WORD-FORMATION
WORD-FORMATION (Word derivation) Lecture # 4 Grigoryeva M. Words are divisible into smaller units – morphemes All morphemes are subdivided into roots (radicals) and affixes (prefixes and suffixes) Words consisting of a root and an affix are derivatives Derived words are produced by the process of word-building Word-formation branch of Lexicology which studies the patterns on which the English language builds words process of creating new words from resources of the language after certain semantic and structural formulas and patterns Is one of the ways enriching vocabulary of the language Main types of word-formation word-formation word-derivation word-composition affixation conversion shortening and abbreviation Minor types of word-formation word-formation sound- and stress interchange back formation sound imitation blending Derivational Pattern (DP) Is a regular meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes rules on the order and the nature of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together. is a meaningful combination of bases and affixes regularly reproduced indicates the grammatical part-of-speech meaning EX verbal base + -ee = noun (‘one who is V-ed’) examine + -ee = examinee DPs represent the derivational structure at different levels: a) structural types. Patters of this level are structural formulas which specify the class membership of Immediate Constituents and the directions of motivation Suffixal derivatives, Prefixal derivatives, Conversions, Compound words structural patterns specify the base classes and individual affixes which refer derivatives to specific parts of speech EX Adj + ish (resemblence) a) c) structural –semantic patterns specify semantic peculiarities of bases and individual meanings of affixes EX -ness (female) WORD-DERIVATION Affixation Conversion Affixation formation of words by adding derivational affixes to bases one of the most productive ways of wordbuilding Types of Affixation affixation suffixation prefixation mixed affixation SUFFIXATION Is the formation of the words with the help of suffixes Suffixes usually modify the lexical meaning of the base and transfer words to a different part of speech Suffixes are classified into different types according to different principles 1. according to lexico-grammatical character of the base Deverbal suffixes (added to the verbal bases) -er, -ing, -ment, -able Denominal suffixes (added to nominal base) -less, - ful, -ist, -some Deadjectival suffixes (added to adjectival base) -en, -ly, -ish, -ness 2. According to the part of speech formed suffixes are Noun-forming –age, -ance\ -ence, -dom, -er, -ess, -ing, -hood, -ness, -ship Adjective-forming –able\ -ible\ -uble, -al, -ic, -ant\ -ent, -ed, --ful, -ish, -ive, -ous Numeral- forming -fold, -teen, -ty, -th Verb-forming –ate, -er, -fy, -ize, ish Adverb-forming - ly, -ward, -wise 3. Semantically Monosemantic (one meaning) -ness “female” ------------ lioness Polysemantic (some meanings) -hood “condition or quality” ---- womanhood “collection or group” ---- brotherhood PREFIXATION The formation of words with the help of prefixes Modifies the lexical meaning of the base Seldom shift words from one part of speech into another Prefixes are classified into different types according to different principles 1. according to lexico-grammatical character of the base Deverbal prefixes (added to the verbal bases) Re-, over-, out Denominal prefixes (added to nominal base) Un-, de-, ex Deadjectival prefixes (added to adjectival base) Un-, bi 2. According to the class of words formed prefixes are Noun-forming non-, sub-, ex Adjective-forming un-, il-, ir- Verb-forming en- \ em-, be-, de- Adverb-forming un-, up- 3. Semantically Monosemantic (one meaning) Ex- “former” -------- ex-husband Polysemantic (some meanings) dis- “not’ disadvantage “reversal or absence of action” diseconomy “removal of” to disbranch “Intensification of an unpleasant action” disgrantled 4. Origin of affixes Native Suffixes –er, - ness, - dom, -ing, -hood, -ship, -let, -ful,- ish, -ty, -en, - like, Prefixes mis-, un-, over-, beLatin -able\ -ible, -ant\ -ent, - extra-, pre-, ultraGreek - ist, -ism, -ite, -ize - anti-, sym-\ syn Russian -nik French –age, -ance\-ence, -ard, - ate, -ee, -ess, en-\-em HYBRIDS are words made up of elements derived from two or more different languages A foreign base is combined with a native affix EX schoolboy (Greek + English) A native base is combined with a foreign affix EX blackguard (English + French) Productivity of affixes Productive affixes take part in deriving new words in modern language Prefixex de-, re-, pre-, non-, un-, antiSuffixes: Verb -ize\ -ise, -ate Noun -er\-or, -ing, - ness, -ation, -ee, -ism, -ist, -ry, -ics, Adjective -able, - ic, -ish, -ed, -less, -y Adverb -ly Non-productive affixes are not used very often Noun -th, -hood, -ship Verb - en Adjective - ful, - some, -en, -ous Affixation Suffixation words are formed with the help of suffixes changes a part-of-speech meaning (e.g. work – worker) transfers a word into a different semantic group (e.g. child – childhood) is characteristic of noun and adjective formation Prefixation words are formed with the help of prefixes does not change a part-ofspeech meaning (e.g. usual – unusual) about 25 prefixes form one part of speech from another (e.g. head – to behead) is characteristic of verb formation Main types of word-formation word-formation word-derivation affixation conversion word-composition shortening and abbreviation Conversion process of creating a new word from an existing word by changing its part of speech the morphemic shape of the original word remains unchanged The new word acquires a meaning, which differs from that of the original one though it can be easily associated with it The converted word acquires a new paradigm and a new syntactic function Conversion Face (noun) meaning: a front part of the head from the forehead to the chin paradigm: -s, pl. -’s, poss. c., sg -s’, poss. c., pl functions Subject, Object To face (verb) meaning: to turn the face towards sb/smth paradigm: - s, 3rd p. sg. -ed, past ind., past part. -ing, pres. part., gerund functions Predicate Conversion in Different Parts of Speech Verbalization (noun verb) Denominal verbs EX an eye – to eye EX tame- to tame (adj Substantivation (verb Deverbal substantives verb) noun) EX to jump – a jump Adjectivation (adv EX go down- down floor adj) Conversion in Different Parts of Speech form word EX ups and downs noun affix noun EX . Freudism and all other ‘isms’ of modern life. interjection EX pooh – to pooh-pooh verb Conversion in Present-Day English typical for one-syllable words not common to affixed words the predominant way of verb formation verbs are mainly formed from nouns and rarely from other parts of speech highly productive Traditional and Occasional Conversion Traditional Conversion the use of a word is recorded in the dictionary Occasional Conversion the use of a word is not registered by the dictionary occurs momentarily, through the immediate need of the situation, brings out the meaning more vividly
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