1. law, govt and politics
2. government

stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
301 Having set the alarm clock for 7 o’clock,
* sætte >
the family are up early.
* være tidlig oppe / på færde
‘ Please ensure that all lights are switched off,’
it is shouted.
* vækkeur til ngt.
* sikre sig på at -
* klokken x
* slukke ngt.
*
Everybody ensures all lights are turned off.
* forvisse sig om /
* slukke ( lys )
sikre sig ( at ) ‘ Are you sure ( that ) you locked the door ?’ the mother asks. * være sikker på at -
‘ Yes, I’m absolutely certain ( that ) I locked the door
* fuldstændig sikker på at -
securely behind me,’ the father assures her,
* sikkert
‘ I definitely remembered to lock the door
* helt sikkert
10 as I clearly remember locking the door.’
* huske / erindre at -
‘ You don’t sound very sure, though,’ she returns,
‘ So I think you’d better (go and) make sure / certain.’
* forsikre ng.
* huske at -
* lyde særlig sikker
* svare
* forvisse sig
So the father goes to make sure ( that ) the door is locked. * sikre sig /
forvisse sig om at -
He makes certain ( that ) the door is locked.
* =
Affluent neighbourhoods are a popular target for
* velhavende
burglars and burglary / burglaries.
A security company demands payments
* mål for ngt.
* indbrudstyve
* indbrud
* forlange >
* betaling
in consideration for its services while their neighbour is
* som vederlag for ngt.
willing to look after their property for a small consideration.
* for et ( beskedent ) vederlag
20
ON THE ROAD
It saves time to take the motoreway.
* spare tid
It saves time on the trip to take the motorway.
* … på ngt.
If they take the motorway they save a lot of time.
* spare … tid
So sometimes they take the motorway to save time.
* =
It saves them about an hour on the first trip.
* spare ng. ngt. på ngt.
The motorways in fact have a relatively good safety record. * sikkerhedsstastitik ( optegnelse )
Both parents are safe drivers who drive safely.
* sikker ( bilist )
The play (it) safe and make sure that all is clear.
* ikke tage nogen chancer
30 They are attentive when they see someone waiting
* opmærksom
on a `traffic island E/A `safety island.
* helle
While one of the parents takes a turn driving
* der er fri bane
* tage en tørn med at
the passenger next to the driver `navigates.
* angive vejen
The government has launched a road safety campaign
kam`pein
to improve road safety.
* forsigtigt
* igang- /
iværksætte ngt.
* =
It’s just turned 12 o’clock; it’s turned 12.
* blive X
It’s turned midday, and the match is starting.
* =
* færdselssikkerhed
* kampagne
oplysningskamp
LISTENING TO THE RADIO
302 The son asks his father to turn on the radio.
By turning the knob of the car radio `clockwise,
his father turns the radio on.
* tænde ( for ) ngt.
* dreje >
* knap
* med uret
* <<
When he switches on the radio he switches the radio on.
* =
If he turns further on clockwise, he turns up the radio.
* dreje videre
If he turns counterclockwise he turns down the radio.
* mod uret
* skrue op for ( radio )
* … ned for ngt.
-`-
By turns the mother and the son urge the father
to turn the radio down and turn the radio up.
If you turn the knob all the way counterclockwise
* på skift
* anmode / tilskynde ng.
* skrue ned for ngt.
* dreje ngt.
10 you turn off the radio; you turn the radio off.
* slukke ( for ) ngt.
If you switch a radio off it is switched off.
* slukke ( for ) ngt.
The radio is turned on.
* være tændt
Would the parents sacrifice an interesting talk to listen to
* ofre ngt.
a football match (E/A) soccer game.
* … op …
* ~ fortællende foredrag
* fodboldkamp
As the radio is switched on, the mother just turns the knob * være tændt
of the radio and finds the football transmission.
* dreje >
* knap
*
A FOOTBALL MATCH (E/A) A SOCCER GAME
Fans cheer as the players take to / go onto the field.
* hylde ng.
The commentator must be sure / certain of his facts.
* kommetator
* gå på banen
* sikker på ngt.
`…
20 The whole family side with the visiting team.
* holde med ng.
It’s a close(ly)- / tight(ly)-knit team.
* tæt sammenknyttet
The closely / tightly knit team has been training hard
* =
in preparation for the big match / game.
* som forberedelse til
Unlucklily, the team is behind no goals to one at half time * bagud
so the half-time score is nil E/A zero one.
The goalkeeper just manages to save a shot close to
* halvlegs-
* stilling
* overligger
in front of the goal.
* mål
* nul et
* redde
* fri, udækket
* målmand
* redde ngs.
30 Parrying the volley, making a spectacular parry,
* parere /
* helflugter
he made a crucial save.
afværge >
* afgørende
In the second half, the player making his debut
* i ( anden ) halvleg
turns the match by kicking a brilliant goal with a perfect kick. * vende kampen
Much to the annoyance of those of the spectators
* ved halvlegen
* målmand
the crossbar, from an unmarked player totally available
The goalie saves brilliantly from his long-range shot.
* ( ingen ) mål mod ( et )
* =
* langskud
* lave … parering
/ redning
* redning
* & debuterende
* sparke
* mål
* spark
* til megen utilfredshed for ng.
who side against his team, he turns () (a)`round the match
* være imod
by kicking a volley into the goal.
* sparke en flugter
* vende kampen
*i>
He volleyed the ball into the corner of the net.
* flugte ( bolden )
The goalie couldn’t save the shot to save his life.
( trekanten )
* om det så gjaldt ( havde gjaldt / gældt ) livet
* hjørne
* mål
* net
303 As the player equalizes, his goal saves the `situation;
* udligne
it saves the situation for the team, and saves their `blushes. * … for ng.
* mål
* redde situationen
* redde ng. for forlegenhed ( rødmen )
The equalizer ( as ) sure as hell spares their `blushes.
* skåne ng. …
To the ( great ) annoyance of half of the spectators,
* til ( stor ) ærgrelse for ng.
the player making his début decided the match
* afgøre >
by scoring with a low shot close to the ( goal> ) post.
* ( mål-) stolpe
The player sacrificed an education
* kampen
* flat skud
* ofre ngt.
to turn professional already as a teenager.
* for at blive ngt.
Securing a contract with a famous club,
* sikre sig en kontrakt med ng.
* … til ng.
10 the father secured a contract for his son.
He secured a contract for professionalism for four years.
* … om ngt.
A deal was easily stitched () up (E)
* strikke ngt. sammen
få ngt. i stand
so a contract could be stitched () together (A) within a week.
* =
He’s a top goalkicker, with a surprising turn of speed (E).
* målscorer
He usually does very well, but it’s not a certainty.
* det er ikke en given ting
* acceleration / -sevne
The football fans’ support for their team borders on idolatry. * afgudsdyrkelse
ai`dålêtri
The young player has already become a football idol,
* idol
and idolized by his fans, he was the idol of thousands of fans. * forgudet af ng.
Sure the young player is successful,
* ngs. idol
* ganske vist ( foranstående forstærkning af udsagn )
20 both on and off the field, but will it last ?
* på og udenfor banen
Many a fallen idol has found out / learnt to their cost that
' the higher you climb / rise / get the harder you fall’.
Unfortunately, a player turns / twists / sprains his ankle
and has to be `substituted.
* falden …
* vare ved
* sande af bitter erfaring
* højt at flyve dybt at falde
* forvride / forstrække ngt.
* udskifte ng.
Substitutions are announced over the loudspeakers.
* udskiftning
* over højtaler
-`-
The substitute does well, and throughout the turnament
* udskiftningsspiller
reserve, vikar
the team’s position at the top seems relatively secure.
* sikker
It’s an even contest if two teams are ( very ) even.
* lige
If two teams are ( very ) evenly matched, they are as good
jævnbyrdig
* jævnbyrdig
30 as each other and so have an equal chance of winning.
So if the matcn is even, the score may be even at the end
of the match when the referee blows the final whistle.
* kamp
styrkeprøve
* have en lige stor chance for at * lige
* dommer
wisl
If a match ends ( up ) even, it ends in a draw.
* ende lige
A draw ensures / secures ( the team ) the championship.
* uafgjort
It also ensures / secures ( the team ) a place in
* … ( ng. ) ngt.
the Chanpions League in the European Championship.
*
A draw assures the team a place in the C L.
* ngt. sikrer ng. ngt.
A draw means that the team is assured a place.
* være sikret en plads
** See page 400
* & på samme niveau
* score / stilling
* =
* blæse det afsluttende fløjt
fløjte kampen af
* … uafgjort
* sikre ( ng. ) ngt.
* en plads i ngt.
304 To be certain of winning the national championship,
* sikker på
the visiting team must hold the opponent to a draw.
* holde ng. på >
To be certain of the national championship the team must
at least draw; draw against / with the opponent.
By holding the opponents to a 1 – 1 draw the team
makes sure of a place in Champions’ League.
To be sure of the National Cup, however, the team
must beat the opponent.
To be sure of qualifying for the Europerian Cup,
10 the team must win this match.
* uafgjort
* sikker på ngt.
* spille uafgjort
* holde ng. på >
* ( x x ) uafgjort
* ~ sikre sig ngt.
* sikker på ngt.
*
* =
*
The spectators are shouting and cheering.
* heppe, juble
Breaking / bursting into cheers,
* bryde ud i >
råbe opmuntrende / hurra
they cheer the team that they each side with.
Scoring another goal, the team turn in a superb
performance to retain the title.
* jubelråb
* heppe på / tiljuble /
* hver især
råbe opmuntre til ng.
* score et mål
* præstere ngt.
* beholde ( tillen )
The cheers resume louder than before.
* hepperi, jubel
The home team fight to equalize but don’t have a prayer.
opmuntrende ( hurra) råb
* udligne
They don’t have a prayer of scoring the equalizer,
* … for at
and far less having the prayer of winning.
* begynde igen
* ikke have en chance
* det udlignende ( mål / point )
* chancen for at -
20 Playing (it) safe in the rest of the match, the leading team * spille forsigtigt ~ ikke tage nogen chancer
makes certain of ( winning / scoring ) a narrow victory.
* sikre sig ngt.
* vinde / score >
* smal >
* sejr
The team finishes the match secure in the knowledge that * i sikker overbevisning om at they were through to the Europerian Cup.
The coach of the `adversaries blames himself for
the home team’s poor performance.
The match actually turned (a)round late in the first half;
* videre til ngt.
* modstander
* ringe
svag
* vende
it turned when the goalkeeper first saved a long shot,
* =
and immediately afterwards saved a penalty.
* redde >
The last goal saves the `day ( for the visiting team ).
30 The goal ensures / secures the National Cup.
* præstation
* sent / sidst i >
* redde
klare
The goal secures ( the team) a place in European Cup;
* sikre ( ng. / ngt.) en plads
* … ngs. plads
* sejrherre
winning both the national league as well as the national cup
* liga
– it assured / secured the club a place in history.
* sikre ngt.
Starting from scratch every season, all the teams
are in the hunt for the first places and the titles.
* straffe
* sikre ngt.
* … ng. ngt.
As victors, the club has won the double – the fact of
* langskud
* redde dagen
The goal secures / ensures the team the National Cup.
it assures the team a place in the E C.
* halvleg
* =
række
* plads i >
* historien
* starte forfra / fra bunden
* være med i jagten på >
* første plads
* tittel
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
305 As the victory ensures the National Championship
* sikre ngt.
as well as the National Cup, the victory ensures ( that )
* … at -
the team has a place both in Champions League
*
and the European Cup.
*
A return `game /eE match is played in some tournaments. * returkamp
The field /eE ground / pitch is prepared for each match.
* bane
Responsible for the safety and security at the stadium
* sikkerhed
* klargøre ngt.
* =
* stadion
safety officers and security guards see to
* sikkerhedsfunktionær * sikkerhedsvagt * sørge for >
the safety and security of the spectators,
* sikkerhed
* … for ng.
& ngs. sikkerhed
10 the players and the officials which means
*
the state of being secure and safe from danger and harm.
* ~ i sikkerhed for ngt.
Safety concerns have made the safety officers
* sikkerhedsbekymringer
call attention to insecure and unsafe buildings
* gøre opmærksom på / * usikker, usikret
and structures, and see to it that various constructions
påpege ngt.
* sørge for at -
and devices are made secure and safe.
* indretning
Taking care to make the place secure from hooliganism
* usikker
farlig
* sikker, sikret
* sikker
apparat, mekanisme
fastgjort, stabil
ufarlig
* sørge for at * sikret mod ngt.
* bølleuvæsen
and terrorist attacks, the security take(s) care that
* sikkerhedsafdeling
the stadium is secure against hooligans and terrorists.
* sikret mod ng.
Although the stadium is provided with facilities to ensure
løs, ustabil
* sørge for at * bølle
ballademager
* sikre ngt.
20 the safety and security of the crowd, the police, however,
* folkemængden
may have to use force to subdue an excited crowd.
* nedkæmpe / overmande ng.
publikum
sêb`dju~
It may take several officers to subdue a single hooligan
resisting arrest with a rage he can’t subdue.
* =
* modsætte sig >
* arrestation
An officer must subdue any urge to wanton use of force.
* =
Fanatical supporters of an ideology, a sports team etc.
* fanatisk ( tilhænger )
sometimes cause great worry when hoaxing their enemies.
* undertvinge /
kontrollere ngt.
* ansvars- / tøjles- / tankeløs
umotiveret, hensynsløs
* narre ng. for sjov / i ond mening
Places where lots of people gather together / are gathered * samles sammen
are sometimes victims of cruel hoaxes.
Once the stadium received a bomb hoax in the form of
30 a hoax call.
The bomb threat was considered too much of
a security risk to let the match go ahead.
* være offer for >
* fup- / svindelnummer
* ( falsk ) bombetrussel
* telefontrussel
*
* sikkerhedsrisiko at -
The threat appeared to be a hoax.
* fupnummer
Some minority groups claim that they are victimized for
* ~ blive uretfærdigt behandlet for at -
sympathizing with terrorist activity.
For years some families have been victimized by
racist neighbours in a lather / who had got worked up / E
who had worked themselves into a lather / got into a lather.
* fortsætte
*
* gøre ng. til offer / syndebuk
* racistisk
* i et svedskum
* blive ophidset
~ ophidselse, vrede
/ vred
* arbejde sig ind i …
* komme ind i …
~ blive ( unødvendig ) ophidset / gal
THE NEWS AND END OF A REBELLION
306 After the transmission, the father wants to turn over.
So the father turns away to listen to the news.
* oprør
* skifte kanal / program
* dreje væk
It tells about a rioting crowd causing the outbreak of a riot. * lave …
* udbrud
As rioting (U) broke out and cars were set ablaze / on fire, * uroligheder
firefighters / firemen from fire engines /A& trucks had to
* voldssituation
opstand
* sætte i brand
* bryde ud
optøjer
* brandmand
* brandbil
slukningskøretøj
turn their fire hoses at fires raging / blazing in the streets.
* rette ngt. mod ngt. * brand- * slange * ild
* rase /
bål & flamme
A fire must have spread, as a building was suddenly ablaze. * i flammer
Trying to tackle / fight / control the house blaze,
the firemen spent hours bringing the blaze under control.
* gå løs på / bekæmpe /
10 In order to subdue the riot, the police turn a water cannon * be- / nedkæmpe >
on the crowds, soaking them in order to subdue the rioters.
Terrorist activity has been a threat to national security
so the government hah had recourse to the army.
* opstand
* tage sin tilflugt / ty til ngt.
gøre nødbrug at ngt.
* proces
A Security Commission investigates breaches of security.
* sikkerhedsbrist
Members of the commission are bound to confidentiality
* bundet af tavshedspligt
were ready to resume peace talks and negotiations.
* uromager
ballademager
* nationens sikkerhed
* freds-
For some time there had been no sign that the parties
* rette ngt. >
* mod ngt. * gennemvæde ng. * … >
There has been a peace process to end the rebellion.
for security reasons.
* ( voldsom ) ildebrand
kontrollere >
* & flammehav
* få en ende på >
* af sikkerhedsmæssige årsager
*
* genoptage / fortsætte ngt.
* samtale
forhandling
20 The leaders of both sides didn’t want to back down /A& off, * bakke ud ~ erkende nederlag
and risk losing face.
A face-saving compromise had to been reached
* oprør
* tabe ansigt
* der kan redde ansigt
* kompromis
* nå <
to prepare the ground for a peace settlement
* berede vejen / gøde jorden for ngt.
which would allow both sides in the dispute to save face.
* muliggøre det * begge parter * i striden * redde ansigt
* ( freds ) aftale
for ng.
Eventually there are signs that peace talks will resume.
* samtale, forhandling
Preparations are being made for peace talks.
* gøre forberedelser til ngt
Preparatory meetings and talks are arranged to
* forberedende
* begynde igen, fortsætte
pri´parêtri E/A -tå~ri
clear the way and pave the way for a peace settlement.
The parties had fixed a definite date for the meeting
30 which was held under strict security.
Taking care of security clearance, Security Service
* rydde forhindringer af vejen > * berede vejen for ngt.
* fastsætte >
* bestemt
* dato for ngt.
* strenge sikkerhedsforanstaltninger
* sikkerhedstjenesten
* sikkerhedsgodkendelse
* sikkerhedstjek
* som forberedelse til ngt.
/ undersøgelse
After a strict checking process to exclude any security risk, * udelukke >
* sikkerhedsrisiko ( person )
carried out security checks preparatory to the meeting.
and avoid any security risk, the participants in the meeting
* undgå >
got a security clearance.
* få >
A task force from the security forces were ready to
return fire if necessary.
* special styrke
* skyde igen
* … -fare ( situation )
* ( en ) sikkerhedsgodkendelse
* sikkerhedsstyrke
307 The parties held several meetings to clear the way for
* bane vejen ngt. >
agreement to be reached.
* enighed
* ( op- ) nås
Very much turned (up)on the outcome of the peace talks.
* afhænge af ngt.
* resultat af ngt.
Should a contingency arise both parties had a
* noget uforudset
* indtræffe
-`-
contingency plan
* plan for påkommende tilfælde
beredskabsplan
A definitive agreement to end the rebellion was reached.
* afgørende, endelig
* aftale
A prepared statement is read () out after the final meeting. * forberedt erklæring
Both sides saved their face with the compromise.
* læse ngt. op
* redde ansigt
As the `rebel leaders have agreed to turn in their weapons, * oprørs- ( leder )
10 the `rebels are told to turn their weapons in.
* nå <
* aflevere >
* våben
* oprører
Most guns have a `safety catch (E) or safety (A) which is
a lock that stops the gun from being fired by accident.
Nevertheless, a person was killed by an accidental shot.
* =
* sikring
* lås
* skydevåben
* blive dræbt af >
* et vådeskud
Sadly, the accident was caused by negligence on the part * forårsaget af ngt.
`neglid§êns
of a young policeman handling his gun negligently.
* affyre <
* håndtere ngt.
* forsømmelighed
skødesløshed, uopnærksomhed
* skødesløst
`neglid§êntli
Some rebellious individuals who refuse to stop rebelling
* oprørsk
* gøre oprør
ri`beling
stay and hide in `safe houses.
* hus, der er sikkert skjulested
Rebels who refuse to obey must be turned in to the police
* melde ng. til
so their leaders are encouraged to turn disobedient rebels in. * melde ng. ( til autoriteterne )
20 It has been considered unsafe to release some rebels
* usikkert
committed to prison although their conviction
* fængslet
is declared unsafe by many lawyers as based on
* ærklære ngt. ngt
an unsafe judgement in court.
* =
When a jury return / deliver their verdict they
* ulydig
* ( juridisk ) usikker
/ uholdbar
* afgive sin dom
`vê~dikt
return / deliver a safe or unsafe verdict of guilty or not guilty. * … kendelse, hvilende på sikkert / usikkert grundlag
The prosecution may need time to prepare their case.
* anklagemyndigheden
Life imprisonment may be defined as 16 years or more.
* ~ livsvarig
A prison must be very secure.
* sikker
Some prisons have a secure unit for child offenders.
* sikret
* forberede >
* fængsling
~ fængsel
* sag
* bestemt til ngt.
sikret
30 Children under the age of 14 are not sent to prison
*
but placed in secure accomodation.
* placere ng. i >
A prison is ordered to tighten security after a prisoner
escaped due to lax security and lax discipline.
The administration checks ( that ) all doors and windows
are made as secure as possible.
* stramme / skærpe >
* enhed
afdeling
* sikret indkvartering
* sikkerheden
* som følge af > * lemfældig * sikkerhed * slap disciplin
* tjekke / undersøge at * sikker
sikret
The prison lacks adequate security measures such as
* til formålet passende
surveillance equipment mainly surveillance cameras
* overvågningsudstyr
to keep the prisoners under surveillance.
* holde ng. under opsyn
* sikkerhedsforanstaltninger
* -kamera
308 Security light detects suspect / suspicious activities
`sûspekt
sê`spi$ês
which are then caught on security cameras.
* sikkerhedslys
* opdage ngt.
( lys pr. sensor )
* fange ngt. på >
* mistænkelig
* sikkerhedskamera
* topsikret …
High-security prisoners are kept in a high-security prison * der, kræver høje sikkerheds… - se`kju -
foranstaltninger
* maksimalt sikret
or maximum-security prison.
Certain of the prisoners, the preventive detainees,
* visse af ng.
* forvaringsfange
-`-
are detained in custody for an indefinite period ( of time ).
* holde ng. varetægts-
They are detained for an indefinite time as long as they
fænslet
* tilbageholde ng.
* i en ikke nærmere bestemt
( tids-) periode
* på ubestemt tid
`manifest a certain kind / sort / type of unwanted behaviour,
* udvise /
and may never be turned loose onto the streets.
vise tydelig tegn på ngt.
* slippe ng. løs >
10 Some rebels are promised safe `conduct / `passage
* love ng. >
out of the country at an indefinite date in the future.
* ikke fastsat
So the government permits, offers and guarantees
safe conduct / passage { for / to certain of the rebels.
The safe passage takes place amidst tight security.
The police lead these rebels to safety (a)mid tight security
* bestemt ( slags ) * uønsket
* ud på gaderne
* frit lejde
* dato
* tillade >
* tilbyde >
* garantere >
* frit lejde for / til ng.
* midt i /
* strenge sikkerhedsforanstaltninger
omgivet af >
* føre ng. i sikkerhed
* =
sometimes to `safe houses where the rebels are
* hus, der er sikkert skjulested
kept in custody for their own safety.
* holde i varetægt
forvaringshus
To make certain ( that ) the place is secure and safe,
various measures are being taken.
* af hensyn til ngs. egen sikkerhed
* sikre sig
* sikker
* & trygt
* foranstaltninger
* træffe <
20 Certain of the measures are criticized for being inhumane. * visse ( af ) ngt.
Insecure doors and windows temp possible / potential
escapees to consider / into considering an escape attempt
* usikret ( dør / vindue ) * friste ng. >
* udbryder
* til at -
* flugt-
* inhuman
umenneskelig
* mulig
potentiel
* forsøg
so the windows are secured with iron bars of hardened steel * sikre med med ngt. * jern- * stang * hærdet * stål
to make sure ( that ) it’s impossible to escape this way.
* sikre at -
* flygte, undvige
The prison officers E/A guards vividly remember a prisoner * huske ng. >
trying to escaped by trying to saw through a bar
* som gjorde ngt.
with a hacksaw smuggled into his cell.
* nedstryger
Unfortunately for him, the saw blade broke
* savblad, -klinge
and as the saw was soon detected at a routine search,
*
30 he was charged with attempted escape.
* flugtforsøg
* save gennem ngt.
& save ngt. over
* knække
ELECTION
309 Election returns showed a poor `turnout of voters
* stemmeoptællingsresultat * ringe * ~ valgdeltagelse
in the last election to Parliament (E) – just a 40 % turnout.
* valg til ngt.
Compared to the low turnout in the March elections
* ( lille ) …
the government expected a high turnout of about 80 %
* ( høj ) … på
in the coming elections.
* kommende
As it turned out, the recent elections attracted a record
turnout of 82 % of voters.
& fremmøde
* =
* vise sig
* nylig ( -t overstået )
* tiltrække >
* valgdeltagelse
The Prime Minister seemed a safe / sure bet for re-election. * sikkert bud på ngt.
He both has / holds very strong political opinions,
10 and listens to popular opinion about overdue reforms.
* have stærke … anskuelser
* den folkelige mening
* forsinket
for længst påkrævne
* bestemt, klar
* udtalelse
afgørende, endegyldig
* afgørende, endegyldig * … ngt.
-`-
The Prime minister, known to make definite statements,
has issued a definitive statement on the policy change.
As there has been a subdued investment market
* komme med
* udsende
* neddæmpet
-`-
and a period of subdued trading, his new program of
* =
economic reform aims at subduing inflation.
* sigte mod at -
His program for social reform and betterment for
the society as a whole aims to alleviate poverty.
The program is aimed at relieving poverty by helping
* program om ngt.
* bekæmpe
nedbringe
* forbedring for ngt.
* program for ngt.
* sigte på at -
* lette >
* fattigdom
* =
the most poorly educated workers and the poorest families.
* dårligt
20 The program aims at a tax relief for the working poor,
* skattelettelse ( til ng.)
both the rural poor and the urban poor, in order to
* … på landet
remove the `poverty trap.
* fattigdom (-s)
* uddannet
* fattigst
* de arbejdende fattige
* … i byen
with both a political and moral certaintie – the most popular
* fælde
( socialhjælp, der overstiger mindsteløn )
* embedsindehavende
* helt sikkert
~ siddende
* politisk >
* ~ moralsk tilladelig
* sikkerhed
candidate for the position / post as the next PM.
*
The incumbent Prime Minister was most assuredly –
His political future looked assured as the opposition
could only achieve poorly attended meetings.
* sikret
* opposition
* dårligt besøgt
med ringe deltagelse
In view of the poor performance of the opposition parties * i betragtning / * ringe, svag * præstation * opositionslyset af ngt.
elendig
parti
in the re-election campaign, the re-election of the PM was
* ( gen-) valgkamp
- e`lektion
30 considered ( almost / fairly / practically / virtually ) certain. * ( næsten / temmelig / praktisk taget / så godt som )
A number of opinion polls showed that the incumbent PM
* menings-
* måling
pêulz
was a fair / good / safe / sure bet as the coming PM.
* ng. rimeligt / godt / sikkert bud på ngt.
Even if some sceptics dismissed opinion polls as unreliable, * affærdige ngt. som ngt.
the present incumbent would most likely be returned /
* nuværende
* embedsindehaver
re-elected ( to Parliament for his constituency ).
* =
* til ngt.
* for >
genvalgt
* valgkreds
kên`stitjuênsi
It seemed / was a ( pretty ) safe / sure bet ( that ) he would * sikkert bud at secure the majority of voters.
His re-election / return to the post was a fair / good bet.
* sikre sig ngt.
* tilbagevenden til ngt.
* sikkert bud
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
310 Even if they are poor public speakers, poor at speaking
* dårlig
in public, some politicians have a safe seat.
elendig
* sikkert
The nationwide result of the elections was, however,
* … til at
* sæde
mandat
* landsdækkende
-`-
impossible to predict with any degree of certainty.
The prime minister, whoever he might be, has an open /
a standing invitation to make a return `visit to Denmark.
* med nogen som helst grad af sikkerhed
* stående >
* =>
The Prime Minister’s party have raised campaign funds.
* rejse
By means of campaign money and campaign finances,
* … penge
the campaign managers have launched a campaign for
* … leder
10 the Prime Minister’s re-election.
*
Having mounted and conducted a nationwide campaign,
* invitation
* kampagnefond
* … midler
* igang- /
iværksætte
* kampagne
* føre … kampagne
* igang- / iværksætte
the campaign teams have campaigned vigorously
* … hold
for a month all over the country.
*
The campaigners have run a good campaign.
* aktivist
When the returning officers (E) announce
* valgtilforordnet
* føre kampagne
* energisk
* køre … kampagne
-`-
the returns from the voting, most members of
* resultat af optælling
the Government will have the election sewn up,
( af kandidatstemmer ) fra
* ~ have sikret sig succes med ngt.
and will be returned as members of Parliament.
* blive sendt / stemt tilbage som ngt.
The opposition come(s) out with a poor result.
20 The opposition’s candidates fare poorly in the election.
The opposition is punished for its abandonment of
certain ideas and plans and a common denominator.
* afstemning
* dårligt, elendigt
pauvert
* klare sig dårligt / elendigt
* opgivelse af ngt.
* fællesnævner
-`-
Many of the parties’ voters abandoned the opposition.
* forlade ng.
The parties’ traditional voters deserted the opposition
* =
in large numbers at this election.
In the lead, the former Prime Minister leads the election.
* i stort antal
* i spidsen
He wins the election as a clear winner and an easy first.
på førstepladsen
* på førstepladsen
som nummer et
* vinde ngt.
The candidate who comes (in) a good (E) second
* komme i mål /
In first place, coming (in) first, he is first in the election.
* … af /
… i ngt
* komme på …
* være på …
blive nummer et
/ nummer et
* klar vinder
* flot vinder
klare sig som en pæn nummer xx
* hele / så meget som -
30 is a good second with fully / as much as 40% of the vote. * være …
The one who comes in last is a poor third with only 1%.
* komme ind sids
It’s a wonder ( that ) the (poor) last kept his drive.
* nummer sidst / sjok
Wonders never cease.
* miraklernes tid er ikke forbi
He proved to be a poor / rotten excuse for a politician, so
* elendig undskyldning for ng&t.
* en elendig nummer xx
* gåpåmod
(It’s) no / little / small wonder (that) he is in a subdued mood. * ikke underligt at In subdued lighting, in a subdued concluding interview,
he can only come up with lame / feeble / pathetic excuses.
The sound of subdued laughter seems to be heard.
* dæmpet
* afdæmpet
* belysning
* dårlig / elendig / ynkelig
* ( af- ) dæmpet
* afdæmpet
* undskyldning
forklaring
GLOBALIZATION
311 Most people want job security.
* globalisering
* sikkerhed i ansættelsen
Jobs are much more insecure than they were years ago.
* usikre
Indefinite unemployment seems to be rising, despite
* på ubestemt tid
repeated assurances to the contrary.
Many businesses fall victim to the devastating effects
* forsikringer
* blive offer for ngt.
* om det modsatte
* ødelæggende ( virkning )
of globalization so many people are certain to loose their job. * være sikker på at As many businesses are the victims of globalization,
many people appear / look / seem certain to loose their job.
They appear / look / seem / are sure to be
10 made redundant (E) ( from their job ).
Experience proves, however, that safeguarding jobs
is a short-term solution to the problem of globalization.
* være offer for ngt.
* synes sikker på at * synes / være sikker på at * gøre ng. overflødig / arbejdsløs
* beskytte ngt.
*
The globalization is victimized by many people for changes * gøre til syndebuk
which are just an inavitable consequence of developments.
* udviklingen
Some machines reduce labour costs to almost nil (U).
* ingenting
Some unimployed are the victims of age discrimination.
* offer for ngt.
and some fat people are victims of fatness discrimination.
Saying that the unimployed ‘don’t want to work’
is a classic case of blaming the victim.
20 They expect to record sufficient data to enable
definite conclusions to be reached.
Some developed countries, called welfare states,
* fed
* fedme
*
* klassisk tilfælde
* lægge skylden på ofret
/ eksempel / sag
* registrere / notere /
* muliggøre >
optegne ( data )
* afgørende endelig ( konklusion )
* nå <
* velfærdsstat
have develop a system called the welfare state by which
* -en
the government provides a range of free services
*
some of them ment to function as a social safety net.
* sikkerhedsnet
Job insecurity in is `remedied by unemployment benefit, * usikkerhed * afhjælpe * arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse
social security benefit (A:relief), employment service,
* socialhjælp
* arbejdsformidling
rehabilitation, and job training for unexperienced employees * revalidering
* jobtræning
and returners.
* person der vender tilbage til arbejdsmarkedet
30 Some people in the UK and the US find being on the dole * være på arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse ( E )
/ ( A ) socialhjælp
a poor / rotten etc. excuse for a job.
Some people, nevertheless, fall through the safety net
and end up homeless on the streets.
In the developing countries where most people work in
* elendig / syg erstatning for ngt.
* falde gennem
*
* udviklingsland
low-paid, insecure jobs, redundant employees and workers
* lavtlønnet
are left to their fate, living in depressed areas.
* overlade ng. til deres egen skæbne
* sikkerhedsnet
REFUGEE DISASTER
* flygtning
312 A military officer has staged / mounted a military coup.
* kup
ku~
The officer siezed power in the coup d`etat,
which opened the way for a return to dictatorship.
It has opened the way for a dictator to return to power
and public life.
An officer loyal to the government in office could have
averted the coup.
* gribe magten
* bane vejen for
* tilbagevenden til
* <<
* vende tilbage til ngt.
* offentligt liv
* loyal mod ng.
* afværge / forhindre ngt.
ê`vê~tid
His courage, however, deserted him for a moment
* modet svigter ng.
and the chance was wasted.
* chancen … forspildt
10 He could have prevented the coup but lost courage.
* forhindre ngt.
His courage failed him at the critical / last moment.
* modet svigter ( en )
So armed forces loyal to the government in office had to
* den siddende regering
abandon their attempts to recapture the capital.
* i et øjeblik
* i det afgørende /
i sidste øjeblik
* opgive ens forsøg på at -
* generobre ngt.
Last year a coup attempt was narrowly averted.
* kupforsøg
Loyalist troops then succeeded in subduing the rebels.
* regeringstro
* afværget
forhindret
* nedkæmpe ng.
The abortive coup, however, caused havoc for
* mislykket …
* skabe ravage
* lige akkurat
med nød og næppe
ê`bå~tiv
the government, and created havoc throughout the country.
The failed coup wreaked havoc in the army.
* forvolde ødelæggelse
The attempted coup wroke havoc on the political stability, * kupforsøg
20 and played havoc with the national economy.
* =
lave ravage
* <<<
* skabe ravage i ngt.
* indvirke forstyrrende / ødelæggende /
vende op og ned på ngt.
* =
Large numbers of rebel soldiers had deserted.
* desertere
They deserted the army as defeat became inevitable.
* … fra
Desertion was common and frequently occurring.
* desertion
As loyalists were prepared to wreak revenge / vengeance, * loyal / trofast person
desertions were common and frequent.
* <<
The army was badly affected by desertion.
* desertion
The country, lying partly in the Sahare Desert is among
* Sahara Ørkenen
the poorest in the world.
The desert hems / hedges the arable land in.
* fattigst
* ~ afgrænse ngt.
30 Agriculture is hemmed / hedged in on the north
* =
where the desert encroaches south into the arable land.
* æde sig
The country, mostly desert, is poor in natural resources,
and most of the population are `poverty-stricken.
* ~ tage hævn
* fattig på
* naturlig
* ressource
* ramt af fattigdom
Ordinary jobs are characterized by poor rates of pay.
* usle lønsatser
Only a small minority of the population live above
* leve over >
the `poverty line while the vast majority is living at or below
* fattigdomsgrænse
the poverty level (A ).
* =
* leve på >
* … under >
313 The dictator has apportioned land between his brothers, * fordele ngt. mellem
apportioned land among the rest of his family,
* …
and has apportioned land to his fellow conspirators.
* … til
kên`spirêtêz
Apportionment of land is a reward of loyalty,
and an apportion of land is a pledge of loyalty.
Dictatorship encroaches (up)on the democratic rights
* tildeling af ngt.
* =
* gøre indgreb i
so most of the inhabitants suffer from the regime’s many
*
encroachment (up)on human rights.
* indgreb i
The coup has wreaked havoc on life in the region.
* skabe problemer for
vende op og ned på
10 It has wrought havoc on life in the neighbouring countries * =
which find themselves compelled to make preparations for
* se sig nødsaget til
war and concomitant circumstances.
* ledsagende omstændighed
Death, destruction and sufferings are the inevitable
and sad / sorry concomitants of war.
Ill-prepared for war, these countries are, however,
inadequately prepared to fight a war against the dictator.
A neighbouring country has offered sanctuary to an
* gøre forberedelser til
*
* sørgelig
* ledsagende omstændighed ved ngt.
* dårligt forberedt
* utilstrækkeligt …
* tilflugtssted
indefinite number of refugees from the neighbouring country. * ikke fastlagt
* flygtning
20 If they stayed in the war zone it would surely end in
ubegrænset
* leve med /
finde sig i ngt.
* helt bestemt / sikkert
disaster; (inF) It certainly would; it sure (eA) would.
* = ( i formelt sprog ej certainly i bet. uden tvivl )
The refugees have to live with the uncertainties of war.
The refugees would face certain death.
* stå over for den visse død
Thousands of refugees have seeked sanctuary,
* søge tilflugt
and taken sanctuary in refugee camps.
They had to walk through areas of burning hot desert.
* tage …
* usikkerhed
uvished
* flygtninge lejr
* brændende ( varm )
* ørken
Many villages in the afflicted areas have been abandoned. * hjemsøgt
Most of the local population have deserted their villages
having to abandon their land and property to the hostile
* overlade ngt. til
government forces.
*
30 Many villages stand completely deserted.
* stå
The deserted and abandoned villages are plundered.
*
The villagers are forced to seek `refuge from the fighting.
* søge tilflugt
Clutching the few possions they could carry, the refugees
* klynge sig til ngt.
are sallying forth in search of food and safety.
* forladt
plaget, ramt
* forladt
* forladt
* drage afsted ( i et vanskeligt / farligt ærinde)
The refugees hope to reach safety in a refugee camp.
* nå >
Some refugees are led to safety by local freedom fighters.
* lede ng. i sikkerhed
* sikkerhed
Afflicted with disease lots of the refugees who take refuge * tage tilflugt
in the camps can be defined as undernourished.
ûndê `nûri$t
* betegne som ngt.
* underernæret
314 Troops are sent to secure the borders against
* sikre >
foreign encroachment on their territory.
* uretmæssig indtrængen
Having exhausted their supply of food, besieged troops
may decide to sally out, and make a sally.
* udtømme ngt.
* belejret
* gøre et udfald
* =
Humanitarian aid could save lives and save millions.
* humanitær hjælp
It could save the lives of millions of people threatened by
* redde livet for ng.
famine and threatened with starvation in the camps.
* grænse
* redde liv
* … millioner
* hungersnød
Emergency aid could save millions from starvation.
* nødhjælp
It could save millions from dying from starvation.
* … at -
10 The victims of war and the victims of famine,
* offer for ngt.
often afflicted with diseases, are innocent victims.
* hjemsøgt
* sult
* redde ng. fra ngt.
* uskyldigt offer
It is certain that thousands will die in the famine.
plaget, ramt
* helt sikkert
It will certainly happen.
* bestemt
The certainty of death seems omnipresent.
-`Many of the victims need `life(-)saving treatment.
* vished
Aid and relief agencies and aid and relief organizations
* hjælpeorganisation
* i hungersnøden
helt sikker
send aid packages with lifesaving medicine.
Airport security is managed by security guards
* allestedsnærværende
* livreddende
* hjælpepakke
* livreddende
* sikkerhed
* sikkerhedsvagt
who protects the airport against danger.
*
20 Security is / are called to suspicious incidents,
* sikkerhedsafdeling
and security guards turn up within seconds.
* sikkerhedsvagt
/ -folk
Air safety up to `par and strict security checks on
everyone entering the gates make flying one of the safest
* flysikkerhed
* gate
* komme til stede
* så god som
kan forventes
* flying
* sikkerhedstjek af
* sikrest
udgang til fly
forms of travel.
*
The planes bringing emergency aid, relief deliveries,
and relief supplies have landed safely.
‘ It sure (A) is hot in here,’ the American crew point out,
‘ We sure (A) hope we’ll get back all right.’
‘ Thanks for your help,’ a local official shouts.
30 ‘ Sure (A) – anytime, ‘ they return.
On the return flight the crew are, to tell the truth,
more relaxed than on the outward flight.
* nødhjælp
* =
* sikkert
* sandelig (forstærke et udsagn )
* =
* påpege
* komme tilbage
*
* det er i orden ( svar på tak )
* på hjemturen
* afslappet
* ud- ( flyve ) turen
`autwêd
Aid workers and relief workers have had a safe arrival,
and there has been no fear(s) for the aid workers’ safety.
As there’s no political certainty of making peace
there’s no political certainty of peace in the region.
Will peace ever return to this region, and will social life,
and the life of the community ever return to normal.
* sikker ankomst
* sikkerhed
* sikker- / vished for
* … at * vende tilbage til ngt.
* samfundsliv
* ( det ) sociale
* vende tilbage til >
* liv
* det normale
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
315 A democratic government has a constitutional
* forfatningsmæssig
and moral duty to look after, take care of and safeguard
* varetage
the interests, rights, and welfare of the people.
*
It’s certainly not easy.
* bestemt
Hopefully democracy will become more
*
securely established in the region.
Calling for a return to normal, the UN call for
a return to democracy.
Ancient Greece is regarded as the cradle of democracy.
* =
* sikkert forankret
* tilbagevenden til ngt.
* ngts. vugge
* borgerrettigheder
every single individual.
*
an agreement to safeguard against human rights abuses.
International safeguards are adopted to prevent
human rights violations.
In many countries, however, stronger legal safeguards
* FN
* =
10 The civil rights `safeguard the rights and privacy of
The United Nations’ convention on human rights is
* & beskytte / sikre /
værne om ngt.
* beskytte, sikre
værne om
* privatliv
* forenede nationer * menneskerettighedskonvention
* beskytte / sikre /
* krænkelse
værne mod ngt.
* beskyttelse
sikring, værn
* krænkelse
* vedtage
* beskyttelse / sikring /
værn ( > mod )
against human rights abuses and violations are needed.
An acute analysis of the former census returns provides
* <
* nøje
* krænkelse
overtrædelse
* folketællingresultater
* analyse
ê`kju~t ê`nalisis
a basis / benchmark against which the UN will work on
* udgangspunkt
20 the return of the refugees to their homes,
* hjemvenden af ng. til
and the return of stolen land.
* =
Without treatment AIDS is a terminal disease.
* dødelig
In the camps most of the aids victims and other patients
* AIDS offer
who are terminally ill face certain death.
* dødeligt
The number of terminal cases increases.
* døende
The sight of the terminal patients is horrible.
* =
Having analysed E/A <zed the sexual habits of the locals,
* analysere ngt.
health officers inform the locals of safe methods
* sundhedspersonel
of contraception, and advise against aids by informing about
*
30 safe and unsafe sex.
* sikker / usikker
Huge amount of people in the poor countries
are dependent (up)on foreign aid from affluent countries.
* afhængig ag ngt. * fremmed bistand
prê`pêunêts
The followers may count on the `safe period
when ovulation and conception is unlikely in theory.
* sikker
*
Some religious proponents ban the use of contraception, * fortaler
condom or the ( contraceptive ) pill to prevent conception.
* tilbagelevering af
* bandlyse /
forbyde ngt.
* pillen
* satse på ngt.
* prævention
svangerskabsforebyggelse
* befrugtning
* sikker
* ægløsning
In practice this is in fact a quite unsafe method.
* usikker
Some women easily conceive.
* ~ befrugtes, blive gravid
* velhavende
* periode
* befrugtning
ENVIRON`MENTAL PRESERVATON
* miljøbevarelse
/ -beskyttelse
316 Nature conservancy associations work for nature
* naturfredningsforening
conservancy, the protection of the natural environment.
* bevarelse
They draw / call people’s attention to the fact that much
* natur>
* beskyttelse af ngt.
* naturlig
* miljø
* gøre ng. / henlede ngs. opmærksom på
unspoilt nature including many species of plants and animals * uspoleret natur
are falling victim to cultivation and urbanization.
* blive offer for /
truet / udryddet ved ngt.
The associations regularly launch / mount campaigns to
draw / call attention to the environment.
* igangsætte kampagner med det formål at
* henlede opmærksomheden /
gøre opmærksom på ngt.
They launch campaigns to focus attention on a variety of
* fokusere / rette opmærksomheden mod
environmental issues and encourage the conservation /
* miljøsager
10 the con`servancy of the natural environment.
* =
* bevarelse
They sometimes mount a campaign to raise money.
* igangsætte … for at / med det formål at
Conducting campaigns to protect the environment,
* føre kampagne for at
the associations conduct campaigns against the destruction * … mod
of wildlife and its natural environment .
They campaign for environmentally `friendly products
*
* føre kampagne for ngt.
and environment-`friendly regulations and technology
* =
that will safeguard the environment.
* beskytte / værne ngt
Everywhere campaigners on environmental issues,
* miljøvenlig
* aktivist
some of them old / veteran / seasoned campaigners,
* garvede rotte
20 are campaigning to save the environment from
* deltage i kampagne for at -
illegal hunting and fishing, illegal cutting and felling,
* hugning
agriculture and building development.
*
By establishing conservation areas, nature reserves
( og )
~ skovhugst
* bevarings-
* område
and wildlife sanctuaries, the associations create havens for
beskyttet
* dyre- og planteliv
endangered species indigenous to certain areas.
* truet
Campaigning for environmentally sustainable use,
some organizations campaign to save the rainforest.
They work to secure the future of the wildlife habitats,
* redde ngt. fra ngt.
* fældning
* naturreservat
* fristed, reservat
fredet område
* oprindeligt hørende til >
* område
* miljømæssig
* bæredygtig ( udnyttelse )
* føre kampagne for at
* redde
* sikre fremtiden for ngt.
and save rare species of plants and animals from extinction
* redde ngt. fra >
30 in their natural habitats.
* voksestedet
* regnskov
* voksested
levested
* udryddelse
levesteder
Promoting sustainable agriculture, some campaigners
challenge the safety of genetically modified foods.
By means of advertising campaigns, these people
campaign against these products.
* aktivist
* udfordre /
* sikkerhed
betvivle >
* annoncekampagne
* genetisk
* føre kampagne mod
Certain people disagree with this campaign.
* visse
So campaigners for and against genetic modification
* aktivister for / imod ngt. * genetisk
currently discuss and debate the issue.
* modificeret
ændret
*
* være uenig med >
* kampagne
* modifikation
ændring
317 In tennis, the champion needs to win the next two games * =
to save the match; is he going to win ? Sure thing – sure bet. * redde > * kampen * helt sikkert * = ( sikkert bud )
~ sejren
He has been saving his strength for the last part of
the match; his face is drenched / soaked with sweat.
When he returns a serve or any shot with his backhand,
he hits the ball back with his sure backhand strokes.
* gemme ( sin styrke ) til ngt.
* ~ drivvådt af sved
* returnere ( serv )
* slå ngt. tilbage
Returns of serves are a critical point in tennis.
* returnering
A player may also volley the ball into the net.
* flugte ( bolden )
He may hit a forehand or backhand volley outside the line.
* slå en … flugter
* baghånd
* sikker
* baghåndsslag
10 At a time, the game has to be abandoned because of rain. * kamp
* blive afbrudt
A sudden shower drenches / soaks those of the spectators * gennembløde ng.
who don’t reach shelter quickly.
So getting a soaking, and getting soaked ( througt ),
* nå >
* få > * en gennembløder * blive > * ( helt ) gennem-
some of the spectators get drenched / soaked ( to the skin ) * blive >
Their clothes get soaking / sopping ( wet )
as rain soaks in, and soaks into / throught their clothes.
As rain has drenched / soaked their clothes,
* ( i ) ly
* ( helt ) gennemblødt
*…
* ( tøj ) blive >
* drivvådt
* sive ind
* sive ind i / gennem ( tøj )
* gennembløde ( tøj )
some spectators are soaking / sopping ( wet ) when they
* ( ng. ) være >
leave the stadium in rain-drenched / -soaked clothes.
* regngennemblødt
20 As the rain comes down in torrents, the game cannot
* regnen strømmer ned i stride strømme
be resumed that day; it can’t be resumes until the next day.
* ( kamp ) blive genoptaget
Having to abandon the match due to persistent rain,
blødt
* til skindet
* aflyse >
* drivvåd
* =
* kamp
and postpone it to the next day, the officials
* udsætte ngt.
resume their positions, the spectators resume their seats,
* genindtage ( plads )
and the players resume their places on ( the tennis ) court.
* … ( plads )
* - - - før end
( næste dag )
* vedvarende ( regn )
* … ( sæde )
* på ( tennis ) banen
The champion has revealed that deserting a playboy life for * forlade ngt. til fordel for ngt.
a family life saved his marriage and saved his career.
There is devastating news about a famous athlete.
`a#li~t
Having need of life-saving surgery, the sportsman will
30 have a life-saving transplant operation.
* redde ngt.
* chokerende ( nyheder )
* livsbevarende
* operation
* sportsmand
idrætsudøver
* =
/ -reddende
* organtransplantation
Without treatment, he will almost certainly die.
* næsten sikkert
He couldn’t be spared from the ordeal of surgery;
* spare ng. for prøvelsen ved ngt.
he couldn’t be spared from the ordeal of having an opreation. * =
He couldn’t be spared the ordeal of being operated,
and couldn’t be spared the ordeal of spare-part surgery.
* =
* organtransplantation
During the operation, he will be put on a respirator.
* lægge ng. i >
He will henceforth need a lifesaving treatment,
* fra nu af
so henceforward he will be treated with lifesaving medicine.
* =
* repirator
* livsnødvendig
* =
318 Everybody hopes the doctors will be able to save him.
* redde ng.
Not smoking makes a real difference.
*
It most certainly does; it most definitely does.
* på det bestemteste
People who smoke, whether they smole cigarettes
* ryge
* ryge >
* cigaret
or smoke a pipe for one thing have a higher risk of
* ryge > * pibe * dels * ( have ) større risiko for ngt.
catching diseases, for another make a slower recovery.
* dels
Whether they are cigarette smokes or pipe smokers,
it won’t make a scrap of difference.
Nevertheless, the cigarette butts not only in the ashtrays
10 speak for themselves.
* cigaretryger
* en tøddel ( den mindste smule ) >
* piberyger
* forskel
* skod
* ngt. taler for sig selv
tale sit tydelige sprog
Suddenly thinking of the danger, some smokers put () out / * slukke / skodde >
stub () out / butt their cigarettes at the sight of the hospital.
* = / =>
Others just top their cigarettes to finish them later on.
*
The family are assured that the patient is in good hands.
* forsikre
The doctors try to reassure them.
* berolige ng.
They try to reassure the family about his recovery
* forsikre ng. om
but they still feel anxious.
* cigaret
*
‘He is in the best hands ‘ we can assure you,
* i de bedste hænder
’ and his condition is very satisfactory we can reassure you,’ * tilfredsstillende
20 the doctors say reassuringly.
Although he is in capable hands, and the family is
* berolige
* beroligende
* i dygtige / kompetente hænder
reassured that everything possible is being done,
* beroliget med at -
they are worried about the safety of the treatment.
* sikkerhed
Many people’s thoughts and prayers are with the athlete
* forsikre
* tanker og bønner er hos
preêz
and his family at this difficult moment.
The doctors assure the family ( that ) he will
make a recovery without recourse to a second surgery
*
* forsikre
* uden tilflugt / at ty til ngt.
They reassure them that he’ll be all right.
* =
‘ He’ll recover even if some pain may temporarily return,’
* komme igen
30 the doctors assure the family.
‘ He’ll recover and be able to resume his normal activities
– normal life will resume,’ the doctors say reassuringly.
A doctors vocation is to give a medical opinion,
* forsikre ng.
* berolige
* komme igen
* genoptage
* beroligende
* give en medicinsk vurdering
and to cure people as safely as possible,
* kurere /
restore them to health and save life.
helbrede ng.
* redde liv
Hospitals try to ensure ( that ) people are seen quickly.
* hospital
Apart from / except ( for ) rare sensations,
* bortset fra ngt.
some sports are neglected by television.
ni`glektid
* forsømme ngt.
* sikkert
forsvarligt
* sikre at -
319 The holidaymakers spend the night at a hotel.
* ferierejsende
ferierende
The children write the grandparents a letter.
* skrive ng. ngt.
They write a letter to the grandparents giving them
*
a brief resumé of events so far.
* resume, sammendrag
`rezjumei
It’s turned midnight as they turn in.
* blive midnat
Having turned back the bedclothes, they climb into bed
* folde ngt. om
turning the sheets and blankets down / over.
* gå i seng
* krybe i seng
slå ngt. tilbage / op
* slå ngt. om / over ( sig )
*
A MOTORIST IN TROUBLE
* billist
10 The next day they are waved / flagged down by a motorist * vinke til at stoppe
parking by the side of the road // on / by / at the roadside.
Having run out of petrol, the stranded motorist
* i siden af vejen / ved vejkanten
* løbe tør for ngt.
hoped and prayed ( that ) another motorist would
* benzin
soon pass by so he could beg a favour of him.
* bede ng. om en the
If he’d manage to beg a lift from a passing motorist,
* strandet
* bede til at -
* bede ng.om et lift
it would save him a walk to the nearest filling station,
* spare ng. ( for ) ngt.
petrol (E) or sevice station (E) to buy a petrol spare can.
* =
* tankstation
* =
* reserve dunk
The father suggests to sell him the content of his spare can. *
( Improper use of fuel ( diesel instead of petrol ) is fatal. )
* ukorrekt * brug * brændstof * diesel * ødelæggende
20 It would save walking and save him carrying a petrol can. * spare at ‘ Are you sure you don’t mind ? ‘ the motorist asks.
* have ngt. imod det
The father gets the spare from the boot E/A trunk.
* reservedunken
The spare can is placed next to the spare tyre.
* reservehjul
A spare tire (A) is an additional wheel with a tire on it.
* =
It’s also the fat around someones waist.
* fedt
If you have a puncture, you use a jack to jack up the car,
* donkraft * punktering
* spare ng. for at -
* bagagerum
* ekstra
* talje
bæltested
* hæve / løfte ngt. ( med … )
and a socket spanner E/A wrench to undo the nuts.
* topnøgle
* afmontere
The treads on the two tyres on the front wheels
* slidbane
* forhjul
and the treads on the two rear wheels must be alike in pairs / * baghjul
30 two by two and above the legal limit ( of tread ) of 1.6 mm. * parvis / to og to
‘ Thanks a lot for saving me from a long walk
* redde ng. fra
and saving me from carrying a can of petrol –
* redde ng. ud af en slem knibe
you saved my life,’ the motorists says thankfullly.’
* redde ng. ud af en slem knibe
’ You saved me a lot of of bother / trouble –
* spare ng. for >
‘ You saved the situation – you really saved the day.
* redde situationen
In America you buy gas or gasoline at a gas station.
* benzin
At a service E/A gas station you may have your
*
exhaust ( pipe ) E/A tailpipe fixed.
* ens
det samme
* slidbane
* udstødningsrør
* ulejlighed / besvær
* … dagen
* … tank
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
320 I’d have had to abandon the car and walk along.
‘ You saved me the trouble of walking, and saved me
the bother of finding the nearest gas station (A).’
I don’t have to exhaust myself walking a long way
and carrying the can would have exhauste me.
‘ You saved me the trouble – thanks again
* forlade / efterlade ngt.
* gå derudaf
* spare ng. for besværet med
* =
* benzin- / tankstation
* udmatte sig med at * udmatte ng.
* spare ng. for besværet / ulejligheden
for saving me the bother, I wish I could return the favour,’
* =
- I wish I could do something in return ( for your help ),’
* til gengæld ( for ngt.)
the motorist concludes.
*
10 They get back in their cars and resume driving.
* genoptage at -
* gøre en tjeneste til gengæld
The weather turns nasty; it turns nasty and starts to rain. * … blive væmmeligt
Going to get a paper, he turns up the collar of his coat,
and hurries out into the rain.
* slå kraven op
*
There has been a price rise on the paper.
* prisforhøjelse
The rise in price hasn’t caused many readers to abandon
* =
the paper; the price increase hasn’t caused many readers
* =
to desert the paper.
* =
The father brings four ‘submarine `sandwiches.
* undervandsbåd
*
20 Right after his return to the car it starts to rain heavily
* tilbagekomst
so as the visibility is poor they wait to drive on.
* sigtbarhed
On the front page of the paper there is a picture
of a hostage-taking.
* vente med at -
*
* gidseltagning
* -tager
The hostage has fallen victim to a psycho, a person
* gidsel
The hostage-taker refuses to release his hostage unless
* ringe
* avis
it shows the hostage-taker turning a gun on the hostage.
who must be mentally ill.
* =
~ landgangsbrød
( A: a `poor boy or po’ boy )
READING THE PAPER
* forlade / svigte ngt.
* rette ngt. mod ng.
* blive offer for ng.
* psykopat
*
* gidseltager
* frigive ( gidsel )
certain conditions are met.
* visse ( betingelser )
30 The police are prepared for trouble.
* forberedt på ( vanskeligheder )
Everybody is preparing himself or herself for trouble.
* berede sig på ngt.
The police are not unprepared for a situation like this.
* uforberedt på ngt.
The police are not prepared to take risks.
* villig til at -
* tage risici
As the police are unprepared to run risks in a situation
* uvillig til at -
* løbe risici
like this, they pretend to be prepared to accept his condition.
Ultimately, the police are not unprepared to pay.
* forberedt på at * i den sidste ende
til syvende og sidst
At the end of the day they are prepared to pay the money. * =
* uforberedt på / uvillig til at * forberedt på /
villig / parat til at -
321 Negotiaters worked to secure the hostage’s release.
* forhandler
* sikre ngs. frigivelse
They successfully negotiated the release of the hostage.
* forhandle sig til
A tragedy was averted albeit by a hair’s breadth.
* afværge * endskønt * på et hængende hår (* bredde )
å~l`bi~it
bred#
forhindre
om end
med nød og næppe
It very nearly went wrong.
* & det var på …
It was a near thing; it was a close shave.
* = ( barbering )
Narrowly escaping being killed, the hostage
* med nød og næppe
escaped with his life although by the skin of his teeth.
He survived although he had a narrow escape.
He came within an ace of being killed.
10 Actually the hostage was more frightened than hurt.
* undgå at - * blive slået ihjel
på et hængende hår
~ slippe med livet i behold
* slippe med livet i behold
* på et hængende hår
/ levende fra det
( yderste lag af tænderne )
* overleve
* med nød og næppe
slippe levende fra det
på et hængende hår
* &=
* & slippe med skrækken
The father sits turning the pages idly.
* vende side
A husband has committed ( a brutal ) murder of his wife.
* begå >
Most homicide and murder victims knew their killer
* ( mand- ) drab
* =
beforehand, and having cold-bloodedly murdered his wife,
mord
* på forhånd
* koldblodigt
the husband is described as a cold-blooded murderer
* koldblodig
bladre
He turns over (E) and look at the next page.
* bladre
A road accident caused by a crash has caused a number
* trafikulykke
of accident victims.
The road victims were taken to hospital E/A the … .
* ( et … ) mord på ng.
* offer
* drabsmand
* myrde ng.
* morder
* sammenstød
* ulykkesoffer
* trafikoffer
* bringe ng. på hospitalet
20 A crash victim received head injuries from which he died. * ulykkesoffer
The other victims were frightened to death but survived.
* offer
Their wounds were sewn together with several stitches.
* sy ngt.
A bone in a broken leg may fail to knit correctly, unless
* knogle
pins hold the pieces together while they knit together.
* skræmme ng. til døde
* sting
* vokse / gro sammen
* stift
* holde ngt. sammen
There is an article on / about fashion.
* artikel om ngt.
Dealing with the transient fashions, it shows how fashion
* forbigående, kortvårig
turns full `circle; sooner or later it comes full circle.
* set i et bestemt lys
People who are fashion victims or style victims
* offer for moden
30 easily becomes slaves to fashion and style.
* mode (-lune )
* vende tilbage til >
udgangspunktet
* pengemaskine
* slave af
He turns to the back page for the weather forecast.
* bladre om til /
During the ride, the children play cat’s cradle.
se ( om ) på >
* snoreleg ( kattens vugge )
‘ Don’t be such a baby,’ the brother teases his baby sister
when he thinks she’s behaving in a childish way.
‘ Don’t be upset – I’m only teasing,’ the tease appeals.
It was only a tease and no merciless tease.
* pattebarn
* bagside
* drille ng.
* lillesøster
*
* drille
* drillepind
* drilleri
If people are teased mercilessly about something, they are * drille ng. med ngt.
easily frightened away / off ( from ( having ) close contact ).
*=
* mode
* tage hele ture rundt
Seen in a certain light fashion is just a money-spinner.
* medmindre
* skræmme ng. bort / væk fra ngt.
* appelere
* nådesløs
ubarmhjertig
GOING SWIMMING
* tage ud at -
* svømme
322 The next day, the family especially pray for good weather * bede om ngt.
as they are going to spend some days at a bathing place (E)
* badested
beiding
where it’s safe to swim, and easy to regain the beach.
* sikker /
* komme tilbage til ( et sted )
ufarligt at Even if they look inviting, some waters are unsafe to swim. * se indbydende ud
A swimmer in trouble manages to swim to safety.
* svømmer
A green flag is hoisted when it’s safe to swim,
* hejse ( flag )
and a red flag when it’s unsafe and dangerous.
Swimming is a good form of exercise but poor swimmers
* usikker /
farlig at i sikkerhed
* sikkert at -
* usikkert
* swømning
* dårlig
* svømmer
* vade ud i ngt.
should never swim where they can’t touch bottom.
* ~ bunde
10 People who just want to go paddling E/A wading
* gå ud at soppe
tuck `up their clothes and wade into the water.
* proppe / putte / stoppe ngt. op
They just tuck up their trousers or skirts,
and wade around in the shallow water / the shallows (pl.).
* ~ svømme i
( besvømme ngt. )
* =
* vade omkring
Some people’s stomach has a tummy tuck.
* på lavt vand /
et lavvandet område
* mavefold ( ar efter plastikkirurgi )
The beach boys stand up straight, tuck in their tommy
* rette sig op
and puff their chest out.
So having puffed out their chest they strut around
with their chest expanded and pushed forward.
Some children charge noisily into the water.
* trække maven ind
* puste ngt. op
* =
* bryst, -kasse
* spankulere / stoltsere omkring
* forstørre ( brystkasse )
* skyde < frem
* skynde sig / styrte udi ( vandet )
20 The `lifeguards or lifesavers, educated and trained in
* livredder
life(-)saving, have an observant eye for critical situations.
* livredning
They are employed to rescue people and save lives;
* redde ng.
* vågent øje for ngt.
* redde >
* liv
saving people from drowning they save the lives
* redde ng. fra at - * drukne * redde ngs. liv * badende
of bathers (E) or other holidaymakers (E/A) vacationers.
* bader
badegæst
* ferierende
feriegæst
* for sikkerhedens skyld
You shouldn’t go out swimming alone for safety’s sake.
* ~ tage ud at -
For safety, always go swimming with a partner.
* =
There’s safety in `numbers.
* desto flere sammen des mere sikkerhed
Last week a lifesaver averted a tragedy.
* afværge / forhindre ngt.
A dog had frightened a little girl by starting to bark at her.
* skræmme ng.
30 She was frightened of ( being bitten by ) the dog.
No wonder its bark gave her a fright
* gø ad ng.
* være bange / skrækslagen for (at) ngt.
* gøen
Having / getting an awful fright, she fell over in the water. * blive angst / skræmt
Taking fright she was too frighted to shout.
* =
Saving the frightened girl from the dog,
* redde ng. fra ngt.
and saving her from drowning,
* … at gøre ngt.
the observant lifesaver probably saved her life.
* redde ngs. liv
êb`zê~vênt
It’s frightening to think what could have happened.
* skræmmende at
It’s a frightening / scary thought.
* skræmmende
* gøre ng. angst / skræmt
* falde om
* bange for at -
323 A rescue craft is secured firmly to the jetty.
* redningsfartøj * fastgjøre ngt. * anløbs- / badebro
Last year when a turist vessel was stranden on a sanbank, * turistbåd
til ngt.
* strande ngt.
everybody had to abandon ship which was left to be wrecked. * forlade skibet /
Fortunately, most of the passengers and crew members
gå fra borde ( ved forlis )
* skibbruden, forlist
who were shipwrecked were rescued by the rescue craft
* besætningsmedlem
or able to swim to safety.
* i sikkerhed
The rescuers were frightened that some of
mole
* sandbanke
* omdanne ng. til vrag
forlise
* redde
* være bange for at -
the shipwrecked passengers had drowned and, unfortunately, * skibbruden
after a thorough search, they had to abandon all hope of
* opgive alt håb om at -
10 finding any more survivors of the shipwreck.
* skibsforlis
Many people bring a lunch or picknic basket.
* madkurv
When the children have plenty long enough
* mere end længe nok
been impatient to have lunch and been impatient to wait,
* utålmodig efter at -
the mother eventually opens the picknick hamper.
* madkurv
She tucks the paper napkins under the hamper
so the paper serviettes (E) won’t fly away.
* stoppe ngt. >
* … over at -
* serviet
* =
As the food comes out, they all tuck in(to) a hearty lunch.
* & gå ombord i >
They they all tuck in; they tuck () away (E) piles of food.
* guffe i sig
Some people collect () up empty bottles.
* samle ngt. sammen
20 They gather empty bottles on the beach left by
* samle ngt.
litter louts (E) and litterbugs (&A).
* forureningssvin (-bølle)
The returnable bottles are sold while the non-returnable,
returned bottles are recycled by being melted down.
Many seaside resorts are now so crowded that they have
become a victim to their own success.
* retur* returneret
* genanvendt
tilbageleveret
/ -brugt
* kystudflugtsmål
badested
* blive offer for sin egen succes
It has been dry weather for the last week.
* tørt vejr
The nearing black clouds in the distance
*
are a sure sign of rain, however.
As the clouds are a sure indication of rain,
( getting under ) cover before the rain starts.
* ( komme i ) tørvejr
They leave the beach to make certain / sure (that)
they get in out of the rain before it starts raining / to rain.
* solid
* =
* ikke …
* omsmeltet
* sikkert tegn på ngt.
* sikre sig
as there’s all certainty that it will start raining.
* flyve bort
* sikker tegn på ( regn )
30 the family decides to leave to make certain / sure of
There’s no certainty that the weather will stay dry
* under ngt.
* … ingen sikkerhed for at * … al sandsynlighed for at * sikre sig
* komme indendørs
/ i tørvejr
The rain stops all of a sudden.
* & det bliver tørvejr
It stops raining as suddenly as it started,
* =
and turns dry weather again.
* blive …
* lige pludselig
ON SIGHTSEEING
324 Today people do a lot of sightseeing.
* tage ( meget ) på …
se på seværdigheder
Many tourists go on sightseeing tours of a city
or the countryside.
Going sightseeing the sightseers often visit
historical sites, historical buildings and places.
* tage på …/ seværdighedstur i / på
*
* person på …
* =
* historiske steder
The family is going on a tour in a historical town.
* tage på >
Navigating their way to the town, the father takes care
* ~ finde vej til ngt.
not to miss the right turn-off to the town.
He turns off at the second exit for the town.
* tur
* passere / overse ngt.
* afkørsel / frakørsel til ngt.
* dreje af
* =
10 Turning off / exiting the motorway, he turns onto a road. * dreje af fra ngt.
( In America they have turnpikes or pikes,
roads that drivers must pay a toll to use. )
* dreje ind på ngt.
* betalingsvej
* afgift, gebyr
bom-, bropenge
Soon realizing, however, that he has taken the wrong road * tage / køre >
and lost his way, he stops the car to read a ( road ) map.
According to the map they missed their turning (E):
they missed their turn (A) back there at a cross roads.
* ~ komme på afveje
* =
* blinklys
With flashing turn signals (A) he makes a U-turn,
* blinke
and drives in the opposite direction.
*
20 The blinkers turn off automaticly.
* blinklys
* blinklys
* korsvej
vejkryds
* foretage en omkring- /
u-vending
* =
* slukkes
* sidevej
If they had studied the map more carefully they could have
*
spared themselves an unnecessary trip.
* spare sig selv for ngt.
If he takes the first turning (E) on the right he’ll
* læse >
* vej
& køre forkert
* ( vej ) kort
* ~ ikke få drejet af
Having switched the indicator (E) on he does a U-turn.
He takes care not to miss the right turn-off.
* den forkerte
* ~ tage første vej til ( højre )
dreje af første gang til ( = )
take the wrong turning.
If he takes the second turn (A) on the left,
he’ll take the right turn.
* ~ dreje forkert af
* << til ( vensrtre )
* ~ dreje rigtigt af
To be sure the father asks a stranger.
*
‘ It’s second turn on the left,’ the stranger instructs (him).
* ~ det er ( anden ) vej / gang til ( venstre ) * instruere
30 ‘ I beg your pardon, which turn ?’ the father asks again.
* undskyld, jeg hørte ikke
vejlede, beordre
* hvor skal jeg dreje
‘ Second on the left,’ the stranger repeats.
* anden til ( venstre ) / på ( = ) hånd
The father turns down the road.
* dreje ned ad ( vej )
There’s a sharp turn ahead.
* skarpt
He turns off the road and into the town.
* dreje af vejen ( og ) ind i ( by )
Parking ( your car ) on some roads or in some streets,
* parkere ( ngt. )
you may have to pay by putting money into a `parking meter. * parkometer
* gentage
* sving
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
325 To navigate his way through the town
* finde vej
he has to make a right turn at the church,
* lave en højre drejning
and then make a left turn at the train / E& railway station.
* … venstre …
Navigating the car through the traffic, he turns round
* styre ngt. gennem
a `roundabout ( A: a rotary / traffic circle ), turns right at
* rundkørsel
the church, and then turns left at the station.
* =
He turns the car into the car park E/A parking lot
* tog / jernbanestation
* dreje rundt
* … til …
* dreje ngt. ind på / ( i )
* parkeringsplads
with free parking, and lots of parking spaces / places / spots. *
They hope the car will be safe parked there.
* være i sikkerhed
10 They arrive at the meeting place with five minutes to spare. * … før tid
They look for an old workshop in a fin de siècle street.
* værksted
The find and visit the old workshop tucked away down
* ligge afsides
a narrow turn-of-the-`century backstreet .
The turner operates a turning lathe.
`åpêreits
* fra slutningen af århundrede
* fra århundredeskiftet
* drejer
* bag- / sidgade
* betjene
* drejebænk
leid
By means of the lathe, he turns various objects.
* =
Having finished the job he takes off his glasses,
* briller
and tucks them in the pocket of the bib of his apron.
* proppe / putte /
* dreje
* smæk
* forklæde
stoppe ngt. i ngt.
Screwing an object together, he gives the screws another
two or three turns until he can’t get it to turn.
*
* omgang
* dreje
20 When his son is really thirsty and finds a pump, the father * ( rigtig / virkelig ) tørstig
* vandpost
makes sure / certain ( that ) the water is not unsafe to drink.
* farligt at -
Given reassurances that the water is safe to drink,
he turns on the tap and takes some gulps of water himself.
* sikre sig at * beroligende forsikringer om at * lukke op for hanen
Bending down makes it more difficult to gulp ( water ).
* bøje sig ned
Very thirsty, the son drinks thirstily.
* ( meget ) tørstig
Swallowing (water) quickly, he quenches his thirst.
* =
Having taken some swallows from the tap
* slurk
he turns off the tap.
In America they turn on and turn off the faucet.
* lukke > op / åbne >
*
turn-off, and eventually end up on a road so narrow that
* afkørsel
it’s impossible to pass an `oncoming vehicle.
* modkørende
to give way to a vehicle coming towards them.
* slurk
* nedsvælge
synke, sluge
* slukke sin tørst
* lukke for hanen
30 On their way to the historical site they take a wrong
So they have to wait at a passing place or turn(-)out (A)
* lukke >
sidevej
* vigeplads
* komme imod ng.
modkørende
Eventually they find a turning space.
* vendeplads
Fortunately the car has a small `turning circle..
* venderadius
As it has a small turning radius the father easily
* =
turns the car around.
* sikkert at -
* dreje / vende ngt. omkring
* vandhanen
VISITING AN ANIMAL PARK / A SAFARI PARK
326 The park is fenced ( in ) by a high mesh fence
* indhegne ngt.
to secure the surroundings against escaping animals.
* sikre ngt. mod ngt.
A sign says,’ For safety, never leave the marked route,’
’ For your own safety, please do not roll down the windows.’
Watching the lions from the safety of the car,
* tråd-
* hegn
* for sikkerhedens skyld
af sikkerhedsmæssige hensyn
* for deres egen sikkerhed
* fra ngts. sikkerhed
* i … sikkerhed
the family watch the lions in complete safety.
They are particularly amused by the plauful young animals
especially the baby monkeys and the baby elephant.
* more / underholde ng.
* =
It amuses them to draw comparisons with one another.
* det morer ng. at -
Certain of the animals come from other parks.
* visse af ng.
10 Many animals have sharply defined coloured markings.
* afgrænset
*
*
VISITING A HISTORICAL SITE
* markering, aftegning
kendemærke
*
At the entrance, there’s a shop where you can buy
a definitive guide before you enter ( the site ).
*
* altomfattende
Having asked ( the shop assistant ) the price, they buy
* gå ind ( i ngt. )
komplet
* spørge ( ng.) on ngt.
the guide giving / providing a definitive description of the site. * fuldstændig
udtømmende
They are collecting and saving brochures and postcards
to put in their photo album.
* samle
* gemme
* postkort
* album
`albêm
History just turns everybody in the family on.
* gøre ng. interesseret
20 The mother has turned the whole family on to history
* …i
so often in their spare time they are occupied with history.
* fritid
Some historians devote themselves to an attemt to
carry out a definitive study / work of a historical person,
* ( være ) optaget af ngt.
* historiker
* hellige sig til ngt.
* fuldendte
endegyldig
and become the definitive author of the definitive biography * =
bai`ågrêfi
/ book of him.
Creating havoc throughout the east of England,
*
* anrette skade
forårsage ulempe
the ravages of the Viking invasion caused havoc in the cities, * -n / -lse
30 towns and villages there, and ravaged normal life
* ødelægge
of the community.
*
Fear of invasion, dread of loot and plunder alone
caused havoc for all members of the society.
Fear and dread alone played havoc with everyday life
and wreaked havoc on agriculture, business and trade.
Ravaged by the Vikings, and devastated by their raids,
many abbeys, priories, monasteries, convents, and towns
* forårsage skade
/ ulempe
* rædsel / skræk for ngt.
* alene
* forårsage skade / ulempe for ng.
* spille forstyrrende / ødelæggende ind på ( dagligliiv )
* anrette skade på ngt.
* hærge / rasere / ødelægge ngt. * helt ødelægge ngt.
*
didn’t survive the ravages and devastation of Viking invasion. * ødelæggelse
* komplet ødelæggelse
327 Shocked at the savagery of the raids, the Archbishop
* chokeret over >
was devastated / shocked by the savagery of the Vikings.
* … af >
It seemed to the Christians that for the Vikings
nothing was sacred.
* ngts. voldsom- / grusomhed
* ngs. vildskab
*
* intet er helligt
Knowing the clergy and the commoners only longed to live
in a safe country, the Archbishop next turned to defence.
The Archbishop criticizes the king with a savagery
*
* sikkert
* gå over til ngt.
* kritisere ng.
* voldsomhed
`savêd§ri
that takes him by surprise.
*
The King and the Witan were savaged by the Archbishop
* kritisere voldsomt / skånselsløst
10 for failing to take appropiate actions against Viking invasion. *
From an ecclesiastical point of view, the aristocracy,
* ( kristent ) kirkeligt
ikli~zi`astikl
the king, the earls and the thanes, have a Christian duty
* lensherre ( under jarlen )
#einz
to safeguard the country and its inhabitants as a whole.
* beskytte / værne ng&t.
The king and the Witan were savagely criticized for
* voldsomt, skånselsløst
* kritisere ng. for ngt.
the countriy’s lack of military preparedness, for not having
*
turned their efforts to the defence of the country.
* rette sine kræfter / bestræbelser mod ngt.
The criticism of the Witan and the criticism of its lack of
* kritik af ng. / ngt.
preparedness was a savage attack on the Witan:
* voldsomt, rasende ( angreb på ng. )
a devastating attack on the efforts of the King, the earls,
* =
20 and thegns to make the country safe from Viking raids.
* = thane
* angreb på >
ng’s bestræbelser
* sikret imod ngt.
#einz
The noblility were ill-prepared,
and did a poor job of defending the country.
* dårligt forberedt
* gøre et elendigt stykke arbejde med at være dårlig til at -
The nobility made a poor job of defending the country
* =
as they were ill-prepared for a disaster on this scale
* dårligt forberedt til ngt.
and therefore ill-prepared to defend the country
* … at -
Many noblemen seemed unprepared.
* uforberedt
Unprepared for the challenge which faced them,
* … på
they seemed unprepared for personal sacrifices,
* uvillig ( overfor )
and unprepared to make the final, the supreme
* … at -
or the ultimate sacrifice.
* =
30 In turn, due to recent loot and plunder, the King
* derfor
and the nobility have suffered huge losses in `revenues.
* lide … tab
Unfortunately, sustaining a huge loss in revenues, the King * bære / lide / være udsat for >
regretted to have to carry out savage military spending cuts. * & føle sig nødsaget til at So the tide of battle usually turned against the English.
* tendens i krigslykke
The English were unable to turn the tide of the war
* vende tendensen
against the Vikings.
*
* af ( dette ) omfang
* personligt offer
* & sætte livet på spil
* tab
* skrap
* vende sig imod
328 The tide didn’t turn as the King was not able to organize
* =
a naval defence strong enough to turn away the Viking
* drive ng. bort
invaders and turn back the raiders.
* … tilbage
He didn’t have an navy or army a at his disposal strong
enough to turn the invaders `away and turn them back.
The historical site is tucked away behind the hills.
The family walk around the ruins of the old abbey.
Some parts are temporarily closed () `off as a building
and a roof is declared unsafe.
*
* afvise ng.
* tilbagevise ng.
drive ng. tilbage
drive ng. væk
* afsides beliggende
*
* afspærre ngt.
* usikker
10 Entering a room wasn’t safe – it’s unsafe and dangerous. * sikkert
Builders are called in to make the building safe.
* usikkert
* byggefolk
* gøre ngt. sikkert
The builders are safe workers and have to be sure `footed. * samvittighedsfuld
Contrary to previous times a workplace must now
be safe for workers and have a safe working environment.
Scaffold hands assemble the scaffold.
Joining together the various parts of the scaffolding,
* = farligt
* sikker på fødderne
selvsikker
* arbejdsplads
* sikker
* arbejdsmiljø
ufarlig
* samle ngt.
* stilladsarbejder
* samle ngt.
* stilladsmateriale
`skafêlding
the scaffolders must be careful to find a secure foothold.
* stilladsarbejder
* sikkert
Modern scaffolding ensures the builders footing and hold * sikre ng. ngt.
so they can always have a sure footing and a sure hold.
* … sikkert …
20 and don’t easily lose their footing or hold.
* miste >
A cradle is used to lift something heavy up and down.
* fodfæste
* fodfæstested
* greb
* fodfæste
* håndfæste
* håndfæste
* hænge- / hejsestillads
kreidl
The union works for ’ safety `first ’.
* sikkerheden frem for alt
It gained a foothold in the building trade long ago.
* få fodfæste i ngt.
It demands facilities to ensure the safety of the workers.
* sikre >
Building is thirsty work, but for safety reasons
* tørstfremkaldende
the drinking of alcohol during working hours is prohibited.
Calling for further assurance(s) that the employers
* sikkerhed
* af sikkerhedsmæssige
som man bliver tørstig af
grunde / årsager
* & indtagelse af ngt. * i arbejdstiden * være forbudt
* forsikring(er) om at -
are committed to their promises, the union currently
*
looks for reassurance about it’s members safety.
* beroligende forsikring omkring ngt.
30 To minimize the safety risk, the construction firm
* mindske >
must have a safety policy which takes measures
* -politik
to improve the health and safety of the employees.
* helbred
The firm’s safety officer gives assurance ( that )
the working environment is safe.
The safety representative seeks assurance ( that )
the safety regulations are observed.
* sikkerhedsrisiko
* sikkerhedsansat
* byggefirma
* sikkerhed
* give forsikring om
* sikkert
* sikkerhedsrepresentant
* sikkerhedsregulativ
* søge forsikring /
garanti / tilsagn om
* overholde
329 The working environment must be regularly controlled
*
by the safety officer and a safety representative.
* sikkerhedsansat
* -representant
repri`zentêtiv
The union and the management receives assurance ( that ) * modtage forsikring /
garanti / tilsagn om at -
the working environment is safe.
They control that any device meets safety standards,
*
* indretning
and instruct the workers how to safeguard against
* beskytte sig mod
industriel accidents.
* arbejdsulykke
They make sure that all bars, boards, and ropes are
* sikre sig at
securely attached, securely fastened, and securely held.
* sikkert, fast
* leve op til
* sikkerhedsstandard
forsvarligt
10 The safety representative tucks his notebook in the pocket * putte / proppe /
stoppe ngt. i
of the bib of his dungarees (E) or `overalls (A).
* & smækbukser
dûngê`ri~z
The construction firm gets legal opinions from the safety * bygge firma
officer.
* juridisk vurdering
*
The workers must assure themselves of their safety.
* forvisse sig om
They must assure themselves that they are safe.
* … at
Some tools are only safe to use if the user
* sikker
* bruger
safety equipment such as safety shoes, safety helmit,
ufarlig
* sikkerhedsforanstaltninger
/ -forholdsregler
* sikkerhedsudstyr
safety glasses / googles, safety harness etc.
* -briller
* -seletøj
20 The scaffolding is secured firmly to the walls.
* stillads
* fastgøre ngt. til
takes `safety measures and safety precautions, and uses
They only use effective but safe remedies.
* ufarlig
Just like acrobats builders sometimes use a safety net
* akrobat
to catch them if they fall.
* =
* -sko
* -hjælm
* sikkerhedsnet
*
They secure the ropes firmly to the hooks.
* fastgøre ngt. til ngt.
The company is tasked with completing the job
* få til opgave /
* krog
være pålagt at -
by the end of the year.
Part of a building will be `habitable by the new year.
*
* beboelig
A group of monks and nuns dressed in their particular garbs, * dragt
( monks' habits and nuns’ habits ) are, quite naturally,
* dragt
30 particularly interested in the place.
*
Even if they spend all their time studying religious matters,
the monks and nuns will never exhaust the subject.
*
* udtømme >
* emne
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
330 The museum exhibits a photo copy in diminished size
* udstille
* kopi
* formindsket
* broderet
* linned
hør
* normannisk
ig`zibits
of the famous Bayeux Tapestry, a strip of embroidered linen * Bayeux Tapetet
linên
231 feet long and 20 inches wide, depicting the Norman
* afbilde
`conquest of England and dating from c 1100.
* erobring af ngt.
At the Battle of Hastings 1066 William Duke of Normandy
claiming the Englisn throne defeated Harold I I of England.
The battle was dominated by the Norman use of archery
* slaget ved Hastings
*
* bueskydning
/ -skytter
supported by `cavalry to break through the defensive ranks
* kavaleri
of infantry which alone made up the English army.
* infanteri
10 Both sides suffered heavy losses but the death of Harold
*
allowed William to win a definitive victory and as the victor
* afgørende
rytteri
fodfolk
* sejrherre
endelig
conquer England.
*
The text is turned into other languages.
* oversætte
‘ What time does the museum close ? ’ another visitor asks. * lukke
‘ I’m not sure – I’m not certain,’ the mother answers.
* ikke vide det med sikkerhed
The visitors are requested to return (E) guides on loan.
* anmode
So they turn the guides `in (A) at the exit.
* =
People turn in what equipment they have borrowed
* af- / tilbagelevere
* aflevere ngt. lånt / lejet
or rented at the entrance.
*
20 A lost wallet is turned in to the police.
* aflevere ngt. tabt / stjålet
They pass a turnstile at the exit.
* korsbom
They tuck the brochures in an envelope,
* proppe / putte /
* til låns
tælleapparat
stoppe ngt. ind i
and tuck in the flap.
* =
Neglected for years, there has been considerable
uncertainty as to / about the future of the historical site.
Some buildings are crumbling from years of neglect.
ni`glekt
The direction has appointed a `task force on the economy
which had to navigate a complex network of committees.
A local company, however, saved the day.
30 Having given notice of board meeting,
the chairman of the board together with certain of the board
suggested a donation.
Certain of those present at / attending the meeting
* flap
* forsømme ngt.
* usikkerhed omkring
* fremtiden
* hensmuldre
* pga. års forsømmelse
stykker falder af ngt
* arbejds- / ekspertgruppe angående ngt.
* få styr på ngt.
* redde dagen
* give >
* besked om >
~ foretage indkaldelse til >
* formand for > * bestyrelse
~ bestyrelssesformand
*bestyrelses-
* møde
* visse af ( bestyrelse )
*
* visse af dem > * tilstede ved / overværende ( møde )
~ de tilstedeværende / deltagerne
suggested to pay out a certain amount of money at once.
So certain of the donation is payed out immediately
on the authorithy of a certain Mr So-ans-so.
* vis ( sum )
* en vis del af ( donation )
* efter ngs. bemyndigelse * en vis * hr. et-eller-andet
/ med fuldmagt fra ng.
So the company saved the day for the site by donating
a large sum to the foundation.
* redde dagen for ngt.
*
331 Getting this donation was quite a coup for the foundation. * kup
ku~
The donation saves the owners from economical
problems; it saves them from having to fight with economy.
Extra funding may be available in certain cases;
it may be available in certain circumstances.
Before leaving they spare a glance at the historical site;
they spare another glance at the remnants of the convent.
* redde ng. fra
* … at
* finansiering
* i bestemte / visse tilfælde
bevilling
* =
* ofre ( endnu ) et
* blik på
‘ Amazing view.’ ‘ Sure is.’
*
The site is certainly / definitely worth a return `visit.
* helt sikkert
10 They won’t neglect / omit to mention it to their friends.
/ bestemt
* undlade at -
* genbesøg
* nævne ngt. til ng.
*
A BIRD SANCTUARY
* fristed, reservat, fredet område
One day they visit a bird sanctuary; it’s a wetland `refuge
for birds, waders / wading birds and other wildfowl.
* ( fugle-) …
* vådområde
* vadefugl
* fristed
* fuglevildt
`waildfaul
on the verge of being wiped off the face of the earth.
They follow a remote road built to serve the scattered
habitations along the coast.
* på randen af at -
* ( blive ) udslettet fra jordens
overflade ( ~ extinction)
* spredt
* beboelse
For miles there are no signs of habitation.
* beboelse
Some old houses look unfit for human habitation
* uegnet som menneskebolig
20 or decidedly uninhabitable.
* decideret
Some birds build / make their nests in trees or on cliffs
while others nest on the ground.
* ubeboelig
* bygge / lave >
* rede
* klippe
* =
Chicks / baby birds are easy prey.
* næsten nyfødt
Some nests seem abandoned.
* forladt
Some birds seem to have deserted their nests.
* forlade ngt.
Some birds take possession of abandoned birds’ nests.
* forladt
So they look (a)round for a deserted nest.
* =
A bird’s nest high up is safe from many predators.
* fuglerede
* let bytte
* fuglereder
* i sikkerhed for ngt.
* rovdyr
`predêtêz
( Domestic companies aren’t safe from foreign predators )
* rovgrisk person / organisation
30 Suddenly a pheasant followed by baby pheasants
* fasan
cross the road just in front of the car.
*
Jamming on / slamming on the brakes, the father
turns the ( steering ) wheel sharply to the left.
As he turns ( the car ) out into the edge / E& verge of
the road (A the soft `shoulder ), the motor cuts out.
* -unge
* hugge bremserne i
* dreje >
* =
* ( styre ) rattet
* dreje ( ngt. ) ud i ngt.
* skarpt
* rabat
* dreje ud i >
* sætte ud
The rain has turned the earth to mud.
* forvandle
* mudder
When the father turns the key, the engine won’t turn over.
* dreje ngt.
* ~ starte
The ignition has probably been drowned.
* tænding
* drukne <
332 After a while the motor starts.
*
His old car could be turned over with a starting crank.
* ~ starte
The front wheels of the car begin to turn but the car is
* dreje
not getting anywhere.
* startsving
* ikke komme ud af stedet
He can’t get the car nowhere to save his life.
* om så det gjalt livet
The father gets out of the car, rolls his sleeves up,
* smøge ngt. op
uanset hvad
and rolls up the trouser legs ready to push.
* =
The mother now takes the wheel.
* overtage rattet
Sitting at / behind the wheel she changes gear;
* ved / bag rattet
10 she shifts gear and puts the car in(to) reverse.
Turning slowly, she manages to get the wheels
out of the ruts, and get the car out of the wheel track.
The car successfully navigates the muddy ground,
and gets back on the road.
* =
* sætte ngt. i bakgear
* dreje
* hjulspor
* hjulspor
* styre ad ngt.
* mudret
*
The mother turns the car (a)round and heads home.
* dreje ngt. rundt
The road turns sharply at the foot of a hill.
* dreje skarpt
A sign warns of a sharp blind bend in the road.
* advare om ngt.
On the return trip or especially on the return journey,
* hjemtur
towards the end of a holiday, many travellers long for
*
20 the sanctuary of their own home.
* fredsommelighed
On their return from holiday, they have to pass
* skifte gear
* styre
* fod
* ikke sigtbart
* kurve
* i vejen
* hjemrejse
* ved ngs. hjemkomst /
tilbagevenden fra
a digging work.
* gravearbejde
The father tries to turn the key in the lock but it can’t turn.
* dreje
He can’t get the key to turn because he has confused
* forveksle ngt.
the keys .
In case the key is lost or forgotten there is a spare key
tucked away in a safe place outside the house.
*
* ekstra / reserve nøgle
* gemt væk
They have tucked the spare under a stone.
* proppe
The family over the road has got a spare, too.
stoppe
* ekstra ( nøgle )
30 Using the right key, he turns the handle to open the door. * dreje >
He turns ( puts / switches ) on the light but
the light won’t come on.
* tænde >
* lys
He then turns the gas tap to turn on the gas.
* dreje på gashanen
Having turned on the tap, he turns the gas up but there’s
* tænde for ngt.
no gas to light.
Town gas is used for cooking and heating.
*
* bygas
He turns the water tap and the bath tap but there’s no water. * dreje
He remembers to turn off the taps.
* =
* lukke for hanerne
* på et sikkert sted
* reserven
* håndtag
* lys
* tændes
* skrue op for ngt.
333 As a result of an accident in the digging work
*
they have turned off the gas, the water and the electricity.
* lukke for ngt.
They turn the gas, water and electricity on after a while.
* åbne for ngt.
The supply companies work to provide the installations
* installation
with energy- and water-saving devices which hopefully will
* -besparende
represent a saving of at least £ 200 a year for each family.
* besparelse på
There will be a ban on the dumping of raw sewage
* forbud mod >
* udledning
* urenset
`su~id§ / E& `sju~
in watercourses, lakes and at sea.
* kloak- /
spildevand
* vandløb
All sinks, toilets, sewer grates and drains must be
* kloakrist
* afløbsrør
10 connected to the sewerage, and all sewers must lead to
* kloakering
* kloakrør
a sewage works so all sewage is carried away to be treated.
kloaksystem
* ( spildevands-) rensningsanlæg
su~êr
At a sewage treatment works, sewage dispposal works
* =
sewage farm (E) or sewage ( treatment ) plant (eA),
* =
the waste material must be removed so only clean water
*
is discharged.
* udlede ngt.
dis`t§a~d§d
The grandparents have been looking forward to the family’s *
return from holiday.
* hjemkomst fra
‘ We’d like you to come over when you can spare a couple
20 of hours,’ the grandparents call and tell them.
* afse ( tid )
*
‘You must be busy so I won’t encroach on your time,’
she finishes.
* tage mere af
*
‘ It’s time we returned their invitation,’ the parents agree.
* gengælde
The holiday is over, the parents return to work,
* vende tilbage
and the children return to school.
* =
Some children skive: they bunk off ( school ),
* pjække
skive off early, or skive off a lesson.
* pjække ( fra ngt. )
* stikke af
* pjække fra ngt.
Playing truant (E), one naughty pupil is caught truanting. * optræde som > * pjækker * uartig * elev * pjække
Truancy is unjustifiable so if a child is playing hooky (A), * pjækkeri
30 the parents of the skiver / truant will be informed.
* uforsvarlig
* ~ pjækkeri
* pjækker
Train and bus services have’nt returned to normal.
* … drift
The drivers are on indefinite strike.
* på ubestemt tid
The conciliation board appeal for a return to work.
* forligskommission
Going on a trip you can buy a single (E) or a return (E).
* enkelt-
‘ Single or return ? ’ ; You may buy a day return.
* <<
…
* lave >
* vende tilbage til det normale
* genoptagelse af
* returbillet
* dags-
* returbillet
-`-
A return ticket (E) or round-trip ticket (A) is cheaper than * returbillet
two single tickets (E) or one-way tickets (A).
* enkeltbillet
* enkeltbillet
The return fare to a place is less than two single fares.
feêz
* returbilletpris
* enkelt-
334 The parents are ready to make sacrifices so that
* bringe ofre
the children can have a good education.
*
`Parenting is about giving your children security and love.
* det, at være forældre
Parents should nor let work encroach on family life.
* trænge sig indpå / tage mere og mere af ngt.
Parents who sacrifice almost everything for their children
* ofre ngt. for ng.
risk having to struggle with the caprices of spoilt children.
* tryghed
* kæmpe med >
* lune
kê`pri~siz
Computers today are sold with a `turnkey program.
* nøglefærdig
The definition of the flat screen pictures is excellent,
* opløsning
skarphed
and the ( loud> ) speakers have good sound definition.
* højtaler ( i apparat )
* lyd
10 They had to return the printer to the store because it was * returnere ngt. til ngt. * printer
faulty. ( A shop as in the UK is a small store in the US. )
* behæftet med fejl
* klarhed
* E stormagasin
A stor / lille forretning
* butik
i stykker
The son turns / switches his computer on.
* tænde ( for ) ngt.
To enter a programme or file he must enter the file name.
* komme ind i ngt.
* fil
mappe
So he keys ( in ) the file name or clicks on it on the screen. * taste ngt. ind
He types (a) text ( in ) by pressing / pushing / punching
the keys on the keyboard.
* klikke på ngt.
* skrive ngt.
* tekst
taste ngt. ind
* tast
* på >
If a file is protected you must punch () `in a security code.
* beskyttet
In order to punch () in / key ( in ) / enter a password,
* indsætte / -taste ngt.
you punch () `out a combination of signs on the keyboard.
* taste ngt.
20 Having punched your password into the computer
* taste ngt. ind i ngt.
you press return or enter by punching the return key
* >
or enter key to enter the file.
* entertast
You control the cursor on the screen by moving
the ( computer’s ) mouse.
Operations on the screen can be controlled by the keys
* trykke på >
* & tastatur
* taste ngt. ind
* kodeord
* kombination
* returtast
* markør
* mus
By clicking the right or left mouse button on an icon / ikon * klikke ( med ) >
you highlight an icon, a program or a file.
* sætte ngt. ind
* musseknap
* på >
* ikon
* fremhæve / -kalde ngt.
*
on the keyboard or by moving the curser and clicking on
* klikke på ngt.
the right place on the screen.
*
30 To exit an option on the screen you press return or click.
* komme ud af >
* mulighed
valg
Working to complete a written assignment for homework, * arbejde * færdig- * skriftlig * opgave * hjemmepå at - gøre ngt.
arbejde
he tries to navigate through a stack / stacks of information
* arbejde sig igennem >
* stak
bunke
on / about the `subject and related `subject areas.
* emne
* emneområde
`eksit / `igzit
He enters a lot of text and information into the computer.
* indtaste ngt.
He aims at a spare style of writing.
* enkel, prunkløs
He takes care to save frequently.
* gemme
He’s careful to save all text and data frequently.
* … ngt.
lægge ngt. ind i / på ( computer )
* stil
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
335 Information must be stored so that it is secure from
* opbevare ( information )
accidental deletion.
* sletning
* sikret mod >
di`li~$n
He always makes a backup ( copy ) as an insurance policy.* sikkerhedspolitik / -styring
The instructions for the modem for the internet say,
* & brugsanvisning
* modem
‘ Make certain / sure ( that ) an anti-virus program for
* forvis Dem om
safeguarding the computer against viruses is installed.’
* beskytte ngt. mod ngt.
Once a credit card fraud ring stole millions from
unsuspecting victims.
* installere
* bedrageriring
* intetanende
As companies can offer secure credit card transactions
* internet
* offer
* sikker
10 over the internet customers can now buy products
*
securely over the internet.
* -t
Most people find navigation on the internet easy.
* manøvrering
A website should be well designed and easy to navigate.
* netside
Some home pages are poorly designed and poorly written. * hjemmeside
A badly designed home page is difficult to navigate.
* dårligt
Quite late he turns (switches) off his computer.
* slukke
He turns ( puts / switches) off the light.
* =
* formgive
udforme
* dårligt
ringe
* manøvrere /
finde omkring på <
* =
elendigt
Having turned (put / switched) the light out he goes to bed. * =
Although schools are the latest victims of cuts in public
* offer for
20 spending, and threatened with closure, there is no doubt * truet af lukning
( that ) the school will be spared from closure.
* at -
The school has been the victim of an administrative error. * offer for ngt.
- `mi -
The school offers an excellent all-round E/A all-around
* der er ingen tvivl om >
* gå fri af ngt.
* administrativ
forvaltningsmæssig
* alsidig
å~l`raund
education so, in return, it expects the students to work hard
* til gengæld
preparing their lessons and preparing for their exams.
* forberede sig ( til timerne ) * … sig til eksamen
læse lektier
It expects students to be dutiful and have good manners;
a certain kind of / sort of / type of behaviour and speech.
Neglectful students, students neglectful of their duties,
* pligtopfyldende
* bestemt slags
* forsømmelig / efterladende med ngt
ni`glektfl
will receive a severe reprimand for their negligence.
* modtage >
their duties and ill-prepared without sufficient reason,
* reprimande
påtale, irettesættelse
* forsømmelig
* =
efterladende, skødesløs
* uden gyldig grund
should not produce a lame / feeble / pathetic excuse
* fremstille / * dårlig / elendig / ynkelig * undskydning
but admit their negligence, slackness and remissness, and
* forsømmelighed etc.
say,’ I’m sorry, it was remiss ( of me ) to neglect my studies
* være forsømmeligt etc. ( af ng.) at - * forsømme ngt.
and not do my homework – I’ll be better prepared next time.
* gøre sit hjemmearbejde
`neglid§êns
30 Student who are negligent / remiss / slack in ( doing )
`neglid§ênt
* -hed
* slap etc.
-føre ngt.
lave / læse lektier
Grossly negligent students wil be expelled ( from school ). * groft > * forsømmelig etc
Learning a lot as a child, acquiring / gaining knowledge
* forberedt
* bortvise ng. ( fra ngt. )
* lære meget ( børnelærdom ) ( ej ‘ get knowledge ‘ )
at E/A in basic school is the best preparation for any career. * i grundskolen
* forberedelse til
336 In UK a number of independent schools are not funded
* finansiere
by the government.
*
The main groups are the independent `primary schools
* grundskole
(“pre-prep” schools) for 5-7 year olds that feed
*
the preparatory schools (“prep” schools) for 8-13 year olds
* forberedende skole
pri`parêtêri
that feed the public `schools for 13-17 year olds.
There is a certain prestige about going to a private
* =
* vis, ikke nærmere bestemt
public school; the parents pay for the education,
*
and the students often live at the school.
*
10 In other countries a `public school is a free school
* offentlig skole
paid for by the government ( in E called a state school ).
* statsskole
In US a preparatory school is usually a private one
that prepares students for college.
Certainly, the early learning years are crucial to a child’s
*
* forberede ng. til ngt.
* bestemt
helt sikkert
educational development.
*
kids nowdays sometimes seem very sure of themselves;
* selvsikker
confident of their own abilities and opinions in a way that
*
sometimes annoys other people.
* genere / forulempe / plage / irritere / ærgre ng.
20 There are certain things teenagers don’t want to discuss
* bestemte / visse …
as for example that they ought to be tucked up in bed.
* være puttet i seng
‘ Don’t baby me ! ’ they like to say to confuse the issue.
* i skolen
* behandle ng. som en …
Children are by definition said to be hungry for attention. * per definition
Children usually have a rebellious streak, and soon learn
that bad behaviour is a `surefire way of getting attention.
Some capricious children get into the `irritating habit of
* forvirre sagen
* opmærksomhedshungrende
* … rebelsk
* anstrøg
( have et strejf af oprørstrang )
* stensikker
* lunefuld * få / tillægge sig > * irriterende * vane at -
turning their nose up at almost everything they are told by
* rynke på næsen af ngt.
the adults; they habitually criticize their habit of thought
* sædvanligvis
* vanetænkning
and habit of mind and call them creatures of habit.
vanemæssigt
* =
* vanedyr
30 People need to to change their bad habits
* omlægge >
such as habitual interruption and habitual complaining,
* sædvanlig
hê`bit$uêli
and have the good habit of thinking before speaking.
Some young people make a habit of smoking already
as teenagers and let it become a habit.
If you smoke out of (sheer) habit and are in the habit of
smoking all day it’s hard to break the habit.
Many habitual smokers try to give up smoking but can’t
kick the habit; they can’t get out of the habit.
* dårlig >
* afbrydelse
vanemæssig
* have den gode vane at -
* vane
* =
* gøre ngt. til en vane
* beklagelse
* rygning
* lade ngt. blive en vane
* af ( ren og skær ) vane
* have for vane at
* bryde vanen
* vanemæssig
* komme ud af vanen / afhængigheden
337 Many drugs are `habit-forming and many addicts finance * vanedannende
their habit, their habitual use of drugs, through habitual crime. * vane
Many addicts, habituated to crime, are habitual liars.
* tilvænnet til ngt.
They commit crimes from force of `habit and lie out of
* pga. vanens magt
* vanemæssig
* =
* vane* =
af gammel vane
force of habit.
*
‘ How is the new teacher ?’ the students enquire.
* forspørge
‘ She’s safe,’ one of them answers.
* OK
‘ Alex is having a party.’ ‘ Oh, safe.’ (E)
* fint
‘ Please say definitely whether you will be coming or not.
* helt bestemt
10 ‘ Are you coming ? ‘ ‘ Sure thing.’
* helt sikkert
‘ Will you bring your girlfriend ? ‘ For sure (A).’
* =
He thinks it’s at 8 but he’d better call to make sure.
* for at være sikker
So he calls to make certain.
* =
He calls and makes sure ( that ) it’s at 8,
* sikre sig at -
and makes certain ( that ) he can bring a girlfriend.
A friend of theirs has been sick, and cannot ensure ( that )
he will come.
* =
* garantere at *
He must make sure / certain ( that ) they arrives on time.
* sikre sig /
So they have to leave soon to make sure / certain of
* =
sørge for at -
20 getting there on time.
*
Sometimes his girlfriend has no time to prepare.
* ikke have tid til at -
Then she shall ask, ‘ Can you give me a couple more
*
moments to prepare myself ? ’
* gøre sig parat / i stand
* <<
He always walks his girlfriend home to make certain ( that ) * følge ng. hjem
* sikre sig /sørge for at -
no one bothers her; he makes sure (that) no one
* genere ng.
annoys her or causes her trouble.
* genere / plage / forulempe ng.
‘ Can you pick me up tomorrow ?’ she asks.
* hente ng. ( i bil )
‘ Sure,’ he answers, ‘ Sure thing.’
* helt bestemt / sikkert
‘ Can a friend of mine come along ? she adds insecurely.’
* usikkert
30 ‘ Certainly,’ he assures.
* sikre sig / sørge for at -
* bestemt, helt sikkert
naturligvis
‘ Does it matter ?’ ‘ Certainly not – baby. ’
* gør det noget
She’s intelligent, to be sure, but she’s also a bit lazy.
* sikkert og vist
If they agree to meet at a certain place at a certain time
* bestemt
* … ikke
* skatter
vær vis på det
he (as) sure as hell will be in that particular place
* stensikkert
by that particular time.
* ved
‘ Be sure to give your family my regards, and don’t forget
ikke senere end
* bestemt
speciel, særlig
* =
* sørg for at
to return my new CD,’ she points out (to him)
* aflevere ngt. tilbage
after having kissed ( him ) good`bye.
*
* påpege ( overfor ng. )
gøre ( ng. ) opmærksom på
338 He said he’d remember, and sure enough he did.
* huske ( det )
The artist is a pop idol and a teen idol.
* pop
Idolized by millions he is the idol of millions of fans.
* forgudet
* ganske rigtigt
* idol
* ~ teenage-
* =
* idol for ng.
Fans may cradle a picture of their idol against their breast. * holde ngt. ( forsigtigt )
In the beginning of his career he was ironically enough
said to be the poor man’s Elvis Presley.
Records are stored in stiff covers, sleeves E/A jackets,
and played on a record player.
Pop musicians tended to be the poor relation of
10 the musical profession.
In their early career, before they were discovered,
*
* en sølle udgave af ng.
* ( grammofon- ) plade
* pladeomslag
* spille ( en plade ) på >
* pladespiller
* en ringe afart af
*
* opdage ng.
many pop musicians tended to be quite poor musicians
* dårlig
with a poverty of professionalism in their work
* fattigdom
which, however, did not prevent them from singing
*
with evident / obvious enjoyment.
* åbenbar
ringe
Although the son has just known his girlfriend for
* glæde
*
a short while, their relationship is already on a secure footing. * sikker grund
She sure likes pizza.
* bestemt
‘ Will you open the wine ? ’ she asks.
*
20 ‘ Sure, but where is the corkscrew ?’ he returns.
* vist så
* proptrækker
Sparkling wine is the poor man’s champagne.
* fattigmands
The girlfriend is admired for her sure touch at the piano.
* sikker
She has an artist’s sureness of touch.
* sikkerhed
In ( the ) winter a sign says,’ Danger – thin ice.’
* om vinteren
when the ice is unsafe.
* ytre tilbage
* berøring
anslag
* fare – tynd is = isen er usikker
* usikker
-`-
When the ice is safe to walk on, it is difficult to find
a secure foothold and have a sure footing.
It’s fun to go skating either you skate on ice skates
* sikker
* sikker
* fodfæste
or roller skates.
30 Even a sure-footed skater may fall.
* sikker på fødderne
‘ You fell, did it hurt ?’ ‘ Sure it hurt.’
selvsikker
* vist
The son hopes to secure himself a place at a university.
* sikre sig en plads
He hopes to secure a place for himself at university (E).
* =
At some courses its wise to apply early to be sure of /
* sikker på >
certain of (obtaining) a place.
* isskøjter
* skøjteløber
* … ( at få / opnå )
‘ Get / put your skates on (E) or you’ll be late !’ he’s told.
* skynd dig
If you skate over / around a problem or a subject,
* skøjte let henover / udenom >
you may be skating on thin ice ( & fig. ).
* fodfæste
* skøjte
løbe på skøjter
* rulleskøjter
-`-
* sikker
* være ( ude på ) tynd is
* problem
* emne
339 Of course, the son has made preparatory studies
* gøre / lave forberedende studier
and done preparatory work during the holiday.
* udføre … arbejde
At the library he tucks his pile of books under his arm.
* stoppe ngt. under
Working at his written assignment for homework
* arbejde på ngt. * skriftlig * opgave * hjemmearbejde
~ hjemmeopgave
he sometimes wants dictionary definitions.
It’s important to make sure to use a terminology so definite
* ordbogs definition
* bestemt
klar
that it won’t cause confusion.
*
So he looks up the definition of a word to get a
* definition
clear simple definition to make certain not to use
* uklar
10 a terminology so indefinite that it may be confusing.
* =
History is a quite indefinite science, the knowledge of
* uafgrænset
which however is based on many branches of
*
definite natural science.
* afgrænset
In a good report, individual sentenses knit together
in a clear way that readers can follow.
The son’s assignment for homework has to be handed in
* naturvidenskab
* knytte sig sammen
*
* aflevere ngt.
a month after the holiday, and some books have to
*
be returned (E) to the library.
* aflevere ( bog )
His assignment and the library books must be turned in (A) * =
20 a month after the holiday at the latest.
* senest
A third book in a series is currently in preparation.
* serie
So the son has stacks of homework to do.
*
Trying to find an answer to a question, he won’t give up
*
until he has exhausted all possibilities.
Poor kid, he’s having a hard time slaving ( away ) over
his essay on the Viking invasion and about the Vikings.
( Writing a composition about the subject would be
writing just a short essay. )
‘ Oh, you poor thing,’ his mother sympathizes, ‘ You are
30 slaving ( away ) at the essay trying to get it finished.
* under forberedelse
/ udarbejdelse
* udtømme >
* ( alle ) mulighederne
* arme
* knokle / pukle / slide og slæbe
stakkels
som en slave
* skriftlig opgave om ngt.
* skrive >
* stil om ngt.
* skrive >
* opgave
* din ( arme ) stakkel
* knokle etc. som en slave med
The library is only open at certain times.
* på bestemte tider
One of the books is unread.
* ulæst
If you don’t meet the deadline you will receive
* overholde fristen
i visse tidsrum
an item of mail saying,’ We would appreciate the prompt
* forsendelse
return of the books to the library.’
* aflevering
If you don’t keep to the time limit, you incur a fine.
* overskride tidsfristen
Some people who find the fine a negligible cost
* ubetydelig
* være hjemfalden til ngt.
`neglid§êbl
pay the fine in a negligent / nonchalant gesture.
* med en >
* skødesløs
* håndbevægelse
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
340 Always carefull with his school work,
* omhygelig / grundig med ngt.
the son is a diligent student.
* omhyggelig, flittig
`dilid§ênt
Always diligent, assiduous and meticulous in his work,
ê`sidjuês
mi - / mê`tikjulês
he prepares his essay carefully:
diligently, assiduously, and meticulously.
* =
* omhyggelig flittig, ihærdig
* omhyggelig
samvittighedsfuld
grundig, sirlig
* forberede /
* grundigt, omhyggelig
lave forarbejde til ngt.
* << t
* << t
* << t
He is meticulous in his use of words.
* omhyggelig / grundig / sirlig i ngt.
He checks all facts with miticulous care.
* med minutiøs >
HIs essay describes the subject in meticulous details.
* i>
One of his friends phones and leaves a message
* telefonere / ringe
10 but the son is too busy to return the call.
After careful, assiduous, and meticulous preparation
the definitive version of the text is ready to be printed.
He turns his essay in on time,
and turn in the books in time.
* omhu
* sirlig
* detalje
* ringe tilbage
* omhyggelig * =
grundig
* endelig
* = * udarbejdelse
& samvittighedsfuld & sirlig
* printe ngt. ud
* af- / indlevere ngt.
* rettidigt
til tiden
* tidsnok
* =
His planning and preparation is always meticulous.
* omhyggelig, grundig
He looks sure / certain to win a prize for diligence.
* synes sikker på at -
sirlig
At least his parents praise him for his assiduity.
Although meticulous in his school work
* præmie
* omhu, flid
( flidspræmie )
* omhu, samvittighedsfuldhed
ihærdighed, flid
* omhyggelig / grundig / sirlig
* ~ med sit arbejde
he is not that meticulous about his appearance,
* … med ( hensyn til ) ngt.
20 neither / nor does his room reflect meticulous order.
* ej heller
Oddly enough, never neglectful of their own appearance
some parents are sadly neglectful of their children.
Responsible authorities ought to intervene in problems
* afspejle ngt.
* mærkeligt nok
* pinlig orden
* forsømmelig overfor ngt.
* sørgeligt ( nok )
* … overfor ng.
* gribe ind i ngt.
caused by neglectful parents, evidently neglecting their
* forsømmelig
children.
*
* tydeligvis
The law imposes penalties for the neglect of children.
* pålægge straffe for ngt.
As soon as it becomes evident to the authorities that
* blive indlysende for ng.
* forsømme ng.
* forsømmelse af ng.
a child is ill-treated / maltreated / mistreated,
* behandle ng. dårligt / mishandle ng.
measures should be taken to help the neglected child.
* forsømt
30 The growing interest in children’s welfare is clearly
* tydeligvis
evident in / from the number of children taken away from /
* indlysende udfra ngt.
removed from their parents.
* fjerne ng. fra ng.
The necessary evidential basis for a child’s
forcible removal must never be lacking.
Some children at school eat too much tuck (E)
poor in nutrients.
A lack of essential nutrients leads to nutrient deficiency.
* bevismæssig
* tvangsfjernelse
* spiselige sager især slik
* næringsstof
* essentielle
livsnødvendige
* =
* næringsstof
* mangel
HISTORY OF ENGLAND ( II )
341 These were the Northmen, the Vikings of Norway
* nordbo
and Denmark: pirates who in their long ships were to colonize * kolonisere
Iceland and Greenland, and discover America.
*
Adventurous and virile, these heathen giants soon settled * eventyrlysten
êd`vent$êrês
`virail
into the lands they conquered, adding new vigour to
* kraft
* viril, mandig
kraftfuld
energi
the native stock, and were to inspire in the English
* indfødt
* grundstamme
* indgyde ngt. i ng.
their long-forgotten passion for the sea and an acceptance of * forlængst glemt
the town life they had never known.
The raids had begun in the eighth century, but by
10 the middle of the ninth had become invasion.
From Norway the vikings conquered northern Scotland and
*
*
*
*
the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, Cumberland and Lancashire,
*
and finally Ireland, where they brought an end to the golden
* gylden
age of Celtic civilization.
*
Meanwhile the Danes overran eastern England, Yorkshire
* løbe ng. / ngt. over ende
became a Danish kingdom, and even the southwest was
*
threatened.
*
In 871, however, they were checked at Ashdown in
* stoppe ( en hær )
the Berkshire hills by the young King, Alfred.
*
20 A few years later Alfred forced the Danes to
*
come to terms: to accept Christianity and retire behind
* gå ind på visse betingelser
the line of Watling street, into the Danelaw and its towns
* Danelagen
with characteristic Danish endings - Rugby, Derby -
*
leaving him master of the south and west.
* efterlade ng. som
There, based on Winchester, capital of Wessex,
* trække sig tilbage
*
he organized its defence, creating an efficient army,
* effektiv
and building a fleet, so that later Danish invaders
*
were diverted to northern France, where their settlement
* aflede ng. til ngt.
became known as Normandy, the province of the Northmen.
*
30 ( Throughout history the European coastal countries
* op igennem >
competed to have naval superiority. )
* konkurrere om at - * have > * flåde
* historien
* kystland
* overmagt
~ til søs herredømme
342 Alfred was then free to repair the ravages of the Danish
*
incursions into England.
* indfald / -trængen
He rebuilt churches, brought over foreign scholars, founded * humanvidenskablig lærd
schools for the sons of his noblemen, began the compilation
* samlearbejde
of the English Chronicle and himself translated a number of
* beretning
* oversætte ( bog )
krønike
books from the Latin, including Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica,
*
and to his version of Gregory's Cura Pastoralis he added
* anliggende
a `preface describing the decay of learning.
* forord
indledning
Alfred died in 900, and thanks to his work the greater part
10 of the tenth century was something of a golden age.
The Danes to the east of Watling street were subdued
*
*
*
and absorbed, and the Welsh and even the Danes of Ireland
*
did homage to the English kings.
* hylde ng.
When, however, the great King Edgar died in 975,
he was succeeded by the worthless Ethelred.
The kingdom fell into confusion, the Danes renewed their
*
* efterfulgt af ng.
* gå i opløsning
attacks from Scandinavia, and in 1016 England submitted to
*
a Danish king, Canute, becoming indeed a part of a great
* Knud
Danish empire that included Norway as well as Denmark.
*
20 After the death of Canute's sons in 1042 the Empire
*
collapsed, and Ethelred's son, Edward the Confessor,
*
was restored to the throne of an independent England.
* genindsætte ng. på tronen
As Edward's mother was a Norman, he was brought up
*
in Normandy during the twenty-six years of Danish rule,
*
and not unnaturally returned more French than English,
*
bringing with him Norman friends and clergy.
*
For, monkish in his ideals, his chief interest was the Church, * munkeagtig ( neds.)
his main memorial the foundation of Westminster Abbey,
* mindesmærke
to be near which he moved the royal residence from
*
30 the Walled city of London to his new Palace of West>
*
minster.
*
monument
It was a momentous removal, for London, already much
* betydningsfuld
afgørende, kritisk
the biggest and wealthiest of English towns, was to become
*
the centre of resistance against royal tyranny.
*
* hyrde- / præstelig
* forfald of ngt.
343 While the pious Edward was thus employed, the real
* from, gudsfrygtig
paiês
( skinhellig, hyklerisk )
ruler of England was the leader of the anti-Norman party,
*
Harold, earl of Wessex.
*
When, therefore, Edward died childless at the beginning of * barnløs
1066, the Witan elected Harold as his successor.
* kongeråd
* efterfølger
`witên
Harold was Edward's brother-in-law, but Duke William
* svoger
of Normandy was Edward's cousin, with some claim, therefore, *
to the throne, and he prepared to seize what he professed to
* fremføre / erklære / forsikre om
believe his rightful inheritance.
*
10 Harold confidently awaited his coming, but at the last
* selvsikkert
hævde / påstå / foregive at -
* afvente
fortrøstningsfuldt
moment was called upon to repel a Norwegian invasion in
*
Yorkshire.
*
While he was away William landed at Pevencey.
*
Harold raced south to meet him, but before all the English
*
forces had arrived William attacked, and by the evening of
*
October 14th , on a low ridge north of Hastings, Harold and
* bakkekam
the flower of English nobility lay dead.
* blomsten af ngt.
Had England been a united country the battle of Hastings
would not have decided its history; it would not have been
*
*
20 conquered in a single fight by some twelve thousand men, *
however efficiently organized and armed.
But England was united only in name and there was no
immediate resistance.
London was overawed, and at Christmas William was
*
*
*
* imponere, skræmme, kue
êuvê`å~d
crowned at Westminster.
A few years later there was risings, but as they were
overvælde af ærefrygt
* krone ng.
*
uncoordinated they gave Willian the chance to crush them
* ukoordineret
one by one; Yorkshire was laid waste and after
* lægge øde / i ruiner
the surrender of Hereward in the Isle of Ely, England
*
30 was completely subjugated.
* undertvinge / -trykke / -kue ng.
ødelægge
`sûbd§ugeitid
The conquest had been relatively easy; the problem was to
hold it.
*
*
* knuse ng.
344 Although Willian combined a Viking vigour with a Latin
* kombinere ngt. Med ngt.
genius for organization, and his duchy of Normandy was
* geni
the most efficient state in Europe, without the means of
*
exercising direct control from the centre, without trained civil
*
servants and lawyers to administer all corners of the kingdom
*
in his name, his only recourse was to delegate power to
* tilflugt
ri`kå~s E/A `ri~ -
his counts and barons by the imposition of a systematic
udvej
* indførelse af ngt.
feudalism.
*
The first step was to dispossess the English nobles who
* hertugdømme
* ud-, delegere / overdrage ( magt )
* fordrive, -jage ng.
dispê`ses
sætte ng. ud af huset
10 had survived Hastings and the rebellions and to distribute
*
their estates among his followers thus establishing a Norman
*
nobility of counts and barons.
*
The old shires were now also called counties while
* grevskab
* =
amt
the counts after some time were called earls again.
The word feudalism is derived from the word fee, an estate
in land.
*
* len
*
The feudal system was based on the tenancy of land
- not ownership.
* forpagtning
*
The king was the owner, and from him his tenants-in-chief * hovedforpagter
20 held their estate in return for chivalry, military service
* ridderskab
with a prescribed number of knights.
* foreskreven
The knights were subtenants held from the tenants-in-
* underforpagter
*>
sûb`tenênts
chief.
* over-
A knigth was usually a man of noble birth, who after an
*
apprenticeship as page and squire was raised to honorable
* læretid
military rank and bound to `chivalrous / chivalric conduct.
* riddermæssig / -lig
* =
* =
`$i- / $i`valrik
When a sovereign dubed or created (a man) a knight
* enehersker
he conferred a certain non hereditary dignity upon a man
monark
* overdrage
because of personal merits.
* bedrift
30 At the bottom of the scale were the serfs or villeins who
* livegen
* slå ( ng. ) til ridder
* arvelig
* værdighed
hovbonde
paid the rent for their few acres by working on his lord's estate. *
A reeve acted as `overseer for the lord of the manor eg.
when directing reapers.
* foged
* høstfolk
* tilsynsførende
arbejsdformand, værkfører
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
345 The English had had a form of feudalism,
*
but it had never been rigidly enforced, and there had been
* strengt
thousands of small independent freeholders.
* selvejer
Now, however, every man was to have his lord, and he his
overlord.
* gennemtvinge
håndhæve
*
*
Moreover, every lord was to administer his own justice -
*
or injustice - in his own private court: from that of the tenant-
* uretfærdighed
in-chief who dealt with disputes among his vassals, to the
*
manorial court of the village.
* lensret
10 It is true that the King was represented in every shire by
*
his officer, the sheriff, who presided over his public
* sherif
pri`saidid
Shire Court, but the sheriffs were generally feudal earls
* grevskabsdomstol
and the judges merely the untrained leading freemen
*
of the county, who administered traditional local law.
*
For as yet there was no Common Law, no law was
*
common to the whole country, and of course there was no
*
Parliament.
*
If the king wanted advice he merely consulted the
*
tenants-in-chief who composed his great council.
* storråd
20 Yet it was from this assembly that parliament was to
*
develop, as well as Curia Regis, or King's Court, a select
* kongens hof
committee of the Council that soon came to have specialized
*
financial and judicial functions.
Rank and power, then, depended on the holding of land,
almost the only form of wealth, and the unit was the manor.
The typical manor was a few great unenclosed fields and
a cluster of hovels about the church.
*
*
* gods, herregård
*
* klynge
`håvêlz
Here lived the peasants, the villeins, bound to the soil they
* jord
tilled.
*
30 There were normally three of these open fields in each of
*
which the villein held some ten scattered strips of about
* spredt
an acre, in return for which he worked so many days a week
*
on his lord's domain.
* enemærke
He had his share in the common meadow and rights of
pasture in the surrounding woods and waste, but he had to
dyrke <
* eng
* græsningsland
`pa~st$ê
grind his corn in his lords mill.
* presidere /
føre forsædet over
* kværne
male
* hytte
rønne
346 If a lord had only one manor he would live there most of
*
the year, but if he were a great man holding more manors,
*
he would be seen only occasionally when he and his
* lejlighedsvis
servants arrived to eat its `produce (U), for the manor was
* avl
virtually self-supporting, transport of food was difficult,
* selvforsynende
and men had to come to its source of supply.
* forsyningskilde
( landbrugs-) produkter
Before the conquest the lord of the manor was an English>
*
man, mixing freely with his tenants, but now he was a Norman *
living remotely in a wooden fort on top of a mound;
* fjernt væk
* højdedrag
10 a foreigner speaking unintelligible French, and the cows, * uforståelig
* ko
- `te -
pigs and sheep that the English villein bred for him became
*
the beef, pork and mutton of his table.
* fårekød
It was a harsh and rigid system, for the villein was
* barsk
* fastlåst
hård
desperately poor, had few rights against his superiors,
*
and was unable to leave the manor; yet he was secure in
*
his tenure, and there was no unemployment.
*
Without the interpenetration of the country by royal officials, * gennemtrængning
the smooth working of the feudal system depended on
* glat, gnidningsløs
the king's ability to control his greatest vassals.
*
20 To strenghten his position William distributed their estates
*
over various parts of the kingdom, so that there should be no
*
great concentration of power.
*
rolig, problemfri
There were some necessary exceptions along
*
the unsettled borders of Wales and Scotland, and it was
* ubeboet
these greater Marcher Lords of the west and north
* grænselandsherremand
who were the greatest danger to the royal authority.
*
* grænseområde
/ -landherre
It was after the revolt of one of them, the Earl of Hereford,
*
who called out his sub-tenants against him, that William
*
exacted an oath making each tenant responsible directly to
* afkræve >
ig`zagtid
30 the king, instead of, as in France, to his immediate overlord, *
a severe restriction of the powers of his tenants-in-chief.
* restriktion
begrænsning
* ed
løfte
* ansvarlig / forpligtet overfor
347 William also separated church courts from secular courts *
so that the clergy should not come under feudal jurisdiction,
*
a move of immence significance.
*
Finally he ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book
* dommedagsbogen
jordebogen
of 1086: a detailed `survey of all the manors of England,
* overblik
showing who held them, their size, number of villeins,
* størrelse
amount of stock and value.
*
This showed at a glance the power of every tenant and,
equally important, how much could be extracted from him
*
* uddrive ngt. fra ng.
ik`straktid
10 in taxes.
It was an order certainly, far better than disorder, but
* i skatter
*
an imposed order, a despotism, with liberty for the king,
* påtvunget
a limited liberty for his great `subjects, and servitude for
* undersåt
the great majority.
*
* slaveri
trældom
The barons resented this limitatiom of their power, so much * blive / være vred
/ bitter / fortørnet over
less than that enjoyed by the feudal nobility of France,
*
and were ever watchful for the opportunity to assert
* på udkig efter ngt.
what they considered to be their rights.
* sine rettigheder
As the secular landowners were now nearly all Normans,
*
20 so were the chief officers of the Church, the bishops
*
and heads of monasteries.
*
The English Archbishop of Canterbury was replaced
* forfægte / hævde >
*
by the Norman Lanfranc, and under him the old English laxity * slaphed
was galvanized into Norman efficiency, and a great period
* opildne ngt. til ngt.
`galvênaizd
of building began.
For the Normans were great builders, in the massive
*
*
round-arched Romanesque style that was the legacy of
* rundbue
imperial Rome.
*
William I built the Tower of London, William II
*
30 Westminster Hall, and some fifty more great castles,
*
from Rochester to Launceston in Cornwall and Richmond
*
in Yorkshire, were built to keep down the English.
*
But `citadels of another order were the parish churches,
* fæstning, kastel
højborg
cathedrals and monasteries of the period.
kê`#i~drêlz
* katedral
* romansk
* arv
348 Even the most modest churches, like those of
* beskeden
the Cotswolds, were enriched with carvings, and cathedral
* berige ngt. med >
windows, as at Canterbury, filled with the splendid stained
* pragtfuld
glass that is the unique contribution of the Middle Ages
*
to the art of Europe; and the monasteries were the schools,
*
universities and libraries that kept learning alive during this
*
grim century.
* ulykkelig
* træskæring og billedhugning
storartet
trist
The despotic Conqueror was followed by his sons,
*
the rapacious Rufus, Willian II, and the severe but efficient
*
10 Henry I, whose most characteristic addition to
*
the administrative system was the Court of Exchequer,
* statskasserådet
iks`t$ekê E/A `eks -
for the better collection of taxes.
finansministeriet
* skatteopkrævning
It was a very important reform, however, for it was
*
the beginning of the division of the Curia Regis into
*
specialized departments staffed by trained men.
*
The president of the new court was the Justiciar, who
became the chief minister of the realm.
Henry gave England peace, and when he died in 1135
the vanquished English were disciplined and unified as
* Justiciar
*
førsteminister
*
* besejret, overvundet
* forenet
`vangkwi$d
20 never before.
*
Indeed, it may be argued that the Norman Conquest was
the best thing that could have happened to them.
Without this discipline they might have stagnated in their
*
* ske for ng.
* stagnere
stag`neitid E/A `stag -
island home, a number of semi-independent principalities
* fyrstedømme
eventually to be absorbed in Scandinavia.
*
The Normans imposed unity and linked them permanently
to the culture of southern Europe.
* enhed
* sammenkæde ngt. >
* til ngt.
But the opportunity that the barons were awaiting had come. *
Henry left no legitimate son, there was a disputed succes> * ægtefødt
30 sion and, as the country was still little more than
*
a patchwork of feudal estates, order quickly crumbled into
* kludetæppe
chaos.
* kaos
Some of the barons supported the Council’s choice of
*
Stephen, son of the Conqueror’s daughter, others Henry I ’s
*
daughter Matilda, and there followed almost twenty years of
*
civil war.
*
* smuldre / henfalde til >
349 William I ------------- / William II
1066-87
1087-1100
/ Henry I
1100-35
-------------- Matilda >< Geoffrey of Anjou ------------ Henry II
1154-89
/ Adela
-------------- Stephen
1135-54
It was each baron for himself, and the last compiler
* samler
kêm`pailê
udgiver
of The English Chronicle, a monk of Ely, described
*
the horrors to which his countrymen were subjected:
* landsmand
* undertvinge ng. til ngt.
-`-
’ They greatly oppressed the wretched people by making
* stakkels
them work at their castles, and when the castles were
*
finished they filled them with devils and evil men. ’
*
10 Then they took them whom they thought to have any
*
goods, both men and women and put them in prison for their
*
gold and silver and tortured them with pains unspeakable.’
* torturere ng.
It was a terrifying lapse into anarchy from the slow
creation of order.
* usigelig
* skift til
*
Stepen himself was an amiable man, but events were
* elskværdig
`eimiêbl
beyond his control, and it was fortunate for England
*
that her next king was one of the greatest she had ever had.
*
Henry Plantagenet, son of Henry I’s daugheter, Matilda,
*
and Geoffrey of Anjou in France became Henry II.
*
20 As Count of Anjou and feudal vassal of the French king
*
he already held the western French provinces of the Angevin
*
Empire which made him far more powerful than his suzerain
* overherre
`su~zerein
and the Norman kings who had preceded him.
Although only twenty-one, he had governed his French
*
*
possessions for some years, and now he turned to
*
the restoration of order in England.
*
The first thing was to demolish the hundreds of
* nedrive ngt.
di`måli$
unlicenced castles built in Stephen’s reign.
* utilladt
ûn`laisênst
Then, instead of military service he demanded money
*
30 from the barons, which enabled him to hire `mercenaries * lejesoldat
pl. lejetropper
responsible to him alone.
*
To keep order at home he raised a militia composed
* milits
mi`li$ê
of all freemen, and prescribed how they were to be armed.
It is worth pausing to consider the implications of this,
and the change that had taken place in the last century.
*
* det er værd at *
* stoppe op for at -
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
350 The Norman Conqueror had relied on his feudal nobility
*
to keep down the English; Henry Plantagenet called in
*
the English to help him control the nobility.
*
They were willing enough; an efficient despotism was
`infinitely preferable to baronial anarchy.
*
* uendelig meget * at foretrække ( fremfor )
Of more lasting importance were Henry’s legal reforms.
*
He transformed the Curia Regis into a regular court of
* omdanne / -skabe / forvandle ngt. til
* baron-
trans`få~md
trained officials and lawyers.
*
He dismissed most of the feudal sheriffs and replaced them *
10 with these men.
*
Others were made into a special court of justice,
*
The King’s Bench, and, most important of all, he sent out
* ( kongens bænk )
travelling judges, justices in eyre, who carried
* dommere
* på rundrejse
eê
a ’ common law ’ into every Shire Court of the country.
This royal justice was popular because it was cheaper and
less arbitrary than that of the feudal courts, and because the
*
*
* vilkårlig
`a~bitrêri / -tri
jury system began to replace the `barbarous trial by combat. * barbarisk
* kamp
`kåmbêt / kêm`bat
A national system of law and local government
and civil service were beginning to take shape.
*
*
20 All this ment a further reduction in the power of the barons, *
as revenue was diverted from their private courts to
* omdirigere / omlede ngt. fra ngt. til ngt.
dai`vê~tid / di` -
the royal exchequer / treasury.
It also ment an immense increase of the king’s power,
* skatkammer
*
for the government was now one of professionals, both at
*
the centre and in the shires and the sheriffs and travelling
*
justices carried the royal authority and law into every part of
*
the kingdom.
*
It was an order no longer entirely dependent on the charac> *
ter of the king; it would survive a worthless or `absentee
* fraværende person
30 monarch, and Henry himself spent half of his reign in
*
France; an order that drew strength from the common people, * drage >
* styrke fra ng.
now united by a common law and loyalty to the crown.
* kronen
~ kronregenten
* være forenet gennem ngt.
( ngt. forener ng. )
351 Henry even established some sort of order in Ireland,
*
for the first time invaded from England, and was recognized,
*
at least in name, as its king.
*
In one thing he failed.
*
His Archbishop, Thomas Becket, opposed his attempt to
* modsætte sig / kæmpe imod ngt.
bring clergy who had been convicted of crime in the church
*
courts before the king’s court for sentence.
*
As a result Bechet was murdered in his cathedral
and became a martyr.
*
*
`matê
10 Henry had to submit to the Pope, and throughout
*
the Middle Ages the clergy - and anybody who could read
*
Latin might claim to be a clerk - could commit
* præst ( nu : kontormand )
kla~k E/A klê~k
the gravest crimes with no worse punishment than
*
reduction to the level of laymen.
* lægmand
Apart from this failure Henry’s reign was triumphantly
* triumferende
trai`ûmfêntli
successful, and the measure of his success is that the country *
did not revert to baronial anarchy under his two sons.
* vende tilbage til ngt.
Henry II ----- Richard I / Geoffrey / John
1154-89
1189-99
d. 1186
1199-1216
^
Henry III ----- Edward I ----- Edward II ----- Edward III
1216-72
1272-1307
1307-27
1327-77
20 The first was the romantic sportsman Richard I,
* sportsmand ( jagt etc.)
who spent all but a few months of his reign crusading against * føre korstog mod ng.
kru~`saiding
the Moslems in the Holy Land or fighting his suzerain
*
in France, where he was killed in 1199.
*
Although Richard was an expensive monarch who cared
*
nothing for England, he was a popular hero, but his brother
*
John was perhaps the most detestable of all English kings.
* afskyelig
Misusing the enormous power bequeathed him
* misbruge ngt.
by his father, he extorted money from his subjects,
* lade ngt. gå i arv til ng.
testamentere ng. ngt.
* afpresse / fratvinge ( penge ) fra ng.
from the Church, Norman baron and English villein alike,
* hovbonde
30 to defend his French possessions, but incompetently
* på uduelig vis
lost all his northern provinces, including Normandy.
*
-`-
bi`kwi~dd / - #t
352 He murdered his young nephew Arthur, who had a better * nevø
claim to the throne.
*
He quarrelled with the Pope over the appointment of Ste> * skændes med ng. over ngt.
phen Langton as Archbishop, and then `abjectly surrendered, * underdanigt
agreeing to pay tribute for England as the Pope’s vassal.
ydmygt, ynkeligt
* aflægge hyldest
`tribju~t
betale skat
Langton became the leader of the barons who, tired of his
* træt af ngt.
incompetent tyranny, forced him to swear to observe the laws,* sværge på at in`kåmpêtênt
but John broke his oath, plunged his country into civil war,
* bryde sin ed / sit løfte
and died, opportunely and characteristically, by overeating. * belejligt
`åpêtju~nli
* karakteristisk
betegnende
`ouvê`i~ting
10 Yet the misgovernment of John was by no means
* misregimente
altogether a misfortune.
*
Had he been another Henry II England might have become
an established despotism.
* kaste ngt. ud i
* overspisning
*
*
As it was, his barons were driven into revolt and, supported
*
by the Church and for the first time by the English people,
*
in 1215 they forced him to sign Magna Carta.
*
It was a purely selfish class measure, setting forth the pri> * selvisk
* middel
foranstaltning
vileges of the aristocracy and Church, without mention of
* omtale af ng&t.
the great majority of Englishmen, the villeins.
*
20 The barons could not destroy the administrative system
*
of Henry II, but they might become even more powerful than
*
they had been if they could control the government at centre.
*
Magne Charta checked the despotic power of the king,
* hæmme / begrænse >
* magt
and was the first step in the century-long struggle to establish * kamp for at a baronial oligarchy.
* fåmandsvælde
`åliga~ki
Clause 39, however, was to have a wider application than
they anticipated: ’ No freeman shall be arrested
* anvendelse
* ane / forudse ngt.
* arrestere ng.
an`tisipeitid
or imprisoned or dispossessed or `outlawed
* fængsle ng. * fordrive / -jage
dis`pêzest
or banished or in any way molested, nor will we go upon him * forvise ng.
mê`lestid
30 nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgement
*
of his peers and the law of the land.
*
There were, of course, few freemen apart from the nobility
and the knights, but their number were to increase.
In fact the number of freemen were increasing fairly rapidly
at this time.
* gøre ng. fredløs
sætte ng. ud af huset
*
*
*
*
* forulempe ng.
bibringe ng. fysisk overlast
353 John, ever short of money, accelerated a process that
*
had already begun of selling charters of self government to
* rettighedsbrev
towns that could afford to pay for this privilege, and in his reign *
London secured the right of electing its mayor.
It was much the biggest town, but others were growing,
for so was trade, particulary the `export of wool.
*
*
* eksport
* uld
udførsel
Then Oxford and Cambridge had become university towns,
*
and, though there were at first no colleges, the scholars,
*
most of them poor, added greatly to the intellectual `ferment
* gæring
10 of the thirteenth century.
*
røre
For it was an exciting century of change.
*
Shortly after Magne Charta the friars arrived in England.
* tiggermunk
Unlike the monks, they did not stay in their monasteries,
*
but went out to help and preach to the poor.
* prædike til / for ng.
They opened boarding houses for the students of Oxford,
*
and here the most famous of the Franciscans, Roger Bacon,
*
taught scientific methods of observation and experiment.
* & iagttagelse
He is the first clear light in the medieval darkness,
* mørke
the Newton of his age.
*
20 Many of these university men learned to be lawyers in
*
the specialized courts that were developing from the
*
Curia Regis.
*
They worked in the Westminster Hall, but soon after
*
the foundation of the first colleges at Oxford and Cambridge
*
they built themselves lodgings, the Inns of Court, between
*
Westminster and London so linking the political and
*
commercial capitals.
*
The law was the main ladder by which the poor layman
*
could climb into the ranks of the great.
*
30 Meanwhile the struggle between king and barons
* kamp / strid mellem ng.
continued.
*
John had left the country torn by civil war, and his son
Henry III was only a boy of nine, but order was restored.
* splittet / hærget af ( krig )
* ni
* & forsøg
354 When Henry came of age he tried to return to
* blive myndig
the despotism of his grandfather.
*
By now, particularly since the loss of Normandy,
*
the barons were more English than French, and Henry
*
infuriated them by filling offices with foreign favourites,
* ophidse / gøre ng. rasende
* yndlinge
-`-
as he infuriated the Church by selling `benefices to foreingers, * præsteembede
and the people as a whole by subservience to the Pope.
* underordning
sêb`sê~viens
At the same time the Great Council was developing into a
rudimentary Parliament.
/ -danighed
*
* uudviklet
ru~di`mentêri
i sin vorden
10 It had no legislative power, but, sometimes reinforced
*
by knights of the shire elected in the shire courts, it debated
*
affairs of state and was beginnning to claim some share in
*
the government.
*
By 1258 Simon de Montfort had become leader of
*
the opposition, not however, of his fellow barons, who were
*
pursuing a selfish class policy, but of the new nationalist
* forfølge >
party that called for reform and England for the English.
*
There followed a short civil war in which Henry was
*
defeated, and in 1265 Simon, now virtually dictator, called
*
20 a parliament that included not only knights of the shire
*
but burgesses from the towns that supported him.
* borgerrepresentant
It was a momentous assembly, for it was the first time
* politik
* af afgørende betydning
betydningsfuld
that the Commons had been represented.
*
A few month later Simon was killed in the battle of Evesham, *
where Henry’s son, Prince Edward, defeated him.
The royal authority was restored, and Henry reigned
peaceably until his death in 1272.
*
*
* fredeligt
fredsommeligt
His son, Edward I, was every inch a king, strong both in
*
body and mind, and because, like Simon de Montfort,
*
30 he identified himself with the rising spirit of nationalism
* nationalisme
among his people, and had their support, he was able to
*
check the encroachments of the barons and the Church.
* indtrængen
tilranen
This he did by inquiring into baronial privileges,
* spørge ind til ngt.
by preventing the multiplication of feudal overlords,
*
and prohibiting gifts to the already overwealthy Church.
* overvelhavende / -rig
* nationalist
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
355 Edward I further advanced the royal jurisdiction
* fremme / fremskynde ngt.
at the expence of the barons, and the Exchequer,
* på bekostning of ng.
Common Pleas and King’s Bench became separate courts.
* Civildomstol
* Finansministeriet
* Højesteret
He promoted trade, but showed the ugly side of nationalism * igangsætte / støtte ngt.
by expelling the Jews.
* fordrive / uddrive ng.
To do these things he needed support of the humbler
* jævn
ydmyg
classes, for now, for the first time, we may begin to speak
*
of an English nation.
*
The upper classes were beginning to learn the language of
*
10 their inferiours, their younger sons were going into trade
* undersåtter
and the sons of villeins were at the universities and scaling
* bestige
the hierachy of the Church and law.
*
kravle op ad
They were even to be found in Parliament, as meetings of
*
the Great Council were coming to be called, and butchers,
* slagter
bakers, tailors, drapers sat with earls, knights, bishops
* bager
* skrædder
`dreipêz
and abbots in the Parliaments of Edward I.
They didn’t wish to come, for Edward had no intention of
*
*
allowing them any control; he merely wanted their money,
*
though it was also desirable that they should part with it, for
* ønskeligt at -
20 ’ what touches all, ’ he said, ’ should be approved by all.’
*
It was a maxim that was to have important consequences.
* maxime / grundsætning /
England was the first country to be quickned by the spirit
* fremskynde
leveregel at sætte fart i
of Nationalism; it had expressed itself in the expulsion of
* fordrivelse
Henrys III’s favourites and of the Jews, and now it was turned
*
aggressively against the other countries of the British Isles.
*
The mountainous region of north and western Wales had
*
udvisning
never been subdued, but when Llewelyn led a Celtic rebellion, *
Edward hunted down and destroyed him, and built castles to
*
secure the new principality.
*
30 His eldest (eE) son was born at one of these, Carnavon,
* ældst
and a few years later created the first Prince of Wales.
* Prinsen af Wales
The principality was not incorporated in England, but was
* indlemme ngt. i ngt.
in`kå~pêreitid
governed separately, and the eastern part of Wales was left to *
the feudal jurisdiction of the Marcher Lords.
*
* manufakturhandler ( o-f )
356 The situation in Ireland was not unlike that in Wales
*
before its conquest.
*
The Pale round Dublin was administered like an English
*
shire but beyond that Anglo-Irish feudalism petered out in
* ebbe ud
the central bogs until in the far west Celtic tribal chiefs ruled
* mose
unmolested.
* uantastet / uforstyrret
forsvinde / ophøre lidt efter lidt
sump
Edward did not undertake its conquest, but in his reign
* påtage sig ngt.
English power reach its highest point, and the country enjoyed *
an unac`customed prosperity.
* uvant
10 Scotland, too, was racially and geografically divided:
* racemæssigt
into the Gaelic-speaking Celtic tribes of the Highlands
*
and the pre`dominantly Saxon and feudal Lowlands.
* overvejende
A disputed succession to the throne gave Edward
* omdiskuteret
the chance of intervention, and in 1296 he invaded
*
the country, defeated the Scots and triumphantly carried off
*
the Stone of Scone on which their kings were crowned.
*
But nationalism kindles nationalism, and Edward’s
* få ngt. til at flamme op
`kindl
nationalism led only to rebellion under national heroes.
Although the first, Willian Wallace, was defeated and bar>
20 barously `executed in 1305, Scotland was not defeated.
Robert Bruce was crowned, and under his leadership
the struggle was continued.
This attempted conquest led to the long alliance of
vække ngt.
*
*
* henrette ng.
*
*
* erobringsforsøg
Scotland with France, one on either side of England,
* med ng.
for Edward had become involed in war with the French king,
*
who tried to seize his possessions in Gascony.
* få tag i
It was these difficulties that made him summon
* arvefølge
* alliance af ng. >
* sammenkalde ng.
the Model Parliament of 1295, in which the three estates of
*
Barons, Clercy and Commons were represented, though this
*
30 did not prevent his extortion of more than the customary
* afpresning
export duty on wool to `finance / fund his campaigns.
* ( told-) afgift
* finansiere / betale for ngt.
& fai`nans
Edwards necessity was the baron’s opportunity,
* nødtvungenhed
and in 1297 they compelled him to sign a confirmation
* bekræftelse
of Magne Carta with the additional clause that the king
* klausul at -
should not levy taxes in excess of the aids save
* udskrive skatter
’ by the common consent of the realm’.
* bred enighed
* heldig lejlighed
( afsnit, sætning )
Parliament had asserted its right to control taxation.
* beskatning
* ud over
* skat ( E hist. )
357 While preparing to invade Scotland for the fourth time,
*
Edward died near Carlisle in 1307.
*
In was one of the great centuries in England’s history,
*
a plantagenet spring after a grim Norman winter, when
* grum
the spirit of man began to unfold like the foliated capitals on
* folde sig ud
barsk
* bladornamenteret
`fêulieitid
the shafted columns of his churches, no longer sombre
* forsynet med skaft
Romanesque but springing (o-f) Gothic, the vital, aspiring
* gryende
`gå#ik
`vaitl ês`pairing
Early English style.
It was the century of the building of Salisbury Cathedral
* gotisk
spirende
* søjle
* vital
livskraftig
* mørk, dunkel
dyster
* opad- / fremadstræbende
*
*
10 when medieval sculpture and stained glass reached their * skulptur
perfection ; of Roger Bacon and his friend Robert Grosstente, * perfektion
fuldkommenhed
Bishop of Lincoln; the foundation of the universities and Inns
*
of Court; the development of the Common Law; the evolution
*
of Parliament; the creation of a social order that no longer was *
denied but was buttressed by the liberty of the subjects,
* underbygge / -støtte ngt.
however limited; the realization of unity, the discovery of
*
the nation and the emerge of English as its language.
*
Such a century, one of the most peaceful, may well be
*
called one of the greatest in the English history, and what is
*
20 perhaps the earliest English lyric, written in the middle of
* lyrisk vers
Henry III’s reign, expresses its vernal expectancy:
* forårsagtig
Sumer is icumen in,
*
Lhude sing cucu !
*
Groweth sed, and bloweth med,
*
And springth the wude nu -
*
Sing cucu !
*
It was a premature spring, however, and two centuries of
* forhastet
premê`tjuê
for tidlig
war and discord were to pass before there was such another
* uoverensstemmelse
advance.
*
splid, strid
30
* forventning
358 Edward I’s shiftless and extravagant son, Edward II,
* uenergisk, uduelig
a young man of twenty-three whose cheif delight was in
* hoved-
an upstart Gascon, Piers Gaveston, gave the barons their
* opkomling
chance.
*
lad, sløv
pervenu
In 1310 in a Parliament limited to themselves they took
over the government and murdered Gaveston.
Their feudal forces, however, were unable to check Bruce,
* glæde, fryd
henrykkelse
* gascogner
( fra Gascogne i Frankrig )
* begrænset / indskrænket til ng.
*
*
now beginning to threaten England, and in 1314 the Scots
*
routed them at Bannockburn.
* jage / slå ng. på flugt
rautid
tilføje ng. et knusende nederlag
10 Bruce thereupon ravaged northern England and sent
* dernæst
a force to Ireland, which, in alliance with the Celtic chiefs,
*
destroyed the country’s brief prosperity and reduced England’s *
power to the limits of the Pale.
* a district in Ireland
Edward I’s project of a united British Isles was in ruins,
*
and an independent Scotland in alliance with France was to
*
be a menace for more than two centuries, the period of border * trussel
`menês
warfare celebrated in Chevy Chase and other ballads.
The brutality, selfishness and mismanagement of
*
* dårlig ledelse / forvaltning
the baronial oligarchy rallied supporters round the king.
* samle ng.
20 At Boroughbridge the barons were defeated, and a full
*
Parliament of 1322 declared their ordinances invalid
* erklære ngt. ngt.
because they had not been confirmed by the commonalty
* bestemmelse
forordning
* bekræfte / stadfæste ngt.
or the realm.
*
Thus, the century-old attempt of the nobility to take over
*
the central government ended in failure and the next stage in
*
the struggle would be to gain control of the Commons.
*
Edward’s triumph didn’t last long.
*
He was brought down / overthrown / toppled by his wife
* fælde / styrte / vælte
* ugyldig
bringe ng. til fald
and lover, and murdered.
The new king, young Edward III, had his grandfather’s
30 brawn without his brains.
Self-indulgent, extravagant, with a passion for fighting,
he was the very pattern of the bogus chivalry of the age,
`bêugês
when knights were spared for their ransoms and the poor
were slaughtered.
*
*
* muskelkraft
* kløgt
( & grisesylte )
* selvforkælende / -overbærende / -tilfredsstillende
eftergivende overfor sine lyster
* forloren, humbug
falsk, uægte
* skåne til gengæld for
* løsesum
/ -penge
*
359 It was an age of splendid pageantry of the institution of
* pomp og pragt
the Order of the Garter and perfection of heraldic art,
* hosebåndsordenen
of superficial brilliance but of fundamental selfishness,
* overfladisk * stråleglans * & grundlæggende
greed, insincerity and brutality, an age without idealism.
* idealisme
* heraldisk
ai`diêlism
Perhaps it was a rapidly increasing prosperity, the result of
*
the manufacture and export of woollen E/A woolen cloth,
* uld- , ulden
that led to this decline of spiritual values,
*
and Edward was not slow to exploit the combination of
* kombination af ngt.
nationalism and materialism in his `subjects.
* materialisme
* undersåt
mê`tiêriêlizm
10 After an unsuccessful attempt to subjugate Scotland,
* undertvinge ( at folk )
`sûbd§ugeit
he turned to a more profitable prey, rich an feudally
* bytte
impotent France.
*
In 1337 the Hundred Years’ War began.
* hundredeårskrigen
This new venture, the first attempt of the English nation to
* satsning, vovestykke
`vent$ê
* feudalsk
foretagende
expand beyond the British Isles, was popular with all classes,
*
or at least with all freemen.
*
For the burgesses it meant a market for their cloth,
* borger ( i en by med købmandsrettigheder )
for the barons and other landowners a market for their wool,
*
for knights the ransom for their captives, for the common
*
20 soldiers booty, for the king glory, and perhaps the French
*
crown which he claimed.
* krone
To support such a venture he needed money, and
Parliament was prepared to supply it.
* kræve / ~ gøre krav på <
*
*
In normal times the king was expected to manage with
*
the revenues from his estates and law courts, from feudal
*
dues and customary export duties, but war on this scale was
* ( pl. ) kontingent
something quite new and Parliament was called upon to vote
*
unprecedented supplies.
* uden fortilfælde
ûn`presidentid
This meant regular meetings and a steady increase in its
*
30 power, particularly of the Commons, now beginning to sit
*
separately from the barons in their own chamber,
* kammer
`t$eimbê
the chapter house of Westminster Abbey.
The lower clergy gradually ceased to attend,
* kapitelhus
* holde op med at -
and the House of Commons became entirely an assembly of
*
laymen.
*
* deltage
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
360 The first twenty years of the war were brilliantly
*
successful.
*
When Henry III claimed the throne of France, he also
*
claimed sovereignty of the Channel, which he secured by
*
a great naval battle and victory in 1340, when he himself led
*
the English fleet.
*
The victory of Edward and his longbowmen over
* langbueskytte
the old-fashioned chivalry of France at Crécy in 1346 was
* riddervæsen
followed by the similar victory of his eldest son,
*
10 the Black Prince, at Poitiers ten years later;
*
and when father and son had `devastated whole provinces,
* hærge
the French sued for peace and ceded Calais, Ponthieu
* afgive / afstå ngt.
ødelægge
`si~did
and whole of south-west France in full sovereignty.
*
That was in 1360.
*
Twelve years earlier, however, England had suffered
*
the fearful (o-f) catastrophe of the Black Death, a form of
* frygtelig
* den sorte død
bubonic plague that swept over Europe from the east.
skrækkelig
* lymfeknudebetændelses- * pest
~ byldepest
* feje over ngt.
In 1348-9 almost every other person died, and the popula>
*
tion was reduced from about four million to little more than two. *
20 The economic and social consequences were disastrous: * katastrofal
land went out of cultivation, prices rose, free labourers
* stige ( steg )
* arbejder
demanded higher wages and villeins who were still subject to * underlagt ngt.
`sûbd§jikt
the manor demanded their freedom.
Their masters in Parliament, many of them also justices of
the peace whom Edward had established to help the sheriff
*
*
*
in local government, replied with statutes to keep down wages *
and prevent the emancipation of their serfs, measures that
*
were to produce the first labour upheaval thirty years later.
* omvæltning
30 To this smouldering discontent was added resentment
* ulmende ( utilfredshed )
against the luxory and corruption of the Church: not against
*
the parish priets, most of whom were poor and humble men,
* ydmyg
but against the hunting monks, wanton friars
* tøjlesløs
and traffickers in pardons from the Pope, or rather a Pope,
umoralsk
* handlende
for after 1377 there was one in Rome and a competitor
* konkurrent
in Avignon.
* tiggermunk
* afladsbrev
361 This resentment was voiced by John Wycliffe
* vrede, fortørnelse
* udtrykt af ng.
bitterhed, krænkelse
and his followers, the Lollards, precursors of the Reformation, * forløber for ngt.
pri`kê~sêz
who denounced the Pope and the superstitious practices
* fordømme /
rette anklager mod ng.
of the day.
* på den tid
The Wycliffe Bible is an English translation by John Wycliffe, *
’ the morning star of the Reformation ’.
Meanwhile the war had been renewed, and with it
*
*
the crippling taxation of an impoverished people to finance
* forkrøblende
the futile ravaging and murderous raids of Edwards sons,
* formåls- / nytteløs
`fju~tail
* morderisk
forgæves
10 the Black Prince and John of Gaunt.
*
Edward lll himself was in the arms of his mistress, by 1373 * elskerinde
the Black Prince was dying, and the virtual ruler of the country *
was John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.
*
There were no dukes in England until Edward created
*
the Black Prince Duke of Cornwall; now all his sons were
*
royal dukes, who by marriage with heiresses had absorbed
* kvindelig arving
innumerable earldoms.
* utallig
The nobility had shrunk and changed its character;
* skrumpe ind
the Norman nobility had been a large class of comparatively
*
20 small barons and a few earls.
*
Now they were a small class of immensely powerful men,
* umådelig
with John of Gaunt in control of a Parliament packed with
* proppet med >
his own supporters.
* tilhænger
Edward III ----- * Black Prince ------------- Richard II
1327-77
Duke of Cornwall
1377-99
d. 1376
* Duke of Clarence ------ Roger Mortimer ----- Anne
d. 1398
|
--- Edmond Mortimer
Earl of March
* John of Gaunt
----- Henry IV ----------- Henry V --------------- Henry VI ----------- Edward
Duke of Lancaster |
1399-1413
1413-22
1422-61
d. 1471
|
--- John Beaufort ------- John ------------------ Margaret =
----- Henry VII
Edward Tudor
1485-1509
* Edmund
------------ Richard =
-------- Richard ------------- Edward IV -------- Edward V
Duke of York
Anne Mortimer
|
1461-83
|
1483
|
|
|
---- Elizabeth
|
---------------------------------- Richard III
1483-85
362 Edward died in 1377, and all that remained of his French
*
`conquest was Calais and a few towns on the west coast.
* erobring
John of Gaunt continued the war on behalf of his nephew,
*
Richard II, who was only eleven, and Parliament sanctioned
* godkende ngt.
a `poll tax on every male over the age of sixteen.
* kopskat ( samme beløb for hver indbygger )
pêul
It was the last straw, and in 1381 the peasants all over
*
the country rose spontaneously, demanding repeal of
* spontant
the tax and abolition of the villeinage.
* hoveri
* ophævelse
livegenhed
Some marched on London, where the citizens supported
* gå i protestmarch til ngt.
10 them; John of Gaunt’s palace of the Savoy was sacked
* palads
and the Archbishop murdered, and it was only the courage
*
of the boy king that prevented further destruction.
*
By promising to redress their grievances, he persuaded
them to disperse; but once the danger was over,
* afhjælpe / rette op på /
* klage / -punkt
give oprejsning for >
* spredes / sprede sig
di`spê~s
the government ignored his promises and hanged the leaders. *
Richard II’s reign has obvious resemblances to that of
Edward II.
The so-called Lords Ap`pellant, led by his uncle Glaucester
and his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, John of Gaunt’s son,
* lighedspunkt
*
*
*
20 packed Parliament and secured the execution or exile of * proppe ngt. * henrettelse > * landsforvisning af ng.
`egzail
Richard’s friends.
*
They overreached themselves, however, and Richard
was able to assert his authority.
* gå for langt
* hævde >
Nine years he waited, then in1397 he struck.
* slå til
The Appellants were arrested and found guilty of
*
conspiracy by a Parliament packed this time by Richard.
* autoritet
* konspiration
kên`spirêsi
sammensværgelse
Gloucester was murdered and Henry exiled.
* stede ng. i eksil
Then, when John of Gaunt died, Richard seized all
*
the vast estates of the Duchy of Lancaster.
*
30 Now it was Richard who had overreached himself;
*
his despotic actions estranged his supporters that when
* fremmedgøre
Henry returned to claim his inheritance, Richard had to
*
surrender and sign a deed of abdication.
* dokument
( A deed of abdication is a legal document stating that a king
*
or queen must abdicate ( the throne ) ( in favour of sb. ) ).
* abdicere / frasige sig ( tronen )
støde ng. fra sig
* abdikation
( tron-) afkald / frasigelse
363 In Westminster Hall, when Parliament had formally
*
deposed Henry on the charge of violating his coronation
* afsætte ( regent )
oath, Henry rose and spoke in English: ’ In the name of
* ed
* krænke
* kroning
the Fadir, Son and Holy Ghost, I Henry of Lancaster challenge *
this Rewme of Ingland and the Corone,’ and the Archbishop
* ???
led him by the hand to the empty throne.
*
Thus did the Commons, now a pawn in the hands of rival
* brik
( bonde i skak )
court fractions, first depose a king ( Richard II ) and elect
*
another ( Henry IV ).
*
10 A few month later Richard died in prison.
*
The decline of standards in the fourteenth century
is reflected in its art.
Although sometimes very beautiful, the Decorated Gothic
* forfald af ngt.
* være afspejlet i ( kunst )
*
of the period is often over-decorated, over-pretty, and the
*
figures in the stained glas windows are characteristically
*
a monotonous series of saints or soldiers standing in the
* monoton
mê`nåtênês
same affected attitude under identical elaborate canopies.
ensformig
* affekteret, skabagtig, krukket * identisk
the English tongue.
( påvirket, rørt )
* opvise /
rose sig / prale af ngt.
* sprog
20 Latin was the language of the learned clergy, and since
*
the Conquest French had been that of the upper classes,
*
English being confined virtually to the peasants.
* være begrænset til ng.
In the course of three hundred years these lowly, illiterate
`lêuli
folk had so simplified it, shedding its elaborate inflections,
* lavtplaceret
that it now emerged as a wonderfully flexible medium
* bøjelig
enriched with the graces of Latin and French.
* berige ngt. med >
Yet the century can boast one great glory: the triumph of
* baldakin
tronhimmel
beskeden, ydmyg, simpel
* folk * forenkle ngt. * afkaste ngt. * gram. bøjning
smidigt
The English nation was in the middle of a war with France,
*
and in 1362 English replaced French as the language of
*
the law courts, and by 1385’ in alle the gramere scoles of
*
30 Engelond, children leveth Frensche and construeth
*
and lernth in Englische ’, so that they ’ conneth no more
*
Frensche than can thir left heele ’.
*
These were the years when Geoffrey Chaucer was
*
growing up, and the result was the first great poetry in our
*
language.
*
* (pl.) fortrin
gode egenskaber
364 The worldly Chaucer was not a reformer like Wycliffe,
* verdslig, livsklog
* reformator
translator of the bible, nor a fanatic like Langland, whose
praktisk indstillet
* oversætter
* fanatiker
trans`leitê
Piers Plowman was a defence of the poor and denunciation
* fordømmelse ( af ngt. )
of abuses, but on reading the Canterbury Tales one feels that
*
in spite of the abuses, the greedy monks and merciless
* begærlig
bullies at the top, the English people as a whole were
grådig, gridsk
* tyran
bisse, bølle
fundamentally sound.
*
And the popular drama, the miracle plays performed by
guilds of master craftsmen, reinforces this impression of
* ubarmhjertig
nådesløs
* drama
* gilde, lav
gildz
10 vigorous life.
*
Freedom was in the air, for despite the efforts of their
*
masters to repress them, villeins were rapidly gaining their
*
liberty, and it is significant that of Chaucer’s twenty-nine
*
Canterbury pilgrims one was a yeoman.
* fribonde
We have now reached the period covered by
the great sequence of Shakespeare’s history plays,
* dække ( en periode )
* række ( -følge )
`si~kwêns
which demonstrates the `discord that follows
* uoverensstemmelse
the violent overthrow of established order,
* omstyrtelse
and its resolution only after many years of conflict.
* løsning
strid, splid
* etableret
* orden
20 In Norman times the barons had tried to make themselves *
semi-independent feudal rulers, in the thirteenth century,
*
they tried to seize control of the central government, in
*
the fourteenth they gained control of the House of Commons,
*
and now, at the beginning of the fifteenth one of their number * ~ en iblandt dem
had gained the crown itself.
Lancaster had supplanted Plantagenet.
* opnå > * kronen, kongeværdigheden  * selveste
* afløse / erstatte / fortrænge ng.
sê`plantid
Henry IV’s position was precarious, however.
* prækær, usikker
pri`keêriês
He was king by conquest and election, not by heredity, for
vaklende, risikabel
*
the real heir was the boy Edmond Mortimer, Earl of March,
*
30 descended from an elder brother of John of Gaunt,
*
Duke of Clarence.
*
For this reason Henry had to submit to Parliament, which
was tantamount to submission to the peers, who thus
*
* ensbetydende med
`tantêmaunt
increased their power over the crown, as well as their own
*
power by enlisting private armies of retainers.
* medlem af stormands følge
følgesvend
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
365 To conciliate the Curch Henry agreed to the atrocious
* formilde ng.
ê`trêu$ês
* grusom
modbydelig
vinde ng. for sig
statute De Heretico Comburendo directed against the Lollards, *
so beginning religious persecution and burning of heretics.
All his subservience, however, did not prevent rebellions,
* forfølgelse
* kætter
* servilitet
sêb`sê~viênse
underdanighed
the most formidable being that of the Percies of Northumber>
*
land in alliance with the Scots and Welsh under Owen
*
Glendower.
*
Though the rebels were defeated, for the remaining years
*
of his reign Henry could never feel secure.
*
10 His son Henry V was equally devout `persecutor of
* overbevist, inderlig, ivrig
di`vaut
the Lollards, and even his former friend, Sir John Oldcastle,
* forfølger
from, gudfrygtig
*
the original of Falstaff, was ’ hanged and brent on the galous ’. * ( = gallows ) galge
Then, to divert attention from his tenuous claim to the
* svag, spinkel
`tenjuês
tynd
crown, he busied ’ giddy (o-f) minds in foreign quarrels ’ and, * holde ngt. travlt beskæftiget /
optaget
* pjanket, fjantet, kåd
svimmel
cynically renewing the even more tenuous claim to the French *
crown, invaded France, already distracted by civil war.
* forstyrret, uopmærksom
di`straktid
After the brilliant victory at Agincourt in 1415 he was able
have opmærksomheden afledt
*
to dictate terms of peace, whereby he married the daughter of * diktere
destemme
the imbecile French king and was recognized as his heir.
* imbecil, tåbelig
`imbesi~l
småt begavet
20 Two years later both he and the Fench king died, leaving
*
the crowns of both countries to the infant Henry VI.
* barn
This monstrous arrangement united the feudally divided
* monstrøs, uhyrlig
kolossal, kæmpemæssig
French against England, and a new nationalism was inspired
*
by Joan of Arc, who drove the hated ’ goddams ’ out of
* forhadt
Champagne and its capital Reims, where Dauphin
*
was crowned.
*
Joan was betrayed to the English and burned as a witch,
*
but her spirit lived on, and by 1453 the only possession left in
*
English hands was Calais.
*
30 The Hundred Years’ War in France was over,
*
but only to be followed by a thirty years’ war in England,
*
the Wars of the Roses.
* rosenkrigene
* forbandet ( substantiveret adjektiv )
366 During the minority of Henry VI, while France was being
* mindreårig-/ umyndighed
lost, Parliament steadily advanced its power, obtaining
*
the right to draw up Bills, instead of mere petitions for
* blot
the king’s assent, and limiting the electors of the Commons
* samtykke
* anmodning / appel / bøn om ngt.
* vælger
godkendelse
to forty shilling freeholders.
Two rival fractions were now struggling for its control:
on the one hand the Lancastrians, led by the Beaufort
*
* kæmpe om >
* ngs. kontrol
~ kontrollen over ngt.
*
descendants of John of Gaunt, and Margaret, Henry’s queen, * efterkommer
di`sendênts
Henry himself having inherited the weak mind of his French
*
10 grandfather: on the other the Yorkists, led by the Duke of
*
York, who through his mother inherited the Mortimer claim
*
to the throne, and the Earl of Warwick, the most powerful
*
`subject in England.
* undersåt
In 1453 Margaret bore Henry a son, and two years later
*
the civil war broke out: the Red Rose of Lancaster against
*
the White Rose of York.
*
It was a war of naked selfishness and pitiless ferocity,
symbolized in the last two parts of Shakespeare’s Henry VI
* nådesløs
*
by the imagery drawn from flint, traps, snakes, tigers, wolves * billedverden
`imid§êri
* vildskab, voldsomhed
glubskhed, indædthed
ubarmhjertig
20 and other beasts of prey, and each party celebrated its
/ -stil / -sprog
* rovdyr
victories by the `wholesale execution of its captives,
* i stor stil
’ legalized ’ by a parliament packed with its supporters.
*
* flint
omfattende
After a skirmish at St. Albans, when York captured
* forpostfægtning
spredt træfning
the crazy king, the main battles in the first phase of the war
*
were the Lancastrian victory at Wakefield, where York was
*
captured and murdered, followed in 1461 by the Yorkist
*
triumph at Towton, shortly before which Warwick had
*
secured the crowning of the new Duke of York as Edward IV. * kroning af ng.
After his victory the Commons thanked him for assuming
* overtage /
tiltvinge / -rane sig ngt.
30 the crown as Richards II’s true heir, and denounced
*
the Lancastrians as usurpers.
* tronraner
ju~`zêpêz
There were the usual executions, and the wretched
* arme
ulyksalig
Henry VI was thrown into the Tower.
*
* tiger
367 Many princes perished in the Tower of London during
* omkomme
the Wars of the Roses.
*
York had supplanted Lancaster.
*
York had also supplanted Parliament.
*
Many of the nobles who had controlled it had been killed in
*
battle, murdered or executed, and their estates and revenues
*
now enriched the crown.
* berige ng.
Edward IV, therefore, was no longer dependent on Parlia>
*
ment for money, and its premature period of power was over.
*
10 It was just as well, for, as it had been constituted, it had
*
been a major cause of disorder.
*
But although Edward could dispense with Parliament,
* se bort fra
he owed his crown to Warwick, and in those faithless times
*
it was inevitable that the next stage of the struggle should be
*
between king and kingmaker.
* kongemager
By marrying a desirable widow of no great rank
and aggrandizing her family, Edward offended Warwick,
* enke
* ophøje ng.
ê`grandaiz / `agrên -
who now joined forces with Queen Margaret, but in 1471
*
he was killed at Barnet, and a month later Margaret’s army
*
20 was routed at Tewkesbury.
*
Her son, Prince Edward, was captured and killed,
*
and her husband, Henry VI, murdered in the Tower.
*
Only one claimant to the throne was left, Henry Tudor,
*
Earl of Richmond, son of a Welsh knight who had married
*
Margaret Beaufort; but he was only a schoolboy living in
* skoledreng
France.
*
For the moment Edward had nothing to fear from the Lan>
*
castrians, and the struggle now narrowed to one of York
* indsnævre sig til ngt.
against York.
*
30 His two younger brothers, the Dukes of Clarence
*
and Gloucester, were quarreling over the Warwick spoils,
* bytte
both had an eye on the crown, and Clarence, who had
*
at one time joined the Lancastrians, was accused of treason
*
and sent to the Tower where he was murdered.
*
How far Gloucester was responsible is unknown.
*
368 Edward was now in more than one sense the true heir
*
of Richard II, for he had achieved the despotism that Richard * despotstyre
had tried to attain.
* op-, nå <
But he had also restored some sort of temporary order,
*
and for that at least he deserved his popularity with the Lon>
*
don citizens and their wives, in whose society he delighted.
* fornøje sig i ngs. selskab
He did not live long to enjoy it; leading a life of indulgence
sinking back to sloth and self-indulgence, he died in 1483.
* et liv i vellevned, eftergivenhed, nydelse
* synke tilbage til ngt.
He was succeeded by the elder of his two young sons,
*
10 Edward V, a boy of twelve, with his uncle Gloucester as
*
protector.
* beskytter
But Gloucester intended to be king.
king was illegitimate, and Parliament was persuated to crown * ulovlig
i`lê`d§itêmêt
Soon afterwards the two young princes were murdered in
the Tower.
*
*
*
This was the signal for the final act of the civil war.
*
In 1485 Henry Tudor, now a man of twenty-six, landed at
*
20 Milford Haven and marched through Wales, where many
*
of his countrymen joined him.
*
At Bosworth in Leicestershire the last battle was fought;
*
Richard was killed and Henry crowned on the scene of
*
his victory.
*
The Wars of the Roses were over, and the `discord that had * uenighed
splid
begun with the disposition of Richard II was resolved when
* ( op- ) løse <
Lancaster and York were united by Henry VII’s marriage with
*
Edward IV’s daughter Elizabeth, a reconciliation symbolized
*
by the red and white rose of the House of Tudor.
*
30
* selvforkælelse
*
He got rid of Edward’s supporters, asserted that the young * skaffe sig af med ngt.
Gloucester instead of his nephew, as Richard III.
* ladhed
* hævde at -
369 This century of foreign war and civil war, of corrupt
* korrupt
clergy and rapacious princes, had produced no great men,
*
and progress had been material rather than spiritual, notably
* især, navnlig
bestikkelig
`nêutêbli
bemærkelsesværdigt
the developement of woollen manufacture and foreign trade. * uldbaseret
There was no English poet comparable to Chaucer, and it
* fremstilling
* sammenlignelig med
is significant that the greatest literary work of the period,
*
Morte d’ Arthur, was a prose romance of
* & kærlighedshistorie
the Chivalry of the Round Table written in prison
* Ridderne om det Runde Bord
by a Yorkist knight, Sir Thomas Malory, guilty of theft,
*
10 extortion, rape, and at least attempted murder.
*
/ -eventyr
Yet all over the country new churches were going `up
* dukke op
blive bygget
and old ones being enlarged in the delicate Perpendicular
* lodret
pê~pen`dikjulê
Gothic peculiar to England, a symbol perhaps of
*
its insular nationalism and a presage of national religion.
* isoleret
`presid§ / pri`seid§
So it presaged a national religion.
( English history continues on page 1001 )
*
*
*
20
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
afsondret
* varsle om ngt.
* forvarsel
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
A FEUD BETWEEN TWO BARONS
* fejde
370 Arrayed in a black velvet garb like an opulent emperor, * klædt i ngt. * fløjl
ê`reid
* beklædning
* overdådig rig
`åpjulent
enjoying his barony and the opulence of his residence,
* baroni
the baron stalks around in his opulently `decorated rooms.
* spankulere
The simple stone floor is the perfect foil for ostentation
such as opulent, ostentatious and showy furnishings (pl).
* ( flatterende ) baggrund for ngt.
* overdådig
onto the gallery situated inside the castle wall behind
luksuriøs
* luksuriøs
overdådig
* række, stribe
mængde
* galleri
the crenelated battlements or embattlement,
* skydeskåret
Leaving his luxurious furnishings, characterized by
lûg`§uêriês
an array of luxuries, the cocksure (o-f) baron strides out
`lûk$êriz
kåk`$juê
* overdådighed
rigdom
* overdådigt
rigt
* praleri
stillen til skue
* møblement
* prangende
pralende
* =
* luksus- * selvsikker * spankulere
genstand
* brystværn
* =
`krenileitid
10 Protected by the `parapet on top of the `rampart(s),
* brystværn
dressed in opulent, ostentatious array, the self-confident
* overdådig
-`-
baron struts along `negligently / nonchalantly.
* prangende
pralende
* stoltsere rundt
* fæstningsmur / -vold
( fæstningsanlæg )
* klædning * selvsikker
* skødesløst / nonchalant
`nån$êlêntli E/A nå~n$ê`la~ntli
Passing the merlons and crenels of the crest(ing),
* murtak
smiling with supreme confidence, the confident baron
* murtakskydeskår
tinde
* overmåde fuld af >
* selvtillid
glances through the embrasures, either the crenels
* kigge kortvarigt gennem ngt. * skydeskår * murtak-
between the merlons or the loopholes in the wall
* murskydeskår
through which missiles can be discharged.
* skyts
`misailz E/A -sêlz
* murkam
* selvsikker
* afskyde / affyre ngt.
dis`t$ad§d
Gazing through a crenel overlooking his barony
* glo
* murtakskydeskår
* med udsigt over
-`-
the ostentatiously dressed baron smiles self-confidently.
* prangende
* selvsikkert
20 Looking through a loophole, the self-assured baron
* skydeskår
* selvsikker
glares in the direction of the neighbouring barony.
* stirre olmt
-`-
Prepared to put his head above the parapet and carry out
* ( stikke hovedet op over brystværnet )
~ vove pelsen
his fiendish plan, he gives an ostentatious smile.
* djævelsk
* demonstrativt
`fi~ndi$
Most of the English nobility and many of their soldiers were
*
killed in the battle of Hastings in 1066 when the Normans
*
conquered England.
* erobre ( land )
It’s was period of subjection to Norman rulers.
* underkastelse sig til
After the Norman conquest when the country was in chaos * erobring
the baron’s grandfather, a Norman `chevalier,
* ridder ( på fransk )
30 easily conquered an ownerless baronial castle.
* erobre ngt.
Having subjected / subjugated most of the barony,
* i kaos
* herreløs
* undertvinge ngt.
sêb`d§ektid `sûbd§ugeitid
the Norman baron had subjected it to his rule.
After his subjection / subjugation of most of the barony,
* underkaste ng. / ngt. til ngt.
* undertvingelse af ngt.
the baron’s grandfather had staked (out) a claim on / to
* fremføre / -sætte et krav på ngt.
a disputed area in the outskirts of the barony
* omdiskuteret
di`spju~tid
He staked (out) his claim for sovereignty of the region
having escaped (a) complete conquest.
* << sit krav på ngt.
* undgå ngt.
* udkanten af ngt.
371 Miles away ranking above the barons of the county,
* grevskab
the opulent earl pays a short visit to his castle to check
* jarl, greve
the revenues of his earldom.
* grevskab
amt
Most of his time he spents in London to take part in
the power game `infinitely going on among the king
*
* magtspil
* i det uendelige
and the opulent aristocracy and taking place in the royal court * hof
and the Parliament.
*
The earl’s wife, the countess, looks after the earldom
*
while he’s away.
*
10 The earl is in possession of countywide authority.
* i besiddelse af >
While the earl is away, some barons see their chance to
* grevskab- /
amtsdækkende
* øjne chanchen for at -
engage in a power struggle with a neighbouring baron
* magtkamp med ng.
to gain power at the expence of their neighbour.
* opnå / vinde >
Two feuding barons, called / styled the Black Baron,
and the White Baron, feud over land and villages.
The Black Baron `covets some of the White Baron’s land.
* magt
* stridende
It’s a bitter feud over disputable land.
* på bekostning af ng.
* kalde ng. ( navn )
* strides over ngt.
* efterstræbe ngt.
So feuding with the neighbouring baron, the power-hungry * ligge i strid ( fejde ) med ng.
Black Baron has a feud with his neighbour.
* autoritet
myndighed
* magtbegærlig
* ligge i strid med ng.
* strid om ngt.
20 The baron feuds with his neighbour over the rights to land. * ligge i strid med ng. over ngt.
The feud with the neighbouring baron over land in dispute
has been going on for years.
* strid med ng. over ngt.
*
They have feuded for years.
* ligge i strid
It’s a family feud: it’s a feud between the two families.
* … fejde / strid
* … mellem
Long ago the power-seeking and power-mad / -crazy
* magtsøgende
* magtgal / -syg
Black Baron began to cast covetous eyes on disputed land.
* begærlig
As peace talks have broken up in disarrey, the long-running * bryde sammen
* i vild forvirring
feud between the two barons over land seems never ending. * fejde / strid mellem
The Black Baron, a fiend in human shape, is always
* djævel ( ondskabsfuld person ) i menneskeskikkelse
fi~nd
30 accompanied by his brute attendants who are supposed
* brutal
to attend to the baron and attend to his every need,
* være opmærksom på / tage sig af ng. / ngt.
if necessary by brute force.
* brutal magt
As a leftover / relic from a former gang of young brutes,
this devil incarnate is always attended by a number of
* levn fra ngt. ( tidligere )
* inkarneret djævel
in`ka~nit
unscrupulous retainers and henchmen.
* følgesvend, håndlanger
ri`teinêz
When the Black Baron travels, he is attended
by his entourage, knights and servants all together
* opvarter
* brutal person
* ledsage / følge /
pleje / tage sig af ng.
* leje- / følgesvend
håndgangen mand
*
* rejsefølge
`åntura~§
a `retinue of soldiers of fortune.
* =
* lykkeridder
372 The barons are noble knights dubbed by the king.
As vassals of their overlord, the barons and the earls
serve as officers in the sovereign’s army.
* slået til ridder
*
* monark
regent
The baron is a knight banneret as he serves as
* bannerførende ridder
commander-in-chief of his own army and, in battle,
* øverstkommanderende
fights under his own banner.
*
Among the baron’s entourage, in rank below the baron
are three knights.
*
*
The two of them are knight(s) bachelors
* underordnet ridder ( * ungkarl )
10 or knights-at-arms, landless knights noble of birth,
*
fighting in battle under another’s banner.
*
The third knight is a non-noble knight, raised by the baron
to the nonhereditary rank of knight.
*
*
The baron’s son and other young nobles serve their
apprenticeship as pages and squires for the knights.
The king doesn’t take it into his head to pay homage to
*
*
* have i sinde at -
* vise ydmyghed overfor ng.
`håmid§
anyone.
*
As he reigns supreme he means to do homage to no one. * herske
A few warlords reign over some bordering areas
20 not very accessible.
* suverænt * agte / have i sinde at - * =
enerådende
* regere over
* ikke ret tilgængelig
ret utilgængelig
The former king had a continuing desire for political
and military hegemony over the neighbouring countries.
*
* overherredømme over >
* land
hi`gemêni / `hed§imêni / -mouni
He aimed to gain hegemonic power and control.
* opnå …
The ostensible reason for war had been a religious call.
* angiven, påstået
Having conquered most of the land,
* erobre ngt.
tilsyneladende
and claimed sovereignty over the bordering territories,
* hævde >
the king had proclaimed sovereignty over the new territory.
* proklamere overherredømme over ngt.
He must incessantly ensure, secure and prove that he
* overherredømme over ngt.
*
possesses the full sovereignty over the entire country,
* besidde …
30 exercises countrywide sovereignty,
* udøve
and be ready to unceasingly defend his sovereignty.
* forsvare
* landsdækkende
* overherredømme
* =
The king benefitted from the war, not the country as a whole. * i sin helhed
As the supreme feudal overlord of a feudatory kingdom,
* feudal
the king has every intention of feudalizing all of the country
* have ( overmåde ) til hensigt at -
as his sole aim is personal and territorial aggrandizement.
* magtforøgelse / -udvidelse
* gøre ngt. feudalt
ê`grandizmênt
Amid / mid / amidst the infighting within local lords,
it’s the kings intention to feudalize the whole country.
* omgivet af ngt.
* indre stridigheder indenfor ngt.
* være ngs. hensigt at -
373 At a feudal investiture, the king grants land to new
* ved >
tenants.
*
By a feudal investiture, a tenant becomes a feudatory
* feudal
* indsættelsesceremoni
* <<
who holds his land ( a fief or fee ) and feudal castle
* feudal
by feudal tenure.
*
* feudalherre
Feudalism is a social system in which people are given land * feudalisme
( a feudal estate: a fief or fee ) and protection by a nobleman,
*
lord or overlord, and have to work and fight for him in return.
*
By a homage, a formal public acknowledgement,
* lenshyldning
* anerkendelse
10 a feudal tenant or vassal declares himself to be the man
* erklære ng. som ( at - ) ngt.
or vassal of his lord owing him fealty and services.
* vasal- / lenspligt
troskab
Promising fidelity and loyalty to his lord, the homager has
* troskab overfor ng.
* hyldestpligtig person
fi`deliti
to do homage and pay homage to his lord.
* hyldest, tribut
lensafgift / -forpligtelse
The king confers knighthood on new vassals,
* overdrage ngt. til ng.
tildele ng.ngt.
and allots the new lords a fief; he allots a fief to new earls
* tildele ng. ngt.
* len
ê`låts
and barons.
In return the knight is obliged to allot some time to active
service in the king’s army.
In case the country goes to war the earls and barons
20 and other knights serve as officers in the kings army.
So when the king wages (a) war each lord has to
allot a prescribed number of soldiers to the king.
The king is the supreme commander of
the armed `forces or armed `services (E&).
When the king fights a war the lords call up soldiers, and
allot the king a number of compulsorily `conscript soldiers.
Each lord allots arming, outfit, and equipment to the king’s
army.
In line with the allotment of fiefs to feudal lords,
30 feudalism encroaches (up)on all parts of the country.
The ostensible aim / purpose of ( establishing ) feudalism
* … ng. ngt.
lensgods
*
* afsætte ( tid) til ngt.
*
* land
* gå i krig
*
* gå i krig
* afgive
* øverstbefalende
* de væbnede styrker
* udkæmpe en / føre krig
* tildele ng. ngt.
* =
* udskrive
* tvangsudskreven
værnepligtig
*
* i takt med
* til- / uddeling
* optage mere og mere af ngt.
* angivet, påstået
tilsyneladende
was usually the creation of a divine society.
So when the lords engaged in war, it was ostensibly
to either extend or defend the divine order of their territory.
* guddommelig
* <<
* guddommelig
* orden
374 The previous king had reigned for many years.
* regere i ( en tid )
During the reign of the king that had preceded the present * i løbet af /
* ngs. regeringstid
under >
king, the feudal system had been spread countrywide.
* over hele landet
/ det ganske land
In the reign of the present king, and in the preceding years * i ngs. regeringstid
the feudal system was a countrywide authoritarian system
* landsdækkende
build on authoritarianism.
* autoritarisme
* komme før ng.
* autoritært
enevældig myndighedsudøvelse
An authoritarian government is based on
* autoritær
an authoritarian society where everybody in authority
enevældig
* =
beneath the king has authority over his inferiors
* under ng,
10 and is bound to respect and obey his superiours.
*
Local authorities have to report to the king, so lords
* myndigheder
employers and family heads have to be authoritarians.
* … overhoved
The conditions of employment are very authoritarian.
* autoritær
Only the king has the authority to knight a nobleman,
* myndighed
* =
* med yndighedsbeføjelse
* have > * magt / myndighed over ng.
* enevældig myndighedsudøver
enevældig
and raise him to the noble rank of baron and earl.
*
The feudal vassals may hold their lands under a direct grant * bevilling
tildeling
from the king.
According to feudal law the Lord of the manor has
*
*
the right to control any part and any inhabitant of
*
20 his county or barony.
*
As (a) protection against invasion and plunder,
* som beskyttelse mod ngt.
feudality was ment to provide protection for all the tenants,
* feudalitet
vassals as well as villeins and copyholders.
* hovbonde
The feudal society developed into an exploitative social
* feudal-
system in which few people have all the power, and the upper
*
classes thrive on the exploitation of the lower classes.
* udbytning
The feudal system is a exploitive economic system.
* udbyttende
At the bottom, the villeins, partially free persons but serfs
*
with respect to their lord, slave ( away ) ( all day ) exploiting
* give / yde >
* beskyttelse til ng.
* fæstebonde
* samfund
* udbyttende
* lavere klasser
* pukle + adv.
* udnytte ngt.
30 all kinds of exploitable natural resources while, at the top, * som kan udnyttes
a few exploitative people amass all the riches (pl.) / wealth.
* udbyttende
The exploitive Black Baron is an unscrupulous exploiter. * =
* samle, rave til sig
dynge sammen
* skrupelløs
He is an alarming and frightening example of the exploitive * skræmmende
nature of a feudalistic system.
While the privileged ( few ) enjoyed their riches,
* udbytter
* =
* feudal
* de privilegerede ( få )
someone who belonged to the underprivileged ( masses )
* de under- … ( masser )
had very little possibility of rising from rags to riches.
* fra pjalter
The mass of people was / the masses were socially tied.
* rigdom
* ~ hovedparten af ngt.
* rigdomme
* rigdom
* masserne
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
375 As the superior of the barony, the baron can make
*
his own statutes.
* vedtægt
With exception of other noblemen and the few remaining
freemen, he can bring anybody to the manorial court.
So almost everybody in the barony is subject to the baron
*
*
* undergivet
/ -kastet / -lagt
and subject to his covetousness and whims.
* genstand for >
* begærlighed
griskhed
The Baron maintains a reign of terror.
* terrorregime
Everybody in the barony have to submit to the baron’s
* underkaste sig ngt.
power and submit himself or herself to him.
* … ng.
10 Having forced some recalcitrant, refractory and unruly
* tvinge ng. >
* genstridig
* =
* & uregerlig
ri`kalsitrênt
individuals to submit / into submitting by harsh punishment, * at underkaste sig
he frightens most people into submitting to his rule.
So with a few exceptions, he forces or frightens
his subordinates into submission.
People in the baron’s power and people at the mercy of
him bow their heads in submission.
The Black Baron never misses an opportunity to
conquer, subject, subjugate and subdue a piece of land.
Exploiting an oppressive and repressive law
* skræmme ng. til at * tvinge
* skræmme ng. >
* til underkastelse
* i ngs. magt / vold
* =
* i underkastelse
* forspilde en lejlighed til at * erobre
* undertvinge
* udnytte
* undertrykkende
and repressive measures to subjugate, subjec, suppress,
* under-
Exploiting the arcane language of the law, he tries to
* slå
* underordnet
20 the oppressive baron takes all kinds of oppressive
oppress, repress, and exploit the inhabitants of his barony.
* underkaste sig ngt.
* =
* undertrykkende
* =
* =
* =
* underkue >
* undertrykkende
kaste >
* undertrykke > * = >
* udnytte >
* undertrykke >
* indbygger
* mystisk, indforstået ( lovsprog )
a~`kein
subordinate the remaining freeholders to villeins
* underordne ng. til
and subject them to ville(i)nage / villa(i)nage.
* underkaste ng. til ngt.
* hoveri
Eager to enlarge his castle and reinforce it with buttresses, * murstøttepille
the Baron conscripts and recruits labour among his villeins.
kên`skripts
* udskrive / rekruttere ng.
* =
ri`kru~ts
In order to build up a power apparatus to control
his territory, he conscripts soldiers into his private army.
* magtapparat
* kontrollere ngt.
* udskrive ng. til ngt.
30 The baron knows the loyalty of his `conscripts is doubtful. * udskreven / værnepligtig soldat
As the fidelity of the conscript soldiers is doubtful,
the baron has hired some mercenaries.
* =
* lejesoldat
`mê~senêriz
The Black Baron is known to boast, brag, crow and gloat.
* prale, brovte
He boasts, brags, crows and gloats that he’s unique.
* prale med at -
krêuz
Bragging ( to everybody ) about / of his success
* prale ( til ng.) om ngt.
he boasts about / of his achievements,
* prale om / af ngt.
and gloating about / at / over his abilities,
* … om / af / over ngt.
he crows about / over his power.
* … om / over ngt.
* =
* =
376 The baron has the authority to levy tax, raise
* … myndighed
* udskrive /
* skat
opkræve >
* skat
* pålægge >
* øge /
hæve >
* afgift
ekstraskat
* beskatte ng.
til at -
and cut tax, and impose a levy ( on something ) .
By imposing a poll tax, the baron taxes everybody
at the same rate.
* nedskære >
* kopskat
*
Haing the right to impose / lay / levy / put a tax on goods
and services.
* lægge skat på ngt.
* opsuge ( penge )
As he has the right to increase and reduce taxation
he can determine tax rates, tax increases, and tax cuts.
So beyond paying poll tax, people pay tax on goods
10 and services; taxes that soak the poor.
As his machinery of power soaks up money,
* forhøje / formindske >
* skatterate
* apparat  * magt-
whoever possible and whatever possible goods or activities.
*
* ( opsuge ) ~ sluge ( penge )
* udskrive > * skat * afgift * på ngt.
* ude efter ( penge )
* for at -
* udnytte ngt. >
* lægge afgift / ekstraskat på ngt.
The baron’s taxman or tax collector collects the taxes.
* skatteopkræver
People pay so much in tax that they can hardly
* betale skat
make ( both ) ends meet.
* -nedskæring
* ( skat ) udsuge ng.
* begærlig
the King’s name to puts levies on whatever possible.
* skatteforhøjelse
* betale skat på ngt.
the covetous baron levies taxes, charges, and fines on
Always out for more money, the gready baron exploits
* beskatning
* =
* opkræve …
* få det hele til at hænge sammen
Most people, burdened by taxation, scratch a bare living. * tynge
20 They just / hardly manage to scratch a living.
* beskatning
* klare sig
Covetous of money the baron even extorts money.
* begærlig efter ngt.
He extorts money from the remaining freemen
* afpresse ngt. fra
who make a living as freeholders in country
* klare sig
as well as craftsmen and traders in the towns.
*
The subjugation of land and people, and the following
* skrabe sammen til
lige kunne klare sig
* afprese ngt.
* undertvingelse
/ -kuelse
subordination, oppression, repression, suppression
* underordning
and exploitation of course kindle rebellion against
* udbytning
* undertrykkelse
* =
* =
* opildne til ngt.
`kindl
the suppressor and his suppressive regime.
The oppressed of course harbour rebellious thoughts.
* undertrykker
* undertrykkende
* de undertrykte
* nære ngt.
30 Both the suppressed freemen and freeholders as well as * undertrykt
the subjugated subordinates, the oppressed villeins
* undertvungen
and the repressed servants, have a covert wish of
* undertrykt
uprising against the oppressor and his oppressive regime.
* oprør
* undertrykt
* … skjult / hemmeligt
* undertrykker
opstand
No wonder the `subject inhabitants, `subject to and victims * undergiven
of subordination and subjugation, and, in turn, ongoing
* underordning
suppression, oppression, repression and exploitation
* undertrykkelse
meditate rising against the repressive baronial tyranny.
* overveje /
pønse på ngt.
* undertrykkende
* underkastet ngt.
* underkastelse
* igangværende
/ -tvingelse
fortsat, vedvarede
* =
* =
* udbytning
* opstand /
oprør mod ngt.
* undertrykkende
377 People have to subdue their anger.
* af-, neddæmpe undertrykke ngt.
sêb`dju~
They have to repress their urge to rise in revolt.
* undertrykke ngt.
* rejse sig i
* oprør
opstand
* rejse sig imod
ri `pres
They have to suppress their urge to rise against the baron * =
as his `overseers keep an eye on every sign of insurrection, * opsynsmand
and his bailiff is ready to put down any attempt of rebellion.
The ruthless baron have until now been able to subdue
the rebels and brutally repress any rising.
* oprør
opstand
* slå ngt. ned
be- / nedkæmpe ngt
* undertvinge ng.
avlsforvalter
* ridefoged
godsforvalter
* skånselsløs
ubarmhjertig
* be- / nedkæmpe ngt.
The baron’s henchmen, a few but well-armed knights
* følgesvend
and mercenaries, are prepared to ruthlessly suppress any
* skånselsløst
håndgangen mand, håndlanger
* <<
ubarmhjertigt
10 sign of revolt whereever and whenever opposition groups
*
begin to emerge.
* dukke frem / op
Everybody in the slightest connection with an attempted
rebellion is dragged to the manorial court and risks their life.
As the court is in the baron’s pocket the legal proceedings
* i mindste berøring med
*
* i lommen på ng.
are a show trial; evidence in favour of the accused
* skueproces
is habitually suppressed so suppression of the truth
* undertrykke ngt.
is the rule rather than the exception.
* reglen snarere end undtagelsen
The baron and his henchmen unscrupulously resort to
* -lse af ngt.
* skrupelløst
* ty til
extorting confessions from accused people.
* afpresse / aftvinge ngt fra ng.
20 The baron has long ago repressed the painful memories
* undertykke / fortrænge >
of being brought up with an iron fist in a velvet glove.
* med jernhånd i fløjlshandske
He deftly avoids answering any question in this respect.
* behændigt
Growing up he suffered from an oppressively dominant
* på undertrykkende vis
father and mother.
When the baron later on taxed them with having failed
as parents, he ran his head against a brick wall.
Parrying all questions about his strict upbringing,
his parents warded () `off any criticism.
*
* bebrejde ng. at * løbe panden mod muren
* afværge ( spørgsmål )
* affærdige >
‘ You needed an iron hand to be disciplined,’ they parried. * jernhånd
30 Violence often begets violence.
Occationally subjected to awful and fiendish abuse,
* udsætte ng. for ngt.
* undertrykkende
which courts controversy, unpopularity and danger.
* indbyde /
for power, the baron courts anything but popularity.
’ God knows I don’t court popularity – anything but, ’
he brags / boasts / crows / gloats.
* kritik
* sige afværgende
* avle ngt.
the baron himself developed an oppressive behaviour.
Obsessed with power, obsessed by ( a morbid ) lust
* minde
* djævelsk
grusom
* mishandling
* strid, ( heftig ) uenighed
invitere til ngt.
( skarp ) meningsudveksling
* optaget af ngt. * besat af ngt. * sygelig * begær >
makaber
* efter ngt.
* bejle til /
* alt andet end ngt.
tragte efter ngt.
* alt andet end det
* prale, brovte
378 An arranged marriage was foisted (up)on the baron.
* arrangeret ægteskab
Arranged marriages are a sexual exploitation of woman.
* -lse
The baroness was foisted on her husband by her parents.
* … ng. ng.
Women are fettered by family responsibilities.
* bundet af ngt.
To make matters worse, so much the worse for her,
* ikke nok med det
after her arranged marriage was contracted the ingenuous
* påtvinge ng. ngt.
* så meget desto værre
* indgå
* troskyldig, naiv
oprigtig, åbenhjertig
in`d§enjuês
baroness eventually realized that her sex, youth,
* uerfarenhed
and inexperience has been exploited.
* uerfarenhed
mangel på erfaring
Anable to do anything without the baron’s authority
10 she feels chained to the bedroom and the kitchen.
So the oppressive baron’s marriage inevitably developed
* udnytte
* uden ngs. bemyndigelse / tilladelse
* lænke ng. til ngt.
* undertrykkende
into a suppressive, oppressive, and repressive relationship. * =
Hoping to produce `offspring, the baron had hoped to
beget (o-f) sons.
* afkom
* blive far til ngt.
He begot a natural daughter and son.
* <<
The baron openly `subjugates his wife and daughter to
* undertrykke ng. til fordel for ng.
his son.
* indenfor ægteskabet
*
Their personal ambitions are increasingly subjugated to
* undertrykt til fordel for ngt.
the needs of the baron himself and his son.
*
20 So just like women in common, the repressed baroness
* undertrykt
and her daughter like herself are furthermore both victims
*
of sexual oppression.
* undertrykkelse
The baron’s `morbid lust for power more and more
* & sygelig
* begær efter ngt.
* magt
makaber
creates a gloomy atmosphere in the castle.
*
The baron openly carries on (o-f).
* være utro
The cad openly carries on with a courtesan.
* sjover
kå~ti`zan E/A `kå~rtizên
Taking a liberal view of marital fidelity the baron
sjuft
* se stort på
* ægteskablig
* kurtisane, skøge
prostitueret
* troskab
has all the time been unfaithful to his wife.
* utro overfor
30 Indulging in adultery, not worrying about infidelity
* hengive sig til > * hor * & se stort på ngt. * troløshed
and unfaithfulness, he also sired (o-f) unnatural offspring.
* utroskab
The illegitimate daughter was disowned by her begetter.
* blive far til >
* uægte
the baroness’ feels fettered by matrimonial responsibilities.
She hasn’t yet been able just to imagine freeing herself
from the shackles of marriage and ruthless villainy.
When they have a heated argument ( with each other )
* afkom
børn
* fædrene ophav
* forstøde /
slå hånden af ng.
* gøre ng. den tjeneste at -
At least the villain does her the courtesy of telling the truth. * skurk
As conventions put fetters (up)on her enterprise,
* uægte
* lægge bånd på ngt.
* virkelyst
foretagsomhed
* bundet af ngt.
*
* lænke
* have >
about / over her rights, the room is soon charged with hatred. * om ngt.
* ubarmhjertig
* ophedet
* skurkagtighed
* diskussion /
skænderi
* ( være ) ladet med >
* med ng. >
* had
379 The tense atmosphere in the castle and the baron’s
* spændt
subjugation of both his wife and daughter more and more
* undertrykkelse
oppress both of them.
* gøre ng. nedtrykt
deprimere
As it seems impossible to have it out ( with the baron )
both women appear more and more subdued.
* få snakket ud ( med ng. ) og få løst problemet
* fåmælt
Even if they apparently live a life of the opulent elite, they
behave in a subdued manner having to subdue, repress
sêb`dju~d
and suppress their aversion to their villainous oppressor.
They begin to realize that they in fact just belong to
10 another group of oppressed inhabitants.
* hovedrig
* af-, neddæmpet
* undertrykke
* =
undertrykt
* =
* & modvilje * skurkagtig * undertrykker
*
* undertrykt
The reckless baron’s covetousness and rashness
seem to overshadow his judgement and discernment.
* ubesindig, dumdristig * begærlighed * overilethed
overmodig, hensynsløs
* dømmekraft
* overskygge
êuvê`$adêuv
In his recklessness the rash Black Baron doesn’t
hold back from encroaching (up)on land in dispute.
As he’s blinded by megalomania, nothing holds this
* <<-hed
* dømmekraft
skarpsindighed
* ubesindig
* holde sig tilbage fra at * forblændet af > * storhedsvanvid
* afholde ng. >
megêlêu`meiniê
* lidende af … * skurk * fra at -
megalomaniac villain back from being hasty.
The megalomaniac not only hastily and rashly annexes
- `meiniak
ê`neksiz
disputed land to his barony with reckless abandon,
but has (also) recklessly long coveted the chance
* person,
* forhastet * = * annektere / tilføje /
der lider af … overilet
tillægge ngt. >
* til ngt.
* ubesindig, overmodig * hensynsløshed
dumdristig
* … -t
* attrå / begære /
hige / tragte efter ngt.
to attack and conquer the White Baron’s castle,
*
20 and incorporate his territory into his own barony.
*
The coveted chance shall one day show up.
* være forhastet
* eftertragtet
The earls and the barons are part of an oppressive regime * undertrykkende
ment to retain the king’s control in all parts of the country.
Holding up-country fiefs, the feuding barons
* fastholde
* langt-ude-på-landet
-`-
lead a countrified existence far from the life at court.
* landlig
bondsk
The castles are often in a somehow inaccessible position
amid countryside, thus surrounded by open land
* utilgængelig
* midt i /
* natur- og agerland
* åben land
omgivet af ngt.
in the immedite vicinity and wooded land at a safe distance. * i umiddelbar nærhed
* skovklædt land
vi`siniti
As lifelines to the surrounding world, and as lifelines for
* livline / livsnerve til ngt.
* … for ng.
30 wayfarers and other travellers, the winding country lanes * vejfarende
wainding
cut through open and wooded country.
In their castles and at the manors, the barons frequently
meet with countryfolks: countrymen and countrywomen.
People from the countryside who seem stupid
( = rejsende til fods )
* skære sig igennem ngt.
*
* folk fra / opvokset på landet
come to or caught the king’s attention.
* -mand
* -kvinder
*
or have countrified manners are called ( country ) bumpkins. * bondsk
As the barons’ feud takes place up-country it hasn’t really
* bugtende
* landevej
snoet
* åben * skovklædt * land
* bondeknold
* langt ude på landet
* indprente sig i / fange ngs. opmærksomhed
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
380 The Black Baron and his reckless and fiendish acts
* ubesindig, dumdristig
provide a foil for the White Baron and his regime.
* kontrasterende baggrund for ng. / ngt.
* grusom
( der fremhæver de gode kvaliteter )
The White Baron is known to be quite kind-hearted.
* godhjertet
-`-
As he treats his subordinates rather kind-heartedly
and less oppressively he is known for his kind-heartedness.
* =
* -hed
The Black Baron is a foil for / to the White Baron.
* danne flatterende baggrund for ng.
The White Baron grants and sells chaters and franchises
* rettigheds-, frihedsbrev
which exempt the villeins from villeinage and serfdom.
It allows them to be freemen and freeholders
* privilegium
privilegium
* fritage ng. fra
*
10 So the White Baron franchises freeholdings in villages
* udkoncessionere
in the outskirts of his territory.
*
The White Baron’s wife died during her second pregnancy. * dø under graviditeten
One day she came out in a rash and died covered in rash. * få udslæt
During the short span ( of life time ) allotted to her, she
* dækket af …
* den korte levetid der var ham beskåret
managed to plant kind-heartedness in many people’s minds. * plante ngt. i
The aristocracy in general were Christian supremacists.
* venlig- /
godhjertethed
* overlegenhedstroende
They championed the notion of white Christian aristocratic * være fortaler for ngt.
supremacy `instituted by the Supreme Being.
* opfattelse
* førestilling
20 Championing the cause of Christian charity,
* indstifte
* det højeste væsen
overlegenhed
gud
* nægte at vedkende sig
/ anerkende
* kæmpe for ngt.
* ( kristen ) næstekærlighed
the baroness was a champion of the underprivileged.
* forkæmper for ng.
The baroness disowned this notion of supremacy.
* de underprivilegerede
- `pri -
The baron was utterly bereft (adj.) and mournful
* ladt alene
* bedrøvet
`må~nfl
when his dearly beloved ( wife ) had died.
* højt elsket
bi`lûvid
Gathered to grieve / mourn her death / their sad loss,
* begræde >
* død
* trist
* tab
må~n
people mourn ( for ) / grieve ( for ) the late baroness.
At her burial, the mourners stood in silent homage around
the grave, weighed down with grief at her untimely death.
The funeral was an ordeal for the bereaved;
* begræde / sørge over ng.
* deltager ved begravelse
pl. ~ de sørgende
* tynget / knuget af sorg
* blive berøvet / efterladt
30 The priest preceded his speech with a prayer.
* indlede ngt. med ngt.
to her loving care and championship of Christian charity.
The priest offered relief for the pain of emotional crises
* til ngt.
the bereaved families.
* efterladt
The charitable baroness was beloved by / of everybody.
* kamp for ngt.
* lindring
* tab ved dødsfald
bereavement and relieve the bereaved baron.
* alt for tidlig død
* udtrykke sin hyldest til ng. >
following bereavement and offered counselling for
No preaching of the Word could really relieve the pain of
* hyldest
* de efterladte
for those families who had been recently bereaved.
In his speech the priest paid homage to the baroness,
* nyligt afdøde
* prædiken af >
* rådgivning
* guds ord
* lette >
* smerte
*
* god- / velgørende
barmhjertig, næstekærlig
* elsket
381 Owing to matrimonial bereavement, the baron
* på grund af ngt.
for a while withdrew / retired { into himself to reconsider;
* trække sig ind i sig selv
* tab af ægtefælle
* genoverveje
ri~kên`sidê
to reconsider his attitude to life and the world.
The White Baron describes his outlook on life as
* … ngt.
* holdning til …
* & livsholdning
a homage to his beloved and much too soon departed wife. * hyldest
The fact that the White Baron’s rather kind-hearted
* elsket
* alt for tidligt
* afdød
* venlig
godhjertet
treatment of people, of his villeins, the freeholders,
*
and his baronial court obviously pays him
* hof
is a thorn in the flesh / side of the Black Baron.
* torn i øjet på ng.
10 A knight, noble or non-noble, must keep up his military
*
skills and be prepared to use his skill in fighting at combat.
*
In the Black Baron’s opinion the White Baron demonstrates
wimpy conduct (U) which shows lack of energy and stamina
The Black Baron believes that the White Baron’s reputation
is due to a wimpish behaviour.
* betale sig for ng.
*
* pjokket
* energi
kraft
skvattet
* udholdenhed
*
* <<
Convinced that the White Baron's behaviour displays lack
*
of courage and exhibits weakness, the Black Baron believes
*
the White Baron is a wimp, easy to subdue and defeat
* pjok
in single combat.
* tvekamp
skvat
20 So in order to solve the dispute over land to his advantage *
the Black Baron submits a proposal to the king suggesting
*
a trial by combat.
* retsafgørelse ved kamp
The king consults with the Privy Council about the matter. * rådføre sig med >
He confers with the Privy Councillors about the matter.
* =
Having confered with his advisers on how to rule
* … om
the matter, the king prescribes a single combat
* afgøre
to settle the dispute and end the feud.
*
Knights train in the use of lance and sword, battleaxe,
* stridskølle
30 and bolts.
* … pil
* geheimeråd
* foreskrive, forordne
fastsætte
* stridsplejl
* kæmpende
`kåmbêtênts E/A kêm`batnts
To minimize the risk of anyone actually being killed,
they fight with blunt weapons until one of them gives up.
The White Baron finds trial by combat an absurd way
of solving a legal case.
Like any other knight obliged by knighthood as a vassal
* om ngt.
* stridsøkse
spiked mace, battle flail, bow and arrow, crossbow
The combatants will oppose each other on foot.
* geheimeråd
*
* sløv, stump
* & meningsløs
*
*
of the king, the White Baron must, however, always be
*
prepared for combat.
*
* bue
* pil
* kæmpe mod ng.
* armbrøst
* til fods
382 Only a few noblemen are exempt (adj.) from military
* fritaget ng. fra
service.
*
The king decides whether a physical or mental disability
may exempt a nobleman from service.
After a war a number of disabled knights are usually
given exemption from service.
* handikap
* fritage ng. fra
*
* fritagelse fra ( tjeneste )
As the white Baron knows that fighting against
the Black Baron is a demanding and exacting task, he starts
*
* krævende
* =
training, practising and exercising every day in the courtyard. * gård, -splads
10 People see the combat as part of a struggle between
* kamp mellem >
the good and the bad: between good and evil.
* det / de gode og det / de onde
People who have `access to the court of the castle
* have adgand til ngt.
can’t help noticing, though, that the White Baron has lost
*
the deftness and dexterity of his youth.
* adræt- / behændig- /
No wonder the White Baron is in a subdued mood,
sêb`dju~d
and there is an oppressive atmosphere in the castle.
* kæmpe videre
Everybody behaves in a subdued manner,
* <<
and speaks in a subdued voice.
* =
20 The children, however, play as they are used to do.
*
Two boys engage in a struggle for fun.
* komme i >
They struggle together on the grass.
* slås ~ med hinanden
They usually struggle until one of them gains / gets / has
* få >
* med >
According to chivalry, a person should , however,
*
So a person should learn to be gracious in defeat,
* =
* slåskamp
* ~ overtaget
It seems quite natural to accept defeat with (a) bad grace.
demonstrate / display gracefulness and graciousness.
* =
fingernemhed
* kuet, forknyt
nedtrykt
* nedslående
Nevertheless, the baron struggles along / on.
the upper hand.
* godt og ondt
* slet, uvenlig
* elegance, taktfuldhed
værdighed
* venlig, elskværdig
give in gracefully, and accept defeat with (a) good grace.
* værdigt
30 Struggling with his opponent, one of boys suddenly
* kæmpe / slås med ng.
struggles free as he’s incidently hit in his mouth.
* kæmpe sig >
* mine
* elskværdighed
* i nederlag ( -ets stund )
* med (en) god mine
* fri
* ramme ng. på munden
A TOURNAMENT
383 In order to demonstrate his sovereign position to
* suveræn
the subjects of the kingdom and impress its citizens,
* undersåt
eneherskende
* statborger
statsborger i kongerige
the king regularly arrange for his subjects to be provided with * arrangere ngt. for ng.
opulent entertainment.
As an important demonstration of his sovereignty,
* overdådig
* suverænitet
overherredømme
the king holds prestige tournaments around the country.
* afholde … turnering
There is a taste for formal contests in court circles.
* lancedyst
The day of the trial by combat comes.
* oprinde
A tournament of joust(s) commences the entertainment.
* lancedyst
* prestige
* hofkredse
djaust
10 Once a year the king holds the national championship
* holde >
in order to find the national champion.
* … mester
The current holder of the national championship
is this year’s most winning champion jouster.
The supreme champion has won many championships
and held the national championship for three years.
* mesterskab
* indehaver
* mesterskab
* mester
* uovertruffen
* vinde >
* lancedyster
turneringsrytter
* mesterskab
* være indehaver af >
* =
In the field of joust, he reigns supreme.
* indenfor ( felt / område ) * regere / være uovertruffen
Suddenly the trumpets blare.
* trumpet
* gjalde
`Fanfares blare out from the trumpets.
* fanfare
* … ud ( fra ngt. )
The trumpets blare ( out ) fanfares as the jousts
* gjalde ngt. ud
20 get under way.
* gå i gang
Blaring trumpet fanfares `herald the arrival of the knights.
* gjaldende
The blare of the fanfares makes conversation impossible.
* gjaldende larm
At the introductory presentation round, the armoured
* introduktion * præsentation * runde * rustningsklædt
* bebude ngt.
indledning
knights on horseback together with their squires and pages
* hesteryg
present a dazzling array of banners and coats of `arms.
* fremvise ngt.
A vast and impressive array of spectators, most of them
arrayed in all their finery, have come to see the joust(s).
There are a number of tilts before the competing barons
* klædt ( fint ) på
* dyst / -løb, ridderturnering
* kæmpe
30 In single combat the jousters in armour tilt two and two
* rustning
in the tiltyard in front of the `grandstand.
* turneringsplads
the tilters mount their horses at the end of the lists (pl.).
* dyste
* turneringsrytter
Tilting at each other, the knights wear a personal surcoat, * dyste med ng.
a garment worn over the armour and embroidered with
* rustning
heraldic arms.
*
Their wear gauntlets, gloves covered in metal.
* våbenmærke
/ -skjold
* =
are going to combat.
Jousting in twos, wearnig their suits of armour,
* række, stribe
mængde
* stridshandske
* pynt
stads
* konkurrerende
* dyste
* to og to
* to og to
to ad gangen
* tribune
* iklædt
* rusting
* bestige /
* turneringsbane
stige op på ngt.
* kåbe
våbenfrakke
384 In a combative mood and combative spirit, holding
* kamplysten, krigerisk
`kåmbêtiv E/A kêm`bativ
their lances vertical, both jousters wait for the starting signal. * lodret
The joust is subject to delay because of `tumult.
* =
( i krigshumør )
* turneringsrytter
* genstand /
* tumult
tummel
udsat for
A tumult of shouting and screaming come from the crowd.
*
At a signal, given by the `heralds, the knights ride towards
* herold
each other tilting their lances, ready to strike,
* tippe
and, at the same time, protect themselves with their shields.
*
Holding their lances at a poised position both of them
* angribe
ramme
* afbalanceret, parat
poise themselves to tilt at their opponent.
* finde balancen til at - * angribe ng.
* modstander
10 Rushing at each other (at) full tilt both tilters charge (at)
* suse afsted
* angribe ng.
their opponent and thrust at him with his lance.
* angribe ng. // stikke / støde mod ng.
As they meet at the middle of the lists right in front of
* i fuld fart
* turneringsbane
the court, the king and the queen, members of the royal family, * hof
courtiers ( court officials ) and the top of the nobility,
* ansat ved hoffet
each knight tries to strike and tilt his `adversary.
* ramme
hofembedsmand
* tippe
A well-placed thrust may knock the opponent off his horse. * stød
The knight who keeps his position in the saddle
or whose lance tip breaks off is the winner.
All the knights joust two by two in front of the grandstand.
* spids
* to ad gangen
* dyste
round of the jousts.
*
while others seem gifted with a dazzling array of talent.
* støde sb. af ngt
* sadel
20 Having all tilted by twos, the winners go on to the next
Some knights seem to have a mediocre talent for tilting
* tribune
* to ad gangen
* … middelmådig
* begavet med ngt.
The champion of last year was a great talent.
* være et …
He is a man of many talents.
* med mange talenter
He has great artistic talent and shows considerable
* have ( artistisk ) talent
talent for poising himself in the saddle and hit his opponent. * … for ngt.
He conquers yet another challenger in the final.
The spectators cheer, clamouring for a special reward
30 for the champion; they clamour him specially rewarded.
They clamour to see the king grant him a special reward.
* modstander
* besejre /
* vinder
* talent for ngt.
* mængde
* =
* ~ holde balancen i ngt.
* udfordrer
overvinde ng.
* højlydt stille krav om ngt.
* finale
* kræve ng.
* højlydt kræve at -
The king doesn’t neglect their clamour for a special reward * højlydt krav om ngt.
so he lavishes { him with favours / his favours (up)on him.
The champion of the year before last was a good jouster,
but reckless.
* overøse ng. med >
* gunstbevisning
* forrige år
* ubesindig, dumdristig
overmodig, hensynsløs
Showing reckless courage, he jousted recklessly.
* =
Excited by the clamour of the crowd, his reckless jousting
* larm
showed, however, a reckless disregard for his own safety.
- `ga~d
* <<<
* <<
* ligegyldighed
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
385 Although his career started brilliantly, it nevertheless
*
sank into mediocrity so to keep up his courage
* synke ned i middelmådighed
mi~di`åkriti
in the face of reckless competition,
* ansigt til ansigt
he took to boozing and chatting up the local talent (UE)
by means of his mental and verbal dexterity.
* ubesindig, dumdristig * konkurmed > overmodig, hensynsløs
rence
* drikke alkohol * besnakke ng. * seksuelt attraktive
overdrevent
unge mennesker
* mental
* verbal
* dygtighed
He has already ended up as a knight of the road.
* landevejsridder
There is a wealth of young talent among pages
* … rigdom af … talent
and squires.
*
Talented youngsters enter for talent competitions,
* talentfuld * melde sig til > * talent- * konkurrence
10 talent contests, and talent shows to perform ( an act )
* =
and compete with their competitors for a prize.
* konkurrere med ng. >
hoping to be spotted by talent scouts and talent spotters.
* få øje på / opdage ngt.
There is considerable prestige attached to competing
in / at a tournament of joust or any other contest.
Of course, the most coveted glory and coveted prestige
* -show
* optræde ( med ngt. )
( udføre en handling )
* konkurrent
* om ngt.
* konkurrere >
* i / ved ngt.
* attrået
* hæder
* =
eftertragtet
is to win the tournament and get the first prize.
The champion steps up before the king and receives
the much coveted trophy together with the concomitant
*
* mester* <<<
* trofæ
præmie
kên`kåmitênt
sum of money.
* medfølgende
ledsagende
*
20 The reigning champion will be the defendant champion * regerende
in the next tournament.
* mester
* forsvarende …
*
After the distribution of prizes, it is announced that
* uddeling
the Black Baron has thrown the gauntlet to the White Baron. * kaste jernhandske til ng. = udfordre ng.
He has challenged the white Baron to ( fight in )
* udfordre ng. til ( at ) ngt.
a single combat and, in the nature of the case,
* i sagens natur
the White Baron has taken up / picked up the gauntlet.
* ~ tage imod udfordringen
Confident of victory and never above triumphalism,
* sejrssikker
* hævet over
looking forward to a showdown with the White Baron,
* endeligt opgør / styrkeprøve med ng.
the Black Baron emerges from his tent
* dukke frem fra
30 with a triumphalist smile.
* triumferende
* triumferen
& hoveren
( & læggen kortene på bordet )
& hoverende
The White Baron is going to tilt with a blunt sword
while the Black Baron fights with a combat flail.
A herald announces the authorized rules of chivalry
set to curb the worst brutality.
* kæmpe med ngt.
* plejl
* offentligt godkendt
*
The White Baron seems a bit subdued.
* afdæmpet
Although he seems rather chastened and nervous,
* afdæmpet
forknyt
t$eisnd
he carries himself with chivalrous dignity
The only way to conquer a fear is to control it.
ydmyg
* føre sig frem
* beherske /
overvinde >
* frygt
386 Unable to suppress a fiendish grin, the self-confident
* undertrykke
* djævelsk
Black Baron for his part braggingly draws attention to
* storpralende
* tiltrække sig opmærksomhed
himself.
*
Through his spies he has kept himself informed
about the White Baron’s condition as being a poor effort.
* holde sig >
* smil
* informeret
* form
* povert >
* forsøg
resultat
Recounting their experiences to the Black Baron, his spies * berette ngt. til ng.
have concurrently recounted what they have experienced.
* … hvxx
So the Black Baron is confident that the challenge shouldn’t *
be too taxing for him; it shouldn’t be too demanding for him.
* anstrengende / krævende for ng.
10 So eager to strike as soon as the combat starts,
* angribe
the Black Baron starts to tilt at the White Baron with his flail.
* dyste mod ng.
Positive about his opponent’s poor condition / E& form,
the Black Baron poise himself to charge (at) his opponent.
As the White Baron seems only just able to defend himself,
the spectators hold their breath in excitement.
* overbevist om ngt.
* ringe form
* ~ finde balancen til at -
* angribe ng.
*
* holde vejret
* i ophidselse
The Black Baron considers his rival to be too ingenuous.
* troskyldig, naiv
Positive that the White Baron is easy to defeat,
* overbevist om at -
oprigtig, åbenhjertig
the Black Baron fails to give safety precedence,
* give ngt. >
* forrang
`presidêns
but spents all his energy striking at the White Baron.
* slå til mod / angribe ng.
20 The spectators shout with excitement as the Black Baron * af ophidselse
thrusts at the hard-`pressed White Baron.
The spectators who side with the White Baron are unable
* støde mod / angribe ng.
*
to subdue their anxiety, subdue an anxious shudder,
* dæmpe
and subdue an urge to wail, moan or groan.
undertrykke
* =
* jamre
The more violently the Black Baron attacks, the more
* hårdt presset
* =
* =
* skælven
gys, -en
* =
*
agility and dexterity the White Baron seems able to produce. * adræthed
ê`d§iliti
* =
* frembringe / -vise <
behændighed
* undertrykke ( ophidselse, begejstning )
repress a knowing smile, and repress an urge to shout.
* =
The White Baron’s son is unable to repress his excitement,
Incessantly battering on the White Baron’s shield with
* uophørligt
30 graceless blows, the Black Baron inceasingly charges
* uelegant, kluntet
(at) his opponent, but with poor result for all his efforts.
* med ringe >
Gracelessly he tilts, thrusts, and strikes at his opponent
* behændigt
and dext(e)rously wards () off every attack.
* behændigt
* =
* til trods for alle ngs. >
bestræbelser
* angribe ng.
* parere / afværge ( slag )
* afværge / parere ngt.
* blive afbøjet / pareret af ngt.
gracefully deflecting every blow with his shield,
* elegant
the White Baron incessantly wards () off the Black Baron.
* uophørligt
‘ Counterattack – counterattack ! ‘ the crowd clamours.
* resultat
* uelegant, kluntet
but all in vain as the White Baron deftly parries every blow,
All the time his flail deflects off the White Barons shield.
* slag
* modangribe / modangreb
* afværge / parere ( slag )
* vægre sig imod ng.
* højlydt kræve
387 His incessant attacks in vain together with his inceasing * uophørlig
* =
disappointment at his opponents unexpected deft footwork
* uventet
and deft parries really taxes the Black Baron’s strenght;
kvik, dygtig
* =
it eventually drains the Black Baron of energy and attention.
* dræne / tappe ng. for ( energi )
At the first lull in the fighting, the suddenly dext(e)rous
White Baron briefly poises his sword in his hand.
Poising his sword to launch a deft counter-attack,
* adræt
* benarbejde
* parade
* ophold / stilstand i >
* bebyrde, -laste
stille store krav til
* kampen
* afbalancere ngt. + adv.
* behændig
* i hånden
* afbalancere ngt.
and surprising deftness / dexterity that the Black Baron is hit
* adræt
* modangreb
( over ngt. ) for at behændig
* = -t
* ~ slå igen
* snilde, snedighed
opfindsomhed
* adræt- / behændighed
10 by several deft / dext(e)rous blows on his helmet.
* behændigt ( slag )
he deftly strikes back with such ingenuity
ind§ê`njù~iti
He is struck by the White Baron’s sword with such force
that he tumbles to the ground unconscious.
* hjelm
*
* dygtig
* tumle til >
* jorden
* bevidstløs
ûn`kån$ês
Breaking into thunderous / tumultuous applause,
* bryde ud i tordnende / vildt bifald
tju~`mûlt$uês
the audience gives the White Baron a big round of applause. * give ng. >
Having fainted and fallen to the ground with a bump,
the Black Baron lies on the ground in a (dead) faint.
Emerging from the combat in triumph, the White Baron
* et stort bifald
* besvime
* med et bump
* i et besvimelsesanfald
* komme ud af ngt.
* i triumf
clenches his fist in triumph (a)mid tremendous applaus.
* knytte > * næven * midt i /
20 rapturous applause (U) from his ardent supporters.
* stormende
* enorm * bifald
omgivet af ngt. overvældende
Having conquered his opponent, the White Baron receives * besejre / overvinde ng.
* motage >
In fact, he gets a two minutes standing ovation.
* bifald
* glødende, begejstret
larmende
ivrig, passioneret
* give
* ordentlig / begejstret / opildnende * ovation
ng. >
klapsalve
* få stående …
Had the sword not been blunt(ed), the White Baron
* ( gøre ) sløv / stump
`rapt$êrês
They give him a huge / rapturous / rousing ovation.
êu`vei$ên
could easily have stabbed his opponent to death.
* stikke ng. >
As a bucket(<ful) of cold water brings / restores the loser * spand (<fuld )
* til døde
* bringe >
of the trial by combat to consciousness, the public giggle
* til bevidsthed
and snigger E/eA snicker ( at the Black Baron ).
* = ( stille, skadefro )
Waking up to the brute facts of defeat,
* taber
* grine, fnise ( ad ngt. )
( muntert / nervøst )
* hårde kendsgerning
the beaten and defeated baron is subjected to redicule.
30 Unable to subdue their gleeful feelings, and unable
to subdue an urge to gloat over the Black Baron’s defeat,
the public can barely subdue their malicious laughter.
* slagen * =
* gøre til genstand /
udsætte for ngt.
* jublende glad, triumferende
hoverende, skadefro
* fryde / godte sig
hovere
* skadefro
* latterliggørelse
Even among the Black Baron’s crowd / gang, some of them * slæng
can’t help tittering, but the sound of repressed giggles,
* grine, fnise
subdued titters / sniggers E/eA snickers,
( stille & nervøst )
* =
The Black Baron deflects / parries all questions.
* grin, fnis
( muntert / nervøst )
* grin, fnis
* =/=
( stille & nervøst )
( skadefro )
* undertrykt
* tumult, tummel, forvirret larm
stærk ophidselse, forvirring, opstandelse
* afværge / parere ngt.
‘ I’ve relied on mediocrities,’ he parries in a lather (E).
* middelmådighed
and suppressed laughs is hardly heard in the tumult.
`tju~mûlt
* undertrykt
~ middelmådi person
* ophidset
( i skum )
388 The trial by combat tested the ingeniuty of both barons.
Having triumphed over his rival, the ingenious White
* teste
* opfindsom- / snild- / snedighed
afprøve
* triumfere / sejre over ng. * opfindsom, snild, snedig
in`d§i~niês
Baron emerged triumphant from the combat.
The White Baron’s victory is a triumph of ingenuity;
it is a triumph of ingenious ways of solving a problem.
The White Baron’s victory is a personal triumph over
his old rival.
* komme >
* sejrende
sejrrig
* ud af ngt.
* triumf / sejr for >
* <<<
* =
* opfindsom etc. ( måde )
* … over ng.
*
Unable to repress his relief, the victor can hardly repress
a cry of triumph and an urge to exult triumphantly.
* undertrykke ngt.
* sejrherre
* triumfudbrud
* =
* juble, triumfere
* triumferende
ig`zûlt
10 Unable to repress his exultation, the White Baron
* -n
egzûl`tei$ên
exults at his victory with an ill-concealed smile of triumph.
Exulting in his triumph, he is unable to repress
* juble / triumfere over ngt. * slet skjult * triumferende
sejrrig
* undertrykke
* =
a triumphant smile and an urge to shoot a sideways glance * triumferende
of triumph at his defeated rival.
Exulting over his triumph and unable to repress
an exultant and devastating smile, he can scarcely repress
* sende >
* sideværts
* blik
~ blik til siden
* =
* juble / triumfere over ngt.
* triumferende
* kraftbetonet ( smil )
ig`zûltênt
an urge to drop a derisive, caustic, and devastating remark. * hånlig
‘ Pride goes before a fall ‘, he exults caustically.
Exultant at their favourit’s victory, the White Baron’s fans
20 exultantly applaud, acclaim and cheer their hero.
The fans applaud the White Baron for his brave deed.
* svidende * sønder( bemærkning )
spottende
lemmende
* hovmod står for fald * juble, triumfere * svidende
sarkastisk
* -nde
* -ned
* hylde med bifald
The White Baron and his deed wins popular acclaim.
* … med hurraråb
* hylde ng. for ngt.
Acclaiming his devastating performance as a brave deed, * hylde >
they acclaim him as their hero.
* =
* kraftfuld ( præstation )
* som ngt.
* … ng. …
* hyldest
anerkendelse
Having attended his father’s highly acclaimed performance, * overvære >
the White Baron’s son exults that for once
* hyldet
anerkendt
* juble / triumfere / hovere at -
justice has been done.
* retfærdigheden er sket fyldest
The Black Baron is unable to suppress his anger and fury
* dæmpe
* raseri
and furious look on his face, he makes no effort to suppress
undertrykke
* indbyde /
* hån
invitere til >
spot
* ophidselse
vrede, skuffelse etc.
* rasende
an urge to grumble ( at everybody ) ( at / about his defeat ).
* beklage / brokke sig
knowing his defeat courts derision and ridicule.
30 Unable to suppress his tumult and with an angry
He grumbles to everybody at / about his henchmen
and at / about how he has been trapped.
* latterliggørelse
* til ng.
* … ng.
* … ngt.
* fange i en fælde
He grumbles that he had walked / fallen into the trap,
* beklage / brokke sig over at -
‘ You’ve been a fool,’ he grumbles and chas`tises himself
* beklage / brokke sig
Pent-up rage courts a nervous breakdown.
* dæmpe
undertrykke
* over / omkring ngt.
give ondt af sig
* =
in a furious subdued voice followed by a muttered oath (o-f). * undertrykt toneleje
* indestængt
* optræden
* gå i fælden
* kritisere / irettesætte ng.
* mumlet
* ed
* invitere til ngt.
389 The Black Baron received dents in his helmet
* bule i ngt.
courtesy of his rival’s flail, and swellings and bumps
* på grund af /
by courtesy of his rival’s hits.
takket være ngt.
* =
* hævelse
Alcohol suppresses pain.
* dæmpe / stille >
The Black Baron drinks alcohol as a pain suppressant.
* dæmper
‘ He who laughs last laughs longest / loudest,’
* den der ler sidst ler bedst
* bule
* smerte
stiller
he giggles and snickers /eA sniggers nervously as he,
* grine, fnise ( muntert, nervøst ) * = ( stille, skadefro )
considers / contemplate / meditates revenge.
* overveje / pønse på >
After the tournament, the king has a meeting with
10 the feuding barons.
* hævn
*
* fejdende
The king and the barons exchange courtesies.
* udveksle høfligheder
After an exchange of courtesies they get down to business. * udveksling af …
Not surprisingly it comes to a clash / showdown between
the barons over the disputed land.
As the king, however, soon loses patience,
* sammenstød / opgør mellem ng. >
* over ngt.
* miste >
* tålmodigheden
he impose a settlement by force /
* indføre ngt. med magt
he forces () a solution of the problem ( through ).
* fremtvinge ( gennemtvinge ) ngt.
~ påtvinge ngt., sætte trumf på
sætte trumf på
The Black Baron is banished from the disputed land.
* forvise ng. fra ngt.
He is told to pull () out / withdraw his men from
* trække ng. tilbage fra ngt.
20 the annexed land, and is banned from annexing land.
Bad tempered and graceless in defeat,
* få / have forbud mod at –
* ~ opfarende * ukultiveret * i nederlag ( -ets stund )
galsindet
taktløs
* nederlag
usually unable to accept defeat with (a) good grace,
* godtage >
the Black Baron, for once, pulls himself together
* for en gangs skyld
not to appear discourteous and impolite.
* uhøflig
* med ( en ) god mine
* tage sig sammen
* =
impê`lait
It has come to / reached his ears that the king
* komme ng. for øre
had got the giggles / has had a fit of the giggles when he
* få et grinenfald
had heard about how the Black Baron had been fooled.
*
Feeling as if tortured by an oppressive heat,
* & martret / plaget af ngt.
* trykkende …
he pulls himself together and appears courteous.
* høflig
30 Knowing the crucial importance of paying court to (o-f)
* optræde respektfuldt for at opnå noget
the king, he represses any urge to make a discourteous reply. * uhøflig
With an effort of will / E& with ( an ) effort
* med en viljeanstrengelse / med besvær
the Black Baron manages to suppress any urge
*
to let a discourteous remark fall.
* lade … falde
Instead he recounts ‘ I’ve always gone all out to serve
his gracious Majesty the King. ‘
* berette
* nådige
* sætte alt ind på at -
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
A COURT BALL
* hofbal
390 The king holds a celebration for the nobility who have
*
come to compete in / at the tilts or watch the tilt.
* konkurrere i / ved ( dyst
There’s plenty to do and see at the celebration,
* massevis >
The celebration offers / there are / the guests have
* byde på ngt.
plenty of / an abundance of / a plenitude of / a plethora of
* at lave etc.
* massevis af ngt.
* overflod af ngt.
* =
* =
`ple#êrê
abundant and plentiful possibilities and opportunities.
* righoldig
* =
* muligheder * gunstige lejligheder
The celebration offers / people have plenty of opportunity. * rigeligt af ngt.
It’s a plentiful / an abundant opportunity ( for people )
* lejlighed
* righoldig
* =
* =
to meet people from other parts of the country as well as
* lejlighed til at -
* egne af landet
10 people from foreign countries or foreign lands.
* fremmed land
* & område
Some guests come from abundant lands / lands of plenty. * rig
Countrymen and countrywomen meet
fellow countrymen and fellow countrywomen.
Talking about the old country, the foreigners talk about
* landsmand
* fødeland
* fædreland
native country or native land.
* =
and requires great courage and dexterity in arms.
* indebære / medføre ngt.
* behændighed med våben
Especially for the landless knights participating in
*
20 tournaments and the social gatherings connected
*
with them is an important way of gaining prestige
*
and climb the social ladder.
*
The knights `errant are wandering knights who travel
in search for adventure.
* landsmandinde
* med- …=
their mother country or motherland and life in their
Participating in a tournament always involves a risk
* land
* vandrende ridder
*
As the king’s vassal it is the Black Baron’ duty
*
much against his will to participate in the king’s ball
* bal
together with his wife and daughter.
*
A servant must have a sense of decorum
* sømmelighed
de`kårêm
and behave with decorum; he should be decorous,
* =
* sømmelig
`dekêrês
30 always courteous and helpful.
* høflig
The king’s servants are friendly and courteous.
* =
Knowing the Black Baron to be touchy about his defeat
* sart / pirrelig mht. ngt.
he is treated with the utmost courtesy by the servants.
* høflighed
The knights are bound to `chivalrous conduct.
* ridderlig
A knight must behave chivalrously and courteously.
*
A discourteous knight who behaves discourteously may
* uhøflig
be disciplined for breaching the court’s rules of decorum.
høflig, beleven
-t
* bryde >
* høfligt
* -t
* regel for >
* sømmelighed
391 Having given a gracious bow to their gracious Majesties * graciøst ( buk )
the King and the Queen, the White Baron chivalrously
* ridderligt
holds court with the king and queen and their courtiers.
* holde hof med ng.
* nådige ( majestæt )
høfligt, belevent
Holding court, the baron now reveals his secret.
* holde hof
The training, practice and exercise in the court was just
*
a fake performance in which the baron faked poor form.
* falsk
* fingere / simulere ngt.
fingeret
I deep secrecy the baron and his son have
*
alloted a couple of hours every night to training, practising
* afse ngt. til
and exercising in the basement.
*
10 As a suitor (o-f) a successful jouster has a bewildering
* bejler
array of options.
* række, stribe
mængde
As a wooer, a handsome, chivalrous, and courteous tilter * bejler
has a wide array of noble ladies to choose from.
The White Baron’s son holds court, too.
he holds court to the other squires and pages.
Looking forward to knighthood they keep an eye on how
mængde
* holde hof
* … for
*
* sømmmeligt
and courteously pay their respect to the noble ladies.
* høfligt
20 refuse or turn down her request.
* afslå
*
Opponents of the King's taste in music think that
* modstander
and that the band gave a mediocre performance.
* ridderligt
høfligt, belevent
* uhøfligt at
The band is chosen by the King himself.
the King has an odd, queer, and peculiar taste in music,
* besynderlig, sær
* =
mærkelig, underlig
* give …
* middelmådig
They whisper in the corners that the band’s performance * hviske i krogene
was only mediocre.
Behind the King’s back, the `adversaries of the King’s
* høflig
* række, stribe
the knights behave decorously as they chivalrously
If a lady requests a dance it would be discourteous to
* ridderlig
høflig, beleven
* =
* smag mht.
…-smag
* forestilling
/ fremførelse / opførelse
* arbejde / optræden
/ præstation / udførelse
* middelmådig
* bag ngs. ryg
* modstander
choice of band grumble about the music,
* skumle over ngt.
and intimate that the band consist of mediocre musicians.
* antyde / tilkendegive at-
30 Talking about the BlackBaron, a lot of guests hint that
*
they would only shed / weep crocodile tears
* græde >
if the Black Baron had kicked the bucket.
* ~ stille træskoene
* krokodille-
* middelmådig
* tårer
392 While occupied in talks with the King, the Black Baron’s
*
wife and daughter join the ardent audience listening to
* glødene, begejstret
* tilhørerskare
ivrig, passioneret
the White Baron’s son.
*
Both women find him a courteous young man:
*
a handsome young man with courteous manners.
*
While the mother watches out for the Black Baron’s return,
*
her daughter gives the son a chaste and decorous kiss
* ærbar
on the cheek.
*
The son notices her chaste dress and chaste jewellery.
`dju~êlri
* stilren
10 As the Black Baron returns, he discourteously
ærbar
* uhøfligt
bursts in (up)on the party unable to conquer his anger.
* brase ind i
* sømmeligt
* =
* smykker
He makes no effort to repress his fury.
* beherske
overvinde
* bekæmpe / dæmpe / undertrykke ( sit raseri )
Kindled with thirst for revenge the prickly Black Baron
* optændt af > * tørst efter > * hævn
`kindld
~ hævntørst
hastily returns to his castle.
* prikken
ømskindet
*
His plans are thrown into disarray by the defeat.
* bringe forvirring / kaos i ngt.
The Black Baron’s henchmen are chastened from
* fylde ng. med anger
t$eisnd
give dårlig samvittighed
the overwhelming defeat.
*
20 It has been a chastening experience.
* angergivende
Having returned to the castle the touchy Black Baron
gives his hensmen a chastening lecture.
He chastises his henchmen,
* ømskindet, prikken
* bebrejdende
* opsang
* kritisere / irettesætte ng.
t§a`staizez
and chastise them for the defeat.
Chastising them for having been fooled,
the baron chastise them for lack of commitment.
His henchmen feel suitably chastened and apologize.
* … ng. for ngt.
* … at * mangel på engagement
* angerfuld
The Baron’s abominable revengefulness makes him a yet * afskyelig
greater abomination and nuisance to his wife and daughter.
* pestilens /
30 The baron’s wife secretly arrange for her daughter
*
to meet with the White Baron’s son.
*
* hævngerrighed
vederstykkelighed for ng.
The White Baron applauds the baronnes’ decision.
* bifalde ngt.
The White Baron’s son intends to court / (o-f) woo her.
* bejle / gøre kur til
They are courting clandestenly as often as possible.
* komme sammen
* beslutning
være på frierfødder overfor
- `des -
* hemmeligt
393 Some time after the tournament and the following ball,
*
the Baron finds out about his daughter’s romantic relationship * romantisk
with the White Baron’s son.
*
The Baron wants to chastise his disobedient wife,
* & ( glds.) revse, tugte
and insubordinate daughter for her clandestine
* =
courtship of the White Baron’s son.
* romance
As (a) chastisement he abominably forces his daughter
to enter a `convent far away.
* opsætsig
ulydig
* hemmelig
* tugtelse
* tvinge ng. til >
* at -
She is forced into making a vow and to become a nun.
10 She has to take a vow of celibacy and chastity.
* gå i kloster
* aflægge en ed
/ et løfte
* tvinge ng. til at
* cølibat
t$astêti
Forced into convent life and taken an oath of celibacy,
* tvinge ng. til >
* kloster- * liv
* … at -
* kysk- / ærbarrenhed
* <<
* cølibat
`selibêsi
she is required to be celibate and lead a convent life.
* påbudt at -
* afholdende
* leve >
* et klosterliv
`selibêt
When a nun vows chastity, she vows to live in celibacy,
and vows (that) she’ll remain chaste.
* love ngt.
* love at -
* love at-
t$eist
A nun must obey the repressive rules of conduct.
* undertrykkende
‘ I promise to observe and follow every rule,’ she vows.
* aflægge ed / sværge på
It’s a sin if you break a vow so she will be a sinner
* bryde et løfte
if she fails to keep her vow.
To lead a chaste, decen life as a nun means suppression
20 and repression of desire, emotion, and feelings.
* ærbar
* undertrykkelse
kysk
* =
* undertvinge
* undertrykke
and repress their sexual desires and emotions.
* =
In a state of emotional and mental turmoil,
`tê~måil
the daughter shudders at the cool, chaste interior of
* forvirring, oprør
the convent and the thought of sexual suppression.
* sexuel undertrykkelse
She becomes angry at the thought of sexual repression
* kysk, ærbar
ren
* holde sit …
First of all a celibate has to subdue their sexual excitement. * cølibatlevende person
They have to suppress their sexual feelings,
* cølibat
ophidselse
* gyse over ngt.
* enkel
* =
The Black Baron pays the prioress to keep an eagle eye on * holde et skarpt øje med
his daughter and keep the doors locked.
*
30 Exploiting the arcane religious language much of the clergy * hemmelig, mystisk
indforstået
is blamed for their exploitation of religion for personal
* udnyttelse
or political reasons.
*
His mind in (a) `turmoil and his thoughts in (a) `tumult,
* forvirring, oprør
ophidselse
the White Baron’s son, nevertheless, finds out about
*
the whereabouts of his beloved.
*
He has the information on good authority.
* fra pålidelig kilde
* =
394 A flash of lightning and a peal of thunder herald
torrential rain as the son together with a local munk
leave the castle in deep secrecy.
* glimt
* lyn
brag af > * torden * varsler ngt.
~ lynglimt
~ tordenbrag / -skrald
* regn i stride strømme
styrtregn
*
Disguised as an abbot and a young munk, they succeed in * forklædt som ngt.
duping / hoodwinking the prioress into freeing the daughter, * narre / snyde ng. til at ( tage ng. ved næsen / føre ng. bag lyset )
and bringing her to safety in the White Baron’s castle.
*
So the Black Baron’s daughter was saved by
a knight in shining armour even if in disguise.
*
* ridderen på den hvide hest
* i forklædning
The Black Baron now totally loses self-control at the news. * ~ miste besindelsen
10 Having totally lost his head, he decides to settle a `score. * =
* gøre et regnskab op
he decides to settle an account with the White Baron
* ondsindethed * … gammelt …
ondskabsfuldhed
* gøre et regnskab op med ng.
once and for all.
* en gang for alle
Out of sheer / pure malice, with an old `score to settle,
* af ren og skær
END OF THE FEUD
One morning just after dawn, a guard on the wall of
the White Baron’s castle observes a rider in the distance.
As the single rider is nearing at a gallop, the guard shouts
* daggry
*
* i galop
`galêp
an order for the gatekeepers to lower the drawbridge,
* ordre til ng. om at
and open the gate.
* port
20 The rider turns out to be one of the baron’s bailiffs.
* vise sig at være ng.
He has been woken up by a swineherd (o-f)
who warned him about some troops on the march.
( The ) second / next time round everybody in the castle,
however, makes all the necessary preparations for defence.
*
*
*
30
* vindebro
* svinehyrde
* på march
( The ) first time round ( to begin with ) the alarming news * i første omgang
throws the castle into turmoil.
* portvagt
* alarmerende
foruroligende
* bringe opstandelse / forvirring / ophidselse /
usikkerhed / ængstelse i
* i anden / næste omgang
*
stenclausen@hotmail.co.uk
395 The castle is built on top of a natural mound,
* høj
and surrounded by a moat.
* voldgrav
A piece of land and some farm houses surround the castle,
and the whole manor is protected by a surrounding bulwark
*
* forsvarsværk
`bulwêk
or rampart provided with a `parapet.
Oddly enough, the baron orders his soldiers to withdraw
voldanlæg
* =
* besynderligt / mærkeligt / sært / underligt nok
from the outer fortifications and seek refugee in the castle
*
together with a lot of other subjugates.
*
Having besieged the castle, the Black Baron’s soldiers
10 make preparations to carry out an assault on the castle.
A variety of ingenious inventions and ingenious devices
* brystværn
* belejre ngt.
* udføre
* angreb på ngt.
* sindrig, snild
* =
snedig
are made use of for both attack and defence.
*
Drink allotments are raised before an attack.
* druk
Shrieks of fiendish laughter from the Baron’s tent
* skrig
* tildeling
ration
* djævesk
hvin, hyl
frequently drown ( out ) the noise from the rest of the camp.
* overdøve ngt.
The Black Baron authorizes the soldiers to loot at will.
* give ng. officiel tilladelse til at -
In order to assault the castle, the Black Baron orders
* angribe ngt.
his men to fill up part of the moat.
The baron exploits the nearby wood for timber.
* voldgrav
* udnytte ( skov ) >
20 His men build an assault tower as well as catapults /
* angrebstårn
mangonels in order to subject the castle to heavy bombing.
* =
Everybody in the beleaguered castle dread that missiles
will be discharged by the catapults and dread to think what
* ~ til at få ngt.
* tømmer
* katapult, blide
kastemaskine
* underkaste ngt. ngt.
* belejret
* frygte at -
* affyret af > * blide
* grue ved tanken om ngt.
kastemaskine
will happen if the castle is subjected to bombing.
While laying siege to the castle, the Black Baron receives
some alarming news.
* underkastet
* lægge / holde ngt. under belejring
*
It says that some mysterious army is approaching.
* mystisk
Arrayed in battle array, armed with a frightening array of
* opstille ng.
improvised weapons, the curious mixture of an army
* improviseret
30 only seems to wait for the Black Baron to come closer.
*
* opstilling
* mængde
* mærkværdig
Three riders, arrayed in armour, emerge from the flock.
* klædt i ngt.
* rustning
* dukke frem fra ngt.
Three men-at-arms emerge into bright sunlight.
* svært bevæbnet kavallerist
The Black Baron’s curiosity is aroused.
* nysgerrighed
* dukke op
komme frem
* vækkes
Curious about the anonymous three,
* nysgerrig omkring ngt.
ê`nånimês
he is curious as to who they could be.
* nysgerrig hvad angår hvxx
It’s curiious that an army emerges just like that.
* det er mærkværdigt at
Out of curiosity, curious to know their identity,
* af nysgerrighed
the Black Baron can’t wait to have his curiosity satisfied.
* anonym
unavngiven
* tilfredsstille sin nysgerrighed
* nysgerrig efter at
396 Blissfully `ignorant of what is to befall, the baron
* lykkeligt uvidende om ngt.
is blissfully unaware of the fate that is to befall him.
* =
Driven by curiosity, the Black Baron together with
* drevet af nysgerrighed
his knights and a few other henchmen in full armour ride
*
towards the three riders disguised in armour without heraldry.
*
As the Black Baron comes close enough, the three riders
*
take off their helmits and smile with supreme confidence.
Bereft of speech at the sight of the supremely happy
* hænde
ske
* & overgå
ramme
* overmådelig fuld af selvtillid
* berøvet talens brug
and confident faces, the Black Baron get the shock of his life.
*
10 His thoughts are in (a) turmoil.
* forvirring, oprør
* ovenud lykkelig
ophidselse
His thoughts in (a) tumult, reckognizing his wife
*
and daughter together with the son of the most hated man
*
of his life, the Black Baron returns to his soldiers.
*
Driven insane by rage, courting a nervous `breakdown,
* vanvittig
* nervesammenbrud
* række, stribe
* faktum
kendsgerning
* udsætte sig for
sindssyg, skør
the Black Baron orders his subjugates to fight to the last man. * kæmpe til sidste mand
in`sein
Reckognizing the array of facts, helplessly trapped
mængde
from two sides, unable to escape the stymie, even the baron’s * alvorlig knibe
son has now had enough of his father’s madness.
* vanvid
idioti
Engaging in combat would court defeat, disaster and death. * berede / invitere til ngt.
20 The Black Baron’s son is bereft of ideas.
Bereft of hope, inspired by the baroness’ exploitation of
* blottet for ngt.
* berøvet / uden ( håb )
the situation for her own purposes, the son
* situation
and the henchmen sieze the Black Baron and surrender.
*
* udnyttelse af >
The Black Baron will be clapped in irons (o-f).
* lække i lænker
Chains will be put on the villain; he will be chained up.
* lægge ng. i lænke
Going to `manacle or shackle the baron,
* lægge ng. i ( hånd- / fod- ) lænker
* skurk
* lænke ng.
they will put either manacles or shackles on him
* sætte ( hånd- / fod- ) lænker på ng.
so that a pair of either metal bands or metal rings,
* bånd
* ring
joined by a chain, are placed around his wrists and ankles.
* kæde
* håndled
30 Handcuffing the baron, they put ( a pair of ) handcuffs
lænke
* lægge ng. i håndjern
( a pair of metal rings joined by a chain ) on him
* ring * på ng.
so that his hands are handcuffed behind his back.
* forsyne ngt. med i håndjern
Put in chains, in manacles, shackles and handcuffs,
* lagt i / iført lænker
led away in chains, in manacles, shackles, and handcuffs
* føre ng. bort i …
the Black Baron witnesses his life work
* livsværk
destroyed before his very eyes.
* lige for øjnene af sig
Watching the manackled Black Baron with glee / malice,
his former subjugates gloat loudly about / over / at his fate.
* lænket
* hovere / godte sig /
være skadefro overfor ngt.
* sætte … >
* =
* =
* håndjern
* ( skade- ) fryd / skadefrys
397 The White Baron’s castle is in (a) turmoil.
The castle is in tumult as the White Baron’s son,
* tummel, forvirring
oprør, uro
* tumult, forvirring
oprør, uro
the baroness and her daughter have a tumultuous welcome.
* tumultagtig
They are greeted like conquering heroes.
* erobrende
Put in shackles the Black Baron is led away in shackles
* lægge ng. i lænker
sejrende
and taken to the dungeon.
* underjordisk fangehul
In the dungeon the baron is fettered; fetters are put on him. * ~ lagt i lænker
When he is put in fetters fetters are put around his feet.
* føre bort i …
* lænker
* lægges på ng.
~ ng. lægges i …
* =
Kept in chains the black Baron is now chained up both by * holdt i / iført …
10 the hands and feet.
Both his hands and feet are chained together.
* lænket
*
* lænke sammen
sammenlænke
Kept in manacles, he’s manacled by his wrists and ankles. * holdt / iført …
Even though the Black Baron is kept in shackles,
* holdt i / iført …
shackled both by his hands and feet, he is shackled to /
* lænket
chained to / manackled to the wall during the night.
* =
As the Black Baron keeps raging about never having
* … til ngt.
* rase over at -
noticed the slightest hint of trouble, it takes long /
* mindste >
it takes a long time before silence reigns in the dungeon.
* tage lang tid
The baroness returns home in triumph.
* lænket ved ngt.
* antydning af ngt.
* vare længe
* i triumf
sejrrig
20 It is a personal triumph over sexual oppression.
* triumf / sejr over ngt.
Almost everybody breathe a sigh of relief.
* ånde lettet op
With a few exceptions everybody heave a sigh of relief
* = ( hive … )
at the barony’s emergence from the baron’s tyranny.
In each county or shire and some cities the King is
* kommen vel ud af
*
represented by a civil officer, the High Sheriff,
* embedsmand
who has the authority to act on the King’s behalf.
* … bemyndigelse til
The sheriff is an authority, an authority on criminal
* sherif
* autoritet
ekspert
and civil law who performs some legal duties and attends
*
ceremonies.
*
30 He speaks with authority on legal topics,
* .. & ekspertise om
and is supposed to be a bulwark against baronial tyranny.
* bolværk mod ( tyranni )
Having issued a warrant for the arrest of the Black Baron,
the King authorizes the sheriff to arrest the Black Baron,
* udstede >
* … vedrørende / i
* kendelse om ngt.
* bemyndige ng. til at -
and gives him authorization to bring him to the king’s castle. * give ng. bemyndigelse til at The sheriff shows his authorization: a document which is
an arrest warrant that gives permission to arrest the baron.
Acting under the king’s authority, the sheriff brings
the manacled baron to the king’s castle.
* fuldmagt
* arrest- / anholdelses* & i henhold til ngs. bemyndigelse
* & iført lænker
* kendelse / ordre
398 No one may enter the castle without authorizaton (-sion). * autorisation
bemyndigelse
The guards are armed with halberds.
* hellebard
`halbêdz
In the dungeons of the medievel castles, prisoners are often *
subjected to torture in order to extort confessions from them. * underkaste ng. ngt.
It’s not exactly fun city down there.
* et sted fuld af ( sjov )
New incriminating evidence comes out: it emerges
* belastende ( vidnesbyrd )
- `kri -
during further investigation.
* aftvinge ngt. fra ng.
* dukke op
komme frem
* =
*
The Black Baron distorts the truth to avoid incrimination. * fordreje / forvanske sandheden
Even if he twists the truth not to incriminate himself
10 he is incriminated by the emergence of new evidence.
* fordreje sandheden
* =
Eventually the truth emerges.
* komme frem
Taking () `in the king, many barons like the Black Baron
* føre ng. bag lyset
* at skade sin sag
* belaste
* fremkomst
opdukken
narre, snyde
have tried to make themselves semi-independent feudal rulers. *
Pulling the wool over the king’s eyes, many barons
* stikke ng. blår i øjnene
narre, snyde
for years have tried to encroach up(on) the kings authority.
The king recognizes the emergence of baronial tyranny as
a governmental problem.
*
* fremkomst
*
As it emerges that the Black Baron is involved in
* det komme frem
conspiracy, baronial `arbitrariness emerges as a major issue * egenmægtig-
* fremstå som ngt.
/ -rådighed
20 with the court.
*
Some evidence, given on oath by witnesses under oath
throw the court into turmoil, and cause political turmoil.
In a court case of High `Court / the Supreme `Court,
the Black Baron is deprived / divested of his noble rank.
* afgive under ed
* under …
* bringe ng. i uro / oprør
* tummel
uro
* højesteret
* fratage / = ( & afklæde ) ng. ngt.
dai`vestid
High Court has the ultimative power of decision; it has
the power to overrule / reverse a lower court’s decision.
* afgørende magtbeføjelse
* omstøde
* afgørelse / dom
High court decides against the Black Baron.
* træffe sin afgørelse imod ng.
A total comedown has befallen the baron.
* fornedrelse
The baron has continuously exceeded his authority.
* overskride sine beføjelser
* ramme ng.
30 During the court case the full truth dawns on the Black
* den fulde sandhed gå op for ng.
Baron; for the first time he realizes the whole truth.
* hele sandheden …
As it dawns on him that he has been deceived by his
* dæmre / gå op for ng. at
nearest relatives it only reinforces his idea of and belief in
* forstærke ngt.
himself as brilliant leader surrounded by mediocrities.
* middelmådighed
It only confirms his suspicion, oppinion and conviction
and confirms him in his suspicion, oppinion and conviction.
The baron bitterly regrets his rashness;
it was rather rash of him to leave the baroness in the castle.
* bestyrke ngt.
* … ng. i ngt
* bittert >
* … overilet
uoverlagt
* fortryde ngt.
* overilethed
399 According to information supplied courtesy of his own
* ved imødekommenhed fra
wife, the Black Baron must face the fact that
* se i øjnene at -
the White Baron has been able to take precautions.
* tage forholdsregler
med hjælp fra, takket være
His enemy has taken measures according to information
supplied by courtesy of his own wife.
* <<
* <<
His own daughter together with the White Baron’s son
has left the White Baron’s castle and united with his wife.
The baroness had eventually realized that convention
*
* forene sig med ng.
*
had put fetters on her imagination.
* lægge lænke / bånd på ( fantasi )
10 She had finally exploited the situation and managed to
* udnytte …
throw off the shackles of repression.
* kaste ngts. lænker af sig
The Black Baron has always considered his wife to be too
ingenuous and naive.
*
* troskyldig, naiv
oprigtig, åbenhjertig
The baroness, however, appeared to be very ingenious
* opfindsom
snedig, snild
when she had first broken the fetters of convention,
* bryde ngts. lænker
and made an incursion into her husbands affairs.
* foretage >
Having freed herself from the fetters of sexual oppression,
she had taken control over the situation.
* indtrængen i ngt.
* frigøre sig for ngts. lænker
* tage kontrol over
In the absence of the baron, the baroness had taken
20 control of the Black Baron’s castle.
*
*
Between them the conspirators had designed
* i forening
* udforme >
- `spi -
an ingenious plan to overcome the Black Baron.
* sindrig
* plan til at - * vinde over / besejre ng.
Following their ingeniously designed plan, they had fully
snedig, snild
* -t
exploited the difference in reputation between the two barons
* udnytte ngt.
and set about raising an army of rebellious inhabitants.
* gå i gang med at
The rebels had exploited the potential of homemade
* udnytte >
* rejse / samle …
* potentiale af ngt.
* hjemmelavet
-` -
weapons.
*
Total debasement befell the baron.
* fornedrelse
After her angry and bitter denunciation of her husband,
* ( offentlig ) fordømmelse af ng.
* overgå / ramme ng.
30 the baroness emerges from the divorce a much stronger
* komme vel ud af ngt.
person.
*
Although good has triumphed over evil in the end,
* det gode sejre over det onde
it is ingenuous to suppose that some kind of lust for power
* naivt
doesn’t play a part in any of the nobles’ decisions.
* spille en rolle
It takes a lot of deft / fancy political footwork to
* kræve >
keep the peace, and the White Baron’s efforts to
*
maintain law and order are widely applauded.
* bifaldet / hyldet
* behændigt
* ~ snilde at -
400 ad 3)
The referee must be fair; he must be fair to both teams.
* retfærdig
The two linesmen or referee’s assistants help the referee * liniedommer
deciding whether the ball crosses one of the lines.
So a linesman may give a ball out or in.
* dommerassistent
* krydse >
* linie
* dømme en bold ude / inde
When the referee once disallows a goal for offside,
disê`lauz
* … mod ngt.
* annullere ( et mål )
* for ngt.
* offside
åf`said
the shouts of joy turn into loud boos from a majority of
* råb af glæde, jubelråb
the spectators as they start booing.
* buhe
Their booing is not fair on the referee.
10 The linesman has called / signalled offside.
He has called / given the goal kicker offside
even if he was an extremely short distance offside.
The offside rule was introduced to prevent a player
* ikke retfærdigt overfor ng.
* dømme / signalere >
* =
* dømme ng. >
* =
* være >
* ~ ( mål- )
of the opposite team in order to score if they get the ball.
*
the moment the ball Is passed to him and not run offside.
If the referee shows the yellow card to a player,
* offside
* offsideregel
from waiting as a ( goal ) poacher near the goal
An attacker has to take care to be or run onside
* buhråb
* være / løbe >
* løbe >
* ~ fisker
( krybskytte )
* ~ på den rigtige side
* offside
* give ng. det gule kort
the player is warned about bad behaviour.
*
20 If the same player breakes the rules again and is shown
* ~ få >
the red card, he is not allowed to play for the rest of the game. * det røde kort
Some spectators may boo him off the field.
* buhe ng. >
( He’s booed off the field. )
* =
* ud af banen