* angrebskrig
10 using both defensive and offensive weapons.
* forsvars-
An officer of a civilized country should have a firm
commitment to the defence of human rights.
* angrebsvåben
*
* engagement i
* forsvar
forpligtelse overfor
Participating in a debate, a cadet should always be able to
explain and defend his views in a full and frank discussion.
The constitution protects the citizens’ right to defend
their interests.
*
* forsvare * fuldstændig * åbenhjertig * diskussion
* forsvare >
* ngs. interesse
A ‘conscientious objector and a `pacifist and maybe
* militærnægter
* pacifist
êb`d§ektê
a `draft dodger believe that killing is morally indefensible.
As they believe that killing is never ethically defensible,
* militærunddrager
* moralsk
* etisk
* uforsvarlig
* forsvarligt
`e#icêli
20 they defend their right to refuse to serve in the armed
* forsvare ngs. ret
forces for ethical and moral reasons.
*
Among other defensive strategies they believe that
humour is often a more effective defence than violence.
Modern knowledge of the psychology of motivation tells
the officers to set great store by positive reinforcement
* forsvarsstrategi
* forsvar
* psykologi
* motivation
* lægge stor vægt på
ri~in`få~sment
rather than by negative reinforcement.
* positiv forstærkning
( ~ belønning )
* negativ …
( ~ straf )
One of the teachers is a `downright and forthright fellow
with common sense and downright manners.
He takes a forthright glance at every cadet.
* ligefrem
* =
åbenhjertig
* sund fornuft
* =
* kaste et … blik på
30 He sees forthright when it would be sheer folly to go into * straks
* direkte
* ren og skær
action and tells people forthwith what his objections are
* =
without causing offence to them.
* påføre ng. fornærmelse / krænkelse
( fornærme, krænke )
‘ To be frank with you,’ he would say,’ I think you have
made a blunder // made a gaffe // done a stupid thing //
* for at være åbenhjertig overfor ng.
* begå en dumhed / fejltrin
* dumhed at * indvending
modvilje
gaf
put your foot in it E /A& in your mouth .
* =
As he’s frank about his own mistakes, he encourages
* åbenhjertig
the cadets to make frank admissions of failure (U).
* gøre åbenhjertig indrømmelse
197 A sensible teacher knows it’s pedagogically wrong
* fornuftig
to give offence so he’ll do his best not to offend people.
* komme med fornærmelse
The teacher mentioned is aware (that) he should not
offend, and is careful not to give offence to people.
The teacher teaches the cadets to differentiate /
* fejl (-slagning )
* fornærme
krænke, støde
/ krænkelse
* omtalte
* =<<
* =<<
* skelne / sondre >
- `ren$iatê
discriminate / distinguish facts from opinion,
* … ngt. fra ngt.
and teaches them to differentiate / discriminate /
* skelne / sondre >
distinguish between right and wrong.
* … mellem ngt.
Making / drawing a distinction between right and wrong,
* foretage / drage > * skelnen / sondring mellem ngt.
10 they show differentiation / discrimination / distinction
* vise >
in their choices.
*
* dømmekraft / kritisk sans
Fine discriminations may be of great importance.
* små observerbare forskelle
The discriminating teacher is cautious about comments
* fintmærkende
indsigtsfuld
that offend against people and their beliefs.
* virke fornærmende /
krænkende på
It’s often difficult to be forthright and not cause offence.
* ligefrem
Once in a while the teacher is downright funny but always
åbenhjertig
* direkte
in a manner in which no one will take offence.
* vække anstød
* lade sig fornærme / støde
Sensitive and thin-`skinned people are easily offended.
* sensibel
They feel, look and sound rather offended.
følsom, sart
* føle sig
* tyndhudet etc.
* se … ud
* lyde
20 Although some people are quick to take offence,
* hurtig til at -
the discriminating teacher is funny in a way in which
* fintmærkende
no one will take offence at his downright jokes.
* blive krænket / fornærmet over ngt.
The cadets all know he doesn’t want to offend them with
* ikke mente det fornærmeligt
he was joking about sex roles.
*
concludes after a busy question time.
*
* spørgetime
He’s very well-liked and popular with the cadets,
and knows that the students would be deeply offended if he
*
* være dybt krænket
30 didn’t repay their sincerity, their frankness and candour. * gengælde * oprigtighed * & åbenri`pai
`kandê
Mixing up / confusing kindness and weakness, some
cadets confused the teacher’s kindness with weakness.
The cadets greatly regrets their folly at mistaking
his kindness for weakness.
* ligefrem
åbenhjertig
* fornærme ng. med ngt.
his jokes so they are all sure he meant no offence when
’ No offence, but I’d really like to be on my own,’ he
* fornærme
krænke
* fornærmet
krænket
* blive …
* & ærlighed
hjertighed
* forveksle ngt. og ngt.
* … ngt. med ngt.
* dumhed ved at * ngt. med ngt.
* forveksle >
The teacher had distinguished himself in the war.
* udmærke sig
198 In the library at the military academy a couple of
* bibliotek
chess players rank the chessmen in ranks and files
* skakspiller * stille > * skakbrikker * i række og geled
on the board.
* brædt
The pawns are positioned in the front rank,
and the pieces in the rear rank : the king, the queen,
* bonde
* anbringe
* officer
the queen’s bishop, queen’s knight, queen’s castle or rook. * løber
The coming turnament ranks with one of the greatest
ever made; it ranks alongside the greatest.
Today’s match ranks as one of the most exciting games
10 that these two have ever played.
The two of them are top-ranked players at the hight
of their career in chess.
One player is ranked number one at the Academy.
although his last win doesn’t rank with his greatest win.
He is the currently the highest ranked player
whilst the other one ranks second on the record list.
* hest
* tårn
* rangere på linie med
* =
* anses for
*
* toprangeret
* højdepunkt
*
* være rangeret som
* sejr
* højst rangerende
* mens
They rank well ahead of the other players.
hvorimod
* rangere et godt stykke over
Some people rank chess over cards
* værdsætte ngt. højere end
while others rank chess below cards.
* forreste række
* rangere som
* … mindre …
20 Some people consider chess a sport that ranks alongside * rangere /
regnes på linie med
other sports so they want to turn chess into a sport
*
that ranks with other sports.
* <<<
Some people are only a pawn in the game.
* en brik i spillet
The books are ranked in alphabetical order.
* ordne
A few soldiers march off with a lot of books.
* slæbe af med
A cadet took out / borrowed a book from the library
* låne en bog på biblioteket
which seemed to be interesting.
* sådan syntes det
If you’re a nuisance, the librarian will march you out of
* plage
`nju~sens
Several pairs of boots are ranked outside the library.
* synes at være
*
It seemed so, but he seems to be asleep.
30 the library.
* alfabetisk
*
* stille på række
* & tilsyneladende ( sove )
* slæbe ud
199 When the cadets train rowing, and exercise in it,
* op-, øve
they keep the stroke, and exercise their muscles.
træne
* holde rytmen
They learn about engines, bigger 2- and 4-stroke
* træne
motionere
* =
* takt
internal-combustion engines
* eksplotionsmotor
as well as smaller engines or motors,
* motor
usually electric motors or electromotors.
* elektromotorer
All the cadets hope the teacher’s report is good.
* vidnesbyrd
Some military units educate animals,
* træne
as they educate dogs to carry out instructions.
* oplære til
10 A retriever is educated to retrieve.
* =
* instruktion
anvisning
* bringe ngt.tilbage
* =
* dræbt dyr
The dog retrieves a kill ( an animal or animals killed )
or dispatches a wounded animal.
* gøre det af med
The retrieval (U) of lost property is improved by dogs.
dræbe
* det at få ngt. igen
People often retrieve a piece of lost property
* få tilbage
considered to be beyond retrieval and past retrieval.
* umuligt at få tilbage
fortabt
*
*
*
*
20
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
* udføre
* såre
* =