ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟ V

2007 72-59،(1)‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬،(25)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ‬
(‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ‬
Vitis vinifera L. ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻀل ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﺍﻋﻡ‬
‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻀﻤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﻴـﺔ‬، Vitis vinifera L. ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻭﻀﺤﺕ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻ ﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ‬.‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻻﺨﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ‬
.‫ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
Changes in auxins , gibberellins and trace elements
during occurring growth and development of
buds in certain cultivars of European
grape (Vitis vinifera L.)
Karima F. Abbas
Department of Biology –College of Science-University of Basrah
Abstract
This study was carried to investigate some of certain changes in auxins ,
Gibberellins and trace elements (Zn and Cu) during growth and development of
dormant buds in some cultivars of European grape Vitis vinifera L. The results
showed an increase in levels of
Auxins-like substances, Gibberellins-like
substances during development and transfer from post dormancy to pre-bud burst,
to bud burst. Concentration of trace elements (Zn , Cu) increased after stage of
dormancy and increased on stage of bud burst and Leaf emergence.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ)‪ ،(25‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ)‪2007 72-59،(1‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺏ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻤـﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻴﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫‪.(2000‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـــﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﺘﻔﺘﺤــﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻻﺸﺭﻡ ﻭﻋﺒﺩﻭل‪.(1985 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ‪ Plant hormones‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴـﺯ ﻀـﺌﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤـﺩﺙ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴـﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻟﻨﻤﻭ‬
‫) ‪Davies, 1987 ; Wareing and‬‬
‫‪. (Phillips, 1983‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻭل ﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸـﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻻﺒﺴﻴﺴﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﺜﻠﻴﻥ )‪.(Johri and Mitra, 2001‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ‪,‬ﻭﻴﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻴﻤــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺴـﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤــﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﻜــﺭﻤﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻴﺩﻱ‪.( 2000,‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺔﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺏ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻤﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘﻀـﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠـﺔ ﺒﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪....‬‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻀل‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ)‪(Zn,Cu‬‬
‫ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼـﻠﺔ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋـــﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻜﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ 300‬ﺃﻨﺯﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻴﺽ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ‪ RNA‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻨﻘﺴـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ) ‪Fox and‬‬
‫‪ ،(Guerimot,1998‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺎ" ﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ )‪، (Ribereau-Gayonand Peynaud , 1971‬ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪,(Valouike,1978‬ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻘﻭﺩ )ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ( ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺕ ) ‪,(Christensen,1986‬ﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺒﻼﺴـﺕ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻀـﻭﺌﻲ ) ‪Walker and Webb,‬‬
‫‪.(1981‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺏ ﻟﻤﻭﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭ )‪ ، (2004‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺼﻨﻔﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺒﻲ‪ Vitis vinifera L .‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ‪ .‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺭﺕ ﺴﺕ ﻜﺭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻜل ﺼﻨﻑ ﻭﻤﺭﺒﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ( ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻗﺼﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺜﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺒﻊ ﺩﻭﺍﺒﺭ ﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﺭ ﺴﺕ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ )‪(E. C‬‬
‫‪ds\ m 3.5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ‪pH‬‬
‫‪7.73‬‬
‫ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫‪%5.5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫‪%30.10‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬
‫‪ppm 16.28‬‬
‫‪%64.40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ppm 21.35‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ )ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ(‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ‪Cu,Zn‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ‪Stage of post dormancy‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ )ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ( ‪Stage of pre-bud burst‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ‪Stage of bud burst‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪61‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ)‪ ،(25‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ)‪2007 72-59،(1‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺏ(‬
‫ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ( plates‬ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪62‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪....‬‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻀل‬
‫) ﺏ(‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫)ﺩ(‬
‫)ﺝ(‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ‪Post dormancy‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ ‪Pre-bud burst‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ )ﺍﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻭﻟﻲ( ‪initial swelling‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ )ﺍﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ( ‪Fully swollen‬‬
‫‪63‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ)‪ ،(25‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ)‪2007 72-59،(1‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺏ(‬
‫) ﺯ(‬
‫)ﻫـ(‬
‫)ﻭ(‬
‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ‪bud burst‬‬
‫ﺯ‪،‬ﻭ‪،‬ﻱ‪ -‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭﺭ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪expanding leaves‬‬
‫‪64‬‬
‫) ﻱ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪....‬‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻀل‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﻟﻜل ﺼﻨﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ‪ Post dormancy‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ْ10‬ﻡ ﺨﻼل ‪ 7‬ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ) ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻋﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﻁـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ( ﻭﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ ‪ Pre-bud burst‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ ﻭﺍﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺸﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ‪ bud burst‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل ‪Abbas et al.‬‬
‫)‪ . (1995‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ‪5‬ﻏﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻁﺎﺯﺝ ﻟﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤـﺫﻴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ‪) %80‬ﺤﺠﻡ‪/‬ﺤﺠﻡ( ﺒﺎﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪50‬ﻤل ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ْ4‬ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻜﺭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺠﻤﻌـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ‪100‬ﻤل ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ‪Rotary evaporator‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ْ40‬ﻡ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ‪ Aqueous phase‬ﺍﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫‪50‬ﻤل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻭﻴﻕ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺨﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ‪ %45‬ﻭﺍﻭﻜﺯﺍﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ %22‬ﺜﻡ ﻋﺩﻟﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻀـﺔ ‪pH‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 2.5‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ )‪2‬ﻉ( ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ‪Partitioning‬‬
‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ )ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻀـﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻤﻊ ﻓﺼل ﻭﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻴﺜﺭ ‪50‬ﻤل ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ‪5‬ﻤل ﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﻤﻭﺘﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ )‪ (1998‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻗـﺩﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺸـﻌﺔ ﻓـﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴـﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ‪UV-visible‬‬
‫‪ spectrophotometer‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (IAA‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﻲ ‪ 280‬ﻨﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺩﺭﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ )‪ (GA3‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﻲ ‪ 205‬ﻨﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻭﻋﺒـﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪.( Abbas and Fandi, 2001‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻌﺫﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻻﺒﺴﻴﺴﻙ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ)‪(Zn,Cu‬‬
‫ﻏﺴﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺜﻡ ﺠﻔﻔﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪Freeze-‬‬
‫‪ ، dryer‬ﺜﻡ ﻫﻀﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀـﺤﺔ‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ)‪ ،(25‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ)‪2007 72-59،(1‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺏ(‬
‫ﻓﻲ )‪ (A.O.A.C, 1984‬ﻭﻗﺩﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ‪Atomic‬‬
‫‪. Absorption spectrophotometer‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ‪ -:‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﺼـﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸـﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (R.C.B.D.‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻁـﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻗل‬
‫‪ Factorial Experiment‬ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺭﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (R.L.S.D‬ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ‪ 0.05‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻭﻱ ﻭﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﷲ‪. (2000 ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪ -1.1‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻟﺒـﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺏ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ )‪ (45.0‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻗل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﻤـﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺒﻠـﻎ‬
‫)‪ (3-10×3.50‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴـﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠـﻎ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ )‪ (24.4‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﺍﺨل ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻁـﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻓﺄﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﺘﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟـﻪ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‪.(1985 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﻪ )‪ Laufs et al. (1998‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺒـﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴـﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﺘﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻬـﻡ ﻭﻀـﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻴل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﺘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪....‬‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻀل‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (2‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴـﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻁـﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ(‬
‫‪R.L.S.D‬‬
‫‪24.4‬‬
‫‪2.8‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫‪5.82‬‬
‫‪10×3.50‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬
‫‪10 ×4.20‬‬
‫‪3.54‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬
‫‪45.0‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪10× 5.0‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬
‫‪10 × 4.0‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪73.3‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪10× 2.0‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬
‫‪10 × 8.0‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬
‫‪16.6‬‬
‫‪ -2.1‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ )‪ (26.6‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻗل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻁـﻭﺭ ﻤـﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺒﻠـﻎ )‪(4-10 ×4.5‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺼـﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ )‪ (15.5‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ ﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪67‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ)‪ ،(25‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ)‪2007 72-59،(1‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺏ(‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻓﺎﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ .(3‬ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻴﻌـﺯﻯ‬
‫ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫـﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫)ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‪.(1985 ،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﻩ )‪ Rinne et al. (2001‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺴﺘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ : (3‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻁـﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺒﺭﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻜﻐﻡ(‬
‫‪R.L.S.D‬‬
‫‪2.22‬‬
‫‪5.62‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫‪15.5‬‬
‫‪10×4.50‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪4-‬‬
‫‪10 ×4.75‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪6.74‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬
‫‪26.6‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‬
‫‪10× 2.67‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪4-‬‬
‫‪10 × 1.50‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪3-‬‬
‫‪6.66‬‬
‫‪9.78‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫‪10× 6.33‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫‪10 × 8.0‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪4-‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬
‫‪46.6‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ)‪(Zn,Cu‬‬
‫‪ -1.2‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﻟﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪68‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪....‬‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻀل‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ )‪ PPM (3.65‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ )‪ ppm(2.61‬ﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻓﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻨـﻙ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺒﻼﺴﺕ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(Mengel, 2001‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﻩ )‪ Maischner (2002‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻴﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍل)‪ (IAA‬ﻟﺩﺨﻭﻟـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺘﻭﻓﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﺎﺜﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻨﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪4.5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3.5‬‬
‫‪R.L.S.D=N.S..‬‬
‫‪A./.++0‬‬
‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪A./ . +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪\I E.‬‬
‫= ‪B-‬‬
‫‪I;/‬‬
‫‪\?D-‬‬
‫‪X. /‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻁﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪69‬‬
‫‪ppm‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬
‫=‪̿ \ 2F1=/ -2‬‬
‫‪٪ëA;8B++0‬‬
‫‪R.L.S.D=0.39‬‬
‫‪R.L.S.D= 0.352‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ)‪ ،(25‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ)‪2007 72-59،(1‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺏ(‬
‫‪ -2.2‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﻁـﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻁـﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠـﻎ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬
‫)‪ ppm(2.58‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻗل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻠﻎ )‪ ppm(0.28‬ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻓﺘﻭﻀـﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ‬
‫)‪ ppm(1.48‬ﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﻓﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗـﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ )‪ (Arnonn, 1950‬ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﻩ‬
‫)‪ Boardman (1975‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴـﺩﺨل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺒﻼﺴﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‪ Plastocyanin‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﺒﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪R.L.S.D=0.105‬‬
‫‪R.L.S.D=N.S..‬‬
‫‪R.L.S.D= 0.089‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪/0/ ,‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪\HD‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫= ‪A,‬‬
‫‪H:/‬‬
‫‪W. /‬‬
‫‪\>C-‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻁﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻔﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪ppm‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫̿‬
‫‪1.5‬‬
‫=‪1 _. C1. -1‬‬
‫‪C=:D, , 1‬‬
‫‪C/0/, , 1‬‬
....‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻀل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﻻﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺒـﺎﺕ‬.(1985) ‫ ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬،‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻭﻋﺒﺩﻭل‬،‫ﺍﻻﺸﺭﻡ‬
.‫( ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬360) ‫ ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ‬
.‫ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‬.(2000) ‫ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬،‫ ﺨﺎﺸﻊ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻭﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﷲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻭﻱ‬
.‫( ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬488) .‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬-‫ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬-‫ ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺭ‬. ‫ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﻋﻨﺎﺏ‬.(2000) ‫ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺤﺴﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻴﺩﻱ‬
. ‫( ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬784) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺴﻠﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﻟﺤﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺏ‬.(1998) ‫ ﻋﻘﻴل ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬. ‫ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ‬Vitis vinifera L.‫ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺒﻲ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ‬
. ‫( ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬1447) ‫ ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻓﺴﻠﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬.(1985) ‫ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ‬،‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬
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